Abstract
Globally, more than 2 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) are generated each year, with that amount anticipated to reach around 3.5 billion tonnes by 2050. On a worldwide scale, food and green waste contribute the major proportion of MSW, which accounts for 44% of global waste, followed by recycling waste (38%), which includes plastic, glass, cardboard, and paper, and 18% of other materials. Population growth, urbanization, and industrial expansion are the principal drivers of the ever-increasing production of MSW across the world. Among the different practices employed for the management of waste, landfill disposal has been the most popular and easiest method across the world. Waste management practices differ significantly depending on the income level. In high-income nations, only 2% of waste is dumped, whereas in low-income nations, approximately 93% of waste is burned or dumped. However, the unscientific disposal of waste in landfills causes the generation of gases, heat, and leachate and results in a variety of ecotoxicological problems, including global warming, water pollution, fire hazards, and health effects that are hazardous to both the environment and public health. Therefore, sustainable management of MSW and landfill leachate is critical, necessitating the use of more advanced techniques to lessen waste production and maximize recycling to assure environmental sustainability. The present review provides an updated overview of the global perspective of municipal waste generation, composition, landfill heat and leachate formation, and ecotoxicological effects, and also discusses integrated-waste management approaches for the sustainable management of municipal waste and landfill leachate.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
The worldwide generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is rapidly mounting due to industrial development and rising living and economic standards (Peng et al. 2023; Khan et al. 2022). Every year, nearly 2.1 billion tonnes of MSW are produced globally, of which 33 percent is improperly managed (Lino et al. 2023). Recently, it has been reported that MSW production is likely to mount to 3.4 billion tonnes by the year 2050 (Statista 2023; Kaza et al. 2018). The top three producers of MSW are the USA, China, and India (Statista 2023; United Nations 2019). In recent years, rapid urbanization, particularly in developing nations, has also drastically amplified MSW generation (Peng et al. 2023; Harris-Lovett et al. 2018). Around 54 percent of the population of the globe is estimated to reside in cities, with that number likely to climb to 68 percent by 2050 (UN DESA 2018). MSW generation per capita has also increased dramatically as the lifestyles and social/economic status of people living in metropolitan areas have improved (Gour and Singh 2023; Sharholy et al. 2007). Augmented use of commodities and services also results in the massive production of MSW (Toro and Morales 2018). The municipal waste (MW) constituents vary depending on income, as people with low and middle income produce mostly organic trash, while people with high income generate more metals, glassware, and wastepaper (Kumar and Samadder 2017). Throughout the globe, MSW generation has a wide range of environmental consequences, including GHG emissions, plastic, and water pollution (Vinti et al. 2023; Chen et al. 2020).
Management of MSW comprises recycling, incineration, conversion to energy, landfilling, and composting (Waqas et al. 2023; Khan et al. 2022; Nandhini et al. 2022). However, because of its low cost and minimal technical requirements, landfilling is one of the most frequently employed techniques for disposing of MSW (Manjunatha et al. 2023). For example, in the USA, approximately 52.6 percent of MSW is discarded in landfills (Sun et al. 2019), 59.1 percent in Brazil (Costa et al. 2019), 85 percent in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Ouda et al. 2016), 94.5 percent in Malaysia (Tan et al. 2014), and 79 percent in China (Havukainen et al. 2017). However, landfilling has significant societal, health, and environmental issues (Mor and Ravindra 2023; Naddeo et al. 2018). In landfills, MSW undergoes physicochemical and biological interactions, liberating elements, gases, and nutrients (Zornoza et al. 2016; Regadío et al. 2015). The organic fraction of waste also attracts different pathogens, especially bacteria and viruses, which can cause significant or long-term diseases in living beings (Han et al. 2022; Van Fan et al. 2018). A significant amount of leachate, heat, and landfill gases such as CO2 and CH4 are generated during the waste decomposition process (Chavan et al. 2019). The heat generation may persist even after the dumping ground is closed (Chavan and Kumar 2018). In underdeveloped nations, the risk of landfill fires is great since most landfills are non-engineered (Chavan et al. 2019).
Landfill leachate is believed to be one of the serious ecological concerns linked to MSW (Mor and Ravindra 2023). The leachate amount and quality are both largely determined by the volume, moisture content, and components of solid waste (SW), as well as climatic and hydrogeological conditions (Kamaruddin et al. 2017; Adhikari et al. 2014). It mainly contains inorganic salts, organic compounds, heavy metals (HMs), and other contaminants (Abdel-Shafy et al. 2023; Shen et al. 2018) and has a strong potential to affect the environment and public health (Ambujan and Thalla 2023). The landfill leachate can also make its way into water resources, leading to water pollution (Samadder et al. 2017). Landfill leachate is harmful both in the short and long term and is considered dangerous as its infiltration into underground water can lead to biological magnification (Mishra et al. 2019).
Thus, in order to ensure sustainable waste management and safeguard human health, the transition from traditional waste dumping methods to advanced technology is a key requirement. These advanced thermochemical and biological techniques include incineration, pyrolysis, liquefaction, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and composting, which will not only help to reduce waste volume, generate clean energy, and produce stable organic fertilizer (Waqas et al. 2023; Singh et al. 2020; Shah et al. 2019), but will also provide numerous job opportunities to unemployed youth (Sharif et al. 2018). Furthermore, global interest in diverting MSW for recycling and the production of energy is considerably preferable to landfilling owing to fewer environmental implications, including lesser emission of greenhouse gases, decreased pollution, and high energy recovery potential. This article discusses the global perspective of MSW, landfill leachate, their related impacts, and sustainable waste management approaches that can assist MSW management authorities and researchers in developing more effective strategies.
Municipal solid waste generation and composition: a global perspective
Waste generation
MSW is a diverse range of waste often generated daily in different social sectors such as homes, agriculture, commercial units, hospitals, municipal collection, and treatment plants (Bhat et al. 2018). Households are the major MSW-generating sources, contributing 44–75% of the entire waste produced (Qonitan et al. 2021). Fereja and Chemeda (2022) recently reported that an average of 0.475 kg of garbage is produced by residential homes per inhabitant per day. However, the rate of MSW generation increases during the holidays and summer (Rafiee et al. 2018). The global production of MSW per year is more than two billion tonnes (Kaza et al. 2018), with the USA, China, India, Brazil, and Indonesia being the biggest producers of waste globally (Fig. 1) (UN 2019). Worldwide, the mean amount of waste generated person−1 day−1 is 0.74 kg (Kaza et al. 2018). However, the rate of MSW generation per capita per day is higher in developed countries compared to developing countries like Brazil, China, and India (Fig. 2) (Statista 2022).
Generally, there is a direct relationship between waste production and income level (Kumar and Agrawal 2020). Despite having only 16% of the world’s population, high-income nations produce 34% of the world’s waste. Low-income nations have 9% of the global population but produce only around 5% of the global waste (Kaza et al. 2018). Taking about region-wise waste generation, presently, the East Asia and Pacific region produces the majority of the world’s waste (23%), Sub-Saharan Africa (9%), and the Middle East and North Africa region produces the least amount (6%). However, by 2050, global waste production is projected to hit around 3.5 billion tonnes per year (Statista 2023; Kaza et al. 2018) (Fig. 3), with Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia producing 15% (516 million tonnes) and 19% (661 million tonnes) of global waste, respectively. While North America is anticipated to produce approximately 12% (396 million tonnes), and the Middle East and North Africa will produce the least around 8% (Kaza et al. 2018) (Fig. 4). Thus, in the next few decades, regions with a high proportion of growing low- and middle-income nations, such as South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, are likely to experience a greater rate of waste generation than regions like Europe and North America.
Municipal solid waste composition
Waste composition is the categorization of the types of materials in MSW. MSW consists of different physical components, including paper, wood, plastic, cans, yard trimmings, glass, rubber, metal, fruit waste, batteries, paints, and pharmaceutical products (Kumar and Samadder 2023; Nandhini et al. 2022). On a global scale, food and green waste make up the majority of MSW (44% of the global waste), followed by recycling waste (38%), which includes plastic, glass, cardboard, metal, and paper, and 18% of miscellaneous materials (Fig. 5) (Zhu et al. 2021; Kaza et al. 2018). The composition of waste varies with income level, indicating different consumption habits. High-income nations produce more dry waste that can be recycled and comparatively less food and green waste, while low-income nations produce more food and green waste and less waste that could be recycled (He et al. 2022; Kumar and Samadder 2017). Across the globe, on average, all regions produce at least 50% or more organic waste, with the exception of Europe, Central Asia, and North America, which produce more dry waste (Abylkhani et al. 2021; Kumar and Agrawal 2020). The typical composition of MSW generated in different countries around the globe is presented in Table 1.
Landfill heat generation: mechanism and factors involved
The primary by-product of the landfilling of MSW is heat (Akhtar et al. 2023). Long-term high temperatures have been documented in MSW dumps across the world under various operational settings and climate locations (Yeşiller et al. 2016). The temperature elevation in MSW landfills is linked to a slew of problems, including concerns related to functioning and regulation, in addition to the destruction to landfill gas and leachate collecting facilities (Jafari et al. 2017; Luettich Scott and Yafrate 2016). During the gas collection and control activities, the atmospheric air frequently influxes into landfills, which results in the anaerobic decomposition of landfilled trash and generates increased temperatures (Shi et al. 2021; Kumar et al. 2020). Organic wastes, on the other hand, decompose aerobically, transiently, and anaerobically in landfills. The maximum temperature output occurs during the beginning of anaerobic degradation; however, all three phases contribute to heat creation (Khire et al. 2020). The entry of oxygen into landfills initiates exothermic decomposition in landfills through a number of other actions, including suboptimal soil cover, rapid settlement, passive venting, and sewer systems, all of which enable the supply of oxygen to the waste. Several other mechanisms have been reported to produce landfill heat, such as hydration of ash (Hao et al. 2017; Jafari et al. 2014), along with metal corrosion (Calder and Stark 2010), pyrolysis (Benson 2017), and spontaneous combustion (Gray 2016). The highest temperatures at MSW dumps are typically not more than 55 °C, and the heat produced by biotic reactions is equilibrated by releasing it into the surroundings (Hanson et al. 2013, 2010).
Factors affecting heat generation in landfills
Landfills produce heat as a result of the biological breakdown of MSW. Most MSW dumps have average temperatures of ≤ 55 °C; however, a small percentage of landfills have seen extreme temperatures of ≥ 93 °C. At temperatures ≥ 93 °C, difficult conditions like excessive settlements, differential settlement, and heat softening have caused infrastructure damage to gas wells and leachate collection system pipe-work and variations in leachate and gas quality. The potential contributors to the development of elevated temperatures (ETs) are (i) daily oxygen influx into the landfills due to inadequate construction and operation of LFG wells (Martin et al. 2013), (ii) high moisture content of organic waste which promotes faster biological reactions (Tupsakhare et al. 2020), (iii) reduced convective cooling from infiltration as a result of restricted vertical infiltration through the waste (Yeşiller et al. 2016), (iv) induction of exothermic aerobic reactions due to slumping or slope failures causing oxygen entry in the landfills (Yeşiller et al. 2016), (v) pyrolysis and high temperature combustion (Jafari et al. 2017), (vi) heat production related to climate change in landfills, and (vii) long-term deactivation of gas wells in landfills (Joslyn 2019). Some of the important factors responsible for heat generation in landfills are the following:
Landfill depth
The bulk of waste placed near the cover is impacted by seasonal fluctuations in temperature, followed by an escalating lag phase with augmented depth (Xiao et al. 2022). Van Elk et al. (2014) discovered that waste temperature rose with depth in terms of temperature distribution. According to the observations of Zhang et al. (2022) and Reinhart et al. (2017), the highest temperature was recorded in the center of the landfill. However, Zhang et al. (2019a) reported a maximum temperature around the level of leachate in a freshly filled waste layer.
The age of waste
Numerous studies have found the influence of waste age on heat production (Khire et al. 2020; Hanson et al. 2005). With time, the temperature varies, and it has been observed that the temperature of the garbage increases rapidly during the early phases of landfilling (Nocko et al. 2019). Hanson et al. (2013) documented a higher heat production rate in MSW landfills in the initial stages that reduces as the waste ages in landfills. Similarly, Yoshida and Rowe (2003) reported that the temperature of the waste began to drop after around 10 years. According to Yeşiller et al. (2015), the placement of new waste piles on top of older stock usually results in an upward movement of the maximum temperature.
Waste placement conditions
The amount of heat in landfill waste is influenced by waste disposal conditions, and waste that is dumped slowly generates more heat over time (Yeşiller et al. 2005). The initial waste temperature and waste placement rates are among these conditions, and there is a substantial positive association between the original waste temperature and heat content. It was observed that waste landfilled during warmer seasons reached higher maximum temperatures than waste landfilled during cooler seasons (Kumar and Reddy 2021). Moreau et al. (2019) reported that waste temperature in the landfill grew dramatically throughout the period of waste disposal while being reduced when the landfill was closed.
Climatic conditions
Climate drastically contributes to landfill heat production (Chavan et al. 2022). The climatic conditions significantly influence the temperature and amount of heat in the landfills located in different regions (Yeşiller et al. 2005). Temperature variations in landfills are caused by seasonal climatic changes that alter microbial dynamics, cause bioprocess regression, and decrease waste decomposition efficiency. With increased precipitation, the heat content increases and reaches its maximum at a specific rate of precipitation. Even if the waste is not frozen at the time of placement, waste material landfilled during the warmest months of the year may attain higher maximum temperatures than waste material landfilled during the cooler months (Yeşiller et al. 2015). This also means that waste dumped in warmer climates achieves higher temperatures on average than waste dumped in cooler climates.
Role of indigenous microbes
The majority of bacteria that cause the degradation of landfill waste are mesophilic in nature (Fei et al. 2015), with the exception of methanogens, which are thermophilic (Hao et al. 2017). Similarly, in temperate climatic conditions, landfills harbor cold-active microbes, which actively participate in landfill waste decomposition at the upper cell surface. The microbial activities lead to increased temperatures and create thermal zones at the deeper and central landfill layers. Organic waste decomposition by microbes significantly contributes heat to elevated-temperature landfills (ETLFs) (Yeşiller et al. 2005). The breakdown of waste anaerobically is likewise not likely to produce extreme heat in ETLFs since methanogenesis discharges little exergonic heat in comparison to anaerobic metal corrosion and ash hydration and carbonation (Hao et al. 2017). The process of methanogenic decomposition is exothermic, leading to high temperatures inside the landfill (Grillo 2014).
Landfill leachate: generation and composition
The most common way of disposing MSW is landfilling. Leachate is the most toxic by-product of municipal waste decomposition (Abdel-Shafy et al. 2023). Generation of landfill leachate occurs as a result of rainfall percolation or groundwater infiltration into the landfill, which causes various biological and chemical reactions within the landfill (Podlasek et al. 2023; Wijekoonet al. 2022). Landfill leachate consists of various physicochemical contaminants, such as organic compounds, inorganic compounds, ammonia, xenobiotics, HMs, and biological organisms (Abdel-Shafy et al. 2023; Mojiri et al. 2016). The physicochemical characteristics of landfill leachate from different landfills are demonstrated in Table 2. The leachate quantification method becomes more challenging and complex when these elements change over time and space (Grugnaletti et al. 2016). The leachate constitution differs based on the type, composition, generation rate, and moisture of waste, as well as landfill age, hydrology, weather conditions, and landfill design parameters (Moustafa et al. 2023; Mojiri et al. 2021; Costa et al. 2019).
Landfills and ecotoxicological effects
The major concern regarding improper management of MSW and landfilling is the generation of gases, heat, and leachate that can lead to water pollution, fire explosions, global warming, air pollution, and other human health hazards. Some of the important ecotoxicological issues related to these are discussed in the following subsections:
Landfills and water pollution
Water pollution has been a worldwide issue, posing constant and significant danger to the surrounding nature and wellbeing of human beings (Bhowmick et al. 2018). Landfill leachate, containing a broad array of toxic and hazardous substances, has emerged as a key anthropogenic cause of water pollution (Dhamsaniya et al. 2023; Negi et al. 2020). Most landfills, particularly in underdeveloped nations, are built without designed liners and suitable leachate collecting systems (Alam et al. 2020), which lead to surface and groundwater pollution (Dhamsaniya et al. 2023; Mangimbulude et al. 2009). Once groundwater gets contaminated, pollutants persist, and it becomes challenging to remediate because of poor access, extended life, and huge volume (Wang et al. 2012). Mainly, groundwater pollution occurs within a 1-km radius of a landfill site, with most of the stern pollution of the groundwater occurring within a 200-m radius (Han et al. 2016). Water pollution is far more common in regions around landfills, owing to the existence of leachate as a possible source of pollution.
In recent years, many leachate-based water pollution cases have been documented, particularly in poor nations. Mishra et al. (2019) investigated groundwater quality near Ramna landfill in Varanasi City (India) and found that the groundwater quality was steadily deteriorating owing to landfill leachate leaching. They further found that the water was unsafe to consume since the majority of the physicochemical characteristics exceeded the WHO and BIS permitted limits for drinking water standards. Nagarajan et al. (2012) also found greater amounts of chorine, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonia in groundwater samples near landfills, suggesting that leachate percolation is affecting groundwater quality. Ammonia-N is a key contaminant in leachate because it may stay in water bodies, posing a menace to humans and aquatic organisms (Yenigün and Demirel 2013). Several studies have found significant concentrations of ammonia-N in landfill sites (Jahan et al. 2016), which, if not handled appropriately, may cause major consequences on water quality (Parvin and Tareq 2021). Negi et al. (2020) also found greater levels of ammoniacal nitrogen in water samples taken at a low depth and distance from the landfill.
The occurrence of HMs is one of the gravest contaminants in leachate, which causes a serious risk to the wellbeing of humans (Parvin and Tareq 2021). In many parts of the globe, leachate samples taken from landfill sites are enriched in HMs, causing a rise in the concentration of HMs in groundwater (Alam et al. 2020; Hossain et al. 2018). Murtaza and Sabihakhurram (2018) reported that HM concentrations in groundwater such as Cd, Cu, As, and Pb were greater compared to the allowable limit. In a recent study conducted in Ghana, Amano et al. (2021) studied various physico-chemical parameters and concentrations of HMs in surface waters and underground water close to landfill site and reported that the HM pollution index (HPI) shows that the water sources were beyond the safe drinking water threshold. They further revealed that Cd concentrations in surface waters and underground water in the vicinity of the landfill site were much higher than the WHO standard, deeming them unfit for consumption. The literature findings also evidenced the enhanced levels of other HMs, for instance, Pb, Fe, Cr, and Cu, which may add to the risk of toxicity at landfill sites (Olagunju et al. 2020; Vongdala et al. 2019). Other pollutants, such as chloride, calcium, bromine, phosphate, and nitrate, have been found in high amounts in ground and surface water sources, perhaps owing to their closeness to landfill sites, rendering the water unsafe for human consumption (Amano et al. 2021; Negi et al. 2020).
Landfills and human health effects
Health effects by heavy metals and other pollutants
Landfill leachate is a major problem because of its intricate blend of contaminants, including HMs, dissoluble inorganic and organic chemicals, suspended particulates, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates (Beinabaj et al. 2023; Negi et al. 2020). Some of these contaminants, especially HMs, can make their way into the food chains and influence human health (Fig. 6) (Iravanian and Ravari 2020). The main HMs present in leachate are Cd, Cr, Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, and As (Chu et al. 2019), and the potential contributors of these HMs are batteries, plastic, lead-based paints, and electronic wastes dumped into landfills (Boateng et al. 2019; Han et al. 2014). The primary routes of human exposure to hazardous metals have been identified as drinking water and inhaling soil particles (Zhu et al. 2011).
Underground water contaminated with leachate causes environmental concerns such as water blooms and soil salinization, in addition to inducing a variety of aquagenic ailments if consumed or bathed in. For example, long-term use of groundwater contaminated with heavy metals increases cancer risk and infant mortality and also causes motor and cognitive problems in kids (Parvez et al. 2011; Rahman et al. 2010). Other HMs, for instance, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Cr, are also effective toxins, and their high concentrations can cause respiratory issues, skin cancer, and damage liver, renal, neurological, and immunological systems (Mohammadi et al. 2020; Godwill et al. 2019). Nagarajan et al. (2012) observed elevated levels of other pollutants like chlorine, total dissolved solids, nitrate, and fluoride in groundwater near the Vendipalayam landfill. Phosphate and nitrate provide nutrition to microorganisms, but their high levels degrade the quality of drinking water and make it unsafe for consumption (Wang et al. 2018a, 2016a). Excess nitrogen in the blood causes methemoglobinemia-like conditions in cells by lowering hemoglobin’s oxygen-binding ability (Sadeq et al. 2008). Furthermore, nitrate is common in MSW landfills, and this compound has been linked to unexpected miscarriage and an augmented danger of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Martínez et al. 2017; Gurdak and Qi 2012).
Health effects by pathogens
Contamination of groundwater with dangerous microbes as a result of leachate leakage poses a serious hazard to human health and has become a global environmental issue (Xiang et al. 2019). Various studies have revealed that Escherichia coli concentrations in landfill leachate are high (Umar et al. 2011) and contain pathogenic genes (Shi et al. 2018). As a result, numerous studies have revealed the degree of contamination of underground water with E. coli from leachate and unprocessed wastewater. Moreover, the presence of coliform bacteria in drinking water has been substantially linked with diarrhea (Aziz et al. 2013). Diarrhea has been linked to around 1.5 million infant fatalities annually, according to estimates (Fenwick 2006). Poor hygienic measures and drinking contaminated water are responsible for 90% of global diarrheal disease (UNICEF 2012).
Furthermore, microbially polluted groundwater is the source of many outbreaks of aquagenic diseases. Xiang et al. (2019) observed that different disorders of the human digestive tract occur due to pathogenic E. coli owing to the presence of particular genes of pathogenicity and factors of colonization and virulence. The leachate combined with the unrestricted aquifers generates plumes, which may stretch to hundreds of meters and influence the aquifer’s hydrogeological system (Mor et al. 2016). Maiti et al. (2016) performed research at the Dhapa landfill site (Kolkata) to determine the influence of the leachate plume on health and reported many health-linked problems, including diarrhea, nausea, stomach discomfort, and other liver and intestine-related health issues, among the populace living close to the mentioned landfill site. Negi et al. (2020) recently conducted a microbiological examination of water samples and found that more than 40 and 52% of the samples were poor and unsafe for drinking during the pre- and post-monsoon periods, respectively. They also revealed that groundwater samples taken near the Mohali landfill (India) showed substantial organic pollution, owing to open defecation surrounding the wet land, open drains, and landfill leachate, which caused pathologic contamination to infiltrate into the subsoil.
Landfills and fire hazards
On a global scale, landfill fires are a major environmental hazard (Obeid et al. 2020; Morales et al. 2018) that are most common during the summer months (Milošević et al. 2021). Because of the harmful chemical substances they produce, landfill fires present the main menace to environmental and human wellbeing (Aderemi and Otitoloju 2012). In underdeveloped nations, where landfills are non-engineered and frequently located near residential areas, the risk of a landfill fire is relatively high (Chavan et al. 2019). In most cases, large amounts of municipal garbage containing a range of combustible compounds that are placed in landfills represent a considerable danger of fire. The existence of CH4, which is emitted by waste decomposition, raises the risk level since methane is very combustible and explosive (Milošević et al. 2021). The biochemical activities occurring over-surface and within the landfill create a tremendous quantity of heat and gases (Chavan et al. 2019), and this buildup of heat causes fire hazards (Annepu 2012). The existence of SW, together with heat produced and O2 influx, all contribute to the formation of ingredients required for fire initiation (Moqbel et al. 2010). The inadequate dissipation of the heat produced raises the ignition temperature of SW constituents beyond the threshold, which causes fires in landfills (Morales et al. 2018).
Landfill fires may endanger the surrounding area and public health by releasing hazardous chemicals into the air (Morales et al. 2018). It also has a larger influence on the landfill’s structure (Morales et al. 2018). Landfill fire emissions, due to their highly chronic and hazardous nature, frequently cause all-encompassing ecological and health catastrophes for down-wind residents (Mazzucco et al. 2020). Several studies have found that waste fire emissions cause persistent health problems, for instance, lung cancer (Wiwanitkit 2016), gestational issues (Mazzucco et al. 2019), and abnormalities of the heart, lungs, and nervous system (Adetonaet al. 2020).
Landfills and atmospheric pollution
Nowadays, atmospheric pollution is a major issue in big cities, owing to the presence of significant levels of organic compounds in MW (Talaiekhozani et al. 2018). Landfill gases like CH4, CO2, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released by the anaerobic breakdown of organic wastes in landfills (Mor and Ravindra 2023; Nair et al. 2019b). VOCs are a type of air pollutants that may be unsafe to both the environment and human wellbeing (Lakhouit and Alsulami 2020). Benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylene isomers (also known as BTEX) are some of the typical VOCs observed in landfill biogas (Lakhouit and Alsulami 2020). VOCs are common pollutants that are emitted into the atmosphere from landfill sites as a result of the breakdown of organic stuff and recent domestic items such as cleaning agents, sterilizers, and personal care products that are found in dumped MW (Nair et al. 2019b). The high moisture and temperature provide an ideal environment for microbes to decompose the organic waste, thereby generating greater VOC quantities (Carriero et al. 2018). A significant quantity of VOCs is also emitted into the atmosphere during fires in landfills and the burning of waste.
In most metropolitan areas, the negative effects of VOCs emitted into the atmosphere from landfill sites are a serious issue (Nair et al. 2019b). The biogas generated from landfill sites increases the risk of contracting cancer in workers and communities that live near dump sites (Lakhouit and Alsulami 2020). VOCs produced from landfills can react photochemically with hydroxyl radicals and nitrogen oxides in the troposphere to produce ozone, secondary organic aerosols (SOA), and photochemical smog, all of which can harm both human fitness and the quality of the air (Nair et al. 2019b; Kumar et al. 2017). Ground-level O3 adversely affects the health of people, plant development, and material longevity (Awang et al. 2016). SOA is made up of a large number of distinct fragments that are created from various precursors, and as a result, it may have a major impact on the area’s visibility, air quality, and temperature (Ziemann and Atkinson 2012). SOA may deflect solar radiation and generate cloud condensation nuclei, causing the earth’s overall radiation budget to be disrupted (Schneidemesser et al. 2015). Furthermore, many VOCs can trigger allergies and asthma, as well as have a deleterious impact on lung function (Cakmak et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2013). Some VOCs are thought to be carcinogenic to landfill workers and the people who live nearby (Majumdar and Srivastava 2012). Residents living near landfills, as well as landfill workers, are in danger of breathing VOCs, which can cause acute or chronic sickness (Lakhouit and Alsulami 2020). According to various studies, BTEX is a carcinogenic chemical renowned for its capacity to harm human health (Rafiee et al. 2019; Garg and Gupta 2019). Durmusoglu et al. (2010) conducted a cancer risk assessment for landfill workers in Italy based on BTEX emissions and found that 67.5 people per million are at risk of cancer, primarily owing to benzene exposure.
Landfills and global warming
Researchers in several countries have recently found that landfills are the most important cause of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Ghosh et al. 2023; Zhang et al. 2019b). The principal GHGs emitted by landfill sites owing to the biodegradation of organic waste are CO2, CH4, and N2O (Milovanovic et al. 2021; Gollapalli and Kota 2018). These GHGs emitted from municipal organic waste contribute to worldwide temperature rise and climatic changes (Tominac et al. 2020). Other possible sources of GHG emissions from the waste management system include waste collection trucks, landfill machinery, and landfill fires (Milovanovic et al. 2021). As per the report by Kaza et al. (2018), the management of waste contributes roughly 5% of global GHG emissions. Singh et al. (2017) reported that landfills produce one third of total anthropogenic CH4, which is a significant contributor of GHGs to the atmosphere. CH4 is one of the most significant GHGs due to its enormous potential for global temperature rise, which is 28 times higher than that of carbon dioxide (Du et al. 2017). Gupta et al. (2022) recently revealed that landfills account for about 11% of the methane emitted worldwide. Increased GHG production leads to higher ambient temperatures, which leads to more rainfall, the melting of glaciers, changes in the hydrological system, and ocean acidification (IPCC 2014).
Landfills and odor pollution
Landfills are a source of odorous and hazardous substances (Mor and Ravindra 2023; Wu et al. 2018). The odor pollution brought on by MSW is a societal issue (Wu et al. 2017) and is one of the most important reasons for a growing number of complaints by residents living near landfills (Tansel and Inanloo 2019; Liu et al. 2019). Landfill emissions may negatively affect people’s standard of living and the environment around them (Naddeo et al. 2018). The released gases and odors are mostly caused by the biodegradation of organic waste (Abdul-Wahab et al. 2017). MSW generates a substantial quantity of odorants in the form of hydrocarbons, organic alcohols, sulfur compounds, NH3, and other VOCs (Sonibare et al. 2019). Several authors have reported that sulfur compounds like H2S, di-methyl disulfide, and ethyl sulfide are prominent odor sources in landfills (Yao et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2018). Despite the fact that these offensive gases make up < 1% of overall emissions (Lim et al. 2018), the related environmental risk and discomfort for nearby inhabitants are major problems in landfill operation and development (Njoku et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2015).
The components of malodorous gases are affected by different variables, including landfill age and size, as well as environmental conditions like temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric conditions (Wang et al. 2019; Yun et al. 2018a). High summer temperatures enhance odor emissions owing to an increase in the anaerobic activity of the microbes. Wu et al. (2018) recently observed that odor pollution was severe in the summer but significantly reduced in the winter. Tansel and Inanloo (2019) also discovered that the odor release potential during the winter months was lowered due to reduced biodecomposition rates at colder temperatures. Wind speed and direction might also play a role in changing odor concentration (Liu et al. 2019).
People living near landfills, especially in the downwind areas, are irritated by the foul odors from the landfills, lowering their standard of living and overall health (Potdar et al. 2016; Che et al. 2013). Long-term exposure to unpleasant scents might result in undesirable responses ranging from psychological to physical problems such as uneasiness, nausea, headache, and respiratory problems (Wu et al. 2015a; Palmiotto et al. 2014). In most situations, it is one of the most prevalent reasons for people to criticize the existing landfill sites and has also evolved into one of the biggest obstacles to the development of new landfill sites (Cai et al. 2015).
Municipal solid waste management: global perspective
Waste management is a critical service that necessitates planning, administration, and collaboration at all levels of government and stakeholders. The typical MSW management service involves waste collection from houses and business establishments, hauling it to a collection point, and then transporting it to a facility for ultimate disposal or treatment (Idumah and Nwuzor 2019). Globally, approximately 33% of waste is dumped openly, 37% is disposed of in landfills, 19% undergoes material recovery through recycling and composting, and 11% is handled through incineration (Kaza et al. 2018) (Fig. 7). Waste management practices differ significantly depending on the income level. In low-income nations where landfills are not yet available, open dumping and burning are common (Ferronato and Torretta 2019). In low-income nations, approximately 93% of waste is burned or dumped on highways, open fields, or water bodies, and only 3% of waste is recycled, whereas only 2% of waste is thrown in high-income nations, and around 29% is recycled and another 22% is incinerated (World Bank 2022; Kaza et al. 2018) (Fig. 8). Waste management becomes more sustainable as countries grow economically, and the first move towards eco-friendly treatment of waste is the development and use of landfills (He et al. 2022).
Sustainable and integrated municipal solid waste management strategies
MSW management requires special attention in order to recover resources and reduce environmental impact. MSW is a heterogeneous resource with a huge potential for energy, nutrients, and material recovery; thus, different management techniques can be employed. The different treatment options (Fig. 9) available with different capacities for the safe handling and recycling of MSW are described below:
Physical and thermal treatment of municipal solid waste
Sanitary landfilling
Building safe landfills for waste that is non-reusable and non-recyclable is an essential aspect of the sustainable management of MW. Sanitary landfills are one of the most secure and extensively utilized ways of MW disposal (Hereher et al. 2020). In these modern landfills, MW is confined by a liner system. Liners and drainage layers provide complementary roles in preventing the uncontrolled release of pollutants into the environment (Azad et al. 2013; Bhuiyan and Molla 2013). The operating procedures implemented in sanitary landfills, including landfill lining and capping, waste segregation, leachate collection, and treatment, have been shown to decrease the release of pollutants into the environment. In comparison to open landfills, sanitary landfills are thought to be a more environmentally friendly way of disposing of final waste. The designs and capacities of sanitary landfills make it easy to dispose MSW with respect to pre-sorting, leachate treatment, and methane gas recovery (Weng and Chang 2001). The greenhouse gas emissions from sanitary landfills are considerably lower (8%) compared to open land filling (33%) of MSW (Sabour et al. 2020). However, various studies have reported that the leachate generated from sanitary landfills contains pollutants like HMs, endocrine disrupting substances, and other inorganic pollutants (Seibert et al. 2019; Adhikari and Khanal 2015). In addition, the locations of sanitary landfills are vulnerable to earthquakes, floods, and releases gases, HMs, and toxic leachates (Fernandes et al. 2015).
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is a viable and emerging MSW treatment technology (El Kourdi et al. 2023; Lu et al. 2020). It is a thermochemical process in which waste is broken down under anaerobic conditions at temperatures between 300 and 650 °C (Barry et al. 2019; Kalogo 2012). During the process, the products obtained from the conversion of organic ingredients include a gaseous product (syngas), a liquid (biooil), and a solid product (biochar) (Li and Skelly 2023; Ghodke et al. 2021). When compared to other thermochemical techniques, pyrolysis is a more eco-friendly alternative (Elkhalifa et al. 2019) and has attracted more interest owing to improved economic performance, increased efficacy, and a higher volume decrease (Mphahlele et al. 2021; Ambaye et al. 2021). The product quality and yield depend on waste composition, heating rate, residence duration, and pyrolysis temperature (Song et al. 2018; Lombardi et al. 2015). Djandja et al. (2020) reported that at elevated temperatures (over 600 °C), a substantial volume of syngas with higher proportions of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide is produced from municipal sludge pyrolysis. Barry et al. (2019) revealed that when the pyrolysis temperature increases, the oil and gas yields also increase while the char yield decreases. The optimal temperature for rapid pyrolysis of MSWs is 510 °C with a maximum oil output of 67%, and part of this oil can be combusted back to meet the energy requirements of the pyrolysis procedure (Czajczyńska et al. 2017).
The key benefit of pyrolysis is that it is a low-cost technique that enables the reduction of environmental pollution, as both liquid oil and pyrolysis gases can be used as fuels based on their physicochemical characteristics (Ghodke et al. 2021), and biochar made from pyrolyzed waste can be used as organic manure in soils to improve water and nutrient retention (Elkhalifa et al. 2019; Ghodke et al. 2021). Furthermore, biochar can be treated further to produce other higher-value products like activated carbon (Elkhalifa et al. 2019). Thus, this technique of pyrolysis has received a lot of interest as a means to recover sustainable energy from biowastes because of its ability to transform waste into useful by-products (Gerasimov et al. 2019).
Incineration
Incineration is a valuable technique for managing the vast amount of MW and can be a potential alternative to landfilling, considering that landfilling MW is both costly and harmful (Alderete et al. 2021). It is a method of converting combustible fractions of waste into oxide forms like H2O, CO2, SOx, and NOx while recovering thermal energy (Havukainen et al. 2017). Incineration is capable of the overall destruction of a wide range of hazardous waste streams and is widely acknowledged as a technology for the direct recovery of energy and converting wastes into a stabilized form. It is one of the most frequent waste-treatment methods, reducing the weight and quantity of waste by 70 and 90 percent, respectively (Clavier et al. 2020; Lombardi et al. 2015); concurrently, it generates heat and electricity as well (Singh et al. 2011). Energy recovery during incineration is commonly used as a whole or as a partial replacement for fossil fuels in cement and power plants (Lu et al. 2017). However, by increasing the percentage of O2 moles in the combustion air, oxy-combustion conditions are created, allowing for the recirculation of flue gas during incineration, resulting in a 3% gain in energy efficiency across the board (Vilardi and Verdone 2022). An important and reasonable argument for the promotion of incineration is that it is a preferable treatment to landfilling in densely populated areas. One of the primary benefits of the incineration of MSW is the eradication of all biological organisms and the mineralization of organic materials into safe by-products (Brunner and Rechberger 2015). For every tonne of MSW burned, a typical incinerator produces 544 kWh of energy and 180 kg of solid residue (Zaman 2010). In addition to volume reduction and power generation, incineration by-products (bottom and fly ash) can be utilized in constructing roads, manufacturing cement, and the production of other materials as they are rich in elements like silicon, aluminum, and calcium (Marieta et al. 2021). This offers the dual benefit of lowering landfill waste while also lowering the cement percentage in cementitious products (Alderete et al. 2021).
Thermal-plasma treatment
Plasma technology offers a viable alternative in MSW management. Plasma is the fourth important state of matter after solid, liquid, and gas and is mostly made up of ions, electrons, and neutral particles (Lane et al. 2020). For the management of SWs, plasma is considered the most feasible solution because of its capacity to provide a high temperature. Thermal plasma treatment is believed to be the most feasible solution to the escalating waste management crisis (Lombardi et al. 2015). Thermal plasma generates high temperatures, leading to high energy densities by plasma to treat MSW using the huge throughput generated in a small-scale reactor (Ruj and Ghosh 2014). The high energy flux densities at the boundaries of reactors rely on plasma as an energy source rather than conventional combustion fuels; as a result, little volume of gas is produced, making the process inexpensive and environment friendly (Li et al. 2016; Psaltis and Komilis 2019). Thermal plasma for waste treatment works either through plasma pyrolysis or plasma gasification. Pyrolysis through plasma gasification has the potential to transform MSWs into a valuable input in the circular economy, and its commercialization can be achieved by the value of gas or fuel from MSW (Munir et al. 2019). The treatment efficiency of plasma treatment is very high, with a reduction of 95% in the input of MSW.
Biological treatment of municipal solid waste
Composting
Composting is a technique that turns complex organic materials into a stable product (Awasthi et al. 2020). It is a low-cost and eco-friendly technology to deflect organic waste from landfills (Agapios et al. 2020). Composting can be done at any scale, from small-scale backyard composting to large MW treatment plants (Sayara et al. 2020). While composting is among the green alternatives for MW treatment (Lin et al. 2018), it has some drawbacks that have limited its use and efficacy. The drawbacks include low nutrient levels, odor pollution, nitrogen loss, pathogen detection, and GHG emissions (Ayilara et al. 2020; Soudejani et al. 2019). To overcome these shortcomings and produce a high-quality end product, critical parameters like pH, temperature, C/N ratio, and moisture must be maintained (Sánchez 2006; Tiquia et al. 2002). The rate of the entire process and the quality of the end product can also be improved by the inclusion of microbial inoculants, which directly affect the breakdown of biowastes (Onwosi et al. 2017). Several studies at waste management facilities and landfills have revealed that around 50–70% of MW is organic and may be recycled as compost (Kanat and Ergüven 2020; Chatterjee et al. 2013), thereby reducing the amount of pollution caused by inappropriate waste management significantly. Composting also produces less GHGs and leachate as compared to landfilling or open dumping (Kibler et al. 2018). Other advantages of composting comprise value-added product generation and a reduction in environmental pollution (Wang et al. 2018b). Furthermore, the use of compost in agriculture can help to maintain long-term soil productivity (Kamyab et al. 2015). Compost also has wide applications in bioremediation (Ventorino et al. 2019), weed suppression (Coelho et al. 2019), crop disease management (Sayara et al. 2020), enhancement of soil biota, and reduction of the environmental effects connected with inorganic fertilizers (Chelinho et al. 2019). Moreover, composting is a critical component of the circular economy since it helps to close the waste management cycle (Vaverková et al. 2020).
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion (AD) has attracted increased scientific attention and is a promising treatment option for the management of MSW (Wang et al. 2023; Fan et al. 2018). AD is a regulated microbial decomposition process in which a microbial consortium converts organic refuse from MSW into CH4, CO2, inorganic nutrients, and humus (Macias-Corral et al. 2008). Some of the world’s most technologically and agriculturally advanced countries have demonstrated AD as a viable option for waste management (Mu et al. 2018). The biodegradable part of MSW is pre-treated by sorting, separation, and sterilization, which is considered an important move in the yield output (Li et al. 2017). Recently, separation of the organic fraction of MSW through extrusion treatment appears to be an emerging technology to separate the organic fraction by using a high-pressure machine equipped with gates to spate the organic fraction effectively (Novarino and Zanetti 2012). AD not only recovers energy from MSW but also produces nutrient-rich soil amendment by reducing GHG emissions (Rogelj et al. 2016). The digestion efficacy of AD depends on the mode of operation. Thermophilic digestion is found to be suitable with biogas production between 13.92 and 83.25% (Mu et al. 2018) and is energy efficient if conducted in a thermophilic condition rather than a mesophilic condition (Wu et al. 2015b).
Management of landfill leachate
Landfill leachates from MSWs are the most significant source of environmental pollution (Teng and Chen 2023) because they percolate through soil and reach the surface and groundwater (Popovych et al. 2020). Long-term risk assessment of different sanitary landfills to the surrounding hydrological ecosystem is an extremely difficult task. To reduce the environmental impact of landfill leachates, a variety of cost-effective solutions have been investigated over time suitable for a variety of contaminants (Fig. S1). In the realm of landfill leachate treatment, a single method may not be able to meet all the requirements until new materials and combinations of technologies are involved based on feasibility (Bandala et al. 2021). The following sections provide critically recent insights into the physico-chemical and biological techniques utilized to remediate the pollutants contained in landfill leachates:
Physico-chemical treatment of landfill leachates
Coagulation-flocculation
Coagulation and flocculation methods are effectively utilized for removing suspended particulates from wastewater. The process works by destabilizing suspended particles with a negative charge into large flocs (Cheng et al. 2021). Nowadays, electro-coagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) have been considered versatile processes for landfill leachate treatment (Bahrodin et al. 2021; Ghanbari et al. 2020). Integration of EC and EO is a novel approach used for the successful removal of 60% organic loads and 80% discoloration in leachates, followed by degradation of organic compounds and successful abatement of 50% ammonium to minimize the organic load (Bandala et al. 2021; Adesida 2020). Although the EC-EO process is pH-independent (natural-alkaline pH), consequently, pH cost adjustment might be lessened for commercial applications; however, it is highly composition-dependent (Babaei et al. 2021). The pollutant elimination efficacy is determined by the current density of the electrodes and the catalytic load in the leachates. Pt and PbO2 electrodes for the EC process and Al and Fe electrodes for the EO process are highly effective electrodes with COD removal efficiencies of 60% and 50%, respectively, at a current dosage of 50 mA/cm2 (Ghanbari et al. 2020).
Adsorption treatments
Adsorption is an extensively employed treatment to eradicate ionic and molecular toxins suspended or dissolved in landfill leachates through interaction between electrically and chemically active surface-charged functional groups (Hedayati et al. 2021). Adsorbents’ surface characteristics have a key role in determining the choice of adsorbent (Kaveeshwar et al. 2018). The most extensively used adsorbent for the treatment of landfill leachates is activated carbon, both in powdered and granulated form (Deng et al. 2018). Recently, various other substances, such as zeolites, clay, and magnetic adsorbents, have been reported as potentially effective for landfill leachate treatment compared to anaerobic composting (Augusto et al. 2019). Zeolites are made up of hydrated aluminosilicate crystals with a physical configuration comprised water-filled pores (Montalvo et al. 2020). The physical structure of zeolite, comprised cations (Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+), is easily transferable by NH4+, and this capability of zeolites is one of its most versatile characteristics, with demands for future investigation (Aziz et al. 2020). Previous research demonstrated that a 10-g raw zeolite dosage can reduce NH3-N, color, and COD by up to 53.1%, 46.0%, and 22.5%, respectively (Aziz et al. 2020). This indicates that a small quantity of zeolite can achieve optimal removal of toxins at a lower cost, making it suitable for leachate treatment on a broader scale. Clay minerals are regarded as superadsorbents and play an important role as pollutant purifiers because of their desirable features such as mechanical and chemical stability, high specific surface area, laminar structure, and high ionic exchange capacity. Bentonite clay (modified by L-glutamine) with a surface area of 28.98 m2 g−1 reduces both COD and pH turbidity in leachates, which is attributed to more adsorption sites (Akl et al. 2013). The exterior surface of bentonite clay has weaker siloxane groups (Si–O), which later get transformed to Si–O bands and to Si–OH with a rise in pH to alkalinity, leading to a reduction in COD through precipitation (Hajjizadeh et al. 2020).
Advanced oxidation processes
Recently, a few advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been developed to efficiently treat landfill leachates. Photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton, and Fenton are successful AOPs and have been effectively used to treat landfill leachates by removing refractory organics (Gautam et al. 2019). The catalytic activity of Fe2SO4 during the Fenton reaction adds H2O2 to landfill leachates (Hilles et al. 2015). This technology, because of its eco-environmental advantages, has extensively been encouraged for landfill leachate treatment. Another effective and promising AOP generates in-situ coagulants and makes complex organic pollutants into simpler and nobler compounds like CO2 and H2O (Bashir et al. 2013). It is considered one of the greener technologies for the treatment of landfill leachates, and with further optimization, it may cause a COD reduction of up to 60% with a significant decline of metallic substances from 70 to 90% (Dhorabe et al. 2020). Sruthi et al. (2018) found that electro-Fenton produces the highest mineralization rate during 8 h of electrolysis, with a 96% removal of dissolved organic carbon from landfill leachates. The Fenton and ultrasonic flow cell method of AOP has a maximum synergetic effect and biodegradability index and has been recognized as a viable method of leachate treatment (Joshi and Gogate 2019). AOPs offer several benefits for the prevention and remediation of landfill leachates, including treating large volumes, automation, high energy efficiency, amicability, and easy and safe handling (Ribeiro et al. 2015). However, a few main drawbacks of AOP technologies are associated with costs involved in electricity, low conductance, fouling that causes loss of electrode lifetime, and loss of activity by high sludge formation (Sirés et al. 2014).
