Abstract
Reliable quantification of a cell’s biophysical properties is key for understanding the role of mechanics in cell biology. Plasma membrane tension, the energetic cost of increasing the surface area of the plasma membrane, has been shown to regulate a plethora of cellular processes, ranging from leading edge formation to phagocytosis and membrane trafficking. Here, we describe the measurement of this key mechanical property of the cell surface using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based force spectroscopy. Depending on the nature of the force curve acquisition, AFM measurements can quantify various membrane tension components, such as apparent membrane tension and membrane-to-cortex attachment (MCA). We discuss the biophysical background (1), required materials (2), sample preparation (3.1), AFM-probe calibration and functionalization (3.2), force curve acquisition (3.3) and data analysis and representation (3.4).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Diz-Muñoz A, Weiner OD, Fletcher DA (2018) In pursuit of the mechanics that shape cell surfaces. Nat Phys 14(7):648–652
Diz-Muñoz A, Fletcher DA, Weiner OD (2013) Use the force: membrane tension as an organizer of cell shape and motility. Trends Cell Biol 23(2):47–53
Salbreux G, Charras G, Paluch E (2012) Actin cortex mechanics and cellular morphogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 22(10):536–545
Kelkar M, Bohec P, Charras G (2020) Mechanics of the cellular actin cortex: from signalling to shape change. Curr Opin Cell Biol 66:69–78
Pontes B, Viana NB, Salgado LT, Farina M, Moura Neto V, Nussenzveig HM (2011) Cell cytoskeleton and tether extraction. Biophys J 101(1):43–52
Hochmuth FM, Shao JY, Dai J, Sheetz MP (1996) Deformation and flow of membrane into tethers extracted from neuronal growth cones. Biophys J 70(1):358–369
Brochard-Wyart F, Borghi N, Cuvelier D, Nassoy P (2006) Hydrodynamic narrowing of tubes extruded from cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(20):7660–7663
Sheetz MP (2001) Cell control by membrane-cytoskeleton adhesion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2(5):392–396
Kerssemakers JWJ, Munteanu EL, Laan L, Noetzel TL, Janson ME, Dogterom M (2006) Assembly dynamics of microtubules at molecular resolution. Nature 442(7103):709–712
Sader JE, Chon JWM, Mulvaney P (1999) Calibration of rectangular atomic force microscope cantilevers. Rev Sci Instrum 70(10):3967–3969
Friedrichs J, Helenius J, Müller DJ (2010) Quantifying cellular adhesion to extracellular matrix components by single-cell force spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 5(7):1353–1361
Friedrichs J, Werner C, Müller DJ (2013) Quantifying cellular adhesion to covalently immobilized extracellular matrix proteins by single-cell force spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 1046:19–37
Bergert M, Lembo S, Sharma S, Russo L, Milovanović D, Gretarsson KH, Börmel M, Neveu PA, Hackett JA, Petsalaki E, Diz-Muñoz A (2021) Cell surface mechanics gate embryonic stem cell differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 28(2):209–216.e4
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the financial support of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), the Human Frontiers Science Program (HFSP) grant number RGY0073/2018 and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grant numbers DI 2205/2-1 and DI 2205/3-1 to A.D-M.
We thank Niccolò Banterle, Leanne Strauss, Jia Hui Li, Ewa Maria Sitarska, Sergio Lembo (all EMBL) and Torsten Müller (Bruker) for critically reading the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Bergert, M., Diz-Muñoz, A. (2023). Quantification of Apparent Membrane Tension and Membrane-to-Cortex Attachment in Animal Cells Using Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Force Spectroscopy. In: Zaidel-Bar, R. (eds) Mechanobiology. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2600. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2850-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2851-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols