Abstract
Crop plants are regularly exposed to an array of abiotic and biotic stresses, among them drought stress is a major environmental factor that shows adverse effects on plant growth and productivity. Because of this these factors are considered as hazardous for crop production. Drought stress elicits a plethora of responses in plants resulting in strict amendments in physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. Photosynthesis is the most fundamental physiological process affected by drought due to a reduction in the CO2 assimilation rate and disruption of primary photosynthetic reactions and pigments. Drought also expedites the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), triggering a cascade of antioxidative defense mechanisms, and affects many other metabolic processes as well as affecting gene expression. Details of the drought stress-induced changes, particularly in crop plants, are discussed in this review, with the major points: 1) leaf water potentials and water use efficiency in plants under drought stress; 2) increased production of ROS under drought leading to oxidative stress in plants and the role of ROS as signaling molecules; 3) molecular responses that lead to the enhanced expression of stress-inducible genes; 4) the decrease in photosynthesis leading to the decreased amount of assimilates, growth, and yield; 5) the antioxidant defense mechanisms comprising of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and the other protective mechanisms; 6) progress made in identifying the drought stress tolerance mechanisms; 7) the production of transgenic crop plants with enhanced tolerance to drought stress.
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Abbreviations
- AA:
-
ascorbic acid
- ABA:
-
abscisic acid
- APX:
-
ascorbate peroxidase
- C2H2:
-
zinc finger domain
- DREB:
-
dehydration-responsive element binding
- DRO:
-
deeper rooting
- GB:
-
glycine betaine
- GR:
-
glutathione reductase
- GRAS:
-
gibberellic-acid insensitive repressor
- GSH:
-
glutathione
- GSSG:
-
glutathione disulfide
- LEA:
-
late embryogenesis abundant
- MDA:
-
monodehydroascorbate
- MDHAR:
-
monodehydroascorbate reductase
- MYB:
-
myeloblastosis
- NADP-ME:
-
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate malic enzyme
- NAR:
-
net assimilation rate
- NCED:
-
9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase
- NPR:
-
natriuretic peptide receptor
- PCR:
-
pentose carbon reduction
- PEPC:
-
phosphoenolpyruvare carboxylase
- PPDK:
-
phosphopyruvate dikinase
- PS:
-
photosystem
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- RWC:
-
relative water content
- SOD:
-
superoxide dismutase
- SPS:
-
sucrose phosphate synthase
- STZ:
-
salt tolerant zinc finger protein
- WRKY:
-
transcription factor with conserved sequence
- WUE:
-
water use efficiency
- YUC:
-
yucasin
- ZAT:
-
zinc transporter
- ZFP:
-
zinc finger proteins
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Acknowledgements: The research laboratory of K.V. Chaitanya is funded by grants from the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India (No. BT/PR14467/AGR/02/742/2010). Easwar Rao acknowledges DBT for the research fellowship.
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Rao, D.E., Chaitanya, K.V. Photosynthesis and antioxidative defense mechanisms in deciphering drought stress tolerance of crop plants. Biol Plant 60, 201–218 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-016-0584-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-016-0584-8