Biological treatment
Phyto-remediation of heavy metals from leachate
Phyto-remediation is a natural biochemical process in which plants use their root systems and rhizosphere microbes to mineralize, degrade, decrease, stabilize, and volatilize contaminants (Wibowo et al. 2023; Kristanti et al. 2023). It is an ecologically sound technique with long-term use for the elimination of contaminants (Ali et al. 2020). Some plant species frequently utilized for phyto-remediation have reduced many kinds of leachate pollutants. For example, water hyacinth has removed 24–80 percent of total HMs, including Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb (El-Gendy 2008). Abbas et al. (2019) explored the potential of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes for landfill remediation and revealed the highest HM removal rates for Zn (80 to 90 percent), Pb (76 to 84 percent), and Fe (83 to 87 percent). They also observed that both plants considerably lower the other physicochemical characteristics found in landfill leachate, such as pH, TDS, COD, and BOD. Plants in the leachate deplete dissolved CO2 during the photosynthetic phase, favoring aerobic microbes to decrease BOD and COD (Mahmood et al. 2005). Mokhtar et al. (2011) also reported a 97% decline in copper via a phyto-remediation study employing E. crassipes. Jerez Ch and Romero (2016) assessed the viability of Cajanus cajan to eliminate Cr and Pb from landfill leachates and found the removal of Cr and Pb by 49% and 36%, respectively. They also reported nitrogen removal from landfill leachate, which resulted in the eradication of ammonia and mixed nitrite/nitrate species by 85% and 70%, respectively.
The plant system is a viable mechanism to remove organic and inorganic pollutants using diverse mechanistic approaches, including phyto-degradation, phyto-volatilization, phyto-extraction, phyto-stabilization, and rhizo-filtration (Fig. 10). Recently, Moktar and Tajuddin (2019) revealed that over a 30-day experimental period, cogon grass was able to extract HMs, including Pb, Cd, and Zn, from landfill leachate. Plants take up most of these HMs and other nutrients because they are necessary for enzyme activation for photosynthesis and plant growth (Chibuike and Obiora 2014). As a result, it is strongly advised that the use of plants in the vicinity of leachate collection ponds be promoted in order to avoid the seeping of HMs and other leachate toxins into aquifers, which can pollute water bodies during overflow or discharge (Moktar and Tajuddin 2019; Ugya and Priatamby 2016).
Nano-remediation of landfill leachate
Nano-filtration (NF) is a membrane technology first used in the 1980s and is commonly applied for treating wastewaters (Reis et al. 2020) with characteristics that appear between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (Shahmansouri and Bellona 2015). Due to low energy requirements and greater flux rates, NF has largely been employed in place of reverse osmosis in numerous applications (Shon et al. 2013). The majority of NF membranes are fine film composites composed of synthetic polymers with functional groups, allowing them to effectively separate charged ions from wastewater (Siddique et al. 2020). The NF process efficiently separates the multivalent metal ions through sieving size and Donnan exclusion, which makes it a highly suitable low-cost separation technology (Pal 2015). The mechanism of filtration is based on screening and charge action in wastewater (Agboola et al. 2015). The NF device controls the filtration process through the NF membrane by regulating the backward surge of concentrated water. With an initial inlet waste water flow of 5 m3/h, backward water flow of 4.5 m3/h, and a membrane flux of 10 L/m2/h, with a transmembrane pressure of 0.222 MPa, it could yield a water output of 7500–8500 gallons per day (Wang et al. 2020). The elimination rates of overall alkalinity, entire hardiness, and total soluble solids were 86%, 98%, and 91%, with a desalinization efficiency of 95% (Wang et al. 2020). Regular cleaning of NF membranes may well prolong their filtrating efficacy and serviceability. Deionized water containing HCl and NaOH, each with a concentration of 1 mol/L, can be used to clean and eliminate toxins from the NF membranes (Gao et al. 2011). Recently, carbon-based nano-treatments and nano-vermiculite mineral (NMV) have exhibited great adsorption capacity for the exclusion of numerous organic pollutants from landfill leachates owing to their extraordinarily precise surface area, excellent electric chemistry, and sorption sites (Duan et al. 2020). NMV is a novel material recently developed with excellent absorption capacity for ammonium from landfill leachates. In pilot-scale experiments, the size of the NVM particle (0.075–0.125 mm) used on ammonium-contaminated leachates decreased the ammonium concentration by 88% relative to the initial concentration (Rama et al. 2019).
Limitations and future perspectives
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a complex and multidimensional challenge that involves technical, environmental, social, economic, and institutional aspects. MSWM aims to reduce the negative impacts of waste generation and disposal on human health and the environment while maximizing the recovery of valuable resources (Pal and Bhatia 2022). However, MSWM faces several limitations and future perspectives that need to be addressed. Some of these are the following:
-
The lack of adequate data and information on waste generation, composition, collection, treatment, and disposal, which hinders the planning, monitoring, and evaluation of MSWM systems (Cayumil et al. 2021).
-
The low level of public awareness and participation in waste reduction, reuse, and recycling, which limits the potential of waste prevention and resource recovery (Sewak et al. 2021; Almulhim and Abubakar 2021).
-
The insufficient financial resources and institutional capacity to implement and sustain effective MSWM systems, especially in developing countries and low-income areas (Ferronato et al. 2020; Schübeler et al. 1996).
-
The rapid urbanization and population growth, which increase the pressure on existing MSWM infrastructure and services, and pose new challenges for waste management in peri-urban and rural areas.
-
The emergence of new types of waste, such as electronic waste, medical waste, and hazardous waste, which require specific management practices and technologies to ensure their safe handling and disposal (Shahabuddin et al. 2023; Andeobu 2023).
-
Lack of adequate infrastructure, equipment, and facilities for waste collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal (Nepal et al. 2023).
-
Limited integration and coordination among different stakeholders and sectors involved in waste management (Song et al. 2021).
-
The high variability and uncertainty of the composition and characteristics of MSW and landfill leachate, which makes it difficult to apply standardized or universal solutions for their management and treatment (Lindamulla et al. 2022).
To overcome these limitations and explore future perspectives, MSWM requires a holistic and integrated approach that considers the entire life cycle of waste, from generation to final disposal. Such an approach should involve the following:
-
Developing and implementing integrated and holistic waste management plans and strategies that consider the local context, needs, and priorities (Batista et al. 2021).
-
Mobilizing adequate financial resources and creating economic incentives for waste prevention, reduction, reuse, recycling, and recovery.
-
Promoting public awareness and education on the benefits of waste management and the responsibilities of waste generators and handlers (Debrah et al. 2021).
-
Improving the data collection, monitoring, and reporting systems for waste management using modern technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and smart sensors (Singh et al. 2023; Fang et al. 2023).
-
Fostering the collaboration and cooperation among different stakeholders and sectors involved in waste management, such as government agencies, private sector, civil society, academia, and international organizations (Vasconcelos et al. 2022).
-
The adoption of the waste hierarchy principle, which prioritizes waste prevention, minimization, reuse, and recycling over energy recovery and disposal.
-
The implementation of the circular economy concept, which aims to close the loop of material flows and reduce the dependence on virgin resources.
-
The development of innovative technologies and practices, which enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of MSWM systems, such as smart waste collection systems, biodegradable packaging materials, waste-to-energy plants, and landfill gas recovery systems (Olalo et al. 2022; Kurniawan et al. 2022).
By addressing these limitations and future perspectives related to MSWM, it is possible to achieve a sustainable development goal that ensures a clean and healthy environment for all.
Conclusion
MSW is a global problem. Inappropriate waste collection and its management system contribute to major urban pollution with long-standing ecological impacts and effects on the wellbeing of humans, especially the poor. Traditional techniques, including burning, landfilling, and unscientific dumping of waste, cause various ecological concerns, including water contamination, global warming, and other effects on human wellbeing. Thus, to achieve sustainable development, MSW needs to be dealt with proper planning and execution. This can be accomplished by implementing integrated waste management policies that cover all aspects of waste generation, segregation, transport, treatment, resource recovery, and safe disposal through an engineered landfill, as well as emphasizing effective resource allocation. In addition, waste-to-energy technologies, for instance, incineration, anaerobic digestion, gasification, and pyrolysis, have steadily gained recognition across the world as crucial aspects of MWM. This review suggested that if waste-to-energy advanced techniques are adopted, MSW might be a key promising renewable energy source, not only reducing reliance on traditional fuels to meet the ever-mounting need for energy but also managing the waste management issue. Taken together, the review concluded that integrated waste management, together with energy and material recovery, could be the best alternative for the sustainable management of MSW, assisting in minimizing the negative consequences associated with MSW and fulfilling the aims of achieving sustainable development.
Data availability
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- MSW:
-
Municipal solid waste
- HMs:
-
Heavy metals
- LFG:
-
Landfill gas
- ETs:
-
Elevated temperatures
- LF:
-
Landfill
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- BIS:
-
Bureau of Indian Standards
- MW:
-
Municipal waste
- PM:
-
Particulate matter
- GHGs:
-
Greenhouse gases
- VOCs:
-
Volatile organic compounds
- BOD:
-
Biological oxygen demand
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- MWM:
-
Municipal waste management
- SWM:
-
Solid waste management
- SW:
-
Solid waste
References
Abbas AK, Al-Rekabi WS, Yousif YT (2016) Integrated solid waste management for urban area in Basrah District. J Babylon Univ 24:666–675
Abbas Z, Arooj F, Ali S, Zaheer IE, Rizwan M, Riaz MA (2019) Phyto-remediation of landfill leachate waste contaminants through floating bed technique using water hyacinth and water lettuce. Inter J Phyto 21:1356–1367. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1633259
Abdel-Shafy HI, Ibrahim AM, Al-Sulaiman AM, Okasha RA (2023) Landfill leachate: sources, nature, organic composition, and treatment: an environmental overview. Ain Sham Eng J 24:102293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102293
Abdul-Wahab S, Al-Rawas G, Charabi Y, Al-Wardy M, Fadlallah S (2017) A study to investigate the key sources of odors in Al-Multaqa Village, Sultanate of Oman. Environ Foren 18:15–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2016.1230911
Abubakar A, Barnabas MH, Tanko BM (2018) The physico-chemical composition and energy recovery potentials of municipal solid waste generated in Numan Town, North-Eastern Nigeria. Energy Power Eng 10:475–485. https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2018.1011030
Abylkhani B, Aiymbetov B, Yagofarova A, Tokmurzin D, Venetis C, Poulopoulos S, Sarbassov Y, Inglezakis VJ (2019) Seasonal characterisation of municipal solid waste from Astana City, Kazakhstan: composition and thermal properties of combustible fraction. Waste Manag Res 37:1271–1281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19875503
Abylkhani B, Guney M, Aiymbetov B, Yagofarova A, Sarbassov Y, Zorpas AA, Venetis C, Inglezakis V (2021) Detailed municipal solid waste composition analysis for Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan with implications for sustainable waste management in Central Asia. Envir Sci Poll Res 28:24406–24418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08431-x
Aderemi AO, Otitoloju AA (2012) An assessment of landfill fires and their potential health effects—a case study of a municipal solid waste landfill in Lagos, Nigeria. Intern J Environ Prot 2:22–26
Adesida A (2020) Concurrent removal of organic and heavy metal contaminants in wastewater: a case study on a pulp mill effluent and leachate. Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
Adetona O, Ozoh OB, Oluseyi T, Uzoegwu Q, Odei J, Lucas M (2020) An exploratory evaluation of the potential pulmonary, neurological and other health effects of chronic exposure to emissions from municipal solid waste fires at a large dumpsite in Olusosun, Lagos, Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:30885–30892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09701-4
Adhikari B, Khanal SN (2015) Qualitative study of LF leachate from different ages of LF sites of various countries including Nepal. J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol 9:2319–2399
Adhikari B, Dahal KR, Khanal SN (2014) A review of factors affecting the composition of municipal solid waste landfill leachate. Int J Eng Sci Innovat Technol 3:273–281
Agapios A, Andreas V, Marinos S, Katerina M, Antonis ZA (2020) Waste aroma profile in the framework of food waste management through household composting. J Clean Product 257:120340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120340
Agboola O, Maree J, Kolesnikov A, Mbaya R, Sadiku R (2015) Theoretical performance of nanofiltration membranes for wastewater treatment. Environ Chem Lett 13:37–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-014-0486-y
Akhtar S, Hollaender H, Yuan Q (2023) Impact of heat and contaminants transfer from landfills to permafrost subgrade in arctic climate: a review. Cold Regi Sci Technol 206:103737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2022.103737
Akl MA, Youssef AM, Al-Awadhi MM (2013) Adsorption of acid dyes onto bentonite and surfactant-modified bentonite. J Anal Bioanal Tech 4:3–7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000174
Akter S, Shammi M, Jolly YN, Sakib AA, Rahman MM, Tareq SM (2021) Characterization and photodegradation pathway of the leachate of Matuail sanitary landfill site, Dhaka South City Corporation, Bangladesh. Heliyon 7:07924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07924
Alam R, Ahmed Z, Howladar MF (2020) Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in water, soil and plant around the open landfill site Mogla Bazar in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Ground Sustain Develop 10:100311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100311
Alderete NM, Joseph AM, Van den Heede P, Matthys S, De Belie N (2021) Effective and sustainable use of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in concrete regarding strength and durability. Resour Conser Recyc 167:105356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105356
Ali SA, Ahmad A (2019) Forecasting MSW generation using artificial neural network time series model: a study from metropolitan city. SN Appl Sci 1:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1382-7
Ali S, Abbas Z, Rizwan M, Zaheer IE, Yavaş İ, Ünay A, Kalderis D (2020) Application of floating aquatic plants in phyto-remediation of heavy metals polluted water: a review. Sustainability 12:1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051927
Almulhim AI, Abubakar IR (2021) Understanding public environmental awareness and attitudes toward circular economy transition in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 13:10157. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810157
Amano KOA, Danso-Boateng E, Adom E, Kwame Nkansah D, Amoamah ES, Appiah-Danquah E (2021) Effect of waste landfill site on surface and ground water drinking quality. Water Environ J 35:715–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12664
Ambaye TG, Vaccari M, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Prasad S, van Hullebusch ED, Rtimi S (2021) Emerging technologies for biofuel production: a critical review on recent progress, challenges and perspectives. J Environ Manag. 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112627
Ambujan A, Thalla AK (2023) An approach to quantify the contamination potential of hazardous waste landfill leachate using the leachate pollution index. Int J Environ Sci Technol 9:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04864-2
Ančić M, Huđek A, Rihtarić I, Cazar M, Bačun-Družina V, Kopjar N, Durgo K (2020) Physicochemical properties and toxicological effect of landfill groundwaters and leachates. Chemosphere 238:124574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124574
Andeobu L (2023) Medical waste and its management. In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Sustainability. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp 761–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01949-4_53
Annepu RK (2012) Sustainable solid waste management in India. http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Sustainable%20Solid%20Waste%20Management%20in%20India_Final.pdf. Accessed 20 Mar 2022
Ashik MA, Nazmul MH, Rafizul IM (2017) Prediction of solid waste generation rate and determination of future waste characteristics at south-western region of Bangladesh using artificial neural network. Waste Safe 2017 Khulna (Bangladesh) 1–9
