Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are structures released by a variety of cells from all kingdoms of life. EVs are typically involved in communication between tissues and organs, between distinct organisms, or inside microbial communities. The plasticity of these structures is reflected in the range of biological effects they are able to induce or inhibit. The study of fungal EVs is relatively new with the first report in 2007, but investigators have already demonstrated in several model systems that fungal EVs significantly modulate the host immune system and that the immunogenic materials in EV can be harnessed as vaccination platforms. This chapter describes the two main procedures used to isolate EVs from an emerging pathogenic fungus, Candida auris.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kalluri R, LeBleu VS (2020) The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science 367(6478):eaau6977. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau6977
Brown L, Wolf JM, Prados-Rosales R, Casadevall A (2015) Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi. Nat Rev Microbiol 13(10):620–630. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3480
Mantel PY, Marti M (2014) The role of extracellular vesicles in Plasmodium and other protozoan parasites. Cell Microbiol 16(3):344–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.12259
Zamith-Miranda D, Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML, Nosanchuk JD (2018) Fungal extracellular vesicles: modulating host-pathogen interactions by both the fungus and the host. Microbes Infect 20(9–10):501–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2018.01.011
Rodrigues ML, Godinho RM, Zamith-Miranda D, Nimrichter L (2015) Traveling into outer space: unanswered questions about fungal extracellular vesicles. PLoS Pathog 11(12):e1005240. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005240
Rodrigues ML, Nimrichter L, Oliveira DL, Frases S, Miranda K, Zaragoza O, Alvarez M, Nakouzi A, Feldmesser M, Casadevall A (2007) Vesicular polysaccharide export in Cryptococcus neoformans is a eukaryotic solution to the problem of fungal trans-cell wall transport. Eukaryot Cell 6(1):48–59. https://doi.org/10.1128/ec.00318-06
Reis FCG, Borges BS, Jozefowicz LJ, Sena BAG, Garcia AWA, Medeiros LC, Martins ST, Honorato L, Schrank A, Vainstein MH, Kmetzsch L, Nimrichter L, Alves LR, Staats CC, Rodrigues ML (2019) A novel protocol for the isolation of fungal extracellular vesicles reveals the participation of a putative scramblase in polysaccharide export and capsule construction in Cryptococcus gattii. mSphere 4(2):e00080–e00019. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00080-19
Marina CL, Bürgel PH, Agostinho DP, Zamith-Miranda D, Las-Casas LO, Tavares AH, Nosanchuk JD, Bocca AL (2020) nutritional conditions modulate c. neoformans extracellular vesicles’ capacity to elicit host immune response. microorganisms 8(11):1815. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111815
Bürgel PH, Marina CL, Saavedra PHV, Albuquerque P, de Oliveira SAM, Veloso Janior PHH, de Castro RA, Heyman HM, Coelho C, Cordero RJB, Casadevall A, Nosanchuk JD, Nakayasu ES, May RC, Tavares AH, Bocca AL (2020) Cryptococcus neoformans secretes small molecules that inhibit IL-1β Inflammasome-dependent secretion. Mediat Inflamm 2020:3412763. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3412763
Cleare LG, Zamith D, Heyman HM, Couvillion SP, Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML, Nakayasu ES, Nosanchuk JD (2020) Media matters! Alterations in the loading and release of Histoplasma capsulatum extracellular vesicles in response to different nutritional milieus. Cell Microbiol 22(9):e13217. https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.13217
Albuquerque PC, Nakayasu ES, Rodrigues ML, Frases S, Casadevall A, Zancope-Oliveira RM, Almeida IC, Nosanchuk JD (2008) Vesicular transport in Histoplasma capsulatum: an effective mechanism for trans-cell wall transfer of proteins and lipids in ascomycetes. Cell Microbiol 10(8):1695–1710. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01160.x
Baltazar LM, Zamith-Miranda D, Burnet MC, Choi H, Nimrichter L, Nakayasu ES, Nosanchuk JD (2018) Concentration-dependent protein loading of extracellular vesicles released by Histoplasma capsulatum after antibody treatment and its modulatory action upon macrophages. Sci Rep 8(1):8065. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25665-5
Vargas G, Rocha JD, Oliveira DL, Albuquerque PC, Frases S, Santos SS, Nosanchuk JD, Gomes AM, Medeiros LC, Miranda K, Sobreira TJ, Nakayasu ES, Arigi EA, Casadevall A, Guimaraes AJ, Rodrigues ML, Freire-de-Lima CG, Almeida IC, Nimrichter L (2015) Compositional and immunobiological analyses of extracellular vesicles released by Candida albicans. Cell Microbiol 17(3):389–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.12374
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Vanessa Koiky for helping with the figure preparation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Zamith-Miranda, D., Alves, L.R., Rodrigues, M.L., Nimrichter, L., Nosanchuk, J.D. (2022). Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Candida auris. In: Lorenz, A. (eds) Candida auris. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2517. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2417-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2417-3_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2416-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2417-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols