Families of Sordariomycetes

Abstract

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, coprophilous and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. They occur in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats worldwide. This paper reviews the 107 families of the class Sordariomycetes and provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of four combined loci, with a maximum five representative taxa from each family, where available. This paper brings together for the first time, since Barrs’ 1990 Prodromus, descriptions, notes on the history, and plates or illustrations of type or representative taxa of each family, a list of accepted genera, including asexual genera and a key to these taxa of Sordariomycetes. Delineation of taxa is supported where possible by molecular data. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2015 and the Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 32 orders, 105 families and 1331 genera. The family Obryzaceae and Pleurotremataceae are excluded from the class.

Contents

1. Amphisphaeriaceae G. Winter (ID Goonasekara*)

2. Amplistromataceae Huhndorf et al. (DA Daranagama*)

3. Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong et al. (MJ D’souza*)

4. Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde et al. (RH Perera* & EBG Jones)

5. Armatellaceae Hosag. (S Hongsanan*)

6. Australiascaceae Réblová & W. Gams (RS Jayawardena & Q Shang*)

7. Bartaliniaceae Wijayawardene et al. (ID Goonasekara*)

8. Batistiaceae Samuels & K.F. Rodrigues (Q Shang* & EBG Jones)

9. Beltraniaceae Nann. (SSN Maharachchikumbura*)

10. Bertiaceae Smyk (S-K Huang*)

11. Bionectriaceae Samuels & Rossman (RH Perera*)

12. Boliniaceae Rick (S-K Huang*)

13. Cainiaceae J.C. Krug (ID Goonasekara*)

14. Calosphaeriaceae Munk (S-K Huang* & EBG Jones)

15. Catabotrydaceae Petr. ex M.E. Barr (RH Perera*)

16. Cephalothecaceae Höhn. (Q Shang*)

17. Ceratocystidaceae Locq. ex Réblová et al. (C Norphanphoun*)

18. Ceratostomataceae G. Winter (C Norphanphoun* & EBG Jones)

19. Chadefaudiellaceae Faurel et al. (M Dayarathne*)

20. Chaetomiaceae G. Winter (Q Shang*)

21. Chaetosphaerellaceae Huhndorf et al. (S-K Huang* & EBG Jones)

22. Chaetosphaeriaceae Réblová et al. (S-K Huang* & EBG Jones)

23. Clavicipitaceae (Lindau) Earle ex Rogerson (Y Xiao*)

24. Clypeosphaeriaceae G. Winter (S Konta*)

25. Coniocessiaceae Asgari & Zare (C Norphanphoun* & EBG Jones)

26. Coniochaetaceae Malloch & Cain (Q Shang*)

27. Conioscyphaceae Réblová & Seifert^#

28. Cordanaceae Nann. (ID Goonasekara*)

29. Cordycipitaceae Kreisel (Y Xiao*)

30. Coronophoraceae Höhn. (S-K Huang*)

31. Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. (IC Senanayake*)

32. Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm. (IC Senanayake*)

33. Diatrypaceae Nitschke (Q Shang)

34. Distoseptisporaceae K.D. Hyde & McKenzie^#

35. Etheirophoraceae Rungjindamai et al. (M Dayarathne & EBG Jones*)

36. Falcocladiaceae Somrith. et al. (M Dayarathne*)

37. Flammocladiaceae Crous et al. (SSN Maharachchikumbura*)

38. Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams (RS Jayawardena*)

39. Gnomoniaceae G. Winter (IC Senanayake* & EBG Jones)

40. Gondwanamycetaceae Réblová et al. (M Dayarathne*)

41. Graphiaceae Z.W. de Beer (M Dayarathne*)

42. Halosphaeriaceae E. Müll & Arx ex Kohlm (M Dayarathne* & EBG Jones*)

43. Harknessiaceae Crous (IC Senanayake*)

44. Helminthosphaeriaceae Samuels et al. (S-K Huang*)

45. Hispidicarpomycetaceae Nakagiri (M Dayarathne & EBG Jones*)

46. Hypocreaceae De Not (RH Perera*)

47. Hyponectriaceae Petr. (S Konta* & EBG Jones)

48. Iodosphaeriaceae O. Hilber (Q Li & KD Hyde*)

49. Jobellisiaceae Réblová (MJ D’souza*)

50. Juncigenaceae E.B.G. Jones et al. (M Dayarathne* & EBG Jones)

51. Kathistaceae Malloch & M. Blackw. (C Norphanphoun)

52. Koralionastetaceae Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. (M Dayarathne* & EBG Jones)

53. Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf. (S-K Huang*)

54. Lautosporaceae Kohlm. et al. (M Dayarathne*)

55. Lopadostomataceae Daranagama & K.D. Hyde (DA Daranagama* & KD Hyde)

56. Lulworthiaceae Kohlm. et al. (M Dayarathne* & EBG Jones)

57. Macrohilaceae Crous (IC Senanayake*)

58. Magnaporthaceae P.F. Cannon (C Norphanphoun* & EBG Jones)

59. Melanconidaceae G. Winter Chin (IC Senanayake* & EBG Jones)

60. Meliolaceae G.W. Martin ex Hansf. (S Hongsanan*)

61. Melogrammataceae G. Winter (Q Shang*)

62. Microascaceae Luttr. ex Malloch (M Dayarathne*)

63. Microdochiaceae M. Hern.-Restr. (SSN Maharachchikumbura*)

64. Myelospermataceae K.D. Hyde & S.W. Wong (S. Konta*)

65. Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul. (RH Perera*)

66. Niessliaceae Kirschst. (S-K Huang* & EBG Jones)

67. Nitschkiaceae Nannf. (S-K Huang* & EBG Jones)

68. Ophioceraceae Klaubauf et al. (C Norphanphoun*)

69. Ophiocordycipitaceae G.H. Sung et al. (Y Xiao*)

70. Ophiostomataceae Nannf. (C Norphanphoun*)

71. Papulosaceae Winka & O.E. Erikss. (MJ D’souza*)

72. Pestalotiopsidaceae Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde (SSN Maharachchikumbura*)

73. Phaeochoraceae K.D. Hyde et al. (RH Perera*)

74. Phlogicylindriaceae Senan. & K.D. Hyde (ID Goonasekara*)

75. Phyllachoraceae Theiss. & H. Syd. (M Dayarathne* & EBG Jones)

76. Pisorisporiaceae Réblová & J. Fourn. (MJ D’souza*)

77. Plectosphaerellaceae W. Gams et al. (Q Shang* & EBG Jones)

78. Pleurostomataceae Réblová et al. (S-K Huang*)

79. Pleurotheciaceae Réblová & Seifert^#

80. Pseudomassariaceae Senan. & K.D. Hyde (IC Senanayake*)

81. Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al. (IC Senanayake*)

82. Pseudovalsaceae M.E. Barr (IC Senanayake*)

83. Pyriculariaceae Klaubauf et al. (C Norphanphoun*)

84. Requienellaceae Boise^#

85. Reticulascaceae Réblová & W. Gams (RS Jayawardena & Q Shang*)

86. Robillardaceae Crous (SSN Maharachchikumbura*)

87. Savoryellaceae Jaklitsch & Réblová (M Dayarathne*)

88. Schizoparmaceae Rossman (IC Senanayake*)

89. Scortechiniaceae Huhndorf et al. (S-K Huang*)

90. Sordariaceae G. Winter (S-K Huang*)

91. Spathulosporaceae Kohlm. (M Dayarathne*)

92. Sporocadaceae Corda (ID Goonasekara*)

93. Sporidesmiaceae Fr. ^#

94. Stachybotryaceae L. Lombard & Crous (C Norphanphoun*)

95. Stilbosporaceae Link (IC Senanayake*)

96. Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vassiljeva (IC Senanayake*)

97. Thyridiaceae O.E. Erikss & J.Z. Yue (RH Perera*)

98. Tilachlidiaceae L. Lombard & Crous (RH Perera)

99. Tirisporellaceae Suetrong et al. (EBG Jones* & M Dayarathne)

100. Togniniaceae Réblová et al. (IC Senanayake* & EBG Jones)

101. Torpedosporaceae E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang (M Dayarathne, KL Pang, EBG Jones*)

102. Trichosphaeriaceae G. Winter (C Norphanphoun*& EBG Jones)

103. Valsaceae Tul. & C. Tul. (IC Senanayake*)

104. Vialaeaceae P.F. Cannon (IC Senanayake*& EBG Jones)

105. Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul. (DA Daranagama*)

Excluded, doubtful, poorly known, or family previously included in Sordariomycetes

106. Obryzaceae Körb (RH Perera*)

107. Pleurotremataceae Walt. Watson (S-K Huang*)

*These are the main contributing authors to the family entry

^# These were introduced in 2016 and thus no note are provided

Introduction

Sordariomycetes is the second largest class of Ascomycota (Kirk et al. 2008; Hyde et al. 2013). Kirk et al. (2008) included 15 orders, 64 families, 1119 genera and 10,564 species in Sordariomycetes, while Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) included 18 orders, 63 families and 947 genera. The Sordariomycetes have a cosmopolitan distribution and accommodates mostly terrestrial taxa, although several can be found in aquatic habitats (Hyde and Wong 2000; Samuels and Blackwell 2001; Cai et al. 2006a; Jones et al. 2009a, b, 2015; Pratibha et al. 2014). Some are phytopathogens that cause leaf, stem and root diseases on a wide variety of hosts, while some cause diseases in arthropods and mammals (Sung et al. 2007; Prados-Rosale et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2014). Sordariomycetes are also commonly isolated as endophytes from various plants (Keim et al. 2014). Some taxa are fungicolous (PeiGui et al. 2000), while many persist as saprobes involved in decomposition and nutrient cycling (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012). Some species of Sordariomycetes (i.e. Beauveria bassiana, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum) are economically important biocontrol agents (Wraight et al. 1998; Kaewchai et al. 2009) and others produce a wide range of chemically diverse metabolites important in medicinal and other biotechnological industries (Semenova et al. 2012; Debbab et al. 2013; Xu et al. 2014).

A large number of Sordariomycetes species are characterized by non-lichenized, perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci (Zhang et al. 2006) or non-fissitunicate asci (Kirk et al. 2008). Most members of the Xylariomycetidae and some of the Sordariomycetidae have dark perithecia, amyloid asci, true paraphyses and periphysate ostioles, while most of the taxa of the Hypocreomycetidae have light coloured perithecia, non-amyloid apical rings in the asci when apical rings are present and the lack true paraphyses (Zhang et al. 2006). The class Sordariomycetes was introduced by Eriksson and Winka (1997) for taxa with perithecial ascomata, paraphysate hamathecium, periphysate ostioles and unitunicate or pseudoprotunicate asci. With the support of sequence data, Eriksson and Winka (1997) divided the class into three subclasses: Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetidae and Xylariomycetidae. The subclass Sordariomycetidae included three orders (i.e. Diaporthales, Ophiostomatales and Sordariales), while Xylariomycetidae was introduced to accommodate a single order Xylariales (Eriksson and Winka 1997). Eriksson and Winka (1997) separated Onygenales and Eurotiales from Sordariomycetes and placed them in the class Eurotiomycetes based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. A comprehensive study of Sordariomycetes based on both morphological characters and SSU rDNA sequence data was carried out by Samuels and Blackwell (2001) and Eriksson (2006). In the classification of Eriksson (2006), the subclass Hypocreomycetidae comprised 4 orders (i.e. Coronophorales, Halosphaeriales, Hypocreales and Microascales). Coronophorales, Halosphaeriales and Hypocreales are recognized as monophyletic and Microascales as paraphyletic. Samuels and Blackwell (2001) excluded Erysiphales and Coryneliales sensu Barr (1990) from Sordariomycetes, while Eriksson (2006) placed Erysiphales in the class Leotiomycetes, a sister taxon of the Sordariomycetes. Eriksson (2006) also recognized Melanosporales as a distinct order in the Hypocreomycetidae. In a recent revision Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) introduced three sub classes; Diaporthomycetidae, Lulworthiomycetidae, and Meliolomycetidae based on morphology and sequence data.

The recent Outline of the Sordariomycetes (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015) included 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera. In addition, a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in Sordariomycetes was provided. In this paper, we deal with the family level classification of Sordariomycetes.

Materials and methods

Layout of the paper

Each family is treated with a family description, notes on its history and presence of any asexual morphs, and an account of the genera, including phylogenetic data where applicable. The type is listed along with a description of the type genus except in cases where there is only a single genus in the family. Notes on the type genus are provided along with full citations for the type species. This is followed by accepted genera and their type species; important synonyms and occasional notes are given. Synonymies follow the basis of one name for a biological genus or species (see Hawksworth et al. 2011; Hawksworth 2012) and follow published papers or Index Fungorum (2016). A key to the genera included in the family is provided unless the number of genera is small. The type genus is illustrated with a representative plate of its key morphological features. For consistency, authorities and their abbreviations for all taxa and citations of place of publication and abbreviations follow Index Fungorum (2016), even though those are not always entirely consistent.

Arrangement of sordariomycetes

The circumscription of the Sordariomycetes is based on the previous arrangements given in Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015), which has been updated based on a consideration of recent publications and interpretation of genera from the literature (see Table 1). We consider this a working circumscription that will be further refined as more genera are studied both at the morphological and molecular levels. Basionyms and possible synonyms of genera and species are not listed as these can be found in Index Fungorum (2016).

Table 1 Sordariomycetes orders and included families

Examination of specimens

Specimens or slides were obtained from ANM, AR, B, BBH, BCC, BISH, BP, BPI, BR, BRIP, CBS, DAOM, FH, G, GZU, H, HAL, HHUF, HKU (M), IFRD, ILLS, IMI, K, L, LPS, MFU, NY, P, PC, PREM, S, TRTC, UBC, UC, UCR, UPS, URM, URM and W. Fruiting bodies were rehydrated in water and/or 5 % KOH prior to examination and sectioning. Hand sections of the fruiting bodies were mounted in water for microscopic studies and photomicrography. The materials were examined by a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound microscope and photographed by Canon 450D digital camera fitted to the microscope. Measurements were made with the Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work program (v. 0.9.0.7) and images used for figures were processed with Adobe Photoshop CS6 software (Adobe Systems, USA). Several type specimen were in poor condition and very little information could be obtained. In order to generate more information for this taxon, we relied on the original publication. Hand drawings of these specimens were made using drawing pens on parchment papers. Faces of fungi and Index Fungorum numbers are as explained in Jayasiri et al. (2015) and Index Fungorum (2016)

Phylogenetic analyses

Sequences were obtained from GenBank mostly following previous literature and are listed in supplementary Table 1. This study used LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence data in the analyses. Multiple sequence alignments were generated with MAFFT v. 7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/) then manually corrected using MEGA v. 6.06 (Kumar et al. 2012) to ensure alignment and to minimize the number of uninformative gaps. The datasets were produced to show families and order relationships within the class Sordariomycetes.

The combined alignments were split between the genera to improve the robustness of the alignment across the four loci. Phylogenyies used Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses. Ambiguously aligned regions were excluded from all analyses and gaps were treated as “missing data” in the analysis. A Maximum Likelihood analysis was performed using RAxMLGUI v. 1.3 (Silvestro and Michalak 2011). The optimal ML tree search was conducted with 1000 separate runs, using the default algorithm of the program from a random starting tree for each run. The final tree was selected among suboptimal trees from each run by comparing likelihood scores under the GTR+GAMMA substitution model. The resulting trees were printed with FigTree v. 1.4.0 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uksoftware/figtree/) and the final layout was done with Adobe Illustrator CS v. 6.

Definitions of previously inconsistently defined terms used in the study

We noticed that it was not always possible to be consistent with terminology, especially because some terms are not commonly accepted and some have been interpreted differently by different authors. Instead of distinguishing between ascolocular pseudothecia and ascohymenial perithecia, we used the neutral terms perithecioid ascomata or else the term perithecia in a broad sense, since by definition all ascomata in the higher Ascomycota (Pezizomycotina) are homologous and thus a differential terminology using the term pseudothecia for ascolocular perithecioid ascomata does not reflect phylogenetic relationships.

Results and discussion

The combined LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 gene data set comprised 383 taxa, with Botryotinia fuckeliana, Dothidea sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Pyxidiophora arvernensis as the outgroup taxa. The combined dataset comprised 4367 characters including gaps. The best scoring RAxML trees are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Bootstrap support values of ML (MLB) (equal to or above 50 %) are given at the nodes.

Fig. 1

The best scoring RAxML Sordariomycetes tree (compressed overview tree) from 383 taxa based on a combined dataset of LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 genes with all lineages collapsed to family level where possible. Orders are indicated in coloured blocks and RAxML bootstrap support values (MLB) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are given at the nodes (MLB/PP). The tree is rooted with Botryotinia fuckeliana, Dothidea sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Pyxidiophora arvernensis

Fig. 2

Maximum likelihood (ML) majority rule combined LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 consensus tree for the analysed Sordariomycetes isolates. Families are indicated in coloured blocks and RAxML bootstrap support values (MLB above 50 %) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP above 90 %) are given at the nodes (MLB/PP). The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site. The tree is rooted with Botryotinia fuckeliana, Dothidea sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Pyxidiophora arvernensis

In the phylogenetic trees (Figs. 1 and 2), the 380 strains of Sordariomycetes included in the analysis cluster into six subclasses. Sordariomycetidae, Hypocreomycetidae and Xylariomycetidae as in the previous treatment of Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), Meliolomycetidae as suggested by Kirk et al. (2001), as well as Diaporthomycetidae and Lulworthiomycetidae as suggested by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). Figure 1 is a reduced version of the tree in Fig. 2. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) placed the orders Coniochaetales and Cordanales in the Diaporthomycetidae. However, given the inconsistency in the placement of the latter two orders, it would be more appropriate to refer them to Sordariomycetes order incertae sedis The internal classification of Xylariomycetidae is also somewhat problematic. The orders of the Xylariomycetidae as circumscribed by Senanayake et al. (2015) were not supported by the phylogenetic analyses in this study. Senanayake et al. (2015) re-validated the order Amphisphaeriales based on both sequence data and morphology. However, there is little support to validate this order and the placement of the families within the subclass are not stable. Therefore, we would like to keep the order Xylariales to represent the taxa in the Xylariomycetidae.

Presently accepted orders of Sordariomycetes

The Sordariomycetes comprise 32 orders.

Amplistromatales D’souza et al., in Maharachchikumbura et al., Fungal Divers 72: 212 (2015)

An order comprising families Amplistromataceae and Catabotrydaceae and was introduced by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). Two genera are included in Amplistromataceae namely Amplistroma Huhndorf et al. and Wallrothiella Sacc. The genus Wallrothiella was redescribed by Réblová and Seifert (2004) along with neotypification of its type species Wallrothiella congregata (Wallr.) Sacc. Amplistroma has been segregated from Wallrothiella based on the presence of stromatic ascomata. Catabotrydaceae is monotypic with Catabotrys as its type genus. However, Catabotrys Theiss. & Syd. and Wallrothiella do not possess stromatic ascomata, while Amplistroma is stromatic. LSU sequence data shows that Amplistromataceae has no relationship with Chaetosphaeriales and Magnaporthaceae (Huhndorf et al. 2009). In phylogenetic analyses, Amplistromatales appear to have a distant relationship with Meliolomycetidae and Sordariomycetidae and thus are placed in Sordariomycetes order incertae sedis (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Annulatascales D’souza et al., in Maharachchikumbura et al., Fungal Divers 72: 212 (2015)

A order within the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. This order is characterized by its typical freshwater habitat, growing on submerged woody substrates, with most genera distributed in the tropics. Significant characters of the taxa in Annulatascales include cylindrical, thin-walled asci, with a massive, J-, refractive, apical ring, which assists in active spore ejection (Tsui and Hyde 2003). Ascospores are usually equipped with appendages or sheaths. These characters might be important in aquatic habitats where they aid in the attachment to substrates (Shearer et al. 2007). The order presently comprises 20 genera that belong to, or are referred to, the family Annulatascaceae. To date, DNA sequences of many genera have not yet been analysed, and it is likely that the family as presently circumscribed is polyphyletic (Campbell and Shearer 2004; Vijaykrishna et al. 2005; Abdel-Wahab et al. 2011). Phylogenies herein reveals a close relationship of the Annulatascaceae to the Thyridiaceae and Ophiostomataceae with moderate support (Fig 2).

Boliniales P.F. Cannon, in Kirk et al., Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, Edn 9 (Wallingford): x (2001)

An order of saprobic fungi within the subclass Sordariomycetidae, which was introduced by Cannon (Kirk et al. 2001). In our phylogenetic analysis (Figs 1 and 2), Boliniales is nested in between the Phyllachorales and Sordariales, but appears to be more related to the Phyllachorales. Boliniales comprises a single family, Boliniaceae, with nine genera.

Calosphaeriales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)

This order was introduced by Barr (1985). It presently comprises Calosphaeriaceae and Pleurostomataceae (Figs. 1 and 2). The taxa belonging to the order mainly comprise simple, dark perithecia, unitunicate asci, and hyaline to slightly pigmented, ellipsoid to allantoid ascospores (Réblová et al. 2004). The order forms a sister clade to the order Jobellisiales and Togniniales (Figs. 1 and 2).

Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 96(2): 378 (2004a)

This order was introduced in Sordariomycetidae based on molecular analysis of LSU nrDNA sequence data by Huhndorf et al. (2004a). In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1), Chaetosphaeriales is close to Sordariales. The order comprises Chaetosphaeriaceae with 35 genera and Helminthosphaeriaceae with seven genera.

Coniochaetales Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 96(2): 378 (2004a)

This order was introduced by Huhndorf et al. (2004a) and incorporates a single family Coniochaetaceae with three genera. Coniochaetaceae differs from Sordariaceae and related families in having ascospores with elongate germ slits (Malloch and Cain 1971). Cephalothecaceae and Cordanaceae are sister families with strong phylogenetic support. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) referred the Cordanales and Coniochaetales to the Diaporthomycetidae but recent publications reported that ordinal placement is still unresolved (Su et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2015). Therefore, in the present study, we treat them under Sordariomycetes, orders incertae sedis.

Conioscyphales Réblová & Seifert, in Réblová et al., Persoonia 37: 63 (2016)

This order accommodates the family Conioscyphaceae with the monotypic genus Conioscypha. Members of this family inhabit freshwater and terrestrial habitats. The mode of conidiogenesis is unique with multiple, conspicuous collarettes forming a multi-lamellar structure around the blastic conidiogenous locus of the intercalary conidiogenous cells (Shearer and Motta 1973)

Cordanales M. Hern.-Rest. & Crous, in Hernández-Restrepo et al., Phytotaxa 205(4): 233 (2015a)

This order was introduced by Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2015a) to accommodate the family Cordanaceae with a single genus Cordana Preuss. Morphologically it is easily distinguished from its sister order Coniochaetales (Coniochaetaceae) by having a basal stroma, ascospores without germ slits and polyblastic asexual morphs (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015a). Our molecular data also support the segregation of these two orders as both of them constitute two distinct monophyletic groups with reliable support.

Coronophorales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 54 (1932)

Taxa belonging to the order Coronophorales inhabit wood and comprise Bertiaceae, Ceratostomataceae, Chaetosphaerellaceae, Coronophoraceae, Nitschkiaceae and Scortechiniaceae. Taxa in the order are characterised by mostly superficial ascomata, sometimes with an extensive hyphal subiculum or well-developed basal stroma that often becomes cupulate or collapsed, and in some cases the ostiolar opening is either indistinct or lacking (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).

Diaporthales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 53 (1932)

The order Diaporthales comprises 12 families, which are Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Harknessiaceae, Macrohilaceae, Melanconidaceae, Pseudoplagiostomataceae, Pseudovalsaceae, Schizoparmaceae, Stilbosporaceae, Sydowiellaceae and Valsaceae. Members of Diaporthales are pathogens, parasites, and endophytes of plants, human-animal pathogens, saprobes and soil inhabitants (Rossman et al. 2007). The order Diaporthales is characterized by perithecia with an elongate beak, often forming within stromatic tissues (Rossman et al. 2007). Asci generally deliquesce at the base when mature and have a characteristic refractive apical annulus.

Falcocladiales R.H. Perera et al. in Maharachchikumbura et al., Fungal Divers 72: 218 (2015)

This monotypic order in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae accommodate the family Falcocladiaceae. Members of this family are saprobes on leaf litter and leaves including Eucalyptus grandis and E. camaldulensis in tropical, terrestrial habitats (Crous et al. 1994; Jones et al. 2014). The order presently includes one hyphomycetous asexual genus Falcocladium introduced by Crous et al. (1994). Jones et al. (2014) introduced the monotypic family Falcocladiaceae based on SSU and LSU sequence data to accommodate members of genus Falcocladium and suggested further taxon sampling was needed to determine its ordinal status. There is no recorded sexual morph for this order. Phylogenies recovered herein depict that the Falcocladiales is most closely related to the order Coronophorales (Figs. 1 and 2).

Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 170 (2011)

Chadefaud (1960) proposed the order “Glomérellales” but without a Latin diagnosis and the name was thus invalid. The order Glomerellales was therefore validly published by Réblová et al. (2011) in the class Sordariomycetes and comprised three families Australiascaceae, Reticulascaceae and Glomerellaceae. The introduction was based on analysis of ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 (ITS), nc28S (LSU) rDNA, and nc18S (SSU) rDNA datasets, and a combined data set of LSU-SSU-RPB2. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) included Plectosphaerellaceae in to this order based on a combined data set of LSU-SSU-TEF-RPB2. Current analyses clearly demonstrate that this order, represented by four families is monophyletic.

Hypocreales Lindau, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Teil. I (Leipzig) 1(1): 343 (1897)

Members of the Hypocreales are highly diverse in the tropics, subtropics temperature regions (Põldmaa 2011). Hypocreales is represented by Bionectriaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Flammocladiaceae, Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Stachybotriaceae and Tilachlidiaceae.

Jobellisiales D’souza & K.D. Hyde, in Maharachchikumbura et al., Fungal Divers 72: 219 (2015)

Jobellisiales is a monotypic order in the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. It includes a single family Jobellisiaceae characterized by saprobic lignicolous taxa found in terrestrial and freshwater habitats. This order encompasses taxa that possess relatively large, superficial ascomata, a three layered, thick peridium, cylindrical asci and one septate ascospores. Ascomata of Jobellisia luteola (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr are peculiar in appearing orange to yellow brown, whereas those of J. barrii Huhndorf et al. and J. viridifusca K.M. Tsui & K.D. Hyde have a bright orange middle wall layer (Ranghoo et al. 2001, Liu et al. 2012). The family Jobellisiaceae was introduced by Réblová (2008) as a monotypic family and currently includes seven species. Réblová (2008), using LSU rDNA sequence analysis, showed that the closest relatives to Jobellisiaceae are Calosphaeriales and Togniniaceae. No asexual morph is reported for this order.

Koralionastetales Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 113(3): 377 (2009)

Based on the combined dataset of SSU and LSU rDNA sequences and morphological characters the genera Koralionastes and Pontogeneia were assigned to the new order Koralionastetales (Campbell et al. 2009). Koralionastetales shows phylogenetic affinities to Lulworthiales and Pisorisporiales.

Lulworthiales Kohlm. et al., Mycologia 92(3): 456 (2000)

Kohlmeyer et al. (2000) assigned two genera Lulworthia and Lindra to this new order and the new family (Lulworthiaceae). Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) showed that a number of asexual morphs also belong in this family, i.e. Halazoon, Hydea and Orbimyces. Members of Lulworthiales lack an apical ring in the asci and have ascospores with apical chambers from which mucilage is released (Campbell et al. 2005). The Lulworthiaceae is a monophyletic lineage with high support and is a sister family to the Koralionastetaceae (Fig 2)

Magnaporthales Thongk. et al., Fungal Diversity 34: 166 (2009)

A phylogenetic study of Pyricularia (Sacc.) Sacc. and related genera in Magnaporthales by Klaubauf et al. (2014) resulted in the introduction of two new families, Ophioceraceae and Pyriculariaceae. Ophioceraceae comprises a single genus Ophioceras, containing species that mostly occur on wood submerged in freshwater. Magnaporthaceae was considered to include Buergenerula, Bussabanomyces, Endopyricularia, Gaeumannomyces, Harpophora, Magnaporthiopsis, Nakataea, Omnidemptus, Pyriculariopsis and Slopeiomyces with Nakataea as the correct name for the type of the family. The new genus Kohlmeyeriopsis was introduced based on molecular data and morphology. Pyriculariaceae was introduced and included Deightoniella and Pyricularia, and the new genera Bambusicularia, Barretomyces, Macgarvieomyces, Neopyricularia, Proxipyricularia, Pseudopyricularia and Xenopyricularia (Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Melanosporales N. Zhang & M. Blackw., in Hibbett et al., Mycol. Res. 111(5): 531 (2007)

This order was suggested in Zhang et al. (2006) but not validly published; it was formally introduced by Hibbett et al. (2007) to accommodate Melanospora and Sphaerodes in Ceratostomataceae.

Meliolales Gäum et al., Syst. Ascom. 5(1): 180 (1986)

This order was introduced by Hawksworth and Eriksson (1986) and it accommodates a single family Meliolaceae, which are the black mildews, and comprise eight genera. This group is unique in producing black web-like colonies on the host, comprising superficial brown to black mycelium with appressoria (Hosagoudar 2004). Until recently the family was thought to be a member of Dothideomycetes (Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2007a).

Microascales Luttr. et al., Mycotaxon 12(1): 40 (1980)

The order Microascales was introduced by Benny and Kimbrough (1980) to accommodate Chadefaudiellaceae, Microascaceae and Pithoascaceae, and later expanded to include Ceratocystidaceae, Gondwanamycetaceae, Halosphaeriaceae and Graphiaceae (Réblová et al. 2011).

Ophiostomatales Benny & Kimbr., Mycotaxon 12(1): 48 (1980)

This order was introduced by Benny and Kimbrough (1980) for the family Ophiostomataceae; while Kathistaceae was added by Malloch and Blackwell (1990).

Phyllachorales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)

The order Phyllachorales was introduced by Barr (1983) comprising two families, viz. Phaeochoraceae and Phyllachoraceae. This order is distinctive as the species are biotrophs on various hosts, where they form bright or black stroma (Pearce and Hyde 1994). Asci are unitunicate and ascospores are hyaline or lightly pigmented (Barr 1983; Pearce and Hyde 1993a, b, 1994). There is a close phylogenetic association of the Phyllachorales to the Boliniales.

Pisorisporiales Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 43 (2015)

This monotypic order was introduced by Réblová et al. (2015) based on LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data. It currently includes the family Pisorisporiaceae. In their analyses, the Pisorisporiales nested in a weakly-supported clade sister to the orders Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales.

Pleurotheciales Réblová & Seifert, in Réblová et al., Persoonia 37: 63 (2016)

Pleurotheciales accommodates the family Pleurotheciaceae, which comprises 11 genera. Members of the order Pleurotheciales share dark, papillate, glabrous or sparsely setose perithecia, upright or lying horizontally to the host, asci with a distinct non-amyloid apical annulus, filiform paraphyses that disintegrate partially at maturity and fusiform to ellipsoidal, septate, hyaline ascospores (Réblová et al. 2016).

Savoryellales Boonyuen et al., in Boonyuen et al., Mycologia 103(6): 1368 (2011)

The taxonomic placement of the genus Savoryella has been widely debated and Jones et al. (2009a, b) referred it to the Sordariales genera incertae sedis. Boonyuen et al. (2011), in a combined phylogenetic analysis of Savoryella species (LSU, SSU, 5.8S rRNA genes, RPB1, RPB2, TEF), showed that they formed a monophyletic group in the Sordariomycetes, but showed no affinities with other accepted orders. The order Savoryellales was introduced to accommodate Savoryella species, along with the genera Ascotaiwania, Ascothailandia (and its asexual morph Canalisporium), as they formed a distinct lineage in the Sordariomycetes (Boonyuen et al. 2011).

Sordariales Chadef. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., Syst. Ascom. 5(1): 182 (1986)

This order was introduced by Hawksworth and Eriksson (1986) and comprises three families viz. Chaetomiaceae, Sordariaceae and Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu lato. Most species grow on either dung or decaying substrata, such as wood, or are aquatic, growing on submerged wood (Zhang et al. 2006). The Sordariales are characterized by membranous or coriaceous ascomata, and hyaline or brown ascospores often with appendages or sheaths (Zhang et al. 2006). In most studies, a close relationship between Sordariales and Chaetosphaeriales has always been observed.

Spathulosporales Kohlm., Mycologia 65(3): 615 (1973)

The Spathulosporales is a marine order that includes the family Hispidicarpomycetaceae and Spathulosporaceae. Some Spathulosporaceae species show affinities to the order Lulworthiales (Inderbitzin et al. 2004), although the type species (Spathulospora phycophila A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson) has not been sequenced. Presently this order is classified under Sordariomycetes, order incertae sedis.

Tirisporellales Suetrong et al., in Jones et al., Fungal Diversity: 73(1): 42 (2015)

Tirisporellales is a monotypic order in the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae and includes a single family Tirisporellaceae. The family was introduced by Suetrong et al. (2015) with two monotypic genera Tirisporella and Thailandiomyces, based on SSU and LSU rDNA sequences analysis and morphological observations. Tirisporella is a mangrove species found growing on the palm Nypa fruticans while Thailandiomyces is a freshwater ascomycete growing on the trunks of the palm Licuala longicalycata.

Togniniales Senan. et al., in Maharachchikumbura et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-015-0331-z, [22] (2015)

Togniniales is a monotypic order in the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. Our analyses also reveal a similar scenario and the order is basal to the Diaporthales. The Togniniales includes a single family Togniniaceae containing plant pathogen and saprobic on dead wood. Togniniaceae comprising the sexual morph genera Conidiotheca and Togninia and the asexual morph genus Phaeoacremonim (Réblová and Mostert 2007).

Torpedosporales E.B.G. Jones et al., in Jones et al., Fungal Diversity 73(1): 43 (2015)

Based on combined SSU and LSU rDNA sequence analysis Jones et al. (2015) showed that taxa in the families Etheirophoraceae, Juncigenaceae and Torpedosporaceae form a highly supported clade in the Hypocreomycetidae and a new order Torpedosporales was introduced. Similar phylogenies are obtained in this study. Members of the order are saprobic on lignicolous substrates and leaves, in marine habitats. The Torpedosporales shows phylogenetic affinities to the orders Falcocladiales, Coronophorales and Melanosporales (Jones et al. 2015)

Trichosphaeriales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)

This order was introduced by Barr (1983) based on Trichosphaeria pilosa (Pers.) Fuckel. The current classification of Trichosphaeriales recognizes only one family, the terrestrial Trichosphaeriaceae. Trichosphaeriaceae has affinities with Annulatascaceae, Ophiostomataceae and Papulosporaceae.

Xylariales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 66 (1932)

The Xylariales is a large order of perithecial ascomycetes with eight-spored unitunicate asci, with a J+, apical ring and ascospores with a prominent germ slit (Smith et al. 2003). Presently there are 22 families accepted in Xylariales.

Taxonomy

Outline of Sordariomycetes, 31 December 2015

^● = sequence data in GenBank as at date on submission

Class SORDARIOMYCETES sensu O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Diaporthomycetidae Senan. et al.

Annulatascales D’souza et al.

Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong et al.

Annulatascus K.D. Hyde ^●

Annulusmagnus J. Campb. & Shearer ^●

Aqualignicola V.M. et al.

Aquaticola W.H. Ho et al. ^●

Ascitendus J. Campb. & Shearer^●

Ayria Fryar & K.D. Hyde

Cataractispora K.D. Hyde et al. ^●

Chaetorostrum Zelski et al.

Clohiesia K.D. Hyde ^●

Cyanoannulus Raja et al. ^●

Dictyosporella Abdel-Aziz ^●

Diluviocola K.D. Hyde et al.

Fusoidispora D. Vijaykrishna et al. ^●

Longicollum Zelski et al.

Pseudoannulatascus Z.L. Luo et al. ^●

Pseudoproboscispora Punith. ^●

Rhamphoria Niessl. ^●

Submersisphaeria K.D. Hyde ^●

Torrentispora K.D. Hyde et al.

Vertexicola K.D. Hyde et al. ^●

Calosphaeriales M.E. Barr

Calosphaeriaceae Munk ^●

Calosphaeria Tul. & C Tul. ^●

Calosphaeriophora Réblová et al. ^●

Conidiotheca Réblová & L Mostert

Jattaea Berl ^●

= Phragmocalosphaeria Petr.

= Wegelina Berl.

Kacosphaeria Speg.

Sulcatistroma A.W. Ramaley

Togniniella Réblová et al. ^●

= Phaeocrella Réblová et al. ^●

Tulipispora Révay & J. Gönczöl, in Révay et al.

Pleurostomataceae Réblová, L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous

Pleurostoma Tul. & C. Tul. ^●

= Pleurostomophora Vijaykr.et al.

Calosphaeriales genera, incertae sedis

Enchnoa Fr. ^●

Diaporthales Nannf.

Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Amphilogia Gryzenh. et al. ^●

Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton ^●

Aurapex Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Aurifilum Begoude et al. ^●

Celoporthe Nakab. et al. ^●

Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva ^●

Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell ^●

Chrysofolia Crous & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. ^●

= Chrysoporthella Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. ^●

= Endothiella Sacc.

Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Diversimorbus S.F. Chen & J. Roux ^●

Endothia Fr. ^●

Foliocryphia Cheewangkoon & Crous ^●

Holocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al. ^●

Lasmenia Speg. ^●

Latruncellus M. Verm. et al. ^●

Luteocirrhus C.F. Crane & T.I. Burgess ^●

Mastigosporella Höhn. ^●

Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Prosopidicola Crous & C.L. Lennox ^●

Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Ursicollum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm.

Allantoporthe Petr.

Apioporthella Petr.

Clypeoporthella Petr.

Diaporthe Nitschke ^●

= Phomopsis (Sacc) Bubák

Diaporthella Petr. ^●

Leucodiaporthe M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva

Mazzantia Mont. ^●

= Mazzantiella Höhn.

Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju et al. ^●

Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al. ^●

Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd. ^●

Gnomoniaceae G. Winter

Alnecium Voglmayr & Jaklitsch ^●

Ambarignomonia Sogonov ^●

Amphiporthe Petr. ^●

Anisomyces Theiss. & Syd.

Apiognomonia Höhn. ^●

Apioplagiostoma M.E. Barr ^●

Asteroma DC. ^●

Bagcheea E. Müll. & R. Menon

Clypeoporthe Höhn.

Cryptosporella Sacc. ^●

Cylindrosporella Höhn.

Depazea Fr.

Diplacella Syd.

= Discosporium Höhn.

= Discula Sacc.

Ditopella De Not. ^●

Ditopellopsis J. Reid & C. Booth ^●

Gloeosporidina Petr.

Gnomonia Ces. & De Not.

Gnomoniella Sacc. ^●

Gnomoniopsis Berl. ^●

Mamiania Ces & De Not.

Millerburtonia Cif .

Occultocarpon L.C. Mejía & Zhu L. Yang ^●

Ophiognomonia (Sacc.) Sacc. ^●

Phragmoporthe Petr. ^●

Phylloporthe Syd.

Plagiostoma Fuckel ^●

= Cryptodiaporthe Petr.

= Diplodina Westend

Pleuroceras Riess. ^●

= Linospora Fuckel

Skottsbergiella Petr.

Sirococcus Preuss ^●

Spataporthe Bronson et al.

Uniseta Ciccar

Xenotypa Petr.

Zythia Fr. ^●

Harknessiaceae Crous

Harknessia Cooke ^●

Macrohilaceae Crous

Macrohilum H.J. Swart ^●

Melanconidaceae G. Winter

Botanamphora Nograsek & Scheuer

Ceratoporthe Petr.

Cytomelanconis Naumov

Dicarpella Syd. & P. Syd. ^●

Dictyoporthe Petr.

Fremineavia Nieuwl.

Gibellia Sacc.

Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones

Kensinjia J. Reid & C. Booth

Macrodiaporthe Petr.

Massariovalsa Sacc.

Mebarria J. Reid & C. Booth

Melanamphora Lafl.

Melanconiella Sacc. ^●

Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh.

Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul. ^●

= Melanconium Link

Phragmodiaporthe Wehm.

Plagiophiale Petr.

Plagiostigme Syd.

Prostratus Sivan. et al.

Pseudovalsella Höhn.

Wehmeyera J. Reid & C. Booth

Wuestneia Auersw. ex Fuckel ^●

Wuestneiopsis J. Reid & Dowsett

Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al.

Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew. et al. ^●

Pseudovalsaceae M.E. Barr

Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee ^●

Coryneum Nees

= Pseudovalsa Ces. & De Not. ^●

Schizoparmaceae Rossman

Coniella Höhn. ^●

= Baeumleria Petr. & Syd.

Pilidiella Petr. & Syd. ^●

= Schizoparme Shear

Stilbosporaceae Link

Crinitospora B. Sutton & Alcorn ^●

Natarajania Pratibha & Bhat ^●

Stilbospora Pers. ^●

Stegonsporium Corda ^●

Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vassiljeva

Cainiella E. Müll. ^●

Calosporella J. Schröt ^●

Chapeckia M.E. Barr ^●

Hapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel ^●

Lambro Racib.

Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva ^●

Sillia P. Karst. ^●

Stegophora Syd. & P. Syd.

Sydowiella Petr. ^●

Uleoporthe Petr.

Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze ^●

Valsaceae Tul. & C. Tul.

Amphicytostroma Petr.

Chadefaudiomyces Kamat et al.

Cryptascoma Ananthap.

Cytospora Ehrenb. ^●

= Leucostoma (Nitschke) Höhn.

= Valsa Fr.

= ValsellaFuckel

= Valseutypella Höhn.

Ditopellina J. Reid & C. Booth

Durispora K.D. Hyde

Harpostroma Höhn.

Hypospilina (Sacc) Traverso

Kapooria J. Reid & C. Booth

Leptosillia Höhn.

Maculatipalma J. Fröhlich & K.D. Hyde ^●

Pachytrype Berl. ex M.E. Barr et al. ^●

Paravalsa Ananthap.

Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis

ArgentinomycesN.I. Peña & Aramb.

Anisogramma Theiss. & Syd. ^●

Anisomycopsis I. Hino & Katum.

Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani ^●

= Sphaerognomonia Potebnia ex Höhn.

Apomelasmia Grove

Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell ^●

Bagadiella Cheew. & Crous ^●

Caudospora Starbäck

Chaetoconis Clem. ^●

Cryptoleptosphaeria Petr.

Cryptonectriella (Höhn.) Weese

Cryptonectriopsis (Höhn.) Weese

Diatrypoidiella Manohar et al.

Disculoides Crous et al. ^●

Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary

Erythrogloeum Petr. ^●

Exormatostoma Gray

Greeneria Scribn. & Viala ^●

Gyrostroma Naumov ^●

Hercospora Fr. ^●

Hyalorostratum Raja & Shearer ^●

Hypodermina Höhn.

Keinstirschia J. Reid & C. Booth

Lollipopaia Inderbitzin ^●

Mamianiella Höhn. ^●

Pseudocryptosporella J. Reid & C. Booth

Pseudothis Theiss. & Syd.

Rabenhorstia Fr. ^●

Savulescua Petr.

Sphaerognomoniella Naumov & Kusnezowa

Stioclettia Dennis

Trematovalsa Jacobesco

Tubakia B. Sutton ^●

Valsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman ^●

Vismaya V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde

Jobellisiales D’souza & K.D. Hyde

Jobellisiaceae Réblová

Jobellisia M.E. Barr ^●

Magnaporthales Thongk. et al.

Magnaporthaceae P.F. Cannon

Budhanggurabania P. Wong et al. ^●

Buergenerula Syd. ^●

Bussabanomyces Klaubauf et al. ^●

Ceratosphaerella Huhndorf et al. ^●

Ceratosphaeria Niessl. ^●

Clasterosphaeria Sivan.

Clasterosporium Schwein

Clavatisporella K.D. Hyde

Gaeumannomyces Arx & D.L. Olivier ^●

Harpophora W. Gams ^●

Herbampulla Scheuer & Nograsek

Kohlmeyeriopsis Klaubauf et al. ^●

Magnaporthe R.A. Krause & R.K. Webster ^●

Magnaporthiopsis J. Luo & N. Zhang ^●

Muraeriata Huhndorf et al. ^●

Mycoleptodiscus Ostaz. ^●

Nakataea Hara ^●

Neogaeumannomyces D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde ^●

Omnidemptus P.F. Cannon & Alcorn ^●

Phomatospora Sacc. ^●

Pseudophialophora J. Luo & N. Zhang ^●

Pyriculariopsis M.B. Ellis ^●

Slopeiomyces Klaubauf et al. ^●

Ophioceraceae Klaubauf et al.

Ophioceras Sacc. ^●

Pyriculariaceae Klaubauf et al.

Bambusicularia Klaubauf et al. ^●

Barretomyces Klaubauf et al. ^●

Deightoniella S. Hughes ^●

= Utrechtiana Crous & Quaedvl.

Macgarvieomyces Klaubauf et al. ^●

Neocordana Hern.-Rest. & Crous ^●

Neopyricularia Klaubauf et al. ^●

Proxipyricularia Klaubauf et al. ^●

Pseudopyricularia Klaubauf et al. ^●

Pyricularia Sacc. ^●

Xenopyricularia Klaubauf et al. ^●

Magnaporthales, genera incertae sedis

Pseudohalonectria Minoura & T. Muroi ^●

Ophiostomatales Benny & Kimbr.

Kathistaceae Malloch & M. Blackw. ^●

Kathistes Malloch & M. Blackw. ^●

Mattirolella S. Colla

Termitariopsis M. Blackw. et al.

Ophiostomataceae Nannf.

Ceratocystiopsis H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr. ^●

Fragosphaeria Shear ^●

Hyalobelemnospora Matsush.

Hyalorhinocladiella H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr. ^●

Klasterskya Petr.

Leptographium Lagerb. & Melin ^●

Ophiostoma Syd. & P. Syd. ^●

Pesotum JL Crane & Schokn. ^●

Phialographium H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr. ^●

Raffaelea Arx & Hennebert ^●

Spumatoria Massee & E.S. Salmon

Subbaromyces Hesselt. ^●

Ophiostiomatales, genera incertae sedis

Lanspora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones ^●

Tirisporellales Jones et al.

Tirisporellaceae Suetrong et al. ^●

Bacusphaeria Norlailatul et al. ^●

Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones et al. ^●

Thailandiomyces Pinruan et al. ^●

Togniniales Senan. et al.

Togniniaceae Réblová et al. ^●

Conidiotheca Réblová & L. Mostert

Phaeoacremonium W. Gams et al. ^●

= TogniniaBerl. ^●

Trichosphaeriales M.E. Barr

Trichosphaeriaceae G. Winter

Acanthosphaeria Kirschst.

Brachysporium Sacc.

Collematospora Jeng & Cain

Coniobrevicolla Réblová

Cresporhaphis M.B. Aguirre

Cryptadelphia Réblová & Seifert ^●

Eriosphaeria Sacc.

Fluviostroma Samuels & E. Müll.

Kananascus Nag Raj ^●

Khuskia H.J. Huds. ^●

Koorchaloma Subram. ^●

Neorehmia Höhn.

Oplothecium Syd.

Rizalia Syd. & P. Syd.

Schweinitziella Speg.

Setocampanula Sivan. & W.H. Hsieh

Trichosphaeria Fuckel ^●

Unisetosphaeria Pinnoi et al.

Diaportheomycetidae, families incertae sedis

Distoseptisporaceae K.D. Hyde & McKenzie

Distoseptispora K.D. Hyde et al.^●

Papulosaceae Winka & O.E. Erikss.

Brunneosporella V.M. Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde

Fluminicola S.W. Wong et al.

Papulosa Kohlm & Volkm-Kohlm ^●

Sporidesmiaceae Fr.

Sporidesmium Link ^●

Thyridiaceae O.E. Erikss & J.Z. Yue

Mattirolia Berl. & Bres.

= Balzania Speg.

= Thyronectroidea Seaver

Pleurocytospora Petr.

Thyridium Nitschke ^●

Diaportheomycetidae, genera incertae sedis

Platytrachelon Réblová ^●

Subclass Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Conioscyphales Réblová & Seifert

Conioscyphaceae Réblová & Seifert

Conioscypha Höhn. ^●

= Conioscyphascus Réblová & Seifert

Coronophorales Nannf.

Bertiaceae Smyk

Bertia De Not. ^●

Gaillardiella Pat. ^●

Chaetosphaerellaceae Huhndorf et al.

Chaetosphaerella E. Müll. & C. Booth ^●

Crassochaeta Réblová ^●

Oedemium Link

= Veramycina Subram.

Spinulosphaeria Sivan. ^●

Coronophoraceae Höhn.

Coronophora Fuckel ^●

Nitschkiaceae (Fitzp) Nannf.

Acanthonitschkea Speg. ^●

Biciliosporina Subram. & Sekar

Botryola Bat. & J.L. Bezerra

Fracchiaea Sacc. ^●

Groenhiella Jørg. Koch et al.

Janannfeldtia Subram. & Sekar

Lasiosphaeriopsis D. Hawksw. & Sivan.

Loranitschkia Lar.N. Vasiljeva

Neochaetosphaerella Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al.

Neotrotteria Sacc. ^●

Nitschkia G.H. Otth ex P. Karst.

Rhagadostoma Körb.

Rhagadostomella Etayo

Tortulomyces Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al.

Scortechiniaceae Huhndorf et al.

Biciliospora Petr. ^●

Coronophorella Höhn. ^●

Cryptosphaerella Sacc. ^●

Euacanthe Theiss. ^●

Neofracchiaea Teng ^●

Scortechinia Sacc. ^●

Scortechiniella Arx & E. Müll. ^●

Scortechiniellopsis Sivan. ^●

Tympanopsis Starbäck ^●

Coronophorales, genera incertae sedis

Pseudocatenomycopsis Crous & L.A. Shuttlew. ^●

Falcocladiales R.H. Perera et al.

Falcocladiaceae Somrithipol et al.

Falcocladium S.F. Silveira et al. ^●

Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al.

Australiascaceae Réblová & W. Gams

Monilochaetes Halst. ex Harter ^●

= Australiasca Sivan. & Alcorn

Hyalocylindrophora J.L. Crane & Dumont

Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams

Colletotrichum Corda ^●

= Glomerella Spauld. & Schrenk

Plectosphaerellaceae W. Gams et al.

Acrostalagmus Corda ^●

Chordomyces Bilanenko, M.L et al. ^●

Gibellulopsis Bat. & H. Maia ^●

Lectera P.F. Cannon ^●

Musicillium Zare & W Gams ^●

Plectosphaerella Kleb. ^●

= Plectosporium M.E. Palm et al.

= Spermosporina U. Braun

Sodiomyces A.A. Grum-Grzhim. et al. ^●

Stachylidium Link ^●

Verticillium Nees ^●

Reticulascaceae Réblová & W. Gams

Cylindrotrichum Bonord. ^●

= Reticulascus Réblová & W. Gams

Kylindria DiCosmo et al. ^●

Sporoschismopsis Hol-Jech. & Hennebert ^●

= Porosphaerellopsis Samuels & E. Müll.

Glomerellales, genera, incertae sedis

Ascocodinaea Samuels et al. ^●

Hypocreales Lindau

Bionectriaceae Samuels & Rossman

= Spicariaceae Nann.

Acremonium Link ^●

Anthonectria Döbbeler

Aphanotria Döbbeler

Battarrina (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear

Bryocentria Döbbeler ^●

Clonostachys Corda ^●

= Bionectria Speg. ^●

Clibanites (P. Karst.) P. Karst.

Didymostilbe Henn ^●

Dimerosporiella Speg.

Gliomastix Guég. ^●

Globonectria Etayo

Gracilistilbella Seifert

Halonectria E.B.G. Jones

Heleococcum P.M. Jørg. ^●

Hydropisphaera Dumort ^●

Ijuhya Starbäck ^●

Kallichroma Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. ^●

Lasionectria (Sacc) Cooke ^●

Mycocitrus Möller

Nectriella Nitschke ex Fuckel

Nectriopsis Maire ^●

Ochronectria Rossman & Samuels ^●

Ovicuculospora Etayo ^●

Paranectria Sacc.

Peristomialis (W. Phillips) Boud. ^●

Pronectria Clem.

Protocreopsis Yoshim Doi ^●

Rhopalocladium Schroers et al.

Roumegueriella Speg. ^●

Selinia P. Karst. ^●

Spicellum Nicot & Roquebert ^●

Stephanonectria Schroers & Samuels ^●

Stilbocrea Pat. ^●

Stromatocrea W.B. Cooke

Stromatonectria Jaklitsch & H. Voglmayr ^●

Trichonectria Kirschst. ^●

Vesicladiella Crous & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Verrucostoma Hirooka et al. ^●

Virgatospora Finley ^●

Clavicipitaceae (Lindau) Earle ex Rogerson

Aciculosporium I. Miyake ^●

= Albomyces I. Miyake

= Mitosporium Clem. & Shear

Amphichorda Fr.

Atkinsonella Diehl. ^●

Balansia Speg. ^●

= Dothichloë G.F. Atk. ^●

Cavimalum Yoshim. Doi et al.

Chamaeleomyces Sigler ^●

Claviceps Tul. ^●

Collarina Giraldo et al. ^●

Conoideocrella D. Johnson et al. ^●

Corallocytostroma Y.N. Yu & Z.Y. Zhang ^●

Diploöspora Grove

Dussiella Pat. ^●

Ephelis Fr. ^●

Epichloë (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. ^●

Epicrea Petr.

Helminthascus Tranzschel

Heteroepichloë E. Tanaka et al. ^●

Hypocrella Sacc. ^●

= Aschersonia Mont. ^●

Konradia Racib.

Loculistroma F. Patt & Charles

Metacordyceps G.H. Sung et al. ^●

Metarhiziopsis D.W. Li et al. ^●

Metarhizium Sorokīn ^●

Metapochonia Kepler et al. ^●

Moelleriella Bres. ^●

Mycomalus Möller

Myriogenospora G.F. Atk. ^●

Neobarya Lowen ^●

Neoclaviceps J. White et al. ^●

Neocordyceps Kobayasi

Neotyphodium Glenn et al. ^●

Nigrocornus Ryley & Langdon ^●

Nomuraea Maubl. ^●

Orbiocrella D. Johnson et al. ^●

Parepichloë F.J. White Jr. & Reddy ^●

Periglandula U. Steineret al. ^●

Pochonia Bat. & O.M. Fonseca ^●

Pseudogibellula Samson & H.C. Evans ^●

Pseudomeria G.L. Barron

Regiocrella Chaverri & K.T. Hodge ^●

Romanoa Thirum.

Rotiferophthora G.L. Barron ^●

Samuelsia Chaverri & K.T. Hodge ^●

Shimizuomyces Kobayasi ^●

Sphacelia Lév. ^●

Sphaerocordyceps Kobayasi

Stereocrea Syd. & P. Syd.

Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & Spatafora ^●

Ustilaginoidea Bref. ^●

= Villosiclava E. Tanaka & C. Tanaka

Cordycipitaceae Kreisel ex G.M. Sung et al.

Akanthomyces Lebert ^●

Ascopolyporus Möller ^●

Beejasamuha Subram. & Chandrash.

Beauveria Vuill. ^●

Coremiopsis Sizova & Suprun

Engyodontium de Hoog ^●

Cordyceps (Fr.) Link ^●

Gibellula Cavara ^●

Granulomanus de Hoog & Samson

Hyperdermium J. White et al. ^●

Isaria Pers. ^●

Lecanicillium W. Gams & Zare ^●

Microhilum H.Y. Yip & A.C. Rath ^●

Pseudogibellula Samson & H.C. Evans ^●

Rotiferophthora G.L. Barron ^●

Simplicillium W. Gams & Zare ^●

Syspastospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw. ^●

Torrubiella Boud. ^●

Flammocladiaceae Crous et al.

Flammocladiella Crous et al. ^●

Hypocreaceae De Not.

= Trichodermataceae Fr.

Aphysiostroma Barrasa et al. ^●

Arachnocrea Z. Moravec. ^●

Dialhypocrea Speg.

Escovopsis J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia ^●

Escovopsioides H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin ^●

Hypocreopsis P. Karst. ^●

Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. ^●

= Cladobotryum Nees

Lichenobarya Etayo et al. ^●

Mycogone Link ^●

Payoshaeria W.F. Leong ^●

Protocrea Petch ^●

Pseudohypocrea Yoshim. Doi

Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge

Sepedonium Link ^●

Sibirina G.R.W. Arnold

Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc ^●

= Gliocladium Corda

Sporophagomyces K. Põldmaa & Samuels ^●

Stephanoma Wallr ^●

Trichoderma Pers. ^●

= Hypocrea Fr.

= Sarawakus Lloyd

Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul.

= Tuberculariaceae Fr.

Albonectria Rossman & Samuels ^●

Allantonectria Earle ^●

Allonectella Petr.

Antipodium Piroz.

Aquanectria L. Lombard & Crous ^●

Atractium Link ^●

Baipadisphaeria Pinruan ^●

Bisifusarium L. Lombard et al. ^●

Calonectria De Not. ^●

= Cylindrocladium Morgan

Calostilbe Sacc. & Syd.

= Calostilbella Höhn. ^●

Campylocarpon Halleen et al. ^●

Chaetonectrioides Matsush. ^●

Chaetopsina Rambelli ^●

= Chaetopsinectria J Luo & WY Zhuang

Coccinonectria Lombard & Crous ^●

Corallomycetella Henn. ^●

Corallonectria C. Herrera & P. Chaverri ^●

Cosmospora Rabenh. ^●

= Dialonectria (Sacc.) Cooke

Curvicladiella Decock & Crous

Curvicladium Decock & Crous ^●

Cyanochyta Höhn.

Cyanonectria Samuels & Chaverri ^●

Cyanophomella Höhn.

Cylindrocladiella Boesew. ^●

= Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch

Cylinrocarpostylus

Cylindrodendrum Bonord. ^●

Dacryoma Samuels

Dactylonectria L. Lombard & Crous ^●

Dematiocladium Allegr. et al. ^●

Fusarium Link ^●

= Gibberella Sacc.

Fusicolla Bonord ^●

Geejayessia Schroers et al. ^●

Gliocephalotrichum J.J. Ellis & Hesselt. ^●

= Leuconectria Rossman et al.

Gliocladiopsis S.B. Saksena ^●

= Glionectria Crous & C.L. Schoch

Ilyonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado ^●

Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan et al. ^●

Mariannaea G. Arnaud ex Samson ^●

Microcera Desm. ^●

= Pseudomicrocera Petch

Nalanthamala Subram. ^●

= Rubrinectria Rossman & Samuels

Nectria (Fr.) Fr. ^●

= Tubercularia Tode

Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch ^●

Neonectria Wollenw. ^●

= Cylindrocarpon Wollenw.

= Heliscus Sacc

Neocosmospora E.F. Sm. ^●

= Haematonectria Samuels & Nirenberg

Ophionectria Sacc. ^●

Paracremonium L. Lombard & Crous ^●

Payosphaeria W.F. Leong ^●

Penicillifer Emden ^●

= Viridispora Samuels & Rossman

Persiciospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw. ^●

Pleogibberella Sacc.

Pleonectria Sacc. ^●

= Zythiostroma Höhn ex Falck

Pleurocolla Petr. ^●

Pseudocosmospora C. Herrera & P. Chaverri ^●

Pseudonectria Seaver ^●

Rectifusarium Lombard et al. ^●

Rugonectria P. Chaverri & Samuels ^●

Sarcopodium Ehrenb. ^●

= Actinostilbe Petch

= Lanatonectria Samuels & Rossman

Stachybotryna Tubaki & T. Yokoy

Stalagmites Theiss. & Syd.

Stylonectria Höhn. ^●

Thelonectria P. Chaverri & C.G. Salgado ^●

Thyronectria Sacc. ^●

Volutella Fr. ^●

= Chaetodochium Höhn.

= Volutellonectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang

Xenoacremonium Lombard & Crous ^●

Xenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch ^●

= Xenocylindrocladium Decock et al. ^●

Xenogliocladiopsis Crous & W.B. Kendr. ^●

Xenonectriella Weese

Niessliaceae Kirschst.

Atronectria Etayo

Circinoniesslia Samuels & M.E. Barr

Eucasphaeria Crous ^●

Hyaloseta A.W. Ramaley ^●

Malmeomyces Starb.

Melanopsamma Niessl ^●

Melchioria Penz. & Sacc.

Miyakeomyces Hara

Myrmaeciella Lindau ^●

Niesslia Auersw. ^●

Paraniesslia K.M. Tsui et al.

Pseudonectriella Petr.

Pseudorhynchia Höhn.

Rosasphaeria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr ^●

Taiwanascus Sivan. & H.S. Chang

Trichosphaerella E. Bommer et al. ^●

Valetoniella Höhn.

Ophiocordycipitaceae G.H. Sung et al.

Drechmeria W. Gams & H.B. Jansson ^●

= Haptocillium W. Gams & Zare

Harposporium Lohde ^●

= Atricordyceps Samuels

= Podocrella Seaver

= Polyrhina Sorokin

Ophiocordyceps Petch ^●

Polycephalomyces Kobayasi ^●

= Blistum B. Sutton

Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard et al. ^●

Tolypocladium W. Gams ^●

= Chaunopycnis W. Gams

= Elaphocordyceps G.H. Sung & Spatafora

Stachybotriaceae L. Lombard & Crous

Albosynnema E.F. Morris ^●

Myrothecium Tode ^●

Parasarcopodium Melnik et al. ^●

Peethambara Subram. & Bhat ^●

Sarcopodium Ehrenb. ^●

Scopinella Lév. ^●

Stachybotrys Corda ^●

= Memnoniella Höhn.

= Ornatispora K.D. Hyde et al.

= Melanopsamma Niessl.

= Valsonectria Speg.

Tilachlidiaceae Lombard & Crous

Septofusidium W. Gams ^●

Tilachlidium Preuss ^●

Hypocreales, genera incertae sedis

Acremoniopsis Giraldo et al. ^●

Alfaria Crous et al. ^●

Berkelella (Sacc.) Sacc.

Bulbithecium Udagawa & T Muroi ^●

Emericellopsis J.F.H. Beyma ^●

Fecundostilbum T.P. Devi & Chowdhry

Geosmithia J. Pitt ^●

Gynonectria Döbbeler

Hapsidospora Malloch & Cain ^●

Haptospora G.L. Barron

Harzia Costantin ^●

Illosporiopsis D. Hawksw.

Illosporium Mart. ^●

Leucosphaerina Arx ^●

Metadothella Henn.

Microcyclephaeria Bat. ^●

Munkia Speg.

Mycoarachis Malloch & Cain ^●

Neomunkia Petr ^●

Nigrosabulum Malloch & Cain ^●

Peloronectria Möller

Perennicordyceps Matočec & I. Kušan ^●

Pseudoacremonium Crous ^●

Pseudoidriella Crous & R.G. Shivas ^●

Pseudomeliola Speg.

Pseudomicrodochium B. Sutton

Rodentomyces Doveri et al. ^●

Roselliniella Vain ^●

Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksw. ^●

Sedecimiella K.L. Pang et al. ^●

Septomyrothecium Matsush.

= Sporothrix Hektoen & C.F. Perkins

Stanjemonium W. Gams et al. ^●

Stilbella Lindau ^●

Ticonectria Döbbeler

Tilakidium Vaidya et al.

Trichothecium Link ^●

Valetoniellopsis Samuels & M.E. Barr ^●

Melanosporales N. Zhang & M. Blackw.

Ceratostomataceae G. Winter

Acrospeira Berk & Broome

Arxiomyces P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.

Erythrocarpon Zukal

Gonatobotrys Corda

Melanospora Corda ^●

= Proteophiala Cif.

Pteridiosperma J.C. Krug & Jeng

Pustulipora P.F. Cannon

Rhytidospora Jeng & Cain

Setiferotheca Matsush.

Vittatispora P. Chaudhary et al. ^●

Melanosporales genera, incertae sedis

Sphaerodes Clem. ^●

Papulaspora Preuss ^●

Microascales Luttr. ex Benny & Kimbr.

= Halosphaeriales Kohlm.

Chadefaudiellaceae Faurel & Schotter ex Benny & Kimbr.

Chadefaudiella Faurel & Schotter

Faurelina Locq-Lin. ^●

Ceratocystidaceae Locq. ex Réblova et al.

Ambrosiella Brader ex Arx & Hennebert ^●

Ceratocystis Ellis & Halst. ^●

Chalaropsis Peyronel ^●

Davidsoniella Z.W. de Beer et al. ^●

Endoconidiophora Münch ^●

Huntiella Z.W. de Beer et al. ^●

Thielaviopsis Went. ^●

Gondwanamycetaceae Réblová et al.

Custingophora Stolk et al. ^●

Gondwanamyces Marais & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Graphiaceae De Beer

Graphium Corda ^●

Halosphaeriaceae E. Müll & Arx ex Kohlm.

Alisea J. Dupont & E.B.G. Jones ^●

Aniptodera Shearer & M. Miller ^●

Anisostagma K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch

Antennospora Meyers ^●

Appendichordella R.G. Johnson et al.

Arenariomyces Höhnk ^●

Ascosacculus J. Campbell et al. ^●

Bathyascus Kohlm.

Carbosphaerella I. Schmidt ^●

Ceriosporopsis Linder ^●

= Bovicornua Jørg Koch & E.B.G. Jones

Chadefaudia Feldm.-Maz.

Corallicola Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm.

Corollospora Werderm ^●

= Halosigmoidea Nakagiri et al.

= Peritrichospora Linder

Cucullosporella K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones ^●

Ebullia K.L. Pang ^●

Fluviatispora K.D. Hyde ^●

Gesasha Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. ^●

Haiyanga K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones ^●

Haligena Kohlm. ^●

Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. ^●

Halosphaeria Linder ^●

Halosphaeriopsis T.W. Johnson ^●

= Culcitalna Meyers & R.T. Moore

Havispora K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed ^●

Iwilsoniella EBG Jones

Kitesporella Jheng & K.L. Pang ^●

Kochiella Sakay. et al. ^●

Lautisporiopsis E.B.G. Jones et al. ^●

Lignincola Höhnk ^●

Limacospora Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones

Luttrellia Shearer

Magnisphaera J. Campb. et al. ^●

= Matsusphaeria K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones

Marinospora A.R. Caval. ^●

= Ceriosporella (Kohlm.) A.R. Caval.

Moana Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Morakotiella Sakay. ^●

Nais Kohlm. ^●

Natantispora J. Campb. et al. ^●

Nautosphaeria E.B.G. Jones ^●

Neptunella K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones ^●

Nereiospora EBG Jones et al. ^●

= Peritrichospora Linder

Nimbospora Jørg. Koch ^●

Nohea Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. ^●

Oceanitis Kohlm. ^●

= Ascosalsum J. Campb. et al.

= Falcatispora K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones

Ocostaspora E.B.G. Jones et al. ^●

Okeanomyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones ^●

Ondiniella E.B.G. Jones et al. ^●

Ophiodeira Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. ^●

Phaeonectriella R.A. Eaton & E.B.G. Jones ^●

Praelongicaulis Jones et al. ^●

Panorbis J. Campb. et al. ^●

Pileomyces K.L. Pang & Jheng ^●

Pseudolignincola Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones

Remispora Linder ^●

Saagaromyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones ^●

= Littispora J. Campb. et al.

Sablicola E B.G. Jones et al. ^●

Thalassogena Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. ^●

Thalespora Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones ^●

Tirispora E.B.G. Jones & Vrijmoed ^●

Toriella Sakay. et al. ^●

Trailia G.K. Sutherl.

Trichomaris Hibbits et al.

Tubakiella Sakay. et al. ^●

Tunicatispora K.D. Hyde

= Buxetroldia K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg Koch

Microascaceae Luttr. ex Malloch

Anekabeeja Udaiyan & Hosag.

Brachyconidiellopsis Decock et al. ^●

Canariomyces Arx ^●

Cephalotrichum Link

Doratomyces Corda ^●

Echinobotryum Corda

Enterocarpus Locq.-Lin. ^●

Kernia Nieuwl. ^●

Knoxdaviesia M.J. Wingf. et al. ^●

Lophotrichus R.K. Benj. ^●

Microascus Zukal ^●

Parascedosporium Gilgado et al. ^●

Petriella Curzi ^●

Pseudallescheria Negroni & I. Fisch. ^●

= Petriellopsis Gilgado et al.