Augusto PA, Castelo-Grande T, Merchan L, Estevez AM, Quintero X, Barbosa D (2019) Landfill leachate treatment by sorption in magnetic particles: preliminary study. Sci Total Environ 648:636–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.056
Awang NR, Elbayoumi M, Ramli NA, Yahaya AS (2016) Diurnal variations of ground-level ozone in three port cities in Malaysia. Air Qual Atmos Heal 9:25–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-015-0334-7
Awasthi SK, Sarsaiya S, Awasthi MK, Liu T, Zhao J, Kumar S, Zhang Z (2020) Changes in global trends in food waste composting: research challenges and opportunities. Bioresour Technol 299:122555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122555
Ayilara MS, Olanrewaju OS, Babalola OO, Odeyemi O (2020) Waste management through composting: challenges and potentials. Sustainability 12:4456. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114456
Azad MA, Hassan KM, Mahjabin T, Nazir I (2013) Investigation of solid waste management and surrounding ground water quality at Rajbandh LF site. In Proc. WasteSafe 3rd International Conference on Solid Waste Management in the Developing Countries 10–12
Azarov VN, Stefanenko IV, Azarov AV, Menzelintseva NV, Statyukha IM (2020) Morphological composition of municipal solid waste in urban areas (on the Dagestan Republic example). In IOP Conference Series: Mat Sc Eng, IOP Publishing, 913(5):052061. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/913/5/052061
Aziz HA, Othman OM, Amr SSA (2013) The performance of electro-Fenton oxidation in the removal of coliform bacteria from landfill leachate. Waste Manag 33:396–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.10.016
Aziz HA, Noor AF, Keat YW, Alazaiza MY, Hamid AA (2020) Heat activated zeolite for the reduction of ammoniacal nitrogen, colour, and COD in landfill leachate. Int J Environ Res 4:463–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-020-00270-5
Babaei S, Sabour MR, Moftakhari S (2021) Combined landfill leachate treatment methods: an overview. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:59594–59607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16358-0
Bahrodin MB, Zaidi NS, Hussein N, Sillanpää M, Prasetyo DD, Syafiuddin A (2021) Recent advances on coagulation-based treatment of wastewater: transition from chemical to natural coagulant. Curr Pollut Repor 7:379–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-021-00191-7
Bandala ER, Liu A, Wijesiri B, Zeidman AB, Goonetilleke A (2021) Emerging materials and technologies for landfill leachate treatment: a critical review. Environ Pollut 291:118133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118133
Barry D, Barbiero C, Briens C, Berruti F (2019) Pyrolysis as an economical and ecological treatment option for municipal sewage sludge. Biomass Bioenergy 122:472–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.01.041
Bashir MJ, Aziz HA, Aziz SQ, Abu Amr SS (2013) An overview of electro-oxidation processes performance in stabilized landfill leachate treatment. Desal Water Treat 51:2170–2184. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.734698
Batista M, Caiado RG, Quelhas OL, Lima GB, Leal Filho W, Yparraguirre IT (2021) A framework for sustainable and integrated municipal solid waste management: barriers and critical factors to developing countries. J Clean Prod 312:127516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127516
Beinabaj SM, Heydariyan H, Aleii HM, Hosseinzadeh A (2023) Concentration of heavy metals in leachate, soil, and plants in Tehran’s landfill: investigation of the effect of landfill age on the intensity of pollution. Heliyon 9(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13017
Benson C (2017) Characteristics of gas and leachate at an elevated temperature landfill. In: T. Brandon T, Valentine R (Ed.), Geotechnical Frontiers, Waste Containment, Barriers, Remediation, and Sustainable Geo-engineering 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480434.034
Bhat RA, Dar SA, Dar DA, Dar GH (2018) Municipal solid waste generation and current scenario of its management in India. Int J Adv Res Sci Eng 7:419–431
Bhowmick S, Pramanik S, Singh P, Mondal P, Chatterjee D, Nriagu J (2018) Arsenic in groundwater of West Bengal, India: a review of human health risks and assessment of possible intervention options. Sci Total Environ 612:148–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.216
Bhuiyan MIH, Molla MKA (2013) Geo-environmental aspects of liner in municipal solid waste landfills. Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. WasteSafe, Khulna, Bangladesh 10–12
Boateng TK, Opoku F, Akoto O (2019) Heavy metal contamination assessment of groundwater quality: a case study of Oti landfill site, Kumasi. Appl Water Sci 9:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0915-y
Brunner PH, Rechberger H (2015) Waste to energy—key element for sustainable waste management. Waste Manag 37:3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.02.003
Cai B, Wang J, Long Y, Li W, Liu J, Ni Z, Bo X, Li D, Wang J, Chen X, Gao Q, Zhang L (2015) Evaluating the impact of odors from the 1955 landfills in China using a bottom-up approach. J Environ Manag 164:206–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.009
Cakmak S, Dales RE, Liu L, Kauri LM, Lemieux CL, Hebbern C, Zhu J (2014) Residential exposure to volatile organic compounds and lung function: results from a population-based cross-sectional survey. Environ Pollut 194:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.020
Calder GV, Stark TD (2010) Aluminum reactions and problems in municipal solid waste LFs. Pract Period Hazard Toxic Radioact Waste Manag 14:258–265. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.1944-8376.0000045
Carriero G, Neri L, Famulari D, Di S, Piscitelli D, Manco A, Esposito A, Chirico A, Facini O, Finardi S, Tinarelli G, Prandi R, Zaldei A, Vagnoli C, Toscano P, Magliulo V, Ciccioli P, Baraldi R (2018) Composition and emission of VOC from biogas produced by illegally managed waste LFs in Giugliano (Campania, Italy) and potential impact on the local population. Sci Total Environ 640–641:377–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.318
Cayumil R, Khanna R, Konyukhov Y, Burmistrov I, Kargin JB, Mukherjee PS (2021) An overview on solid waste generation and management: current status in Chile. Sustainability 13:11644. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111644
Chatterjee K, Flury M, Hinman C, Cogger CG (2013) Chemical and physical characteristics of compost leachates. A review report prepared for the Washington State Department of Transportation, Washington State University
Chavan D, Kumar S (2018) Reduction of methane emission from landfill using biocover as a biomitigation system: a review. Ind J Exp Biol 56:451–459
Chavan D, Lakshmikanthan P, Mondal P, Kumar S, Kumar R (2019) Determination of ignition temperature of municipal solid waste for understanding surface and sub-surface landfill fire. Waste Manag 97:123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.002
Chavan D, Manjunatha GS, Singh D, Periyaswami L, Kumar S, Kumar R (2022) Estimation of spontaneous waste ignition time for prevention and control of landfill fire. Waste Manag 139:258–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.044
Che Y, Yang K, Jin Y, Zhang W, Shang Z, Tai J (2013) Residents’ concerns and attitudes toward a municipal solid waste landfill: integrating a questionnaire survey and GIS techniques. Environ Moni Assess 185:10001–10013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3308-y
Chelinho S, Pereira C, Breitenbach P, Baretta D, Sousa JP (2019) Quality standards for urban waste composts: the need for biological effect data. Sci Total Environ 694:133602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133602
Chen DMC, Bodirsky BL, Krueger T, Mishra A, Popp A (2020) The world’s growing municipal solid waste: trends and impacts. Environ Res Lett 15:074021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8659
Cheng SY, Show PL, Juan JC, Chang JS, Lau BF, Lai SH, Ling TC (2021) Landfill leachate wastewater treatment to facilitate resource recovery by a coagulation-flocculation process via hydrogen bond. Chemosphere 262:127829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127829
Chibuike GU, Obiora SC (2014) Heavy metal polluted soils: effect on plants and bioremediation methods. Appl Environ Soil Sci 4:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/752708
Chu Z, Fan X, Wang W, Huang WC (2019) Quantitative evaluation of heavy metals’ pollution hazards and estimation of heavy metals’ environmental costs in leachate during food waste composting. Waste Manag 84:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.031
Clavier KA, Paris JM, Ferraro CC, Townsend TG (2020) Opportunities and challenges associated with using municipal waste incineration ash as a raw ingredient in cement production—a review. Resour Conser Recyc 160:104888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104888
Coelho L, Osório J, Beltrão J, Reis M (2019) Organic compost effects on Stevia rebaudiana weed control and on soil properties in the Mediterranean region. Rev Ciênc Agrár 42:109–121
Costa AM, Alfaia RG, Campos JC (2019) Landfill leachate treatment in Brazil—an overview. J Environ Manag 232:110–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.006
Czajczyńska D, Anguilano L, Ghazal H, Krzyżyńska R, Reynolds AJ, Spencer N, Jouhara H (2017) Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector. Therm Sci Eng Prog 3:171–197
Debrah JK, Vidal DG, Dinis MA (2021) Raising awareness on solid waste management through formal education for sustainability: a developing countries evidence review. Recycling 22(6):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling6010006
Deng Y, Jung C, Zhao R, Torrens K, Wu L (2018) Adsorption of UV-quenching substances (UVQS) from landfill leachate with activated carbon. Chem Eng J 350:739–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.056
Dhamsaniya M, Sojitra D, Modi H, Shabiimam MA, Kandya A (2023) A review of the techniques for treating the landfill leachate. Mater Today: Proc 77:358–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.11.496
Dhorabe PT, Tenpe AR, Vairagade VS, Chintanwar YD, Gautam BR, Agrawal VR (2020) Effective treatment for COD Removal of landfill leachate by electro-coagulation. In: Urban Mining and Sustainable Waste Management, Springer, Singapore 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0532-4_14
Djandja OS, Wang ZC, Wang F, Xu YP, Duan PG (2020) Pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge for biofuel production: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 59:16939–16956. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01546
Du M, Peng C, Wang X, Chen H, Wang M, Zhu Q (2017) Quantification of methane emissions from municipal solid waste landfills in China during the past decade. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 78:272–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.082
Duan C, Ma T, Wang J, Zhou Y (2020) Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution using carbon-based adsorbents: a review. J Water Proc Eng 37:101339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101339
Durmusoglu E, Taspinar F, Karademir A (2010) Health risk assessment of BTEX emissions in the landfill environment. J Hazard Mater 176:870–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.117
El Kourdi S, Aboudaoud S, Abderafi S, Cheddadi A, Ammar AM (2023) Pyrolysis technology choice to produce bio-oil, from municipal solid waste, using multi-criteria decision-making methods. Waste Bio Valori 27:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-023-02076-w
El-Gendy A (2008) Modeling of heavy metals removal from municipal landfill leachate using living biomass of water hyacinth. Int J Phytorem 10:14–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510701827010
Elkhalifa S, Al-Ansari T, Mackey HR, McKay G (2019) Food waste to biochars through pyrolysis: a review. Resour Conser Recyc 144:310–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.024
Fan VY, Klemeš JJ, Lee CT, Perry S (2018) Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste: energy and carbon emission footprint. J Environ Manag 223:888–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.005
Fang B, Yu J, Chen Z, Osman AI, Farghali M, Ihara I, Hamza EH, Rooney DW, Yap PS (2023) Artificial intelligence for waste management in smart cities: a review. Environ Chem Lett 9:1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01604-3
Fasani E, DalCorso G, Zerminiani A, Ferrarese A, Campostrini P, Furini A (2019) Phytoremediatory efficiency of Chrysopogon zizanioides in the treatment of landfill leachate: a case study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:10057–10069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04505-7
Fei X, Zekkos D, Raskin L (2015) Archaeal community structure in leachate and solid waste is correlated to methane generation and volume reduction during biodegradation of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 36:184–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.10.027
Fenwick A (2006) Waterborne infectious diseases—could they be consigned to history? Science 313:1077e1081. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127184
Fereja WM, Chemeda DD (2022) Status, characterization, and quantification of municipal solid waste as a measure towards effective solid waste management: the case of Dilla Town, Southern Ethiopia. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 72:187–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2021.1923585
Fernandes A, Pacheco MJ, Ciríaco L, Lopes AJ (2015) Review on the electrochemical processes for the treatment of sanitary landfill leachates: present and future. App Catal b: Environ 176:183–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.03.052
Ferronato N, Torretta V (2019) Waste mismanagement in developing countries: a review of global issues. Int J Env Res Pub Health 16:1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060
Ferronato N, Gorritty Portillo MA, Guisbert Lizarazu EG, Torretta V (2020) Application of a life cycle assessment for assessing municipal solid waste management systems in Bolivia in an international cooperative framework. Waste Manag Res 38:98–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20906250
Gao W, Liang H, Ma J, Han M, Chen ZL, Han ZS, Li GB (2011) Membrane fouling control in ultrafiltration technology for drinking water production: a review. Desalination 272:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.051
Garg A, Gupta N (2019) A comprehensive study on spatio-temporal distribution, health risk assessment and ozone formation potential of BTEX emissions in ambient air of Delhi, India. Sci Total Environ 659:1090–1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.426
Gautam P, Kumar S, Lokhandwala S (2019) Advanced oxidation processes for treatment of leachate from hazardous waste landfill: a critical review. J Clean Prod 237:117639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117639
Gerasimov G, Khaskhachikh V, Potapov O, Dvoskin G, Kornileva V, Dudkina L (2019) Pyrolysis of sewage sludge by solid heat carrier. Waste Manag 87:218–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.016
Ghanbari F, Wu J, Khatebasreh M, Ding D, Lin KY (2020) Efficient treatment for landfill leachate through sequential electrocoagulation, electrooxidation and PMS/UV/CuFe2O4 process. Sep Purif Technol 242:116828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116828
Ghodke PK, Sharma AK, Pandey JK, Chen WH, Patel A, Ashokkumar V (2021) Pyrolysis of sewage sludge for sustainable biofuels and value-added biochar production. J Environ Manag 298:113450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113450
Ghosh A, Kumar S, Das J (2023) Impact of leachate and landfill gas on the ecosystem and health: research trends and the way forward towards sustainability. J Environ Manag 336:117708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117708
Godwill EA, Ferdinand PU, Nwalo FN, Unachukwu MN (2019) Mechanism and health effects of heavy metal toxicity in humans. In: Poisoning in the modern world - new tricks for an old dog? Intechopen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82511
Gollapalli M, Kota SH (2018) Methane emissions from a landfill in north-east India: performance of various landfill gas emission models. Environ Pollut 234:174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.064
Gour AA, Singh SK (2023) Solid waste management in India: a state-of-the-art review. Environ Eng Res 28(4). https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2022.249
Gray BF (2016) In: Hurley MJ (Ed.), Spontaneous combustion. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering 604–632
Grillo RJ (2014) Energy recycling– landfill waste heat generation and recovery. Curr Sustain/renew Energy Rep 1:150–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40518-014-0017-2
Grugnaletti M, Pantini S, Verginelli I, Lombardi F (2016) An easy-to-use tool for the evaluation of leachate production at landfill sites’. Waste Manag 55:204–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.030
Gupta J, Ghosh P, Kumari M, Thakur IS (2022) Solid waste landfill sites for the mitigation of greenhouse gases. In Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals. Elsevier, pp 315–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823500-3.00010-8
Gurdak JJ, Qi SL (2012) Vulnerability of recently recharged groundwater in principle aquifers of the United States to nitrate contamination. Environ Sci Technol 46:6004–6012. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300688b
Gutiérrez-Mosquera LF, Arias-Giraldo S, Zuluaga-Meza A (2022) Landfill leachate treatment using hydrodynamic cavitation: exploratory evaluation. Heliyon 09019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09019
Hajjizadeh M, Ghammamy S, Ganjidoust H, Farsad F (2020) Amino acid modified bentonite clay as an eco-friendly adsorbent for landfill leachate treatment. Pol J Environ Stud 29:4089–4099. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/114507
Han D, Tong X, Currell MJ, Cao G, Jin M, Tong C (2014) Evaluation of the impact of an uncontrolled landfill on surrounding groundwater quality, Zhoukou, China. J Geochem Explor 136:24–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.09.008
Han Z, Ma H, Shi G, He L, Wei L, Shi Q (2016) A review of groundwater contamination near municipal solid waste landfill sites in China. Sci Total Environ 569:1255–1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.201
