Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, the third most deleterious zoonotic pathogen, is a major causative agent of animal and human listeriosis, an infection related to the consumption of contaminated food products. Even though, this pathogen has been responsible for the outbreaks of foodborne infections in the early 1980s, the major outbreaks have been reported during the past two decades. Listeriosis infection in the host is a rare but life-threatening disease with major public health and economic implications. Extensive reports on listeriosis outbreaks are associated with milk and milk products, meat and meat products, and fresh produce. This bacterium can adapt to any environmental and stress conditions, making it a prime causative agent for major foodborne diseases. The pathogen could survive an antibiotic treatment and persist in the host cell, thereby escaping the standard diagnostic practices. The current review strives to provide concise information on the epidemiology, serotypes, and pathogenesis of the L. monocytogenes to decipher the knowledge on the endurance of the pathogen inside the host and food products as a vehicle for Listeria contaminations. In addition, various detection methods for Listeria species from food samples and frontline regimens of L. monocytogenes treatment have also been discussed.
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Data Availability
Data associated with this paper can be accessed by contacting the corresponding author.
Abbreviations
- US:
-
United States
- L. monocytogenes :
-
Listeria monocytogenes
- 16S rRNA:
-
16 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- PFGE:
-
Pulse field gel electrophoresis
- MLST:
-
Multilocus sequence typing
- CCs:
-
Clonal complexes
- PCR:
-
Polymerase chain reaction
- LAP:
-
Listeria adhesion protein
- AdhE:
-
Acetaldehyde alcohol dehydrogenase
- Hsp60:
-
Heat shock protein 60
- NF-jB:
-
Nuclear factor-jB
- MLCK:
-
Myosin light chain kinase
- InlA:
-
Internalin A
- InlB:
-
Internalin B
- LLO:
-
Listeriolysin O
- ActA:
-
Actin polymerization protein
- PC-PLC:
-
Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase
- PI-PLC:
-
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase
- TNFα:
-
Tumor necrosis factor α
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- HIV:
-
Human immunodeficiency virus
- MD:
-
Municipality districts
- CFU:
-
Colony-forming units
- FDA-BAM:
-
Food and Drug Administration-Bacteriological and Analytical Methods
- USDA-FSIS:
-
United States of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service
- ISO:
-
International Organization of Standard
- UVM:
-
University of Vermont Medium
- PALCAM:
-
Polymyxin-acriflavine-lithium-chloride-ceftazidime-aesculin-mannitol
- MOX:
-
Modified Oxford agar medium
- ALOA:
-
Listeria agar with Ottaviani and Agosti
- BCM:
-
Biosynth Chromogenic Medium
- OCLA:
-
Listeria agar (Oxoid) and chromID Ottaviani Agosti Agar
- OAA:
-
Oxolinic Acid–Aesculin–Azide Agar
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Ramya Ravindhiran: writing-original draft preparation, reviewing, and editing. Karthiga Sivarajan and Jothi Nayaki Sekar: literature search and editing. Rajeswari Murugesan: data collection. Kavitha Dhandapani: conceptualization, reviewing, editing and supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Ravindhiran, R., Sivarajan, K., Sekar, J.N. et al. Listeria monocytogenes an Emerging Pathogen: a Comprehensive Overview on Listeriosis, Virulence Determinants, Detection, and Anti-Listerial Interventions. Microb Ecol 86, 2231–2251 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-023-02269-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-023-02269-9