Abstract
Annual epidemics and occasional pandemics of influenza are responsible for a substantial global disease burden related to both the acute effects of infection and the high rates of complications, particularly respiratory disease in individuals at the extremes of age and with chronic medical conditions. The yearly disease impact of influenza is variable and depends in large measure on viral mutations that result in antigenic change and escape from prior infection or vaccination-induced immunity. The pathogenesis of influenza is related both to the extent of viral replication and the host response. Currently available control measures include non-pharmaceutical measures such as isolation and mask wearing, vaccines, and a variety of antiviral agents. Because the virus is constantly changing, it is important to perform continuous monitoring of the effectiveness of these interventions. In addition to infecting humans, influenza A viruses infect a wide variety of other animal species including birds, domestic swine, and others. These animal reservoirs have been the source of novel influenza A virus subtypes that have caused widespread outbreaks of disease, or pandemics. Monitoring the ecology of influenza in animal species and preparing countermeasures in advance are important components of pandemic preparedness.
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Treanor, J.J. (2023). Influenza Viruses. In: Kaslow, R.A., Stanberry, L.R., Powers, A.M. (eds) Viral Infections of Humans. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9544-8_19-2
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