Han J, He S, Shao W, Wang C, Qiao L, Zhang J, Yang L (2022) Municipal solid waste, an overlooked route of transmission for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: a review. Environ Chem Lett 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01512-y
Hanson JL, Yesiller N, Oettle NK (2010) Spatial and temporal temperature distributions in municipal solid waste landfills. J Environ Eng 136:804–814. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000202
Hanson J, Yesiller N, Onnen M, Liu WL, Oettle N, Marinos J (2013) Development of numerical model for predicting heat generation and temperatures in MSW landfills. Waste Manag 33:1993–2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.04.003
Hanson JL, Yesiller N, Kendall LA (2005) Integrated temperature and gas analysis at a municipal solid waste landfill. Proceedings of the 16th international conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. 4: 2265–2268
Hao Z, Sun M, Ducoste J, Barlaz M (2017) A model to describe heat generation and accumulation at municipal solid waste landfills. In: Geotechnical Frontiers 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480434.030
Harris-Lovett S, Lienert J, Sedlak DL (2018) Towards a new paradigm of urban water infrastructure: identifying goals and strategies to support multi-benefit municipal wastewater treatment. Water 10:1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10091127
Havukainen J, Zhan M, Dong J, Liikanen M, Deviatkin I, Li X, Horttanainen M (2017) Environmental impact assessment of municipal solid waste management incorporating mechanical treatment of waste and incineration in Hangzhou, China. J Clean Prod 141:453–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.146
He R, Sandoval-Reyes M, Scott I, Semeano R, Ferrao P, Matthews S, Small MJ (2022) Global knowledge base for municipal solid waste management: framework development and application in waste generation prediction. J Clean Prod 377:134501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134501
Hedayati MS, Abida O, Li LY (2021) Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by surfactant-modified clinoptilolites for landfill leachate treatment. Waste Manag 131:503–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.06.033
Hereher ME, Al-Awadhi T, Mansour SA (2020) Assessment of the optimized sanitary landfill sites in Muscat, Oman. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci 23:355–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2019.08.001
Hilles AH, Amr SSA, Hussein RA, Arafa AI, El-Sebaie OD (2015) Effect of persulfate and persulfate/H2O2 on biodegradability of an anaerobic stabilized landfill leachate. Waste Manag 44:172–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.046
Hossain MF, Jahan E, Parveen Z, Ahmed SM, Uddin MJ (2018) Solid waste disposal and its impact on surrounding environment of Matuail LF site, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Environ Sci 14:234–245. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2018.234.245
Hu L, Zeng G, Chen G, Dong H, Liu Y, Wan J, Chen A, Guo Z, Yan M, Wu H, Yu Z (2016) Treatment of landfill leachate using immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium loaded with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. J Hazard Mater 301:106–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.060
Idumah CI, Nwuzor IC (2019) Novel trends in plastic waste management. SN Appl Sci 1:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1468-2
IPCC Climate Change (2014) Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change 151:10.1017
Iravanian A, Ravari SO (2020) Types of contamination in landfills and effects on the environment: a review study. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science IOP Publishing. 614:012083.https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/614/1/012083
Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Wydro U, Wołejko E, Pietryczuk A, Cudowski A, Leszczyński J, Butarewicz A (2021) Potential toxicity of leachate from the municipal landfill in view of the possibility of their migration to the environment through infiltration into groundwater. Environ Geochem Health 43:3683–3698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00867-5
Jafari NH, Stark TD, Rowe RK (2014) Service life of HDPE geomembranes subjected to elevated temperatures. J Hazard Toxic Radio Waste ASCE 18:16–26. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000188
Jafari NH, Stark TD, Talhamer T (2017) Spatial and temporal characteristics of elevated temperatures in municipal solid waste landfills. Waste Manag 59:286–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.001
Jahan E, Nessa A, Hossain MF, Parveen Z (2016) Characteristics of municipal landfill leachate and its impact on surrounding agricultural land. Bang J Sci Res 29:31–39. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v29i1.29755
Jalal SY, Darwesh DA (2023) Leachate characterization and evaluation of ground water quality around landfill area using the canadian council ministers of the environment water quality index. Iraqi J Sci 30:6175–92
Jerez Ch JA, Romero RM (2016) Evaluation of Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) for phyto-remediation of landfill leachate containing chromium and lead. Int J Phytorem 18:1122–1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2016.1186592
Joshi SM, Gogate PR (2019) Treatment of landfill leachate using different configurations of ultrasonic reactors combined with advanced oxidation processes. Sep Purif Technol 211:10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.060
Joslyn R (2019) Characterization of Florida landfills with elevated temperatures, Electronic Theses and Dissertations 6323
Kalogo Y, Monteith H (2012) Energy and resource recovery from sludge. IWA, London, UK, 2012
Kamaruddin MA, Yusoff MS, Rui LM, Isa AM, Zawawi MH, Alrozi R (2017) An overview of municipal solid waste management and landfill leachate treatment: Malaysia and Asian perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:26988–27020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0303-9
Kamyab H, Lim JS, Khademi T, Ho WS, Ahmad R, Hashim H, Siong HC, Keyvanfar A, Lee CT (2015) Greenhouse gas emission of organic waste composting: a case study of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia green campus flagship project. J Teknol 74:113–117. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4618
Kanat G, Ergüven GÖ (2020) Importance of solid waste management on composting, problems and proposed solutions: the case of Turkey. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 19:66–71
Kaveeshwar AR, Ponnusamy SK, Revellame ED, Gang DD, Zappi ME, Subramaniam R (2018) Pecan shell based activated carbon for removal of iron (II) from fracking wastewater: adsorption kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic studies. Proc Saf Environ Prot 114:107–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.12.007
Kaza S, Yao L, Bhada-Tata P, Van Woerden F (2018) What a waste 2.0: a global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050. World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0_ch2
Kazuva E, Zhang J (2019) Analyzing municipal solid waste treatment scenarios in rapidly urbanizing cities in developing countries: the case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Int J Envir Res Public Health 16:2035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112035
Khan S, Anjum R, Raza ST, Bazai NA, Ihtisham M (2022) Technologies for municipal solid waste management: current status, challenges, and future perspectives. Chemosphere 288:132403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132403
Khire MV, Johnson T, Holt R (2020) Geothermal modeling of elevated temperature LFs. In: GeoCongress Modeling, Geomaterials, and Site Characterization, Geotechnical Special Publication. 317:417-424.https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482803.045
Kibler KM, Reinhart D, Hawkins C, Motlagh AM, Wright J (2018) Food waste and the food-energy-water nexus: a review of food waste management alternatives. Waste Manag 74:52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.014
Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E (2013) A review on human health perspective of air pollution with respect to allergies and asthma. Environ Int 59:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.007
Kristanti RA, Tirtalistyani R, Tang YY, Thao NT, Kasongo J, Wijayanti Y (2023) Phytoremediation mechanism for emerging pollutants: a review. Trop Aqua Soil Pollut 3:88–108. https://doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v3i1.222
Kumar A, Agrawal A (2020) Recent trends in solid waste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities—a review. Curr Res Environ Sustain 2:100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100011
Kumar G, Reddy KR (2021) Temperature effects on stability and integrity of geomembrane–geotextile interface in municipal solid waste landfill. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 7:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00262-1
Kumar A, Samadder SR (2017) A review on technological options of waste to energy for effective management of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 69:407–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.046
Kumar A, Samadder SR (2023) Development of lower heating value prediction models and estimation of energy recovery potential of municipal solid waste and RDF incineration. Energy 274:127273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127273
Kumar A, Singh D, Anandam K, Kumar K (2017) Dynamic interaction of trace gases (VOCs, ozone and NOx) in the rural atmosphere of sub-tropical India. Air Qual Atmos Health 10:885–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-017-0478-8
Kumar G, Reddy KR, McDougall J (2020) Numerical modeling of coupled biochemical and thermal behavior of municipal solid waste in landfills. Comp Geotech 128:103836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103836
Kurniawan TA, Liang X, O’Callaghan E, Goh H, Othman MH, Avtar R, Kusworo TD (2022) Transformation of solid waste management in China: moving towards sustainability through digitalization-based circular economy. Sustainability 14:2374. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042374
Lakhouit A, Alsulami BT (2020) Evaluation of risk assessment of landfill emissions and their impacts on human health. Arab J Geosci 13:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06218-5
Lane DJ, Jokiniemi J, Heimonen M, Peräniemi S, Kinnunen NM, Koponen H, Sippula O (2020) Thermal treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash: impact of gas atmosphere on the volatility of major, minor, and trace elements. Waste Manag 114:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.035
Li S, Skelly S (2023) Physicochemical properties and applications of biochars derived from municipal solid waste: a review. Environ Adv 25:100395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100395
Li J, Liu K, Yan S, Li Y, Han D (2016) Application of thermal plasma technology for the treatment of solid wastes in China: an overview. Waste Manag 58:260–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.011
Li W, Guo J, Cheng H, Wang W, Dong R (2017) Two-phase anaerobic digestion of municipal solid wastes enhanced by hydrothermal pretreatment: viability, performance and microbial community evaluation. Appl Energy 189:613–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.101
Lim JH, Cha JS, Kong BJ, Baek SH (2018) Characterization of odorous gases at landfill site and in surrounding areas. J Environ Manag 206:291–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.045
Lin L, Xu F, Ge X, Li Y (2018) Improving the sustainability of organic waste management practices in the food-energy-water nexus: a comparative review of anaerobic digestion and composting. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 89:151–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.025
Lindamulla L, Nanayakkara N, Othman M, Jinadasa S, Herath G, Jegatheesan V (2022) Municipal solid waste landfill leachate characteristics and their treatment options in tropical countries. Curr Pollut Rep 8:273–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-022-00222-x
Lino FA, Ismail KA, Castañeda-Ayarza JA (2023) Municipal solid waste treatment in Brazil: a comprehensive review. Energy Nexus 9:100232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100232
Liu W, Long Y, Fang Y, Ying L, Shen D, Liu W (2018) A novel aerobic sulfate reduction process in landfill mineralized refuse. Sci Total Environ 637–638:174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.304
Liu Y, Lu W, Li D, Guo H, Caicedo L, Wang C, Wang H (2015) Estimation of volatile compounds emission rates from the working face of a large anaerobic landfill in China using a wind tunnel system. Atmos Environ 111:213–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.017
Liu Y, Lu W, Wang H, Gao X, Huang Q (2019) Improved impact assessment of odorous compounds from landfills using Monte Carlo simulation. Sci Total Environ 648:805–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.213
Lombardi L, Carnevale E, Corti A (2015) A review of technologies and performances of thermal treatment systems for energy recovery from waste. Waste Manag 37:26–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.010
Lu JW, Zhang S, Hai J, Lei M (2017) Status and perspectives of municipal solid waste incineration in China: a comparison with developed regions. Waste Manag 69:170–186
Lu JS, Chang Y, Poon CS, Lee DJ (2020) Slow pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW): a review. Bioresour Technol 312:123615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123615
Luettich Scott M, Yafrate N (2016) Measuring temperatures in an elevated temperature landfill. Geotech Spec Publ 162–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.014
Luu TL (2020) Post treatment of ICEAS-biologically landfill leachate using electrochemical oxidation with Ti/BDD and Ti/RuO2 anodes. Environ Technol Innov 20:101099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101099
Macias-Corral M, Samani Z, Hanson A, Smith G, Funk P, Yu H, Longworth J (2008) Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste and agricultural waste and the effect of co-digestion with dairy cow manure. Bioresour Technol 99:8288–8293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.057
Mahmood Q, Zheng P, Islam E, Hayat Y, Hassan MJ, Jilani G, Jin RC (2005) Lab scale studies on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Marts Solms) for biotreatment of textile wastewater. Caspian J Env Sci 3:83–88
Maiti SK, Hazra T, Dutta A (2016) Characterization of leachate and its impact on surface and groundwater quality of a closed dumpsite—a case study at Dhapa, Kolkata, India. Proc Environ Sci 35:391–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.019
Majumdar D, Srivastava A (2012) Volatile organic compound emissions from municipal solid waste disposal sites: a case study of Mumbai, India. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2247:398–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2012.655405
Mangimbulude JC, van Breukelen BM, Krave AS, Van Straalen NM, Röling WF (2009) Seasonal dynamics in leachate hydrochemistry and natural attenuation in surface run-off water from a tropical landfill. Waste Manag 29:829–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.020
Manjunatha GS, Lakshmikanthan P, Chavan D, Baghel DS, Kumar S, Kumar R (2023) Detection and extinguishment approaches for municipal solid waste landfill fires: a mini review. Waste Manage Res 6:0734242X231168797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x231168797
Marieta C, Guerrero A, Leon I (2021) Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash to produce eco-friendly binders for sustainable building construction. Waste Manag 120:114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.034
Martin JW, Stark TD, Thalhamer T, Gerbasi-Graf GT, Gortner RE (2013) Detection of aluminum waste reactions and waste fires. J Hazard Toxic Radioact Waste 17:164–174. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000171
Martínez J, Ortiz A, Ortiz I (2017) State-of-the-art and perspectives of the catalytic and electrocatalytic reduction of aqueous nitrates. Appl Catal b: Environ 207:42–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.02.016
Mazzucco W, Tavormina E, Macaluso M, Marotta C, Cusimano R, Alba D, Costantino C, Grammauta R, Cernigliaro A, Scondotto S, Vitale F (2019) Do emissions from landfill fires affect pregnancy outcomes? A retrospective study after arson at a solid waste facility in Sicily. BMJ Open 9:e027912. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027912
Mazzucco W, Costantino C, Restivo V, Alba D, Marotta C, Tavormina E, Cernigliaro A, Macaluso M, Cusimano R, Grammauta R, Tramuto F, Scondotto S, Vitale F (2020) The management of health hazards related to municipal solid waste on fire in Europe: an environmental justice issue? Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:6617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186617
Milošević L, Mihajlović E, Malenović-Nikolić J (2021) Analysis and measures of landfill fire prevention. Saf Eng 11:25–30
Milovanovic D, Zivancev M, Ubavin D, Bezanovic V, Petrovic M (2021) Quantification of climate change mitigation potential at Novi Sad landfill. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing. 1163:012029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1163/1/012029
Mishra S, Tiwary D, Ohri A, Agnihotri AK (2019) Impact of municipal solid waste landfill leachate on groundwater quality in Varanasi, India. Ground Sustain Dev 9:100230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100230
Mohammadi AA, Zarei A, Esmaeilzadeh M, Taghavi M, Yousefi M, Yousefi Z, Sedighi F, Javan S (2020) Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risks assessment in soils around an industrial zone in Neyshabur, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 195:343–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01816-1
Mojiri A, Aziz HA, Zaman NQ, Aziz SQ, Zahed MA (2016) Metals removal from municipal landfill leachate and wastewater using adsorbents combined with biological method. Desalin Water Treat 57:2819–2833. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.983180