Pseudoscopulariopsis M. Sandoval-Denis et al. ^●

Scedosporium Sacc. ex Castell. & Chalm. ^●

Scopulariopsis Bainier ^●

Tinhaudeus K.L. Pang et al. ^●

Wardomyces F.T. Brooks & Hansf. ^●

Wardomycopsis Udagawa & Furuya ^●

Microascales , genera incertae sedis

Bisporostilbella Brandsb. & E.F. Morris

Cephalotrichiella Crous ^●

Cornuvesica C.D. Viljoen et al. ^●

Gabarnaudia Samson & W. Gams^●

Sphaeronaemella P. Karst. ^●

Sporendocladia G. Arnaud ex Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. ^●

Trichurus Clem. ^●

Viennotidia Negru & Verona ex Rogerson

Vermiculariopsiella Bender^●

Pleurotheciales Réblová & Seifert

Pleurotheciaceae Réblová & Seifert

Adelosphaeria Réblová ^●

Brachysporiella Bat. ^●

Helicoön Morgan ^●

Melanotrigonum Réblová ^●

Phaeoisaria Höhn. ^●

Phragmocephala E.W. Mason & S. Hughes ^●

Plagiascoma Réblová & J. Fourn. ^●

Pleurotheciella Réblová ^●

Pleurothecium Höhn. ^●

Sterigmatobotrys Oudem. ^●

Taeniolella S. Hughes ^●

Savoryellales Boonyuen et al.

Savoryellaceae Jaklitsch & Réblová

Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang^●

Canalisporium Nawawi & Kuthub. ^●

= Ascothailandia Sri-indr. et al.

Helicoon Morgan^●

Monotosporella S. Hughes^●

Savoryella E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton^●

Savoryellales , genera incertae sedis

Carpoligna F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf^●

Conioscypha Höhn. ^●

Flammispora Pinruan et al. ^●

Hypocreomycetidae, families incertae sedis

Etheirophoraceae Rungjindamai et al.

Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. ^●

Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm. ^●

Juncigenaceae E.B.G. Jones et al.

Juncigena Kohlm et al. ^●

Fulvocentrum E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab ^●

Marinokulati E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang ^●

Moheitospora Abdel-Wahab et al. ^●

Torpedosporaceae E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang

Glomerulispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. ^●

Torpedospora Meyers ^●

Hypocreomycetidae, genera incertae sedis

Myrmecridium Arzanlou et al. ^●

Subclass Lulworthiomycetidae Dayarathne et al.

Koralionastetales Kohlm. et al.

Koralionastetaceae Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Koralionastes Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. ^●

Pontogeneia Kohlm. ^●

Lulworthiales Kohlm. et al.

Lulworthiaceae Kohlm. et al.

Cumulospora I. Schmidt ^●

Halazoon Abdel-Aziz et al. ^●

Haloguignardia A. Cribb & J. Cribb ^●

Hydea K.L. Pang & E.B.G Jones ^●

Kohlmeyeriella E.B.G. Jones et al. ^●

Lindra I. Wilson ^●

Lulwoana Kohlm. et al. ^●

Lulwoidea Kohlm. et al. ^●

Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl ^●

Matsusporium E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang ^●

Moleospora Abdel-Wahab et al. ^●

Moromyces Abdel-Wahab et al. ^●

Orbimyces Linder ^●

Rostrupiella Jørg Koch et al. ^●

Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson ^●

Pisorisporiales Réblová & J. Fourn.

Pisorisporiaceae Réblová & J. Fourn.

Achroceratosphaeria Réblová et al. ^●

Pisorisporium Réblová & J. Fourn.

Subclass Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk & K.D. Hyde

Meliolales Gäum. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.^#

Armatellaceae Hosag.

Armatella Theiss. & Syd.

Meliolaceae G.W. Martin ex Hansf.

Amazonia Theiss.

Appendiculella Höhn. ^●

Asteridiella McAlpine ^●

Cryptomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz. ^●

Endomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz. ^●

Irenopsis F. Stevens ^●

Meliola Fr. ^●

Subclass Sordariomycetidae O.E. Erikss & Winka

Boliniales P.F. Cannon

Boliniaceae Rick

Apiocamarops Samuels & J.D. Rogers

Apiorhynchostoma Petr. ^●

Bolinia (Nitschke) Sacc.

Camaropella Lar.N. Vassiljeva ^●

Camarops P. Karst. ^●

Cornipulvina Huhndorf et al. ^●

Endoxyla Fuckel ^●

Mollicamarops Lar.N. Vassiljeva

Neohypodiscus J.D. Rogers et al. ^●

Pseudovalsaria Spooner ^●

Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf et al.

Chaetosphaeriaceae Réblová et al.

Ascochalara Réblová

Brunneodinemasporium Crous & R.F. Castañeda ^●

Catenularia Grove

Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul. ^●

Chloridium Link ^●

Codinaea Maire ^●

Codinaeopsis Morgan-Jones ^●

Craspedodidymum Hol-Jech.

Cryptophiale Piroz.

Dendrophoma Sacc. ^●

Dinemasporium Lév. ^●

Dictyochaeta Speg. ^●

Dictyochaetopsis Aramb. & Cabello

Exserticlava S. Hughes ^●

Gonytrichum Nees & T. Nees

Hemicorynespora M.B. Ellis

Infundibulomyces Plaingam et al. ^●

Kionochaeta P.M. Kirk & B. Sutton ^●

Lecythothecium Réblová & Winka ^●

Melanopsammella Höhn. ^●

Menispora Pers. ^●

Miyoshiella Kawam.

Neopseudolachnella A. Hashim. & Kaz. Tanaka ^●

Phaeostalagmus W. Gams

Phialogeniculata Matsush.

Pseudobotrytis Krzemien. & Badura ^●

Pseudodinemasporium A. Hashim. & Kaz. Tanaka ^●

Pseudolachnea Ranoj. ^●

Pyrigemmula D. Magyar & R. Shoemaker ^●

Rattania Prabhug. & Bhat ^●

Sporoschisma Berk. & Broome ^●

= Melanochaeta E. Müll. et al.

Striatosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll. ^●

Tainosphaeria F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf ^●

Thozetella Kuntze ^●

Umbrinosphaeria Réblová ^●

Zanclospora S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr.

Zignoëlla Sacc. ^●

Helminthosphaeriaceae Samuels et al.

Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf ^●

Endophragmiella B. Sutton

Helminthosphaeria Fuckel ^●

Hilberina Huhndorf & A.N. Mill. ^●

Ruzenia O. Hilber ^●

Synaptospora Cain ^●

Tengiomyces Réblová

Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis

Caudatispora J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde ^●

Erythromada Huhndorf et al. ^●

Lasiosphaeriella Sivan. ^●

Leptosporella Penz. & Sacc. ^●

Nawawia Marvanová ^●

Rimaconus Huhndorf et al. ^●

Phyllachorales M.E. Barr

Phaeochoraceae K.D. Hyde et al.

Cocoicola K.D. Hyde

Phaeochora Höhn.

Phaeochoropsis K.D Hyde & P.F. Cannon

Serenomyces Petr. ^●

Phyllachoraceae Theiss. & H. Syd.

Acerviclypeatus Hanlin

Apiosphaeria Höhn.

Ascovaginospora Fallah et al. ^●

Brobdingnagia K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon

Camarotella Theiss. & Syd.

Coccodiella Hara ^●

Cyclodomus Höhn.

Deshpandiella Kamat & Ullasa

Diachora Müll. Arg.

= Diachorella Höhn.

Diatractium Syd. & P. Syd. ^●

Erikssonia Penz. & Sacc.

Fremitomyces P.F. Cannon & H.C. Evans

Geminispora Pat.

Gibellina Pass. Ex Roum.

Imazekia Tak. Kobay. & Y. Kawabe

Isothea Fr.

Lichenochora Hafellner

Lindauella Rehm

Linochora Höhn.

Lohwagia Petr.

Maculatifrondes K.D. Hyde

Malthomyces K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon

Muelleromyces Kamat & Anahosur

Mycohypallage B. Sutton

Neoflageoletia J. Reid & C. Booth

Ophiodothis Sacc.

Ophiodothella (Henn.). Höhn. ^●

Orphnodactylis Malloch & Mallik

Oswaldina Rangel

Oxodeora K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon

Parberya C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde

Petrakiella Syd.

Phaeochorella Theiss. & Syd.

Phycomelaina Kohlm.

Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fuckel ^●

Phylleutypa Petr.

Phyllocrea Höhn.

Polystigma DC. ^●

= Polystigmina Sacc.

Pseudothiella Petr.

Pseudothiopsella Petr.

Pterosporidium W.H. Ho & K.D. Hyde

Rehmiodothis Theiss. & Syd.

Retroa P.F. Cannon

Rhodosticta Woron.

Rikatlia P.F. Cannon

Schizochora Syd. & P. Syd.

Sphaerodothella C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde

Sphaerodothis (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Shear ^●

Stigmatula (Sacc.) Syd. & P. Syd.

Stigmochora Theiss. &Syd.

Stromaster Höhn.

Telimena Racib.

Telimenella Petr.

Telimenochora Sivan.

Trabutia Sacc. & Roum.

Tribulatia J.E. Taylor et al.

Uropolystigma Maubl.

Vitreostroma P.F. Cannon

Zimmermanniella Henn.

Phyllachorales genera incertae sedis

Marinosphaera K.D. Hyde ^●

Mangrovispora K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri ^●

Phycomelaina Kohlm. ^●

Sordariales Chad. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.

Chaetomiaceae G. Winter

Achaetomium J.N. Rai et al. ^●

Bommerella Marchal

Boothiella Lodhi & Mirza

Botryotrichum Sacc. & Marchal ^●

Chaetomidium (Zopf) Sacc. ^●

Corynascella Arx & Hodges ^●

Chaetomiopsis Mustafa & Abdul-Wahid

Chaetomium Kunze ^●

Crassicarpon Y. Marín et al. ^●

Emilmuelleria Arx ^●

Farrowia D. Hawksw. ^●

Guanomyces M.C. Gonzáles et al. ^●

Humicola Traaen ^●

Madurella Brumpt ^●

Myceliophthora Costantin ^●

= Corynascus Arx

Staphylotrichum J.A. Mey. & Nicot ^●

Subramaniula Arx

Taifanglania Z.Q. Liang et al. ^●

Thielavia Zopf ^●

Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf.

Angulimaya Subram & Lodha

Anopodium Lundq. ^●

Apiosordaria Arx & W. Gams ^●

Apodospora Cain & J.H. Mirza ^●

Apodus Malloch & Cain ^●

Arniella Jeng & J.C. Krug

Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter ^●

Bellojisia Réblová ^●

Biconiosporella Schaumann

Bombardia (Fr.) P. Karst. ^●

Bombardioidea C. Moreau ex N. Lundqv. ^●

Camptosphaeria Fuckel

Cercophora Fuckel ^●

Cladorrhinum Sacc. & Marchal ^●

Diffractella Guarro et al.

Emblemospora Jeng & J.C. Krug

Eosphaeria Höhn.

Fimetariella N. Lundq. ^●

Immersiella A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf ^●

Jugulospora N. Lundq. ^●

Lacunospora Cailleux

Lasiosphaeria Ces. & De Not. ^●

Mammaria Ces. ex Rabenh. ^●

Melanocarpus Arx ^●

Periamphispora J.C. Krug

Podospora Ces. ^●

Pseudocercophora Subram. & Sekar

Rinaldiella Deanna A. Sutton et al. ^●

Schizothecium Corda ^●

Strattonia Cif. ^●

Thaxteria Sacc.

Triangularia Boedijn ^●

Tripterosporella Subram. & Lodha

Zygopleurage Boedijn ^●

Zygospermella Cain ^●

Sordariaceae G. Winter

Copromyces N. Lundq. ^●

Effetia Bartoli et al.

Gelasinospora Dowding ^●

Guilliermondia Boud.

Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge ^●

= Chrysonilia Arx

Pseudoneurospora Dania García et al. ^●

Sordaria Ces & De Not. ^●

Stellatospora T. Ito & A. Nakagiri

Sordariales, genera incertae sedis

Abyssomyces Kohlm

Acanthotheciella Höhn.

Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde ^●

Asterosporium Kunze ^●

Bombardiella Höhn.

Cancellidium Tubaki ^●

Coronatomyces Dania García et al. ^●

Corylomyces Stchigel et al. ^●

Cuspidatispora A. Mill. ^●

Globosphaeria D. Hawksw.

Isia D. Hawksw & Manohar

Lasiosphaeris Clem. ^●

= Lasiadelphia Réblová & W Gams

Lockerbia K.D. Hyde

Madurella Brumpt ^●

Nitschkiopsis Nannf. & R. Sant.

Onygenopsis Henn.

Phaeosporis Clem.

Ramophialophora M. Calduch et al. ^●

Reconditella Matzer & Hafellner

Rhexodenticula W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones ^●

Rhexosporium Udagawa & Furuya

Roselliniomyces Matzer & Hafellner

Roselliniopsis Matzer & Hafellner

Sporidesmiopsis Subram. & Bhat ^●

Utriascus Réblova

Ypsilonia Lév.

Sordariomycetidae, families incertae sedis

Batistiaceae Samuels & K.F. Rodrigues^$

Acrostroma Seifert

Batistia Cif. ^●

= Acrostroma Seifert

Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedis

Arecacicola Joanne E. Taylor et al.

Barbatosphaeria Réblová

Bullimyces A. Ferrer et al. ^●

Ceratolenta Réblová ^●

Ceratostomella Sacc. ^●

Chaetosphaerides Matsush.

Conlarium F. Liu & L. Cai ^●

Hanliniomyces Raja & Shearer

Hydromelitis A. Ferrer et al. ^●

Lentomitella Höhn. ^●

Mirannulata Huhndorf et al. ^●

Menisporopascus Matsush.

Merugia Rogerson & Samuels

Mycomedusiospora G.C. Carroll & Munk

Nigromammilla K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.

Phaeotrichosphaeria Sivan.

Phragmodiscus Hansf.

Plagiosphaera Petr.

Rhodoveronaea Arzanlou et al. ^●

Riomyces A. Ferrer et al. ^●

Spadicoides S. Hughes ^●

Xylomelasma Réblová ^●

Woswasia Jaklitsch et al.

Subclass Xylariomycetidae O.E. Erikss & Winka

Xylariales Nannf.

Amphisphaeriaceae G. Winter

Amphisphaeria Ces & De Not. ^●

Lepteutypa Petr. ^●

Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde et al.

Appendicospora K.D. Hyde ^●

Arthrinium Kunze ^●

Dictyoarthrinium S. Hughes ^●

Endocalyx Berk. & Broome ^●

Scyphospora L.A. Kantsch. ^●

Spegazzinia Sacc. ^●

Bartaliniaceae Wijayawardene et al.

Bartalinia Tassi ^●

Broomella Sacc ^●

Dyrithiopsis L. Cai et al. ^●

Hyalotiella Papendorf ^●

Truncatella Steyaert ^●

Zetiasplozna Nag Raj ^●

Beltraniaceae Nann.

Beltrania Penz. ^●

Beltraniella Subram. ^●

Beltraniomyces Manohar.

Beltraniopsis Bat. & J.L. Bezerra ^●

Parapleurotheciopsis P.M. Kirk ^●

Porobeltraniella Gusmão

Pseudobeltrania Henn. ^●

Subramaniomyces Varghese & V.G. Rao ^●

Cainiaceae J.C. Krug

Amphibambusa D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde ^●

Arecophila K.D. Hyde ^●

Atrotorquata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. ^●

Cainia Arx & E. Müll. ^●

Seynesia Sacc. ^●

Clypeosphaeriaceae G. Winter

Apioclypea K.D. Hyde ^●

Brunneiapiospora K.D. Hyde et al. ^●

Clypeosphaeria Fuckel ^●

Crassoascus Checa et al. ^●

Palmomyces K.D. Hyde et al. ^●

Coniocessiaceae Asgari & Zare

Coniocessia Dania García et al. ^●

Diatrypaceae Nitschke

Anthostoma Nitschke ^●

Cryptosphaeria Ces & De Not. ^●

Cryptovalsa Ces & De Not. ex Fuckel ^●

Diatrype Fr. ^●

Diatrypella (Ces & De Not.) De Not. ^●

Diatrypasimilis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm. ^●

Echinomyces Rappaz

Eutypa Tul. & C. Tul. ^●

Eutypella (Nitschke) Sacc. ^●

Leptoperidia Rappaz

Monosporascus Pollack & Uecker

Pedumispora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones ^●

Peroneutypa Berl. ^●

Quaternaria Tul. & C. Tul.

Hyponectriaceae Petr.

Apiothyrium Petr.

Arecomyces K.D. Hyde

Arwidssonia B. Erikss.

Cesatiella Sacc.

Chamaeascus L. Holm et al.

Charonectria Sacc.

Discosphaerina Höhn. ^●

Exarmidium P. Karst.

Frondicola K.D. Hyde

Hyponectria Sacc. ^●

Micronectria Speg.

Papilionovela Aptroot

Pellucida Dulym. et al. ^●

Physalospora Niessl ^●

Phragmitensis M.K.M. Wong et al.

Rhachidicola K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.

Xenothecium Höhn.

Iodosphaeriaceae O. Hilber

Iodosphaeria Samuels ^●

Lopadostomataceae Daranagama & K.D. Hyde

Creosphaeria Theiss. ^●

Lopadostoma (Nitschke) Traverso ^●

Melogrammataceae G. Winter

Melogramma Fr. ^●

Microdochiaceae Hern.-Restr., Crous & J.Z. Groenew.

Idriella P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh. ^●

Microdochium Syd. ^●

Selenodriella R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. ^●

Myelospermataceae K.D. Hyde & S.W. Wong

Myelosperma Syd. & P. Syd.

Pestalotiopsidaceae Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde

Ciliochorella Syd. ^●

Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch. ^●

Neopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al. ^●

Pestalotiopsis Steyaert ^●

Pseudopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al. ^●

Seiridium Nees ^●

Phlogicylindriaceae Senan. & K.D. Hyde

CiferriascoseaSenanayake et al. ^●

Phlogicylindrium Crous et al. ^●

Pseudomassariaceae Senan. & K.D. Hyde

Leiosphaerella Hohn. ^●

Pseudomassaria Jacz. ^●

Requienellaceae Boise

Acrocordiella O.E. Erikss. ^●

Requienella Fabre ^●

Robillardaceae Crous

Robillarda Sacc. ^●

Sporocadaceae Corda

= Discosiaceae Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde

Adisciso Kaz. Tanaka ^●

Discosia Lib. ^●

Discostroma Clem. ^●

Sarcostroma Cooke ^●

Seimatosporium Corda ^●

Strickeria Körb ^●

Vialaeaceae P.F. Cannon

Vialaea Sacc. ^●

Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul.

“Hypoxyloideae”

Annulohypoxylon Y.M. Ju et al.^●

Anthocanalis Daranagama et al. ^●

Biscogniauxia Kuntze ^●

Calceomyces Udagawa & S Ueda ^●

Camillea Fr. ^●

Daldinia Ces. & De Not. ^●

Durotheca Læssøe et al. ^●

Entonaema Möller ^●

Graphostroma Piroz. ^●

Hypoxylon Bull. ^●

Induratia Samuels et al. ^●

Nodulisporium Preuss ^●

Obolarina Pouzar ^●

Phylacia Lév. ^●

Pyrenomyxa Morgan ^●

Rhopalostroma D. Hawksw. ^●

Rostrohypoxylon J. Fourn. & M. Stadler ^●

Ruwenzoria J. Fourn. et al. ^●

Thamnomyces Ehrenb. ^●

Theissenia Maubl. ^●

Thuemenella Penz. & Sacc. ^●

Vivantia J.D. Rogers et al.

“Xylarioideae”

Amphirosellinia Y.M. Ju et al^.●

Arthroxylaria Seifert & W Gams ^●

Ascotricha Berk. ^●

Astrocystis Berk. & Broome ^●

Coniolariella Dania García et al. ^●

Collodiscula I. Hino & Katum. ^●

Emarcea Duong et al. ^●

Entoleuca Syd. ^●

Euepixylon Füisting ^●

Halorosellinia Whalley et al. ^●

Helicogermslita Lodha & D. Hawksw.

Hypocopra (Fr) J. Kickx f ^●

Hypocreodendron Henn.

Kretzschmaria Fr. ^●

Leprieuria Laessøe et al.

Nemania Gray ^●

Ophiorosellinia J.D. Rogers et al.

Podosordaria Ellis. & Holw. ^●

Poroleprieuria M.C. González et al. ^●

Poronia Willd. ^●

Rosellinia De Not. ^●

Stilbohypoxylon Henn. ^●

Xylaria Hill ex Schrank ^●

Xylotumulus J.D. Rogers et al.

Other Xylariaceae genera with conidial states not belong to nodulisporium–like or geniculosporium–like or with unkown conidial states

Anthostomella Sacc. ^●

Appendixia B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde

Areolospora S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis

Barrmaelia Rappaz ^●

Brunneiperidium Daranagama et al. ^●

Cannonia J.E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde

Chaenocarpus Rebent.

Chlorostroma A.N. Mill. et al.

Cyanopulvis J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde ^●

Engleromyces Henn.

Fasciatispora K.D. Hyde ^●

Gigantospora B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde

Guestia G.J.D. Sm. & K.D. Hyde

Jumillera J.D. Rogers et al. ^●

Kretzschmariella Viégas

Leptomassaria Petr.

Libertella Desm. ^●

Lunatiannulus Daranagama et al. ^●

Myconeesia Kirschst

Nipicola K.D. Hyde

Occultitheca J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju

Pandanicola K.D. Hyde

Paramphisphaeria F.A. Fernández et al.

Paucithecium Lloyd

Pyriformiascoma Daranagama et al. ^●

Sabalicola K.D. Hyde

Sarcoxylon Cooke^●

Seynesia Sacc.

Spirodecospora B.S. Lu et al.

Squamotubera Henn.

Steganopycnis Syd. & P. Syd.

Striatodecospora D.Q. Zhou et al.

Stromatoneurospora S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis

Virgaria Nees ^●

Wawelia Namysl.

Whalleya J.D. Rogers et al. ^●

Xylocrea Möller

Xylariales, genera incertae sedis

Adomia S. Schatz

Ascotrichella Valldos. & Guarro

Castanediella Hern.-Restr. & Crous ^●

Diamantinia A.N. Mill. et al. ^●

Fassia Dennis

Idriellopsis Hern.-Restr. & Crous ^●

Lanceispora Nakagiri et al. ^●

Lasiobertia Sivan. ^●

Leiosphaerella Höhn. ^●

Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd. ^●

Muscodor Worapong et al. ^●

Neoidriella Hern.-Restr. & Crous ^●

Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde ^●

Oxydothis Penz. & Sacc. ^●

Palmicola K.D. Hyde

Paraidriella Hern.-Restr. & Crous ^●

Pidoplitchkoviella Kiril. ^●

Plectosphaera Theiss. ^●

Polyancora Voglmayr & Yule ^●

Pulmosphaeria Joanne E. Taylor et al.

Sporidesmina Subram. & Bhat

Tristratiperidium Daranagama et al. ^●

Subramaniomyces Varghese & V.G. Rao ^●

Yuea O.E. Erikss.

Sordariomycetes, orders incertae sedis

Amplistromatales D’souza et al.

Amplistromataceae Huhndorf et al.

Acidothrix Hujslová & M. Kolařík ^●

Amplistroma Huhndorf et al. ^●

Wallrothiella Sacc. ^●

= Pseudogliomastix W. Gams

= Zignoina Cooke

Catabotrydaceae Petr. ex M.E. Barr

Catabotrys Theiss. & Syd. ^●

Coniochaetales Huhndorf et al.

Coniochaetaceae Malloch & Cain

Barrina A.W. Ramaley ^●

Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke ^●

Cordanales M. Hern.-Rest. & Crous

Cordanaceae Nann.

Cordana Preuss ^●

= Porosphaerella E. Müll. & Samuels

Spathulosporales Kohlm.

Hispidicarpomycetaceae Nakagiri

Hispidicarpomyces Nakagiri

Spathulosporaceae Kohlm.

Retrostium Nakagiri & Tad Ito

Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson ^● (only in part)

Sordariomycetes, families incertae sedis

Cephalothecaceae Höhn.

Albertiniella Kirschst. ^●

Cephalotheca Fuckel ^●

Cryptendoxyla Malloch & Cain ^●

Phialemonium W. Gams & McGinnis ^●

Lautosporaceae Kohlm. et al.

Lautospora K. D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones

Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis

Acerbiella Sacc.

Acrospermoides Miller & G.E. Thomps.

Ameromassaria Hara

Amphisphaerellula Gucevič

Amphisphaerina Höhn.

Amphorulopsis Petr.

Amylis Speg.

Anaexserticlava T.S. Santa Izabel et al.

Anthostomaria (Sacc.) Theiss. & Syd.

Anthostomellina L.A. Kantsch.

Apharia Bonord.

Apodothina Petr.

Apogaeumannomyces Matsush.

Aquadulciospora Fallah & Shearer

Aquasphaeria K.D. Hyde

Aropsiclus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Ascorhiza Lecht.-Trnka

Ascoyunnania L. Cai & K.D. Hyde

Assoa Urries

Atrogeniculata J.S. Monteiro et al.

Aulospora Speg.

Azbukinia Lar.N. Vassiljeva

Bactrodesmiastrum Hol.-Jech. ^●

Bactrosphaeria Penz. & Sacc.

Biflua J.Koch & EBG Jones

Biporispora J.D. Rogers et al.

Bombardiastrum Pat.

Brenesiella Syd.

Byrsomyces Cavalc.

Byssotheciella Petr.

Caleutypa Petr.

Calosphaeriopsis Petr.

Caproniella Berl.

Chaetoamphisphaeria Hara

Ciliofusospora Bat. & J.L. Bezerra

Calcarisporium Preuss

Clypeoceriospora Sousa da Câmara

Clypeosphaerulina Sousa da Câmara

Crinigera Schmidt

Cryptoascus Petri

Cryptomycella Höhn.

Cryptomycina Höhn.

Cucurbitopsis Bat. & Cif.

Curvatispora V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde

Dasysphaeria Speg.

Delpinoëlla Sacc.

Diacrochordon Petr.

Digicatenosporium S.M. Leão et al.

Dryosphaera Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones

Duradens Samuels & Rogerson^●

Endoxylina Romell

Esfandiariomyces Ershad

Frondisphaera K.D. Hyde

Glabrotheca Chardόn

Hapsidascus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Heliastrum Petr.

Hyaloderma Speg.

Hydronectria Kirschst.

Hypotrachynicola Etayo

Immersisphaeria Jaklitsch.

Iraniella Petr.

Imicles Shoemaker & Hambl.

Konenia Hara

Kravtzevia Schwartzman

Kurssanovia Kravtzev

Lecythiomyces Doweld

= Lecythium Zukal

Leptosacca Syd.

Leptosphaerella Speg.

Leptosporina Chardón

Liberomyces Pažoutová et al. ^●

Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd. ^●

Lyonella Syd.

Mangrovispora K.D. Hyde & Nagakiri

Marisolaris Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones

Melanographium Sacc.

Melomastia Nitschke ex Sacc.

Microcyclephaeria Bat.

Monotosporella S. Hughes ^●

Mycothermus D.O. Natvig et al.

Naumovela Kravtzev

Natantiella Rѐblová ^●

Neocryptospora Petr.

Neoeriomycopsis Crous & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Neolamya Theiss. & Syd.

Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde ^●

Neophysalospora Crous & M.J. Wingf. ^●

Neothyridaria Petr.

Nigrospora Zimm. ^●

Ophiomassaria Jacz.

Orcadia GK Sutherl

Paoayensis Cabanela et al.

Paramicrodochium Hern.-Restr. & Crous ^●

Pareutypella Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers

Phialemoniopsis Perdomo et al. ^●

Phomatosporella Tak. Kobay & K. Sasaki

Phyllocelis Syd.

Pleocryptospora J. Reid & C. Booth

Pleosphaeria Speg.

Porodiscus Lloyd

Protocucurbitaria Naumov

Pulvinaria Bon.

Pumilus Viala & Marsais

Rehmiomycella E. Müll.

Rhamphosphaeria Kirschst.

Rhizophila K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones

Rhopographella (Henn.) Sacc. & Trotter

Rhynchosphaeria (Sacc.) Berl.

Rivulicola K.D. Hyde

Romellina Petr.

Saccardoëlla Speg.

Sarcopyrenia Nyl.

Sartorya Vuill.

Scharifia Petr.

Scoliocarpon Nyl.

Scotiosphaeria Sivan.

Selenosporella G. Arnaud ex MacGarvie

Servazziella J. Reid & C. Booth

Sporoctomorpha J.V. Almeida & Sousa da Câmara

Stanjehughesia Subram. ^●

Stearophora L. Mangin & Viala

Stegophorella Petr.

Stellosetifera Matsush.

Stereosphaeria Kirschst. ^●

Stomatogenella Petr.

Stromatographium Höhn.

Sungaiicola Fryar & K.D. Hyde

Synsphaeria Bon.

Tamsiniella S.W. Wong et al.

Tectonidula Réblová

Teracosphaeria Rѐblová & Seifert ^●

Thelidiella Fink.

Thyridella (Sacc.) Sacc.

Thyrotheca Kirschst.

Trichospermella Speg.

Trichosphaeropsis Bat. & Nasc.

Tunstallia Agnihothr.

Vleugelia J. Reid & C. Booth

Zalerion R.T. Moore & Meyers ^●

Descriptions and notes on families

Amphisphaeriaceae G. Winter [as ‘Amphisphaerieae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 259 (1885)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00673

Saprobic, hemibiotrophic or necrotrophic on leaves, twigs and branches of deciduous shrubs and trees, conifers or monocotyledons, appearing as slightly raised, black dots on host surface, often surrounded by a darkened area. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata when present made up of host cells and brown to black fungal hyphae, solitary, uni- to bi-loculate, hemisphaerical, initially appearing as raised, pale brown areas, with small, black dots at the center, becoming dark at maturity, glabrous. Ascomata perithecial, scattered to clustered, immersed in host cortex, becoming raised, subglobose to lenticular, glabrous, dark brown to black, vegetative hyphae surrounding the locules, ostioles individual, central. Papilla erumpent through host surface, internally covered by hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium of unequal thickness, thinner at the base, thicker towards the mid-upper section of the ascomata, comprising several layers of dark brown pseudoparenchymatous cells, outer layer of thick-walled, brown cells of textura prismatica, inner layer of flattened, hyaline cells of textura prismatica. Hamathecium comprising numerous, septate, filamentous paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apex rounded, with J+ or J- apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, light to dark brown, ellipsoidal to fusiform, 1-septate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata solitary or aggregated, globose, dark brown. Peridium comprising thick-walled, septate, brown mycelium. Conidiophores dichotomously branched, septate, thick-walled, smooth, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, elongated, wide at the base and narrow at the tip, thin-walled, hyaline. Conidia hyaline, 1-celled, smooth-walled, elongate to fusiform, narrow at both ends.

Type: Amphisphaeria Ces. & De Not.

Notes: The family Amphisphaeriaceae was introduced by Winter (1885) as ‘Amphisphaerieae’ and later established as Amphisphaeriaceae to accommodate the type genus Amphisphaeria (typified by A. umbrina. Ces. & De Not) and similar genera, viz. Ohleria, Trematosphaeria, Caryospora, Winteria and Strickeria (Winter 1887) The family is characterized by partially immersed or erumpent, perithecial ascomata, unitunicate, cylindrical asci, with J+ or J- apical rings and pale to dark brown, 1-septate ascospores (Kang et al. 1998; Senanayake et al. 2015). The species of the family were subsequently included in various other families (Clements and Shear 1931; von Arx and Müller 1954; Müller and von Arx 1973), leading to a doubt about its exact taxonomic position (Munk 1957; Kang et al. 1999a). Hence, Amphisphaeriaceae was reintroduced by Müller and von Arx (1962) based on the presence of a small iodine positive ring or disc in the apex of the asci and in having ascomata immersed under a clypeus (Kang et al. 1999a; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Samuels et al. (1987) suggested that the genera linked to Pestalotia-like asexual morphs, Amphisphaeria, Broomella, Discostroma, Lepteutypa and Pestalosphaeria should be kept as Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu stricto). Hawksworth et al. (1995) listed Amphisphaeriaceae as a heterogeneous sexual morph family with 36 genera. Of these, Kang et al. (1999a) accepted only Amphisphaeria, Broomella, Discostroma, Ellurema, Griphosphaerioma, Neobroomella, Blogiascospora, Lepteutypa, Paracainiella and Pestalosphaeria based on a study of molecular and morphological data. As a result of various studies, previously included genera in Amphisphaeriaceae have been moved to other taxonomic groups such as Cainiaceae Clypeosphaeriaceae, Phyllachoraceae, Pleurotremataceae and Xylariaceae (Krug 1977; Kang et al. 1998, 1999b). Senanayake et al. (2015) accepted only the type genus Amphisphaeria excluding all the other genera based on their morphology and phylogeny. Some were transferred to Bartaliniaceae, Discosiaceae, Iodosphaeriaceae, Pestalotiopsidaceae and Phlogicylindriaceae, while most genera were listed as Amphisphaeriales genera incertae sedis. Amphisphaeriaceae is currently classified in the order Xylariales and is known to share a close relationship with Cainiaceae, Clypeosphaeriaceae, and Hyponectriaceae (Jeewon 2001), as well as with Apiosporaceae (Crous and Groenewald 2013; Senanayake et al. 2015). As the family is presently monotypic, a family description only is provided.

Amphisphaeria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 223 (1863)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02099; Figs 3, 4

Fig. 3

Amphisphaeria sorbi (Material examined: ITALY, Province of Trento [TN], Dimaro, Folgarida, on branch of Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae), 2 August 2013, Erio Camporesi IT 1400 (MFLU 14-0797, holotype) a Appearance of pseudostroma on host b Close up of pseudostroma with ostioles c Biloculate pseudostromata d Section of ascoma e Peridium f Paraphyses g–i Immature asci j–l Mature asci m–o Ascospores p Sheath surrounding ascospore. Scale bars: a–c = not to scale, d, e = 10 μm, f = 20 μm, g–p = 50 μm

Fig. 4

Asexual morph of Amphisphaeria sorbi (introduced in Senanayake et al. 2015) a Conidiomata on MEA b–d Conidia attached to conidiophores e-g Conidia. Scale bars: a = 1000 μm, b–g = 20 μm

Type species: Amphisphaeria umbrina (Fr.) De Not., Sfer. Ital.: 69 (1863)

Notes: Amphisphaeria was introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863), with no generic type designated (Wang et al. 2004). Later Petrak (1923) proposed A. umbrina (previously introduced as Sphaeria umbrina) as the lectotype of this genus. The characterization of Amphisphaeria and subsequent epitypification of the generic type A. umbrina, and its current phylogenetic status has been reviewed in Senanayake et al. (2015). Most of the confusion regarding the genus arises from the lack of sexual-asexual morph connections (Kang et al. 1998). The asexual morph Bleptosporium has been linked to Amphisphaeria (Nag Raj 1977; Hyde et al. 2011), but has not been proven based on sequence data. However, Senanayake et al. (2015) illustrated the sexual and asexual morphs of Amphisphaeria sorbi, the former being introduced in Liu et al. (2015).

Amphisphaeria species are thought to be widely distributed among both tropical and temperate regions having mostly been recorded in Europe, and others across the Americas, South East Asia and South India (Liu et al. 2015; Farr and Rossman 2016). However, since the genus is quite confused, its distribution needs to be confirmed by species identifications supported by molecular data.

Amplistromataceae Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 101(6): 905 (2009).

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00618

Saprobic on bark or wood. Sexual morph: Stromata superficial, turbinate, obovoid to irregularly pulvinate, texture soft or firm; or stromata absent and perithecia separate to clustered, with hyphal subiculum or absent. Ascomata globose or subglobose, polystichous or monostichous, with long necks. Hamathecium comprising hyaline, abundant, filamentous paraphyses. Asci 8–spored, numerous, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, apical ring not bluing in Melzer’s reagent. Ascospores uniseriate, hyaline, globose. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Amplistroma Huhndorf et al.

Notes: This family was introduced by Huhndorf et al. (2009) to accommodate Amplistroma and Wallrothiella. Two genera were recognized in the family based on molecular and morphological data (Huhndorf et al. 2009). Wallrothiella congregata (Wallr.) Sacc., and species of Amplistroma share cylindro-clavate, stipitate asci, minute, globose ascospores and wide paraphyses that are long-tapering above the asci. Amplistroma and Wallrothiella differ mainly in the size amount and texture of stromatal structures (Huhndorf et al. 2009). Phylogenetic analyses of 28S rDNA group these taxa in a well-supported clade distinct from known orders within Sordariomycetidae. Amplistromataceae resolves as a monophyletic clade with strong bootstrap and Bayesian support with LSU data, but its sister relationship with Chaetosphaeriales is not supported. The family was placed within Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis (Huhndorf et al. 2009). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) showed that Amplistroma clustered with Wallrothiella as a sister group to Catabotrys deciduum in Catabotrydaceae, thus they introduced a new order Amplistromatales to accommodate these families. Hujslová et al. (2014) included Acidothrix, an acidophilic, asexual, soil fungus into this family. The morphology of Acidothrix acidophila Hujslová & M. Kolařík and the acrodontium-like asexual morphs occurring in Amplistroma species have similar characters. However in the phylogenetic analysis Acidothrix acidophila placed outside both Amplistroma and Wallrothiella, therefore Hujslová et al. (2014) introduced this as a new genus.

Amplistroma Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 101(6): 907 (2009)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00618; Fig. 5

Fig. 5

Amplistroma carolinianum (Material examined: USA, North Carolina, Macon County, Ellicott Rock Trail, off Bull Pen Road, on bark, 14 October 1990, Y. Doi, A.Y. Rossman, G.J. Samuels (BPI 878925, holotype) a Herbarium package b Stromata c Black ostiolar necks in stromata surface d Cross section through stromata e Arrangement of perithecia into layers in stromatal tissue f Embedded perithecia in stromatal tissue g Ascoma h Peridium i, j Mature asci k Ascospores l Apex of the asci lacking apical ring m, n Dried culture.1, o Conidia p, q Dried culture 2 s Conidia t Culture details. Scale bars: b = 2000 μm, c, d = 1000 μm e, f = 300 μm, g = 100 μm, h–j = 20 μm, k, o, s = 5 μm l = 10 μm

Saprobic on bark or wood. Sexual morph: Stromata superficial, turbinate, obovoid to irregularly pulvinate, texture soft or firm. Ascomata globose or subglobose, arranged in multiple layers, with long necks. Peridium outwardly comprising thin-walled, light brown cells of textura intricata and inwardly comprising thin-walled, hyaline cells of textura intricata. Hamathecium comprising hyaline, abundant, filamentous paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, pedicellate, ascus apical ring minute to inconspicuous, not staining in Melzer’s reagent. Ascospores uniseriate, hyaline, globose, thick-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, acrodontium-like in culture and occurring on young stromata and near base of older stromata. Conidiophores arising vertically, sometimes horizontally, hyaline to light brown, not strongly differentiated, with whorls of secondary and tertiary branching, arising vertically along the length. Conidiogenous cells arising in verticils or whorls on the branches, lageniform to ampulliform, apex forming elongate rachis, proliferating sympodially, flexuous, with denticulate, blunt, conidiogenous pegs. Conidia light brown, pyriform to obovoid, with basal frill (Huhndorf et al. 2009).

Type species: Amplistroma carolinianum Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 101(6): 907 (2009).

Notes: Amplistroma was described as a new genus for A. carolinianum Huhndorf et al. as the type along with A. diminutisporum Huhndorf et al., A. guianense Huhndorf et al., A. hallingii Huhndorf et al., A. ravum Huhndorf et al., A. tartareum Huhndorf & Samuels and A. xylarioides (Pat.) Huhndorf & Samuels (Huhndorf et al. 2009). Amplistroma erinaceum Checa et al. was recently added (Checa et al. 2014). Species of Amplistroma are distinguished by large stromata of textura intricata with polystichous ascomata and long necks, that are either erumpent from the stromatal surface or form bumps or protuberances. Amplistroma was placed in Amplistromataceae by Huhndorf et al. (2009) based on molecular and morphological data.

Other genera included

Acidothrix Hujslová & M. Kolařík, in Hujslova et al., Mycol. Progr. 13(3): 824 (2014)

Type species: Acidothrix acidophila Hujslová & M. Kolařík in Hujslova et al., Mycol. Progr. 13(3): 824 (2014)

Wallrothiella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 455 (1882).

Type species: Wallrothiella congregata (Wallr.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 455 (1882).

Key to genera of Amplistromataceae

1. Reported with only asexual morph ………….. Acidothrix

1. Reported with sexual morph ……………………….. 2

1. Ascomata arranged in multiple layers with long necks, that are either erumpent from the stromatal surface or form protuberances, forming large stromata of textura intricata …………..…………..…………..………….. Amplistroma

2. Ascomata with long-necks and develop individually or are gregarious on the substrate, but do not form large stromata ………….…….…….…….…….……...…….. Wallrothiella

Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong et al., Syst. Ascom. 16(1–2): 18 (1998)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01212

Saprobic on submerged wood, sometimes on bamboo and on other substrates in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, superficial, erumpent, semi-immersed or immersed, black, pale brown to brown, or reddish brown, unilocular, rarely clypeate, globose to subglobose, ellipsoidal. Necks black or hyaline, glabrous, rarely with setae, hyphae or hairs. Peridium coriaceous or membranous composed of textura angularis, textura intricata, textura epidermoidea, textura prismatica or pseudoparenchymatous cells or compressed cells. Hamathecium with numerous, septate, branched or unbranched, tapering paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, pedicellate, usually with a massive J-, refractive, discoid, or wedge-shaped, apical ring. Ascospores usually uniseriate, sometimes overlapping, hyaline to brown, unicellular or septate, septa mostly transverse, sometimes with longitudinal and transverse septa. Appendages, mucilaginous sheath and germ pores may be present. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. taeniolella-like for Chaetorostrum where Conidiophores are micronematous, mononematous. Conidia monoblastic, elongate cylindrical, trans-septate, euseptate, brown, paler near apex. Conidial secession schizolytic

Type: Annulatascus K.D. Hyde

Notes: The family Annulatascaceae was introduced by Wong et al. (1998) to accommodate saprobic, lignicolous, freshwater genera of ascomycetes viz. Annulatascus, Ascotaiwania, Clohiesia, Frondicola, Proboscispora and Submersisphaeria. Wong et al. (1998) considered that Annulatascus could be best placed in Lasiosphaeriaceae due to the presence of tapering paraphyses and within the order Sordariales. The family is characterized by immersed or superficial, coriaceous, usually dark-walled ascomata, long, cylindrical asci with a relatively massive, J-, refractive, apical ring. Using LSU rDNA molecular data, Ranghoo et al. (1999) showed that Annulatascaceae is a separate family, which has relationships with Sordariales. Ho and Hyde (2000) reviewed the ultrastructural studies on Annulatascaceae and concluded that more taxa need to be sequenced and analyzed to strengthen data for this family, and that the ultrastructural data supports descriptions of new genera. Based on LSU rDNA sequence data, Réblová and Winka (2001) showed that that Annulatascaceae had affinities outside Sordariales. Kirk et al. (2001, 2008) placed Annulatascaceae in Sordariomycetidae families incertae sedis, which was further supported by molecular analyses using LSU rDNA datasets (Campbell and Shearer 2004; Huhndorf et al. 2004a). The family Annulatascaceae is polyphyletic (Raja et al. 2003; Campbell and Shearer 2004; Huhndorf et al. 2004a; Vijaykrishna et al. 2005). Clohiesia was placed in Annulatascaceae by Tsui et al. (1998) based on morphology, but was shown to have phylogenetic affinity with Lasiosphaeriaceae and Sordariaceae (Raja et al. 2003; Duong et al. 2004). The genus Chaetorostrum produces a taeniolella-like asexual morph in culture and is the first record of an asexual morph for Annulatascaceae (Zelski et al. 2011). The family currently comprises 18 genera and members of this family are reported from temperate and tropical regions and in both terrestrial as well as freshwater habitats. All genera need further study at the molecular level to clarify phylogenetic relatedness and possibly determine their evolution.

Annulatascus K.D. Hyde, Aust. Syst. Bot. 5(1): 118 (1992)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01213; Figs 6, 7

Fig. 6

Annulatascus velatispora (Material examined: AUSTRALIA. North Queensland: Milaa Milaa Falls, on submerged wood in a river, July 1990, K.D. Hyde, (BRIP 17373, holotype) a Herbarium label and specimen of Annulatascus velatispora b Host material c Ascomata on substrate d, e Vertical section f Section showing peridium and neck region g Squash mount of asci h, i asci j Apical ring k Apical ring in Melzer’s reagent l Ascospores. Scale bars: d-e = 100 μm, f-i = 50 μm, l = 10 μm, j–k = 5 μm

Fig. 7

Taeniolella-like asexual morph of Chaetorostrum quincemilensis. (Redrawn from Zelski et al. 2011) a, b Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 20 μm

Saprobic on submerged wood. Sexual morph: Ascomata clustered or separate, brown to black, superficial, semi-immersed or immersed, solitary or gregarious, globose or subglobose, immersed or semi-immersed, carbonaceous or coriaceous, ostiolate, periphysate. Peridium comprising several layers of cells of textura angularis, or pseudoparenchymatous, or melanized angular cells. Hamathecium comprising paraphyses which are hyaline, septate and taper distally. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, pedicellate, with a massive bipartite apical ring. Ascospores unicellular to multi-septate, uniseriate to overlapping biseriate, ellipsoidal or fusiform or lunate or citriform, hyaline to pale brown, verrucose or smooth, guttulate or non-guttulate, with or without sheath and appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Annulatascus velatispora K.D. Hyde, Aust. Syst. Bot. 5(1): 118 (1992).

Notes: This genus is cosmopolitan, and has been described on submerged substrata, such as submerged decaying wood, stems of Phragmites australis, and dead petioles of Licuala ramsayi and bamboo. Currently Annulatascus comprises 16 species. Annulatascus is known to be polyphyletic according to LSU rDNA sequence data (Raja et al. 2003; Campbell and Shearer 2004; Abdel-Wahab et al. 2011). Tsui and Hyde (2003) provided a key to species and a synoptic table of 12 Annulatascus species based on morphological characteristics. Boonyuen et al. (2012) provided comparative table of morphological features for 16 Annulatascus species.

Other genera included

Annulusmagnus J. Campb. & Shearer, Mycologia 96(4): 826 (2004)

Type species: Annulusmagnus triseptatus (S.W. Wong et al.) J. Campb. & Shearer, Mycologia 96 (4): 826 (2004)

Aqualignicola Ranghoo et al., Mycol. Res. 105(5): 628 (2001)

Type species: Aqualignicola hyalina Ranghoo et al., Mycol. Res. 105 (5): 628 (2001)

Aquaticola W.H. Ho, et al., Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 3: 88 (1999)

Type species: Aquaticola hyalomura W.H. Ho et al., Fungal Diversity 3: 88 (1999)

Ascitendus J. Campb. & Shearer, Mycologia 96(4): 829 (2004)

Type species: Ascitendus austriacus (Réblová et al.) J. Campb. & Shearer, Mycologia 96 (4): 829 (2004)

Ayria Fryar & K.D. Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol. 25(3): 248 (2004)

Type species: Ayria appendiculata Fryar & K.D. Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol. 25: 248 (2004)

Cataractispora K.D. Hyde et al., Mycol. Res. 103(8): 1019 (1999)

Type species: Cataractispora aquatica K.D. Hyde et al., Mycol. Res. 103 (8): 1020 (1999)

Chaetorostrum Zelski et al., Mycosphere 2(5): 594 (2011)

Type species: Chaetorostrum quincemilensis Zelski et al., Mycosphere 2 (5): 595 (2011)

Clohiesia K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 61(1–2): 125 (1995)

Type species: Clohiesia corticola K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 61 (1–2): 126 (1995)

Cyanoannulus Raja et al., Mycotaxon 88: 8 (2003)

Type species: Cyanoannulus petersenii Raja et al., Mycotaxon 88: 11 (2003)

Dictyosporella Abdel-Aziz, in Ariyawansa et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-015-0346-5, [117] (2015)

Type species: Dictyosporella aquatica Abdel-Aziz, in Ariyawansa et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-015-0346-5, [119] (2015)

Diluviocola K.D. Hyde et al., Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 1: 141 (1998)

Type species: Diluviicola capensis K.D. Hyde et al., Fungal Diversity 1: 134 (1998)

Fusoidispora Vijaykr. et al., Sydowia 57(2): 272 (2005)

Type species: Fusoidispora aquatica Vijaykr. et al., Sydowia 57 (2): 272 (2005)

Longicollum Zelsk et al., in Zelski et al., Mycosphere 2(5): 540 (2011)

Type species: Longicollum biappendiculatum Zelski et al., Mycosphere 2 (5): 540 (2011)

Pseudoannulatascus Z.L. Luo et al., in Z.L. Luo et al. Phytotaxa 239(2): 179 (2015)

Type species: Pseudoannulatascus biatriisporus (K.D. Hyde) Z.L. Luo et al., in Z.L. Luo et al. Phytotaxa 239(2): 179 (2015)

Pseudoproboscispora Punith., Kew Bull. 54(1): 234 (1999)

Type species: Pseudoproboscispora aquatica (S.W. Wong & K.D. Hyde) Punith., Kew Bulletin 54 (1): 234 (1999)

Rhamphoria Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 14: 204, 206 (1876)

Type species: Rhamphoria delicatula Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 14: 206 (1876)

Submersisphaeria K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 62(1–2): 172 (1996)

Type species: Submersisphaeria aquatica K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 62: 172 (1996)

Torrentispora K.D. Hyde et al., Mycol. Res. 104(11): 1399 (2000)

Type species: Torrentispora fibrosa K.D. Hyde et al., Mycol. Res. 104 (11): 1399 (2000)

Vertexicola K.D. Hyde et al., Mycologia 92(5): 1019 (2000)

Type species: Vertexicola caudatus K.D. Hyde et al., Mycologia 92: 1020 (2000)

Key to the genera of Annulatascaceae

1. Ascospores muriform ………..…………….. Rhamphoria

1. Ascospores lacking longitudinal septa ……………… 2

2. Ascomata formed under a clypeus ………… Clohiesia

2. Ascomata without clypeus…………….…………….. 3

3. Necks possessing setae or hyphae or hairs ..…………. 4

3. Necks glabrous …………………………….…….…. 6

4. Necks hyaline, with stiff hairs ………… Chaetorostrum

4. Necks black, setae present on necks ...……………… 5

5. Peridium membranous, ascospores 1-celled, lacking sheaths or sheath on one end of ascospore ...……………………………………… Aqualignicola

5. Peridium coriaceous, ascospores 3-septate, sheath present ……..……..… Annulusmagnus

6. Ascospores thick-walled, distoseptate ……..... Vertexicola

6. Ascospores not distoseptate ………………...………. 7

7. Ascospores brown except in Annulatascus aquatorba…….…….…….…….…….....….………. 8

7. Ascospores hyaline …………......................………… 9

8. Ascospores with brown central cells, end cells hyaline, with longitudinal striations ………….....…. Ascitendus

8. Ascospores with polar pad-like appendages …………..……………………... Submersisphaeria

9. Ascomata pale reddish brown with long necks ……………………………………..... Cyanoannulus

9. Ascomata not as above …………………..…………. 10

10. Ascomata membranous …………………............... 11

10. Ascomata coriaceous or carbonaceous ……………………………….............………… 12

11. Necks long, ascospores uniseriate with bipolar appendages ……..….…………………………. Longicollum

11. Necks short, ascospores overlapping uniseriate or biseriate, lacking appendages ….. Ayria

12. Ascospores without appendages ………....………. 13

12. Ascospores with or without appendages ….…......…. 14

13. Ascospores aseptate or septate, guttulate …………………………………..…....... Aquaticola

13. Ascospores aseptate, eguttulate ………………………...........…..…. Torrentispora

14. Ascospores ellipsoid .....……… Pseudoproboscispora

14. Ascospores fusoid ……...............………………… 15

15. Ascomata ampulliform ……..………… Fusoidispora

15. Ascomata not as above …...........................………. 16

16. Ascospore appendages unfurling in water ………………………….…..........… Cataractispora

16. Ascospore appendages not as above ……………………………….........…………… 17

17. Ascospores with polar conical caps attached at each end ………………...............……Diluviocola

17. Ascospores without polar conical caps ……………….…............................... Annulatascus

Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde et al., in Hyde et al., Sydowia 50(1) 23 (1998)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01364

Pathogenic or saprobic on leaves, stems and roots of Arecaceae (palms), Cyperaceae (sedges) and Poaceae (grasses and bamboo), or endophytic on plant tissues, lichens, and marine algae, occasionally infecting humans, or isolated from soil. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata immersed or semi-immersed in host epidermis, becoming erumpent, through a longitudinal split in the host. Ascomata perithecial, globose, densely arranged, immersed in Pseudostromata, with papillate ostioles. Peridium composed of small, brown cells of textura angularis Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to broadly cylindrical, short pedicellate. Paraphyses hyphae-like, broad, septate, branched. Ascospores overlapping 1–3-seriate to irregularly arranged, 1-septate, apiosporous, ellipsoidal, in equilateral, straight or curved, hyaline, smooth-walled, with or without gelatinous sheath. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous or hyphomycetous. Conidiomata sporodochial, solitary to gregarious, immersed, erumpent from host tissue when mature, irregular, black, carbonaceous, coriaceous. Conidiomata basal stroma composed of several layers of dark brown to hyaline thick-walled cells at the side, thin upper wall cells of textura angularis. Setae lacking, or present occasionally, if present intermingled among conidiophores. Conidiophores arising from hyphae or aggregated in a brown stroma, forming black sporodochia, forming conidia terminally and laterally, brown to dark brown. Setae present or absent, erect, sparsely septate, pale brown to brown, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells discrete, basauxic, doliiform to ampulliform or cylindrical, brown, smooth to finely verruculose. Conidia unicellular, brown to dark brown, smooth-walled or with minute wall ornamentations, with a truncate basal scar, guttulate to granular, frequently with an equatorial germ slit.

Type: Arthrinium Kunze

Notes: This family was introduced by Hyde et al. (1998) with Apiospora montagnei Sacc. as the type species. Earlier the genus Apiospora had been assigned to Lasiosphaeriaceae by Barr (1990). Hyde et al. (1998) considered that the sexual and asexual morphs (Arthrinium, Cordelia and Pteroconium) of Apiospora differed from those in Lasiosphaeriaceae and proposed the family Apiosporaceae to accommodate Apiospora. Hyde et al. (1998) did not suggest any order placement for Apiosporaceae. Smith et al. (2003) analyzed LSU and SSU sequence data and showed that members of Apiosporaceae cluster within the order Xylariales, but relationships to other families of Xylariales was uncertain. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed Apiosporaceae in Sordariomycetes family incertae sedis. Crous and Groenewald (2013) used phylogenetic analysis to confirm Apiosporaceae as a family within Xylariales, and sister to Amphisphaeriaceae. Hyde et al. (1998) considered Dictyoarthrinium, Endocalyx, Scyphospora and Spegazzinia as other possible genera of this family, but molecular data is lacking to confirm this (Crous and Groenewald 2013). Arthrinium was confirmed as the asexual morph of Apiospora by molecular data (Crous and Groenewald 2013; Senanayake et al. 2015) and Apiospora, Cordella and Pteroconium were reduced to synonymy with Arthrinium (Crous and Groenewald 2013). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) listed six genera under Apiosporaceae.

Arthrinium Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 9 (1817)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02100; Figs 8, 9

Fig. 8

Arthrinium yunnanum (Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan, Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, on dead culm of Phyllostachys nigra (Poaceae), 7 July 2014, Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00279 (MFLU 15-0382, holotype) a, b Pseudostromata on host surface c-e Vertical section through pseudostroma f Paraphyses g, h Asci i Ascospores j Ascospore with sheath. Scale bars: c = 200 μm, d, e = 100 μm, f–i = 5 μm

Fig. 9

Arthrinium yunnanum (asexual morph, holotype) a Conidiomata on PDA b Vertical section through conidioma c Conidiomatal wall d Conidia e Conidium f, g Conidia with basauxic conidiogenous cells. Scale bars: b = 200 μm, c, d = 50 μm, e = 20 μm, f, g = 50 μm

Saprobic or pathogenic on monocotyledons, especially grasses, or endophytic on plant tissues, lichens, and marine algae, occasionally infecting humans, or isolated from soil. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata visible as raised, linear, blackened areas on the host surface, with neck and upper surface visible through slits in the host tissue, mostly gregarious, fusiform, ellipsoid to irregular, black, cells between ascomata and darkened layer above usually thick, composed of brown cells of textura angularis. Ascomata solitary or usually gregarious in linear groups, immersed in pseudostromata, subglobose to globose, membranous, papillate, ostiolate. Ostiole periphysate. Peridium composed of several layers, of small, brown or reddish brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of dense, hypha-like, long, broad, septate, branched, paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, broad cylindrical to clavate or subglobose, short pedicellate, without an apical ring. Ascospores overlapping 1–3-seriate to irregularly arranged, hyaline, apiosporous, with a large, straight or curved, upper cell and smaller lower cell, usually surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous or hyphomycetous. Conidiomata sporodochial, solitary to gregarious, immersed, erumpent from host tissue when mature, irregular, black, carbonaceous, coriaceous. Conidiomata basal stroma composed of several layers of dark brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis, with thick side wall, thin at upper and lower walls. Setae lacking, or occasionally present, intermingled among conidiophores. Conidiophore verrucose, flexuous. Conidiophore mother cells ampulliform, with a verrucose wall, producing a single hyphoid, cylindrical, 1–2-septate. Conidiogenous cells basauxic, cylindrical, smooth-walled or verrucose. Conidia subglobose to globose, dark brown, smooth-walled or with minute wall ornamentations, with a truncate basal scar.

Type species: Arthrinium caricicola Kunze & J.C. Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 9 (1817)

Notes: Apiospora was identified as a genus in the family Amphisphaeriaceae based on morphology by Müller and von Arx (1962). Later it was transferred to Hyponectriaceae by Barr (1976a). Barr (1990) moved Apiospora to Lasiosphaeriaceae and this was followed by Barr and Cannon (1994) and Hawksworth et al. (1995). Hyde et al. (1998) introduced a new family Apiosporaceae to accommodate the genus Apiospora, with A. montagnei as the type species. Phylogenetic analyses by many authors accepted Apiospora as a distinct group in the order Xylariales (Huhndorf et al. 2004a; Zhang et al. 2006; Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012; Dai et al. 2014a). Index Fungorum (2016) lists 55 epithets under genus Apiospora. Crous and Groenewald (2013) synonymized the sexual name Apiospora under the asexual name Arthrinium, since Arthrinium is the older and more commonly encountered, and more frequently used name in the literature. The link between Arthrinium and Apiospora has also been confirmed by molecular data by Crous and Groenewald (2013), and this was followed by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) and Senanayake et al. (2015). Crous and Groenewald (2013) synonymised Pteroconium and Cordella under Arthrinium.

Other genera included

Appendicospora K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 47(1): 31 (1995)

Type species: Appendicospora coryphae (Rehm) K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 47(1): 32 (1995)

Dictyoarthrinium S. Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 48: 29 (1952)

Type species: Dictyoarthrinium quadratum S. Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 48: 30 (1952)

Endocalyx Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 15(1): 84 (1876) [1877]

Type species: Endocalyx thwaitesii Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 15(1): 84 (1876) [1877]

Scyphospora L.A. Kantsch., Bolêz. Rast. 17: 87 (1928)

Type species: Scyphospora phyllostachydis Kantsch. [as ‘phyllostachidis’], Bolêz. Rast. 17: 88 (1928)

Spegazzinia Sacc., Spegazzinia: [1] (1879)

Type species: Spegazzinia ornata Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 172 (1880)

Key to the genera with sexual morph

1. Ascomata stromatic, asci clavate to broadly cylindrical, ascospores ellipsoidal without appendages …………………………………….................. Apiospora

1. Ascomata astromatic, asci clavate, ascospores clavate with appendages at one end ................ Appendicospora

Key to the genera with asexual morph

1. Coelomycetous or hyphomycetous, conidiomata acervular, pycnidial, sporodochial or synnematous, conidia 1-celled …………………………………………………………. 2

1. Hyphomycetous, conidiomata synnematous or sporodochial, conidia 4 or 16-celled, muriform or often septate …………………………………………….... 3

3. Conidia 4-celled, smooth to spinose …….. Spegazzinia

3. Conidia 4 or16-celled, conidiomata verrucose or tuberculate ……………………………… Dictyoarthrinium

4. Conidiomata acervular, conidia, smooth-walled ………………………………………..... Scyphospora

4. Conidiomata, smooth, verrucose, ornamented or with minute wall ornamentations ……………………........ 5

5. Conidiomata cup-shaped to funnel-shaped, surrounded by setae, conidia dark brown, smooth-walled or with minute wall ornamentations …………........ Endocalyx

5. Conidiomata not cupulate or funnel-shaped, setae absent or occasionally present, conidia hyaline becoming dark brown at maturity, smooth, verrucose, ornamented ………………………….... Arthrinium

Armatellaceae Hosag., Sydowia 55(2): 165 (2003)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00723

Epiphytes on the surface of leaves. Superficial hyphae dense, branched, septate, brown to reddish, with hyphopodia, hyphal setae lacking. Hyphopodia single stellate to sublobate on stalk cells, alternate on hyphae, 2-celled, brown to reddish. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial on surface of hosts, scattered, flattened when immature, globose to subglobose at maturity, developing on hyphae, surface verrucose, covered with tuberculate projections, ascomatal setae and appendages lacking. Peridium comprising two strata, outer stratum amorphous and black, inner stratum, comprising reddish to brown, scleroparenchymatous cells of textura angularis to globulosa. Hamathecium with paraphyses, evanescent. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate, ovoid to clavate. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, hyaline to light brown, ellipsoidal to oblong, 1-septate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Armatella Theiss. & Syd.

Notes: The family Armatellaceae was introduced by Hosagoudar (2003), with the generic type Armatella, which is a monotypic genus (Hosagoudar 2003; Hosagoudar et al. 2012; Hongsanan et al. 2015). Hongsanan et al. (2015) accepted Armatellaceae as a separate family from Meliolaceae, which is followed in this study because it has superficial hyphae without phialides, ascomata covered with tuberculate projections, and comprising scleroparenchymatous cells, aseptate to 1-septate, hyaline to light brown ascospores, while Meliolaceae has superficial hyphae mostly with phialides, ascomata with raised conoid cells, and 3–4-septate, hyaline to dark brown ascospores (Hongsanan et al. 2015).

Armatella Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 235 (1915)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00723; Fig. 10

Fig. 10

Armatella litseae (Material examined: JAPAN, Province Awa, Tokushima, Kigasumi, on leaves of Litsea glauca (Lauraceae), 25 December 1897, S. Kusano, (SF70331, holotype). a Herbarium packet b-d Colony on leaves e Vertical section through ascoma f Upper cell walls of young ascomata when viewed in squash mounts g, h Hyphopodia on hyphae i Immature ascus in Melzer’s reagent j, k Mature ascospores in Melzer’s reagent. Scale bars: e = 100 μm, f = 20 μm, i–k = 10 μm, g, h = 10 μm

Epiphytes on the surface of leaves. Superficial hyphae dense, branched, septate, brown to reddish, with hyphopodia, hyphal setae lacking. Hyphopodia single stellate to sublobate on stalk cells, alternate on hyphae, 2-celled, brown to reddish. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial on surface of hosts, scattered, flattened when immature, globose to subglobose at maturity, developing on hyphae, surface verrucose, covered with tuberculate projections, ascomatal setae and appendages lacking. Peridium comprising two strata, outer stratum amorphous and black, inner stratum, comprising reddish to brown, scleroparenchymatous cells of textura angularis to globulosa. Hamathecium with paraphyses, evanescent. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate, ovoid to clavate. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, hyaline to light brown, ellipsoidal to oblong, aseptate when immature and 1-septate at maturity, constricted at the septum, ends rounded, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Armatella litseae (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 235

Notes: No Armatellaceae species have been obtained in culture and no sequence data is available in GenBank (Hongsanan et al. 2015). Index Fungorum (2016) lists 19 epithets in Armatella. However most of these species need to be re-evaluated.

Australiascaceae Réblová & W. Gams, in Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 171 (2011)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01110

Pathogenic and saprobic on terrestrial plant leaves, branches, spathes and stipes. Sexual morph: Stromata absent. Ascomata gregarious to solitary, brown to black, conical to obpyriform, glabrous or with setae, ostiole periphysate. Setae scant, acute, thick-walled, septate, dark brown. Peridium 18–22 μm wide, becoming thick towards the base, 2-layered, fragile, of textura epidermoidea to prismatica in surface view. Hamathecium comprising septate, persistent, branching paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, short-pedicellate, apex truncate, with a distinct, shallow, J- apical ring. Ascospores overlapping biseriate, hyaline, oblong to ellipsoidal, apiculate at both ends, septate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, Conidiophores macronematous, pale to dark brown or black, unbranched, septate. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, ampulliform to cylindrical, subhyaline, with a minute, flared collarette. Conidia ellipsoid to cylindrical–ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, hyaline to greenish, septate, aggregated in slime or in straight to curled pseudo-chains.

Type: Monilochaetes Halst. ex Harter

Notes: This family was established by Réblová et al. (2011) to accommodate the holomorphic genus Australiasca and asexual morph Monilochaetes (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). The sexual morph of this family mimics Chaetosphaeria which have almost indistinguishable ascomata. The asexual morph is also similar to the asexual morphs of Chaetosphaeria (Réblová et al. 2011). Monilochaetes was established for a single dematiaceous hyphomycete species M. infuscans Harter (Halsted 1890). Rong and Gams (2000) added M. guadalcanalensis to this genus. This addition was later confirmed by Réblová et al. (2011) with the use of molecular data. Rong and Gams (2000) used the branching of the conidiophores and the shapes and dimensions of conidia to distinguish Monilochaetes from the similar genera Dischloridium and Exochalara. ITS and LSU phylogenies confirmed that Dischloridium and Monilochaetes are congeneric, hence Dischloridium became a generic synonym of Monilochaetes. The connection between the sexual (Australiasca) and the asexual (Monilochaetes) morph has been experimentally established (Sivanesan and Alcorn 2002; Réblová et al. 2011).

Monilochaetes Halst. ex Harter, J. Agric. Res., Washington 5: 791 (1916)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01093; Fig. 11

Fig. 11

Australiasca queenslandica (Material examined: AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Malanda, on branch of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Theaceae), 26 March 1988, J. L. Alcorn, BRIP 25190a, holotype). a Label and herbarium material b Ascoma on the host c Cells of peridium d Immature asci e Asci with ascospores f Ascospores g Setae h Conidiophores i Conidiogenous cells j Chains of conidia k Conidia (conidiogenous cells and conidia chains of Monilochaetes infuscans redrawn from Rong and Gams 2000). Scale bars: b-c = 100 μm, e–f, g = 50 μm, g, i–k = 10 μm

Type species: Monilochaetes infuscans Harter, J. Agric. Res., Washington 5: 791 (1916)

Notes: The asexual genus Monilochaetes comprises seven species (Index Fungorum 2016). Dischloridium and Monilochaetes are similar in morphology and molecular phylogenies confirm that these two genera are congeneric. Monilochaetes infuscans causes scurf disease or soil stain of sweet potato in many countries (Rong and Gams 2000). Monilochaetes basicurvata (Matsush.) Réblová & Seifert, M. dimorphospora Réblová & W. Gams, M. laeénsis (Matsush.) Réblová, W. Gams & Seifert and M. regenerans (Bhat & W.B. Kendr.) Réblová & Seifert are reported as saprobes while M. camelliae (Alcorn & Sivan.) Réblová, W. Gams & Seifert has been recorded as a pathogen (Rong and Gams 2000; Réblová et al. 2011). Rong and Gams (2000) proposed the combination of M. guadalcanalensis, which was also accepted in Réblová et al. (2011). A recent study by Martínez-Rivera et al. (2014) also has accepted this concept. However, in Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp2016), M. guadalcanalensis has been synonymised under Exochalara guadalcanalensis (Matsush.) W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. Further clarification of this species taxonomic placement is required. The sexual-asexual connections of Australiasca queenslandica with Monilochaetes camelliae and Australiasca laeénsis with Monilochaetes laeénsis have been experimentally established (Sivanesan and Alcorn 2002; Réblová et al. 2011). Australiasca includes only two species, namely A. laeénsis Réblová & W. Gams and A. queenslandica Sivan & Alcorn. Although these species are morphologically similar, molecular analyses of ITS and LSU sequence data confirmed that they are distinct. The released ascospores in Australiasca were often observed to be 1–3-septate (Réblová et al. 2011). The ascospores of Australiasca queenslandica become muriform at maturity, but this character has not been observed in Australiasca laeénsis (Réblová et al. 2011). When it comes to the use of one name one fungus concept, we recommend the use of Monilochaetes as this generic name is older (introduced in 1916) than the generic name Australiasca (introduced in 2002). Also, Monilochaetes (7) has higher number of species than Australiasca (2). Furthermore, Monilochaetes is a well-established name in plant pathological community.

Bartaliniaceae Wijayawardene et al., in Senanayake et al., Fungal Divers. 73: 13 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00667

Saprobic, endophytic or pathogenic on leaves, twigs and branches of a variety of hosts. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata immersed, solitary, scattered. Ascomata black, immersed to semi-immersed, solitary or gregarious, globose to subglobose. Ostiole central, circular. Papilla periphysate. Peridium composed of an outer layer, of brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis or textura prismatica, with thin inner layer of hyaline cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, hyaline, septate, filamentous paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apex rounded, with J+ or J-, subapical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, pale brown to brown, ellipsoid to fusiform, 3–4-septate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata acervular to pycnidial to irregular, solitary or gregarious, superficial to sub-immersed, unilocular, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black. Ostiole apapillate. Conidiomata wall comprising a thick outer layer of dark brown cells of textura angularis, and thin inner wall of hyaline to sub-hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores present or reduced to conidiogenous cells, when present cylindrical, hyaline, sparsely septate, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, ampulliform, integrated or discrete, determinate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia fusiform, straight to slightly curved, subhyaline to brown, bearing an apical appendage or both apical and basal appendages.

Type: Bartalinia Tassi

Notes: The family Bartaliniaceae (order Amphisphaeriales) was introduced by Senanayake et al. (2015) to accommodate the genera Bartalinia, Broomella, Dyrithiopsis, Hyalotiella, Truncatella and Zetiasplonza based on both morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis. It is phylogenetically closely related to the families Sporocadaceae, Pestalotiopsidaceae and Robillardaceae.

Bartalinia Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R. Univ. Siena 3: 4 (1900)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00659; Fig. 12

Fig. 12

Bartalinia robillardoides (Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Luang University ground, on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., 30 June 2012, Nalin N. Wijayawardene, NNW 120630-1, MFLU 13-0084) a Conidiomata on host b, c Section of conidiomata d Conidia arising from conidiogenous cells e-h Conidia. Scale bars: b–c = 150 μm, d = 20 μm, e–h = 25 μm

Endophytic or saprobic on plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial or variable, solitary to gregarious, subepidermal, erumpent at maturity, globose, unilocular, brown to black. Conidiomata wall two layered, outer layer comprising dark brown to black cells of textura angularis, inner wall comprising thin, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells ampulliform, holoblastic, discrete, determinate, hyaline, forming from the inner layer of the pycnidium wall. Conidia hyaline to pale brown, subcylindrical, trans-septate, with appendages, basal cell with truncate base, obconic, hyaline, with single unbranched appendage; 3 median cells subcylindrical, hyaline to pale brown, apical cell conical, almost hyaline, with three branched appendage.

Type species: Bartalinia robillardoides Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R. Univ. Siena 3: 4 (1900)

Notes: Bartalinia was introduced by Tassi (1900) with Bartalinia robillardoides as the type species. Morgan-Jones et al. (1972) and Sutton (1980) accepted nine species in the genus, while emphasizing the need for a taxonomic revision of the genus. von Arx (1981) listed Bartalinia under Seimatosporium. Nag Raj (1993) rejected this classification stating the differences in conidial appendages and retained the type B. robillardoides and five other species, B. bischofiae Nag Raj, B. lateripes (Ellis & Everh.) Nag Raj, B. laurina (Mont. ex Desm.) Nag Raj, B. pistacina (J.L. Maas) Nag Raj and B. tamarindi Nag Raj, as belonging to the genus Bartalinia. New Bartalinia species have been added as a result of various studies (Anderson and Bianchinotti 1996; Xi et al. 2000; Chi et al. 2002; Andrianova and Minter 2007; Marincowitz et al. 2010; Senanayake et al. 2015) and currently 19 epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (2016). Bartalinia species are characterized by having three to four septate conidia. A key to ten Bartalinia species, including the six listed by Nag Raj (1993), has been provided by Andrianova and Minter (2007). In a study of appendaged coelomycetes, Crous et al. (2014a) designated an epitype for B. robillardoides, collected on Leptoglossus occidentalis. Bartalinia species have been recorded on a wide range of hosts - especially flowering shrubs and trees, and causing leaf spots on economically important plants across Australia, China, Europe, India, South America and South East Asia (Wong et al. 2003; Farr and Rossman 2016).

Other genera included

Broomella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 557 (1883)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00626; Fig. 13

Fig. 13

Broomella vitalbae (Material examined: ITALY. Province of Forlì-Cesena [FC], Modigliana, Montebello, on dead stem of Clematis vitalba (Ranunculaceae), 23 February 2013, Erio Camporesi, IT-1079, MFLU 15-0065, epitype) a Appearance of ascomata on host b, c Close up of ascomata d Section of ascoma e Ostiole f Peridium g Paraphyses h-k Asci with ascospores l-n Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b–c = 200 μm, d–f = 50 μm, g–n = 20 μm

Saprobic on various dicots, monocots such as bamboo and pine. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary to gregarious, uniloculate, glabrous, globose to subglobose, papillate. Ostiole centrally located, comprising of longitudinal cells, internally lined with hyaline periphyses. Peridium composed of light brown, thick-walled cells of textura prismatica in the upper part, and thin-walled, hyaline to pale brown cells in other parts. Hamathecium comprising of cylindrical, septate, paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to cylindrical-clavate, short pedicel, apically rounded, with a J- apical ring. Ascospores biseriate or overlapping bi- or tri-seriate, fusiform, median cells pale yellowish brown to greyish brown, end cells grey or hyaline, glabrous, straight or inequilaterally curved, 3-septate, constricted at the mid septa, thick-walled, each end cell bearing a simple, centric, tubular appendage. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidioid, scattered to gregarious, immersed to semi-immersed, oval or elongated, black, unilocular, papillate, glabrous. Pycnidial wall outer layers comprised of thick-walled, pale brown to brown cells of textura globulosa to textura angularis, inwardly merging with relatively thin-walled, colourless cells. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells integrated, cylindrical, phialidic, percurrently proliferating 1–2-times, hyaline, smooth. Conidia pale brown or brown, fusiform to aciculate, with acute ends, straight or slightly curved, 3-septate, constricted at septa, verruculose, thick walled, bearing up to 5 appendages at the apex and a single appendage at the base.

Type species: Broomella vitalbae (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 558 (1883)

Notes: The genus Broomella, introduced by Saccardo (1883) and is characterized by having unitunicate, cylindrical-elongate asci, with a J-, discoid apical ring and 3-septate, ellipsoid-fusiform ascospores, with brown median cells and lighter terminal cells, bearing a single, centric appendage at each end (Shoemaker and Müller 1963; Li et al. 2015a). Broomella has been linked to a pestalotiod-like asexual morph (Shoemaker et al. 1989; Yuan and Zhao 1992; Kang et al. 1999b). Currently, 20 epithets are listed under Broomella in Index Fungorum (2016). However, they lack sequence data. Broomella species and their truncatella-like asexual morphs differ in many ways from the type B. vitalbae (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. and its asexual morph and therefore may not be congeneric. In a study based on both LSU sequence data and morphological data by Li et al. (2015a), Broomella appeared to be a distinct, natural group in Amphisphaeriaceae. Based on the phylogenetic analysis by Senanayake et al. (2015) Broomella was placed in Bartaliniaceae, Amphisphaeriales along with Bartalinia, Dyrithiopsis, Hyalotiella, Truncatella and Zetiasplozna. The asexual morph was described in Senanayake et al. (2015).

Dyrithiopsis L. Cai et al., in Jeewon et al., Mycologia 95(5): 912 (2003)

Type species: Dyrithiopsis lakefuxianensis L. Cai et al., in Jeewon et al., Mycologia 95(5): 913 (2003)

Hyalotiella Papendorf, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 50(1): 69 (1967)

Type species: Hyalotiella transvalensis Papendorf, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 50(1): 69 (1967)

Truncatella Steyaert, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux. 19: 293 (1949)

Type species: Truncatella truncata (Lév.) Steyaert, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux. 19: 295 (1949)

Zetiasplozna Nag Raj, Coelomycetous Anamorphs with Appendage-bearing Conidia (Ontario): 996 (1993)

Type species: Zetiasplozna caffra Matsush. [as ‘caffera’], Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 9: 29 (1996)

Key to sexual genera of Bartaliniaceae

1. Asci with J-, apical ring, having 3-septate ascospores ………………………………. Broomella

1. Asci with J+, subapical ring, having muriform ascospores (3-transverse, 1–2 longitudinal septa)……………………………………… Dyrithiopsis

Key to asexual genera of Bartaliniaceae

1. Spores bearing single apical appendage, branched ……………………………………………………….... 2

1. Spores bearing several apical appendages, unbranched..……………………………… Zetiasplozna

2. Spores smooth-walled, median cells hyaline or almost hyaline to pale brown.................................................... 3

2. Spores verruculose, median cells brown………………………………….. Truncatella

3. Conidia with single basal appendage……………………………….......….. Bartalinia

3. Conidia lacking a basal appendage……………………………………... Hyalotiella

Batistiaceae Samuels & K.F. Rodrigues, Mycologia 81(1): 54 (1989)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01321

Saprobic on wood. Sexual morph: Ascomata cleistothecial, stipitate-capitate, solitary to gregarious, superficial, black, globose, long stipitate, carbonaceous, without an ostiole. Peridium cephalothecoid. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, globose, lacking a visible discharge ring and deliquescent. Ascospores irregularly arranged, brown, ellipsoidal to oblong, 1-celled, without germ slits or germ pores, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Synnemata determinate, dark brown to black. Hyphae of stipe parallel, dark brown, septa simple. Conidiophores forming a compact, grey palisade. Capitulum terminal, globose, in vertical section composed of a darkly pigmented dome of angular cells giving rise to loose textura intricata of hyaline, more or less swollen hyphae, a compact subhymenium of similar hyphae and then a conidiogenous hymenium. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, single or in terminated pairs, light brown, cylindrical, with an abruptly terminated apex and cylindrical collarette smooth-walled. Conidia in dry chains without connectives, pale olivaceous, light brown to grey in mass, ellipsoidal, globose, subglobose or oblong, 1-celled, with thin, smooth-walls. (descriptions based on Seifert 1987; Samuels and Rodrigues 1989).

Notes: Batistiaceae was introduced by Samuels and Rodrigues (1989) as a monotypic family classified in Sordariales, and is typified by Batistia. Kirk et al. (2001) removed the family from the order Sordariales to Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis (Huhndorf et al. 2004a; Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2007b). Based on analysis of LSU sequence data, Huhndorf et al. (2004a) showed the genus to belong outside the perithecial ascomycetes and placed it in the Pezizomycotina incertae sedis. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and Wijayawardene et al. (2012) followed this classification. However, sequence data published by Huhndorf has been shown to be contaminated (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Batistiaceae was classified in Sordariomycetidae family incertae sedis and there is presently no reliable sequence data available for this family in GenBank (Kirk et al. 2008; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; Index Fungorum 2016). This family is characterized by stipitate ascomata that form on wood and with a relatively thick peridium (Benny and Kimbrough 1980). Batistia and its asexual morph, Acrostroma are presently placed in the family (Wijayawardene et al. 2012; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Batistia Cif., Atti Ist. bot. Univ. Lab. crittog. Pavia, Ser. 5 15: 166 (1958)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01322, Figs 14, 15

Fig. 14

Batistia annulipes (Material examined: BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, Corcovado, on bark, Montagne, 1831–1833, MNHN-PC-PC0167686, MC10053b, holotype) a Herbarium material b Host c Ascomata on the host d Ascoma e Peridium with asci f Ascoma in longitudinal section g Stipitate tissues from a longitudinal section h Peridium i-l Asci m-n Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 2000 μm, d = 200 μm, e = 50 μm, f = 100 μm, g = 30 μm, h = 10 μm, i–l = 3 μm, m–n = 2 μm

Fig. 15

Batistia annulipes (Material examined: VENEZUELA, Dto. Fed. Ca. 7 km. S. of Chichiriviche, on road between El Portachuelo and Chichiriviche, on unidentified wood, K.P. Dumont, R.F. Cain, G.J. Samuels and B. Manara, 30 July 1972, NY 00936852 (Dumont-VE 6722), holotype) a Herbarium material b Host c Synnemata on the host d Synnemata from longitudinal section e Stem tissues from a longitudinal section f Detail of capitulum tissues from longitudinal section g Conidiogenous cells h–i Conidia. Scale bars: c = 500 μm, d = 50 μm, e = 30 μm, f = 20 μm, g = 10 μm, h–j = 3 μm

Saprobic on wood. Sexual morph: Ascomata cleistothecial, solitary to gregarious, superficial, stipitate-capitate, stipitate sinuous or straight, unbranched, with evenly spaced annellations, comprising thick, brown cells of textura prismatica, cap globose, black, carbonaceous, surface formed of thick polyhedral plates, plates in greatest dimension, dehiscing along the lines separating the plates. Opening widely as petals of a flower to expose the brown, powdery mass of ascospores, without an ostiole. Peridium cephalothecoid, composed of several layers of brown to dark brown, thick cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, subglobose to globose, sessile, lacking a visible discharge apparatus and deliquescent. Ascospores irregularly arranged, translucent brown, ellipsoidal to oblong, 1-celled, without germ slits or germ pores, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Synnemata, determinate, caespitose or solitary, cylindrical-capitate, subulate-capitate, sinuous or straight, of medium stature, slender or very slender, unbranched, dark brown to black, slightly lighter immediately beneath the capitulum, smooth or appearing inconspicuously annellated when dry, annellations conspicuous when rehydrated. Hyphae of stipe parallel, dark brown, septa simple. Conidiophores forming a compact, grey palisade. Capitulum terminal, globose, in vertical section composed of a darkly pigmented dome of angular cells giving rise to loose textura intricata of hyaline, more or less swollen hyphae, a compact subhymenium of similar hyphae and then a conidiogenous hymenium. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, single or in terminated pairs, cylindrical, light brown, with an abruptly terminated apex and cylindrical, smooth-walled collarette. Conidia in dry chains without connectives, pale olivaceous, light brown to grey in mass, ellipsoidal, globose, subglobose or oblong, 1-celled, with thin, smooth wall (Seifert 1987; Samuels and Rodrigues 1989).

Type species: Batistia annulipes (Mont.) Cif., Atti Ist bot Univ Lab crittog Pavia, Ser. 5 15: 166 (1958)

Notes: Batistia is typified by Batistia annulipes, and was originally described as a species of Thamnomyces (Xylariaceae) by Montagne (1834) (Benny and Kimbrough 1980; Samuels and Rodrigues 1989). Samuels and Rodrigues (1989) provided a detailed description and illustration for Batistia and its asexual morph and linked to B. annulipes with the type species of Acrostroma (A. annellosynnema) by culture methods. Kirk et al. (2008), Seifert et al. (2011) and Wijayawardene et al. (2012) accepted this placement. We re-examined the type material of both Acrostroma and Batistia, and found the morphology matched that reported by Samuels and Rodrigues (1989). Thus, in this paper, we synonymize the genus Acrostroma under Batistia. The genus Acrostroma presently has three records in Index Fungorum (2016).

Beltraniaceae Nann., Repert. mic. uomo: 498. 1934. emend.

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01899

Saprobic on plant tissues. Sexual morph: Ascomata pale yellow, solitary to aggregated on OA and PDA, globose to somewhat papillate, with central ostiole; wall of 3–4 layers of subhyaline textura angularis to intricata. Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, cellular, anastomosing, distributed among asci. Asci 8-spored, sessile, unitunicate, hyaline, subcylindrical. Ascospores tri- to multi-seriate, obovoid, hyaline, granular, smooth, aseptate with non-persistent mucoid sheath. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium immersed to superficial, composed of subhyaline to brown, thin-walled hyphae. Stromata usually present, parenchymatous to pseudoparenchymatous, hyaline to brown, often confined to epidermal cells. Setae present or absent, straight, thick-walled, dark brown, smooth or verrucose, with radially lobed basal cell, tapering to acute apex. Conidiophores simple, erect, septate, pale brown, arising from the base of setae or separate. Conidiogenous cells pale brown, integrated, denticulate (based on Crous et al. 2015c).

Type: Beltrania Penz.

Notes: Beltraniaceae was introduced by Nannizzi in 1934, but, the family was not commonly used. Crous et al. (2015c) validated the family with the support of sequence data and also included Beltraniella, Beltraniomyces, Beltraniopsis, Parapleurotheciopsis, Porobeltraniella, Pseudobeltrania and Subramaniomyces. In earlier studies, based on sequence data, Beltraniella, Pseudomassaria carolinensis and allied hyphomycetes formed an independent clade in the Xylariales lineage, closely related to Amphisphaeriaceae (Shirouzu et al. 2010) Species in Beltraniaceae are generally hyphomycetous and commonly isolated as saprobes. Crous et al. (2015c) introduced Pseudobeltrania ocoteae, which was the first recorded sexual morph for the family.

Beltrania Penz., Nuovo G. bot. ital. 14: 72 (1882)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02101; Fig. 16.

Fig. 16

Beltrania rhombica (redrawn from Seifert et al. 2011)

Saprobic on leaf litter. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Setae erect, numerous, dark to medium brown, thick-walled, septate, straight or flexuous, tapering to an acute apex, septate, basal cell lobed. Conidiophores erect or mononematous, unbranched, medium brown, smooth, septate several times. Conidiogenous cells terminal, discrete, pale to dark brown, polyblastic, globe to subglobose, usually aseptate. Conidia solitary, biconic, colourless to dark brown, aseptate, with or without apical appendages.

Notes: This genus is typified by Beltrania rhombica Penz. which was isolated from Citrus limonum in Sicily. Generally in Beltrania and related genera, conidiogenous cells are integrated, polyblastic and often associated with almost colourless to pale brown separating cells that usually become detached with the conidia (Bhat and Kendrick 1993). Presently there are 18 epithets for Beltrania (Index Fungorum 2016).

Type species: Beltrania rhombica Penz., Michelia 2(no. 8): 474 (1882)

Other genera included

Beltraniella Subram., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Sect. B 36: 227 (1952)

Type species: Beltraniella odinae Subram., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 36: 224 (1952)

Beltraniomyces Manohar., D.K. Agarwal & Rao, Indian Phytopath. 56(4): 418 (2003)

Type species: Beltraniomyces lignicola Manohar. et al., Indian Phytopath. 56(4): 420 (2003)

Beltraniopsis Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, Publicações Inst. Micol. Recife 296: 4 (1960)

Type species: Beltraniopsis esenbeckiae Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, Publicações Inst. Micol. Recife 296: 7 (1960)

Parapleurotheciopsis P.M. Kirk, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78(1): 63 (1982)

Type species: Parapleurotheciopsis inaequiseptata (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78(1): 65 (1982)

Porobeltraniella Gusmão, Mycologia 96(1): 151 (2004)

Type species: Porobeltraniella porosa (Piroz. & S.D. Patil) Gusmão, Mycologia 96(1): 151 (2004)

Pseudobeltrania Henn., Hedwigia 41: 310 (1902)

Type species: Pseudobeltrania cedrelae Henn., Hedwigia 41: 310 (1902)

Subramaniomyces Varghese & V.G. Rao, Kavaka 7: 83 (1980) [1979]

Type species: Subramaniomyces indicus Varghese & V.G. Rao, Kavaka 7: 83 (1980) [1979]

Key to genera of Beltraniaceae

1. Conidiophores lacking radial lobes at base ……………………………………….... Beltraniomyces

1. Conidiophores with radially lobed basal cells…….......2

2. Conidia lacking transverse, pale band ..........................3

2. Conidia with transverse, pale band................................4

3. Conidiogenous cells ellipsoidal, not integrated in conidiophores……………………………... Porobeltraniella

3. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical, integrated.......................................Subramaniomyces

4. Setae absent ......................................... Pseudobeltrania

4. Setae present ………………………………………...5

5. Conidiophores septate, or arriving from, basal cells of setae……..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…...….. 6

5. Conidiophores arising from all cells of setae………....7

6. Conidia biconic…………………………..… Beltrania

6. Conidia fusoid…..................…… Parapleurotheciopsis

7. Conidia biconic, proximal end rounded, distal free end rostrate…….….….….….…..….……….. Beltraniopsis

7. Conidia lageniform, proximal end rostrate, distal free end truncate................................................. Beltraniella

Bertiaceae Smyk, Ukr. bot. Zh. 38(6): 47 (1981)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01111

Saprobic on wood in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, dark brown to black, solitary or in small to large groups, superficial to erumpent, cupuliform, globose to subglobose, carbonaceous to membranaceous, turbinate or tuberculate or smooth, collabent or collapsing laterally or not collapsing, ostiolate. Peridium thick, munk pores present or absent, outer layer (pseudoparenchymatic cells) hard, composed of dark tissues, basal part mixed with host cells; inner layer composed of brown to dark brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of few, inflated, branched and hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, long pedicellate, apical ring indistinct or absent. Ascospores 2–3-seriate or irregularly arranged, hyaline to brown, cylindrical to fusiform, aseptate to multi-septate, smooth-walled, mostly with guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Bertia De Not., G. bot. ital. 1(1): 334 (1844)

Notes: The family Bertiaceae was introduced by Smyk (1981) based on superficial, black, turbinate ascomata and clavate asci with hyaline, fusiform ascospores, irregularly arranged in the upper region of ascus, and typified by Bertia (De Notaris 1844). Nannfeldt (1975) concluded that Nitschkiaceae was composed of three separate groups, but that the differences between them were not distinct enough for separate families. However, he expected that Bertia should have an distinct position in the family. Smyk (1981) agreed with this perspective and introduced the family Bertiaceae based on morphology. Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) reevaluated the order Coronophorales based on multi-gene analysis and transferred the genus Gaillardiella (typified by G. pezizoides Pat.) to this family. Gaillardiella has superficial, brown ascomata with roughened papulose peridium (Miller and Huhndorf 2009). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015), used a multigene sequence dataset to confirm the placement of Bertia and Gaillardiella in Bertiaceae in a highly supported clade in the Coronophorales.