Mojiri A, Zhou JL, Ratnaweera H, Ohashi A, Ozaki N, Kindaichi T, Asakura H (2021) Treatment of landfill leachate with different techniques: an overview. Water Reuse 11:66–96. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2020.079
Mokhtar H, Morad N, Fizri FF (2011) Hyperaccumulation of copper by two species of aquatic plants. Int Conf Environ Sci Eng 8:115–118
Moktar KA, Tajuddin RM (2019) Phyto-remediation of heavy metal from leachate using Imperata cylindrica. In:MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences. 258:01021.https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925801021
Montalvo S, Huiliñir C, Borja R, Sánchez E, Herrmann C (2020) Application of zeolites for biological treatment processes of solid wastes and wastewaters—a review. Bioresour Technol 301:122808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122808
Moqbel S, Reinhart D, Chen RH (2010) Factors influencing spontaneous combustion of solid waste. Waste Manag 30:1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.006
Mor S, Kaur K, Khaiwal R (2016) SWOT analysis of waste management practices in Chandigarh, India and prospects for sustainable cities. J Environ Biol 37:327
Mor S, Ravindra K (2023) Municipal solid waste landfills in lower- and middle-income countries: environmental impacts, challenges and sustainable management practices. Proc Saf Environ Prot 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.04.014
Morales SRG, Toro AR, Morales L, Leiva MAG (2018) Landfill fire and airborne aerosols in a large city: lessons learned and future needs. Air Qual Atmos Health 11:111–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-017-0522-8
Moreau S, Jouen T, Grossin-Debattista J, Loisel S, Mazéas L, Clément R (2019) Six years temperature monitoring using fibre-optic sensors in a bioreactor landfill. Geosciences 2:426. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100426
Mouhoun-Chouaki S, Derridj A, Tazdaït D, Salah-Tazdaït R (2019) A study of the impact of municipal solid waste on some soil physicochemical properties: the case of the landfill of Ain-El-Hammam Municipality, Algeria. Appl Environ Soil Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3560456
Moustafa A, Hamzeh M, Net S, Baroudi M, Ouddane B (2023) Seasonal variation of leachate from municipal solid waste landfill of Tripoli-Lebanon (case study). Int J Environ Sci Technol 20:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04834-8
Mphahlele K, Matjie RH, Osifo PO (2021) Thermodynamics, kinetics and thermal decomposition characteristics of sewage sludge during slow pyrolysis. J Environ Manag 284:112006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112006
Mu L, Zhang L, Zhu K, Ma J, Li A (2018) Semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of extruded OFMSW: process performance and energetics evaluation. Bioresour Technol 247:103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.085
Munir MT, Mardon I, Al-Zuhair S, Shawabkeh A, Saqib NU (2019) Plasma gasification of municipal solid waste for waste-to-value processing. Ren Sustain Energy Review 116:109461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109461
Murtaza G, Sabihakhurram HR (2018) Assessment of heavy metals contamination in water, soil and plants around the landfill in Khanewal Pakistan. Int J Res Stud Sci Eng Technol 5:7–13. https://doi.org/10.37190/epe220202
Naddeo V, Zarra T, Oliva G, Chiavola A, Vivarelli A, Cardona G (2018) Odour impact assessment of a large municipal solid waste landfill under different working phases. Glob NEST J 20:654–658
Nagarajan R, Thirumalaisamy S, Lakshumanan E (2012) Impact of leachate on groundwater pollution due to non-engineered municipal solid waste landfill sites of Erode City, Tamil Nadu, India. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-9-35
Nain A, Lohchab RK, Singh K, Kumari M, Saini JK, Dhull P (2021) Characterization and categorization of municipal solid waste of a disposal site: an investigation for scientific management. Poll Res 40:877–883
Nair AT, Senthilnathan J, Nagendra SS (2019a) Application of the phycoremediation process for tertiary treatment of landfill leachate and carbon dioxide mitigation. J Water Process Eng 28:322–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.02.017
Nair AT, Senthilnathan J, Nagendra SS (2019b) Emerging perspectives on VOC emissions from landfill sites: impact on tropospheric chemistry and local air quality. Proc Saf Environ Prot 121:143–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.10.026
Nandhini R, Berslin D, Sivaprakash B, Rajamohan N, Vo DVN (2022) Thermochemical conversion of municipal solid waste into energy and hydrogen: a review. Environ Chem Lett 20:1645–1669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01410-3
Negi P, Mor S, Ravindra K (2020) Impact of landfill leachate on the groundwater quality in three cities of North India and health risk assessment. Environ Dev Sustain 22:1455–1474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0257-1
Nepal M, Karki Nepal A, Khadayat MS, Rai RK, Shyamsundar P, Somanathan E (2023) Low-cost strategies to improve municipal solid waste management in developing countries: experimental evidence from Nepal. Environ Resour Econ 84:729–752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00640-3
Njoku PO, Edokpayi JN, Odiyo JO (2019) Health and environmental risks of residents living close to a LF: a case study of Thohoyandou landfill, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122125
Nocko LM, Botelho K, Morris JWF, Gupta R, Mccartney JS (2019) Estimate of heat generation rates in MSW landfills based on in-situ temperature monitoring. In: Geotechnical Engineering in the XXI Century: Lessons learned and future challenges, Amsterdam, Netherlands 2882–2886
Novarino D, Zanetti MC (2012) Anaerobic digestion of extruded OFMSW. Bioresour Technol 104:44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.001
Obeid AA, Kamarudin S, Tohir MZ (2020) Fire risk and health impact assessment of a Malaysian landfill sire. PERINTIS eJournal 10:68–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17700-2_2
Olagunju T, Olagunju A, Akawu I, Ugokwe C (2020) Quantification and risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater and soil of residential areas around Awotan landfill, Ibadan, Southwest-Nigeria. J Toxicol Risk Assess 6. https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510033
Olalo KF, Nakatani J, Fujita T (2022) Optimal process network for integrated solid waste management in Davao City, Philippines. Sustainability 14:2419. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042419
Onwosi C, Igbokwe V, Odimba J, Eke I, Nwankwoala M, Iroh I, Ezeogu L (2017) Composting technology in waste stabilization: on the methods, challenges and future prospects. J Environ Manag 190:140–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.051
Osra FA, Ozcan HK, Alzahrani JS, Alsoufi MS (2021) Municipal solid waste characterization and landfill gas generation in Kakia LF, Makkah. Sustainability 13:1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031462
Ouda OK, Raza SA, Nizami AS, Rehan M, Al-Waked R, Korres NE (2016) Waste to energy potential: a case study of Saudi Arabia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 61:328–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.005
Pal P (2015) Groundwater arsenic remediation: treatment technology and scale UP. Butterworth-Heinemann
Pal MS, Bhatia M (2022) Current status, topographical constraints, and implementation strategy of municipal solid waste in India: a review. Arab J Geosci 12:1176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10414-w
Palmiotto M, Fattore E, Paiano V, Celeste G, Colombo A, Davoli E (2014) Influence of a municipal solid waste landfill in the surrounding environment: toxicological risk and odor nuisance effects. Environ Int 68:16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.004
Parvez F, Wasserman GA, Factor-Litvak P, Liu X, Slavkovich V, Siddique AB, Graziano JH (2011) Arsenic exposure and motor function among children in Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect 119:1665–1670. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103548
Parvin F, Tareq SM (2021) Impact of landfill leachate contamination on surface and groundwater of Bangladesh: a systematic review and possible public health risks assessment. App Water Sci 11:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01431-3
Peng X, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Osman AI, Farghali M, Rooney DW, Yap PS (2023) Recycling municipal, agricultural and industrial waste into energy, fertilizers, food and construction materials, and economic feasibility: a review. Environ Chem Lett 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01551-5
Podlasek A, Vaverková MD, Koda E, Jakimiuk A, Barroso PM (2023) Characteristics and pollution potential of leachate from municipal solid waste landfills: practical examples from Poland and the Czech Republic and a comprehensive evaluation in a global context. J Environ Manag 332:117328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117328
Popovych V, Telak J, Telak O, Malovanyy M, Yakovchuk R, Popovych N (2020) Migration of hazardous components of municipal landfill leachates into the environment. J Ecol Eng 21(1). https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/113246
Potdar A, Singh A, Unnnikrishnan S, Naik N, Naik M, Nimkar I (2016) Innovation in solid waste management through Clean Development Mechanism in India and other countries. Process Saf Environ Prot 101:160–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2015.07.009
Psaltis P, Komilis D (2019) Environmental and economic assessment of the use of biodrying before thermal treatment of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 83:95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.007
Qonitan FD, Suryawan IWK, Rahman A (2021) Overview of municipal solid waste generation and energy utilization potential in major cities of Indonesia. In J Phys: Conference Series 1858:012064. IOP Publishing.https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1858/1/012064
Rafiee A, Gordi E, Lu W, Miyata Y, Shabani H, Mortezazadeh S, Hoseini M (2018) The impact of various festivals and events on recycling potential of municipal solid waste in Tehran, Iran. J Clean Prod 183:77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.118
Rafiee A, Delgado-Saborit JM, Sly PD, Amiri H, Hoseini M (2019) Lifestyle and occupational factors affecting exposure to BTEX in municipal solid waste composting facility workers. Sci Total Environ 656:540–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.398
Rahman A, Persson LÅ, Nermell B, Arifeen SE, Ekström EC, Smith AH, Vahter M (2010) Arsenic exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and infant mortality. Epidemiology 797–804. https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181f56a0d
Rama M, Laiho T, Eklund O, Wärnå J (2019) An evaluation of the capability of nanomodified vermiculite to in situ ammonium removal from landfill leachate. Environ Technol Innov 14:100340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100340
Regadío M, Ruiz AI, Rodríguez-Rastrero M, Cuevas J (2015) Containment and attenuating layers: an affordable strategy that preserves soil and water from landfill pollution. Waste Manag 46:408–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.014
Reinhart DR, Robert Mackey PE, Levin S, Joslyn R, Motlagh A (2017) Field investigation of an elevated temperature Florida landfill. In: Geotechnical Frontiers, Orlando, USA 22. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480434.032
Reis BG, Silveira AL, Lebron YAR, Moreira VR, Teixeira LP, Okuma A, ... Lange LC (2020) Comprehensive investigation of landfill leachate treatment by integrated Fenton/microfiltration and aerobic membrane bioreactor with nanofiltration. Proce Saf Environ Prot 143:121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.06.037
Ren X, Liu D, Chen W, Jiang G, Wu J, Song K (2018) Investigation of the characteristics of concentrated leachate from six municipal solid waste incineration power plants in China. RSC Adv 8:13159. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra13259j
Ribeiro AR, Nunes OC, Pereira MF, Silva AM (2015) An overview on the advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of water pollutants defined in the recently launched Directive 2013/39/EU. Environ Int 75:33–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.027
Rogelj J, Den Elzen M, Höhne N, Fransen T, Fekete H, Winkler H, ... Meinshausen M (2016) Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 °C. Nature 534:631–639. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18307
Ruj B, Ghosh S (2014) Technological aspects for thermal plasma treatment of municipal solid waste—a review. Fuel Process Technol 126:298–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.05.011
Sabour MR, Alam E, Hatami AM (2020) Global trends and status in landfilling research: a systematic analysis. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 22:711–723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00968-5
Sadeq M, Moe CL, Attarassi B, Cherkaoui I, ElAouad R, Idrissi L (2008) Drinking water nitrate and prevalence of methemoglobinemia among infants and children aged 1–7 years in Moroccan areas. Int J Hyg Environ Health 211:546–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.09.009
Saidan MN, Drais AA, Al-Manaseer E (2017) Solid waste composition analysis and recycling evaluation: Zaatari Syrian Refugees Camp, Jordan. Waste Manag 61:58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.026
Samadder SR, Prabhakar R, Khan D, Kishan D, Chauhan MS (2017) Analysis of the contaminants released from municipal solid waste landfill site: a case study. Sci Total Environ 580:593–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.003
Sánchez AA (2006) Kinetic analysis of solid waste composting at optimal conditions. Waste Manag 27:854–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.07.003
Sarquah K, Narra S, Beck G, Bassey U, Antwi E, Hartmann M, Derkyi NS, Awafo EA, Nelles M (2023) Characterization of municipal solid waste and assessment of its potential for refuse-derived fuel (RDF) valorization. Energies 16:200. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010200
Sayara T, Basheer-Salimia R, Hawamde F, Sánchez A (2020) Recycling of organic wastes through composting: process performance and compost application in agriculture. Agronomy 10:1838. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111838
Schneidemesser E, Von Monks PS, Allan JD, Bruhwiler L, Forster P, Fowler D, Lauer A, Morgan WT, Paasonen P, Righi M, Sindelarova K, Sutton MA (2015) Chemistry and the linkages between air quality and climate change. Chem Rev 3856–3897
Schübeler P, Christen J, Wehrle K (1996) Conceptual framework for municipal solid waste management in low-income countries. St. Gallen: SKAT (Swiss Center for Development Cooperation)
Seibert D, Quesada H, Bergamasco R, Borba FH, Pellenz L (2019) Presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sanitary LF leachate, its treatment and degradation by Fenton based processes: a review. Proc Saf Environ Prot 131:255–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.09.022
Sereda TG (2021) Study of the morphological composition of municipal solid waste in the Perm region. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environ Sci 677:042080. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/677/4/042080
Sirés I, Brillas E, Oturan MA, Rodrigo MA, Panizza M (2014) Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: today and tomorrow. a review. Environ Sci Poll Res 21:8336–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2783-1
Sewak A, Deshpande S, Rundle-Thiele S, Zhao F, Anibaldi R (2021) Community perspectives and engagement in sustainable solid waste management (SWM) in Fiji: a socioecological thematic analysis. J Enviro Manag 298:113455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113455
Shadi AM, Kamaruddin MA, Niza NM, Emmanuel MI, Ismail N, Hossain S (2021) Effective removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from stabilized sanitary landfill leachate using a combined Fe2O3 nanoparticles/electroflotation process. J Water Process Eng 40:101988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.101988
Shah GM, Tufail N, Bakhat HF, Ahmad I, Shahid M, Hammad HM, Dong R (2019) Composting of municipal solid waste by different methods improved the growth of vegetables and reduced the health risks of cadmium and lead. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:5463–5474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-04068-z
Shahabuddin M, Uddin MN, Chowdhury JI, Ahmed SF, Uddin MN, Mofijur M, Uddin MA (2023) A review of the recent development, challenges, and opportunities of electronic waste (e-waste). Int J Environ Sci Techn 20:4513–4520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04274-w
Shahmansouri A, Bellona C (2015) Nanofiltration technology in water treatment and reuse: applications and costs. Water Sci Technol 71:309–319. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.015
Sharholy M, Ahmad K, Vaishya RC, Gupta RD (2007) Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in Allahabad, India. Waste Manag 27:490–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.03.001
Sharif NS, Pishvaee MS, Aliahmadi A, Jabbarzadeh A (2018) A bi-level programming approach to joint network design and pricing problem in the municipal solid waste management system: a case study. Resour Conserv Recycl 131:17–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.12.008
Shen S, Chen Y, Zhan L, Xie H, Bouazza A, He F, Zuo X (2018) Methane hotspot localization and visualization at a large-scale Xi’an landfill in China: effective tool for landfill gas management. J Environ Manag 225:232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.012
Shi KW, Wang CW, Jiang SC (2018) Quantitative microbial risk assessment of greywater on-site reuse. Sci Total Environ 635:1507–1519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.197
Shi J, Li YP, Zhang Y, Tai J, Li Y, Ai Y (2021) Determination of heat generation due to organic degradation in a double-layered bioreactor. Environ Geotech 40:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.20.00105
Shon HK, Phuntsho S, Chaudhary DS, Vigneswaran S, Cho J (2013) Nanofiltration for water and wastewater treatment—a mini review. Drink Water Eng Sci 6:47–53. https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-6-47-2013
Siddique TA, Dutta NK, Roy Choudhury N (2020) Nanofiltration for arsenic removal: challenges, recent developments, and perspectives. Nanomaterials 10:1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10071323
Singh RP, Tyagi VV, Allen T, Ibrahim MH, Kothari R (2011) An overview for exploring the possibilities of energy generation from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Indian scenario. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:497–4808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.071
Singh CK, Kumar A, Roy SS (2017) Estimating potential methane emission from municipal solid waste and a site suitability analysis of existing landfills in Delhi, India. Technologies 5:62. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies5040062
Singh AD, Upadhyay A, Shrivastava S, Vivekanand V (2020) Life-cycle assessment of sewage sludge-based large-scale biogas plant. Bioresour Technol 309:123373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123373
Singh S, Chhabra R, Arora J (2023) A systematic review of waste management solutions using machine learning, Internet of Things and blockchain technologies: state-of-art, methodologies, and challenges. Arch Comput Methods Eng 20:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-023-10008-z
Song Q, Zhao HY, Xing WL, Song LH, Yang L, Yang D, Shu X (2018) Effects of various additives on the pyrolysis characteristics of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 78:621–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.033
Song J, Zhang W, Gao J, Hu X, Zhang C, He Q, Zhan X (2020) A pilot-scale study on the treatment of landfill leachate by a composite biological system under low dissolved oxygen conditions: performance and microbial community. Bioresour Technol 296:122344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122344
Song X, Ali M, Zhang X, Sun H, Wei F (2021) Stakeholder coordination analysis in hazardous waste management: a case study in China. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 23:1873–1892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01258-9
Sonibare OO, Adeniran JA, Bello IS (2019) Landfill air and odour emissions from an integrated waste management facility. J Environ Health Sci Eng 17:13–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-018-00322-1
Soudejani HT, Kazemian H, Inglezakis VJ, Zorpas AA (2019) Application of zeolites in organic waste composting: a review. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 22:101396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101396
Sruthi T, Gandhimathi R, Ramesh ST, Nidheesh PV (2018) Stabilized landfill leachate treatment using heterogeneous Fenton and electro-Fenton processes. Chemosphere 210:38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.172
Statista (2022) https://www.statista.com/statistics/689809/per-capital-msw-generation-by-country-worldwide
Statista (2023) https://www.statista.com/topics/4983/waste-generation-worldwide/#topicOverview
Sun W, Wang X, DeCarolis JF, Barlaz MA (2019) Evaluation of optimal model parameters for prediction of methane generation from selected US landfills. Waste Manag 91:120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.004
Talaiekhozani A, Dokhani M, Dehkordi AA, Eskandari Z, Rezania S (2018) Evaluation of emission inventory for the emitted pollutants from landfill of Borujerd and modeling of dispersion in the atmosphere. Urban Clim 25:82–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2018.05.005
Tan ST, Lee CT, Hashim H, Ho WS, Lim JS (2014) Optimal process network for municipal solid waste management in Iskandar Malaysia. J Clean Prod 71:48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.005
Tansel B, Inanloo B (2019) Odor impact zones around landfills: delineation based on atmospheric conditions and land use characteristics. Waste Manag 88:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.028
Teng C, Chen W (2023) Technologies for the treatment of emerging contaminants in landfill leachate. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 31:100409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100409
Tiquia SM, Richard TL, Honeyman MS (2002) Carbon, nutrient, and mass loss during composting. Nutr Cycl Agroecosystems 62:15–24
Tominac P, Aguirre-Villegas H, Sanford J, Larson R, Zavala V (2020) Evaluating landfill diversion strategies for municipal organic waste management using environmental and economic factors. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 9:489–498. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07784.s001
Toro R, Morales L (2018) LF fire and airborne aerosols in a large city: lessons learned and future needs. Air Qual Atmos Health 11:111–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-017-0522-8
Tupsakhare S, Moutushi T, Castaldi MJ, Barlaz MA, Luettich S, Benson CH (2020) The impact of pressure, moisture and temperature on pyrolysis of municipal solid waste under simulated LF conditions and relevance to the field data from elevated temperature LF. Sci Total Environ 723:138031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138031
Ugya AY, Priatamby A (2016) Phyto-remediation of landfill leachates using Pistia stratiotes: a case study of Kinkinau U/Ma’azu Kaduna, Nigeria. J Agric Biol Environ Stat 2:60–63
Umar M, Aziz HA, Yusoff MS (2011) Assessing the chlorine disinfection of landfill leachate and optimization by response surface methodology (RSM). Desalination 274:278–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.02.023
UNICEF (2012). Pneumonia and diarrhoea: tackling the deadliest diseases for the world’s poorest children. Statistics and Monitoring Section- Division of Policy and Strategy, New York, NY
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) (2018) https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-ofworld-urbanization-prospects.html. Last accessed 18 December 18
United Nations (2019) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/423)
Vahabian M, Hassanzadeh Y, Marofi S (2019) Assessment of landfill leachate in semi-arid climate and its impact on the groundwater quality case study: Hamedan, Iran. Environ Monit Assess 191:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7215-8
Van Elk A, Mañas LS, Boscov M (2014) Field survey of compressibility of municipal solid waste. Soil Rock 37:85–95. https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.371085
Van Fan Y, Lee CT, Klemeš JJ, Chua LS, Sarmidi MR, Leow CW (2018) Evaluation of effective microorganisms on home scale organic waste composting. J Environ Manag 216:41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.019
Vasconcelos LT, Silva FZ, Ferreira FG, Martinho G, Pires A, Ferreira JC (2022) Collaborative process design for waste management: co-constructing strategies with stakeholders. Environ Dev Sustain 24:9243–9259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01822-1
Vaverková MD, Adamcová D, Winkler J, Koda E, Petrželová L, Maxianová A (2020) Alternative method of composting on a reclaimed municipal waste landfill in accordance with the circular economy: benefits and risks. Sci Total Environ 723:137971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137971
Ventorino V, Pascale A, Fagnano M, Adamo P, Faraco V, Rocco C, Fiorentino N, Pepe O (2019) Soil tillage and compost amendment promote bioremediation and biofertility of polluted area. J Clean Prod 239:118087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118087
Vilardi G, Verdone N (2022) Energy analysis of municipal solid waste incineration processes: the use of O2-enriched air and the oxy-combustion process. Energy 239:122147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122147
Vinti G, Bauza V, Clasen T, Tudor T, Zurbrügg C, Vaccari M (2023) Health risks of solid waste management practices in rural Ghana: a semi-quantitative approach toward a solid waste safety plan. Environ Res 216:114728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114728
Vongdala N, Tran HD, Xuan TD, Teschke R, Khanh TD (2019) Heavy metal accumulation in water, soil, and plants of municipal solid waste landfill in Vientiane, Laos. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010022
Wang J, He J, Chen H (2012) Science of the total environment assessment of groundwater contamination risk using hazard quantification, a modified DRASTIC model and groundwater value, Beijing Plain, China. Sci Total Environ 432:216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.005
Wang W, Ma C, Zhang Y, Yang S, Shao Y, Wang X (2016a) Phosphate adsorption performance of a novel filter substrate made from drinking water treatment residuals. J Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.01.010
Wang Y, Ng KT, Asha AZ (2016b) Non-hazardous waste generation characteristics and recycling practices in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 18:715–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-015-0373-z
Wang Q, Awasthi MK, Ren X, Zhao J, Li R, Wang Z, Wang M, Chen H, Zhang Z (2018a) Combining biochar, zeolite and wood vinegar for composting of pig manure: the 968 effect on greenhouse gas emission and nitrogen conservation. Waste Manag 74:221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.015
Wang Z, Jiang Y, Kumar M, Wang J, Yang X, Amjad A (2018b) Nitrate removal by combined heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrifcation processes: impact of coexistent ions. Bioresour Technol 250:838–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.009
Wang Q, Zuo X, Xia M, Xie H, He F, Shen S, Zhu L (2019) Field investigation of temporal variation of volatile organic compounds at a landfill in Hangzhou, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:18162–18180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04917-5
Wang Y, Ju L, Xu F, Tian L, Jia R, Song W, Liu B (2020) Effect of a nanofiltration combined process on the treatment of high-hardness and micropolluted water. Environ Res 182:109063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.109063
Wang Z, Hu Y, Wang S, Wu G, Zhan X (2023) A critical review on dry anaerobic digestion of organic waste: characteristics, operational conditions, and improvement strategies. Ren Sustain Energy Rev 176:113208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113208
Waqas M, Hashim S, Humphries UW, Ahmad S, Noor R, Shoaib M, Naseem A, Hlaing PT, Lin HA (2023) Composting processes for agricultural waste management: a comprehensive review. Processes 11:731. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030731
Wdowczyk A, Szymańska-Pulikowska A, Domańska M (2022) Analysis of the bacterial biocenosis of activated sludge treated with leachate from municipal landfills. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:1801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031801
Weng YC, Chang NB (2001) The development of sanitary landfills in Taiwan: status and cost structure analysis. Resour Conser Recycl 33:181–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-3449(01)00084-2
Wibowo YG, Nugraha AT, Rohman A (2023) Phytoremediation of several wastewater sources using Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes in Indonesia. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 20:100781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100781
Wijekoon P, Koliyabandara PA, Cooray AT, Lam SS, Athapattu BC, Vithanage M (2022) Progress and prospects in mitigation of landfill leachate pollution: risk, pollution potential, treatment and challenges. J Hazard Mater 421:126627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126627
Wiwanitkit V (2016) Thai waste landfill site fire crisis, particular matter 10, and risk of lung cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 12:1088–1089. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.172120
World Bank (2022) Solid waste management. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management
Wu C, Liu J, Yan L, Chen H, Shao H, Meng T (2015a) Assessment of odor activity value coefficient and odor contribution based on binary interaction effects in waste disposal plant. Atmos Environ 103:231–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.12.045
Wu B, Zhang X, Xu Y, Bao D, Zhang S (2015b) Assessment of the energy consumption of the biogas upgrading process with pressure swing adsorption using novel adsorbents. J Clean Prod 101:251–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.082
Wu C, Liu J, Zhao P, Li W, Yan L, Piringer M, Schauberger G (2017) Evaluation of the chemical composition and correlation between the calculated and measured odour concentration of odorous gases from a landfill in Beijing, China. Atmos Environ 164:337–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.010
Wu C, Liu J, Liu S, Li W, Yan L, Shu M, Cao W (2018) Assessment of the health risks and odor concentration of volatile compounds from a municipal solid waste landfill in China. Chemosphere 202:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.068
Xiang R, Xu Y, Liu YQ, Lei GY, Liu JC, Huang QF (2019) Isolation distance between municipal solid waste landfills and drinking water wells for bacteria attenuation and safe drinking. Sci Repor 9:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54506-2
Xiao DK, Chen YM, Xu WJ, Zhan LT, Ke H, Li K (2022) Biochemical-thermal-hydro-mechanical coupling model for aerobic degradation of landfilled municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 144:144–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.017
Yao XZ, Ma RC, Li HJ, Wang C, Zhang C, Yin SS, He R (2019) Assessment of the major odor contributors and health risks of volatile compounds in three disposal technologies for municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 91:128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.009
Yenigün O, Demirel B (2013) Ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion: a review. Proc Biochem 48:901–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2013.04.012
Yeşiller N, Hanson JL, Liu WL (2005) Heat generation in municipal solid waste landfills. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 131:1330–1344. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2005)131:11(1330)
Yeşiller N, Hanson JL, Yee EH (2015) Waste heat generation: a comprehensive review. Waste Manage 42:166–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.004
Yeşiller N, Hanson JL, Kopp KB, Yee EH (2016) Heat management strategies for MSW landfills. Waste Manag 56:246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.011
Yoshida H, Rowe RK (2003) Consideration of landfill liner temperature. In: Proceedings Sardinia 2003, Ninth International Waste Management and LF Symposium, Cagliari, Italy
Yun J, Jung H, Choi H, Oh KC, Jeon JM, Ryu HW, Cho KS (2018a) Performance evaluation of an on-site biocomplex textile as an alternative daily cover in a sanitary landfill, South Korea. Waste Manag Res 36:1137–1145. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18806996
Yusoff MS, Kamaruddin MA, Aziz HA, Adlan MN, Zaman NQ, Mahmood NZ (2018) Municipal solid waste composition, characterization and recyclables potential: a case study evaluation in Malaysia. J Solid Waste Technol Manag 44:330–343. https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm.2018.330
Zaini MS, Hasan M, Zolkepli MF (2022) Urban landfills investigation for leachate assessment using electrical resistivity imaging in Johor, Malaysia. Environ Challenge 6:100415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100415
Zaki K, Karhat Y, El Falaki K (2022) Temporal monitoring and effect of precipitation on the quality of leachate from the Greater Casablanca landfill in Morocco. Pollution 8:407–433
Zaman AU (2010) Comparative study of municipal solid waste treatment technologies using life cycle assessment method. Int J Environ Sci Technol 7:225–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03326132
Zhang T, Shi JY, Qian XD, Ai YB (2019a) Temperature and gas pressure monitoring and leachate pumping tests in a newly filled MSW layer of a landfill. Int J Environ Res 13:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-018-0157-0
Zhang C, Xu T, Feng H, Chen S (2019b) Greenhouse gas emissions from landfills: a review and bibliometric analysis. Sustainability 11:2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082282
Zhang T, Shi J, Wu X, Shu S, Lin H (2022) Simulation of heat transfer in a landfill with layered new and old municipal solid waste. Sci Rep 12:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06722-6
Zhu F, Fan W, Wang X, Qu L, Yao S (2011) Health risk assessment of eight heavy metals in nine varieties of edible vegetable oils consumed in China. Food Chem Toxicol 49:3081–3085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.019
Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Luo D, Chong Z, Li E, Kong X (2021) A review of municipal solid waste in China: characteristics, compositions, influential factors and treatment technologies. Envir Dev Sustain 23:6603–6622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00959-9
Ziemann PJ, Atkinson R (2012) Kinetics, products, and mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol formation. Chem Soc Rev 41:6582–6605. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35122f
Zornoza R, Moreno-Barriga F, Acosta JA, Muñoz MA, Faz A (2016) Stability, nutrient availability and hydrophobicity of biochars derived from manure, crop residues, and municipal solid waste for their use as soil amendments. Chemosphere 144:122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.046
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Literature search was done by Ali Mohd Yatoo, Basharat Hamid, Tahir Ahmad Sheikh, and Shafat Ali. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ali Mohd Yatoo, Basharat Hamid, Tahir Ahmad Sheikh, and Shafat Ali. All authors, including Sudipta Ramola, Sartaj Ahmad Bhat, Sunil Kumar, Md. Niamat Ali, and Zahoor Ahmad Baba, commented on the early version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ta Yeong Wu
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yatoo, A.M., Hamid, B., Sheikh, T.A. et al. Global perspective of municipal solid waste and landfill leachate: generation, composition, eco-toxicity, and sustainable management strategies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 23363–23392 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32669-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32669-4