Bertia De Not., G. bot. ital. 1(1): 334 (1844)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01112; Fig. 17

Fig. 17

Bertia moriformis (Material examined: ITALY, Riva Valdobbia, on dead wood of Rhododendron sp., 30 April 1859, Carestia, S F298) a Label and herbarium material b Herbarium material c Black ascomata on host surface d Ascoma in vertical section e-f Peridium g Munk pores arrowed h-j Asci k-n Ascospores. Notes: j, m, n stained in Melzer’s reagent, f, i, k, l in KOH. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 200 μm, e = 100 μm, f = 50 μm, h–k = 20 μm, g. l–n = 10 μm

Saprobic on wood in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, superficial or erumpent, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, carbonaceous to membranaceous, tuberculate or smooth, collabent or collapsing laterally or not collapsing, with a short papilla. Peridium thick (100–250 μm), composed of three layers, outer layer comprising dark tissues, thin, carbonaceous; middle layer comprising dark brown to brown cells of textura angularis, thick, membranaceous, munk pores present and the inner layer comprising hyaline cells of textura prismatica, thin, membranaceous. Hamathecium composed of few, inflated, branched and hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, with long tapering pedicel, apical ring indistinct or absent. Ascospores irregularly arranged, hyaline to brown, cylindrical or fusiform, aseptate to multi-septate, slightly curved, smooth-walled, mostly with guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Bertia moriformis (Tode) De Not., G. bot. ital. 1(1): 335 (1844)

Notes: The genus Bertia was introduced by De Notaris (1844) and 47 epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (2016). The type species, B. moriformis, is characterized by tuberculate ascomata, clavate asci and hyaline ascospores. The ascomata are mostly tuberculate, when ascomata are smooth the ascospores are consistently brown (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).

Other genus included

Gaillardiella Pat., in Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 11(4): 226 (1895)

Type species: Gaillardiella pezizoides Pat., in Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 11(4): 226 (1895)

Key to genera of Bertiaceae

1. Ascomata tuberculate, ascospores hyaline (if the ascomata smooth, ascospores brown) ……………..................… Bertia

1. Ascomata tuberculate, ascospores brown ......…………….……………..........…… Gaillardiella

Bionectriaceae Samuels & Rossman, Stud. Mycol. 42: 15 (1999)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01367

Herbicolous, corticolous, lichenicolous or fungicolous, found in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata embedded in a weakly or well-developed erumpent stroma, or superficial on the substratum, solitary or densely aggregated, crowded, Ascomata perithecial, rarely cleistothecial, if perithecial, globose, subglobose to pyriform, if cleistothecial, globose, white, yellow, orange, reddish brown, greenish or purple to violet, without changing colour in KOH or lactic acid, smooth to rough, or warted, ostiolate or non- ostiolate. Peridium composed of 1–3 layers. Periphyses present or absent. Asci (2–)8-spored, uniseriate, biseriate, multi-seriate or irregular, unitunicate, clavate, saccate, cylindrical, sessile or short pedicellate, rarely evanescent, apex simple or with an inconspicuous or distinct, J-, apical ring. Ascospores unicellular to multi-septate, sometimes muriform, globose, fusiform, ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth-walled, spinulose to tuberculate or striate. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, acremonium- or gliocladium-like. Conidiophores dimorphic or monomorphic, commonly sporodochial or synnematous, [?] hyaline, subhyaline to brown or blackish brown, smooth-walled to finely echinulate. Conidiogenous cells phialidic. Phialides mostly cylindrical to flask-shaped. Conidia unicellular to multi-septate, ellipsoidal, fusiform to subfusiform, sometimes with papillate or truncate ends, hyaline to greenish hyaline or olivaceous grey, smooth or striate walled.

Type: Bionectria Speg. (= Clonostachys Corda)

Notes: The family Bionectriaceae was introduced by Rossman et al. (1999) to accommodate 26 genera including five cleistothecial genera and with Bionectria Speg. as the type genus. Although it included five cleistothecial genera, four of them were accepted in the family according to analysis of molecular data (Rossman et al. 2001). Rossman et al. (2013) suggested synonymizing Spicariaceae, which has rarely been cited, under Bionectriaceae. This family is characterized by uniloculate perithecial or rarely cleistothecial ascomata, that are white, yellow, orange to tan or brown, not changing colour in KOH or lactic acid, and are generally superficial, lacking a stroma, or immersed in the substratum (Rossman et al. 1999). Many of the genera were based on species initially described in Nectria (Rossman et al. 1999). Phylogenetic analysis by Rossman et al. (2001) including those genera and related asexual morph taxa has confirmed that Bionectriaceae is monophyletic within Hypocreales. Currently 39 genera are listed under this family (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Clonostachys Corda, Pracht-Fl. Eur. Schimmelbild.: 31 (1839)

= Bionectria Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba 23(3–4): 563 (1919) [1918]

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02102; Figs 18, 19

Fig. 18

Clonostachys compactiuscula (sexual morph) (Material examined: USA, North Carolina, Jackson Co., Nantahala Natl. Forest, Bull Pen Rd. to Chattooga River, Ellicott Rock Trail from Fowler Creek, on bark of recently dead Fagus sp., 28 Sept 1989, G.J. Samuels, C.T. Rogerson, R.C. Harris, W.R. Buck, Det. G.J. Samuels, NY 00966769, holotype). a Herbarium material b, c Ascomata on host substrate d, e Transverse section through ascomata f Peridium g, h Asci i Ascus in Melzer’s reagent j-l Ascospores m Ascospore in Melzer’s reagent. Scale bars: b–d = 500 μm, e = 50 μm, f = 100 μm, g–h = 20 μm, i = 20 μm, j–m = 10 μm

Fig. 19

Clonostachys compactiuscula (asexual morph) (Material examined: Dry culture on CMA, NY 00966769) a Dry culture b Sporulation on CMA c Conidiophores stained in Congo red d Conidiophores with multiple conidial columns e Conidiophores in Congo red f Conidial column stained with Congo red g Conidia Scale bars: b = 500 μm, c = 100 μm, d = 50 μm, e = 20 μm, f = 50, g = 20 μm

Herbicolous, corticolous or fungicolous. Sexual morph: Ascomata forming on a well-developed, erumpent stroma, rarely superficial on the substratum, densely crowded in large numbers, sometimes solitary, perithecial, globose, in orange hues (yellowish orange, pale orange, light orange, brownish orange), without changing colour in KOH or lactic acid, slightly papillate, without a neck, smooth to rough or warted. Peridium composed of two or three strata, outer strata composed of angular to subglobose cells, merging into the stroma and into the cells of warts (when present), central strata consisting of intertwined hyphae forming a textura intricata in surface view, inner strata composed of layers of lobed cells, with conspicuous pseudopores in the cell wall. Periphyses persisting or not. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, apex rounded, flat, or with prominent edges, with or without a refractive ring. Ascospores 0–1-septate, ellipsoid, not disarticulating into part-spores, hyaline, smooth-walled, spinulose to tuberculate or striate. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores dimorphic or monomorphic, mononematous or forming sporodochia, hyaline, smooth-walled, generally differentiated into a stipe and a branched part (penicillus). Stipes arise erect from a submerged supporting hypha, a solitary aerial hypha or aerial hyphal fascicles, ropes or strands, consisting of one to several cells and is always delimited by a septum near the base. Penicillus consists of single whorl of phialides (monoverticillate), several whorls of phialides arising from intercalary cells of the main axis (2– or more-level verticillate, or consists of successive branches that form whorls of additional supporting cells or whorls of phialides (biverticillate, terverticillate). Conidiogenous cells phialidic. Phialides cylindrical to flask-shaped, with or without truncate apex in secondary conidiophores. Conidial masses hyaline, salmon, yellowish, green or hardly pigmented, arrange in imbricate chains. Conidia aseptate or 1-septate, ellipsoidal to subfusiform, slightly curved, frequently having a somewhat flattened side, and a laterally displaced hilum, rarely straight with an almost median hilum or entirely symmetrical without a visible hilum, hyaline or greenish hyaline, smooth or very rarely ornamented.

Type species: Clonostachys araucaria Corda, in Lombard, van der Merwe, Groenewald & Crous 2015

Notes: Spegazzini (1919) proposed the genus Bionectria (based on characters of the asexual morph) for species of Nectria that occur on living plant material. He originally included one species based on a single specimen, which was characterized by flesh-coloured to orange perithecia, crowded on a well-developed stroma, and fusiform, apically rounded asci, with 1-septate ascospores. Subsequent authors considered Bionectria a synonym of Nectria (Müller and von Arx 1962; Samuels 1988). Bionectria forms a monophyletic clade based on analyses of DNA sequence data (Schroers 2001; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

The asexual morphs of species in Bionectria are characterized by penicillate, frequently sporodochial, and, in many cases, dimorphic conidiophores (Schroers 2001). Schroers (2001) reported a possible link between Clonostachys and Bionectria, and Rossman et al. (2013) have synonymized Bionectria under Clonostachys. This link was followed in Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). Clonostachys has been given priority because it is the older asexual genus and the name Clonostachys rosea (the generic type) is commonly used in biocontrol studies (Rossman et al. 2013; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Other genera included

Acremonium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 15 (1809)

Type species: Acremonium alternatum Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 15 (1809)

Anthonectria Döbbeler, Mycologia 102(2): 405 (2010)

Type species: Anthonectria mammispora Döbbeler, Mycologia 102(2): 405 (2010)

Aphanotria Döbbeler, Mycol. Res. 111(12): 1408 (2007)

Type species: Aphanotria paradoxa Döbbeler, Mycol. Res. 111(12): 1408 (2007)

Battarrina (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear, Gen. fung., Edn 2 (Minneapolis): 279 (1931)

Type species: Battarrina inclusa (Berk. & Broome) Clem. & Shear, Gen. fung., Edn 2 (Minneapolis): 279 (1931)

Bryocentria Döbbeler, Mycol. Progr. 3(3): 247 (2004)

Type species: Bryocentria brongniartii (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Döbbeler, Mycol. Progr. 3(3): 248 (2004)

Clibanites (P. Karst.) P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 19: 14, 167 (1871)

Type species: Clibanites paradoxa (P. Karst.) P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 19: 14 (1871)

Didymostilbe Henn., Hedwigia 41: 148 (1902)

Type species: Didymostilbe coffeae Henn., Hedwigia 41: 148 (1902)

Dimerosporiella Speg., Revta Mus. La Plata 15: 10 (1908)

Type species: Dimerosporiella paulistana Speg., Revta Mus. La Plata 15(2): 11 (1908)

Gliomastix Guég., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 21: 240 (1905)

Type species: Gliomastix chartarum (Cooke) Guég., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 21: 240 (1905)

Globonectria Etayo, Biblthca Lichenol. 84: 47 (2002)

Type species: Globonectria cochensis Etayo, Biblthca Lichenol. 84: 47 (2002)

Gracilistilbella Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 45: 18 (2000)

Type species: Gracilistilbella clavulata (Mont.) Seifert, in Seifert & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 45: 18 (2000)

Halonectria E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 48(2): 287 (1965)

Type species: Halonectria milfordensis E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 48(2): 287 (1965)

Heleococcum C.A. Jørg., Bot. Tidsskr. 37: 417 (1922)

Type species: Heleococcum aurantiacum C.A. Jørg., Bot. Tidsskr. 37: 417 (1922)

Hydropisphaera Dumort., Comment. bot. (Tournay): 89 (1822)

Type species: Hydropisphaera peziza (Tode) Dumort., Comment. bot. (Tournay): 90 (1822)

Ijuhya Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Afd. 3 25(no. 1): 30 (1899)

Type species: Ijuhya vitrea Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska Vetensk Akad. Handl., Afd. 3 25(no. 1): 30 (1899)

Kallichroma Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 97(6): 759 (1993)

Type species: Kallichroma tethys (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 97(6): 759 (1993)

Lasionectria (Sacc.) Cooke, Grevillea 12(no. 64): 111 (1884)

Type species: Lasionectria mantuana (Sacc.) Cooke, Grevillea 12(no. 64): 112 (1884)

Mycocitrus Möller, Bot. Mitt. Trop. 9: 297 (1901)

Type species: Mycocitrus aurantium Möller, Bot. Mitt. Trop. 9: 297 (1901)

Nectriella Nitschke ex Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 175 (1870) [1869–70]

Type species: Nectriella fuckelii Nitschke ex Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 176 (1870) [1869–70]

Nectriopsis Maire, Annls mycol. 9(4): 323 (1911)

Type species: Nectriopsis violacea (J.C. Schmidt ex Fr.) Maire, Annls mycol. 9(4): 323 (1911)

Ochronectria Rossman & Samuels, in Rossman et al., Stud. Mycol. 42: 53 (1999)

Type species: Ochronectria calami (Henn. & E. Nyman) Rossman & Samuels, in Rossman et al., Stud. Mycol. 42: 53 (1999)

Ovicuculospora Etayo, Bull. Soc. linn. Provence 61: 83–128 (2010)

Type species: Ovicuculospora parmeliae (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Etayo, Bull. Soc. linn. Provence 61: 83–128 (2010)

Paranectria Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 3): 317 (1878)

Type species: Paranectria affinis (Grev.) Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 3): 317 (1878)

Peristomialis (W. Phillips) Boud., Hist. Class. Discom. Eur. (Paris): 116 (1907)

Type species: Peristomialis berkeleyi Boud., Hist. Class. Discom. Eur. (Paris): 116 (1907)

Pronectria Clem., in Clements & Shear, Gen. fung., Edn 2 (Minneapolis): 78, 282 (1931)

Type species: Pronectria lichenicola (Cooke) Clem., in Clements & Shear, Gen. fung., Edn 2 (Minneapolis): 282 (1931)

Protocreopsis Yoshim. Doi, Kew Bull. 31(3): 551 (1977)

Type species: Protocreopsis zingibericola Yoshim. Doi, Kew Bull. 31(3): 552 (1977)

Rhopalocladium Schroers et al., in Schroers et al., Mycologia 91(2): 375 (1999)

Type species: Rhopalocladium myxophilum Schroers et al., in Schroers et al., Mycologia 91(2): 375 (1999)

Roumegueriella Speg., in Roumeguère, Revue mycol., Toulouse 2(no. 1): 18 (1880)

Type species: Roumegueriella muricospora Speg., in Roumeguère, Revue mycol., Toulouse 2(no. 1): 18 (1880)

Selinia P. Karst., Meddn Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 1: 57 (1876)

Type species: Selinia pulchra (G. Winter) Sacc., in Saccardo, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 457 (1883)

Spicellum Nicot & Roquebert, Revue Mycol., Paris 39(4): 272 (1976) [1975]

Type species: Spicellum roseum Nicot & Roquebert, Revue Mycol., Paris 39(4): 272 (1976) [1975]

Stephanonectria Schroers & Samuels, in Schroers et al., Sydowia 51(1): 116 (1999)

Type species: Stephanonectria keithii (Berk. & Broome) Schroers & Samuels, Sydowia 51(1): 116 (1999)

Stilbocrea Pat., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 16: 188, 186 (1900)

Type species: Stilbocrea dussii Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 16: 186 (1900)

Stromatocrea W.B. Cooke, Mycologia 44(2): 248 (1952)

Type species: Stromatocrea cerebriformis W.B. Cooke [as ‘cerebriforme’], Mycologia 44(2): 248 (1952)

Stromatonectria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Mycologia 103(2): 435 (2011)

Type species: Stromatonectria caraganae (Höhn.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Mycologia 103(2): 435 (2011)

Trichonectria Kirschst., Verh. bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 48: 60 (1907) [1906]

Type species: Trichonectria aculeata Kirschst., Verh. bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 48: 60 (1907) [1906]

Vesicladiella Crous & M.J. Wingf., in Crous et al., Mycotaxon 50: 454 (1994)

Type species: Vesicladiella capitata (B. Sutton) Crous & M.J. Wingf. [as ‘capitatum’], Mycotaxon 50: 456 (1994)

Verrucostoma Hirooka et al., in Hirooka et al., Mycologia 102(2): 422 (2010)

Type species: Verrucostoma freycinetiae Hirooka et al., in Hirooka et al., Mycologia 102(2): 422 (2010)

Virgatospora Finley, Mycologia 59(3): 538 (1967)

Type species: Virgatospora echinofibrosa Finley, Mycologia 59(3): 538 (1967)

Key to the sexual/ and asexual morph genera of Bionectriaceae

1. Ascomata cleistothecial, globose, asci clavate ………… 2

1. Ascomata perithecial, subglobose to pyriform, asci elongate, very rarely clavate ..…….…….…….……….… 4

2. Ascospores ellipsoid, 1-septate, smooth to ornamented with wings …………………......……… Heleococcum

2. Ascospores globose, aseptate, ornamented with sharp, pointed spines ………………….………...……….… 3

3. Ascomata on dung and well-rotten debris, ascospores with sparse echinulations, asexual morph Gliocladium-like …...…...…...…...…………….......Roumegueriella

3. Ascomata on fruiting bodies of Tuber, ascospores densely echinulate, asexual morph Undetermined .….….….….….….….….….….….….….… Battarrina

4. Ascomata immersed in the substratum or in a stroma that may itself be immersed in the substratum.….….….… 5

4. Ascomata superficial or immersed in a hyphal subiculum or thin stromata 13

5. Ascomata immersed in a stromata that may itself be immersed in the substratum, on dung, corticolous, herbicolous, not lichenicolous or fungicolous, ascospores 0–1-septate ………………………………….. 6

5. Ascomata immersed in substratum, non stromatic, corticolous, herbicolous, lichenicolous, fungicolous or bryophilous, not on dung, ascospores non to multi-septate or muriform ………………………………… 8

6. Ascospores aseptate, on dung ………………… Selinia

6. Ascospores 1-septate, corticolous or herbicolous …….7

7. Stromata yellow orange to red or purple, asci fusoid or clavate ……………………………… Stromatonectria

7. Stromata buff to rufous, asci cylindrical ………Mycocitrus

8. On algae or wood in marine habitats, ascomata with a long neck ………Halonectria

8. Terrestrial or in freshwater habitats, ascomata without a long neck ………9

9. Ascomata immersed in thalli of terrestrial lichens, rarely on algae or fungi, asexual morphs where known, Acremonium-like or Kutilakesa-like ………10

9. Ascomata immersed in thalli of bryophytes, herbaceous tissue, bark or wood, rarely fungicolous, asexual morphs where known, Acremonium-like ………11

10. Ascospores subsphaerical, with granulose ornamentation ………Globonectria

10. Ascospores fusiform, ovoid or ellipsoid, verruculose or smooth walled ………Pronectria

11. Ascomata immersed in herbaceous tissue, bark or wood, rarely fungicolous ………Nectriella

11. Ascomata immersed in thalli of liverworts or mosses, not fungicolous ………12

12. Ascomata immersed in leaves of Polytrichadelphus sp., globose with an apical papilla, or pyriform, pale to golden-yellow or pale orange, ascospores composed of two parts, fertile and sterile ………Anthonectria

12. Ascomata immersed in perianth of Drepanolejeunea, colourless, ascospores fusiform, colourless, with five transverse septa ………Aphanotria

13. Ascospores with long attenuated ends, on lichens or algae ………Paranectria

13. Ascospores with rounded ends, on lichens, algae, bryophytes, fungi or other substrata ………14

14. Ascomata with erect solitary hairs, ascospores 1–multi-septate ………Trichonectria

14. Ascomata without hairs, or if present, hairs fasciculate or flexuous, sometimes with few short setae or tooth like structures surrounding ostiolar region, ascospores generally 1-septate ………15

15. Ascomata superficial on a thin stroma ………16

15. Ascomata superficial on the substratum or immersed in a stroma ………18

17. Ostiolum surrounded by a crown-like structure made up of angular to oblong, tooth-like or sometimes hypha-like cells, asexual morph Myrothecium-like ………Stephanonectria

17. Ostiolum not surrounded by a crown-like structure, asexual morph Acremonium-like ………Verrucostoma

18. Ascomata immersed in a stroma or superficial with white to tan or green hyphae covering the ascomatal wall ………19

18. Ascomata superficial, seated directly on the substratum, and without white to tan hyphae covering the ascomatal wall ………22

19. Ascomata immersed, loosely united in a thin, pseudoparenchymatous stroma, ascospores narrowly cylindrical, smooth walled ………Clibanites

19. Ascomata immersed in an effused hyphal stroma or superficial with a covering of white to tan or green hyphae, ascospores ellipsoid to fusiform, occasionally obovoid, smooth, striate, spinulose, verruculose or tuberculate ………20

20. Ascomata pale to medium cream or pink orange, asci with dimorphic, 1(−2)-septate spores ………Ovicuculospora

20. Ascomata hyaline, pale yellow to orange, Asci with monomorphic 1-septate spores ………21

21 Ascomata immersed in an effused hyphal stroma, ascospores generally striate, less often smooth or tuberculate, asexual morph Acremonium-like, usually on monocotyledonous plant debris ………Protocreopsis

21. Ascomata immersed in an effused hyphal stroma or superficial with tan hyphae covering the ascomatal wall, ascospores spinulose or verrucose, asexual morphs synnematous (Stilbella-like) or Acremonium-like, corticolous or sometimes on other ascomycetes ………Stilbocrea

22. Ascomata white to pale yellow or orange, smooth, or covered with white hyphae or flexuous hairs, ascospores smooth to spinulose, rarely striate, fungicolous or on liverworts and mosses ………23

22. Ascomata white to orange, sometimes with white warts, with or without hyphal or fasciculate hairs, ascospores smooth, spinulose or striate, corticolous, less often fungicolous or herbicolous ………25

23. Ascomata on liverworts or mosses ………Bryocentria

23. Ascomata on myxomycetes, pyrenomycetes or dematiaceous hyphomycetes, rarely on Aphyllophorales ………24

24. Ascomata on Asterina, Meliola, Schnifferula, growing on superficial, black hyphae covering living leaves ………Dimerosporiella

24. Ascomata on other fungi, including myxomycetes, not on Meliola or similar fungi on living leaves ………Nectriopsis

25. Ascomata globose to subglobose, occasionally doliiform, becoming cupulate upon drying, ascomatal wall of globose, thin walled cells, ascospores often striate ………26

25. Ascomata globose to subglobose or ovoid, generally not cupulate upon drying, ascomatal wall of thick walled cells, ascospores smooth, spinulose or striate ………27

26. Ascomata of three regions, with orange oil droplets in the middle region of the wall ………Ochronectria

26. Ascomata of two regions, without orange oil droplets ………Hydropisphaera

27. Ascomata with a flattened apex, often with solitary or fasciculate hairs forming an apical fringe, ascospores striate or spinulose ………28

27. Ascomata without distinct hairs, smooth to warted or with short hyphal hairs, ascospores smooth, spinulose or rarely striate ………Clonostachys

28. Ascomata yellow-brown to dark brown, globose to subglobose, with solitary stiff or hyphal hairs, not forming a distinct fringe, ascospores striate or spinulose, herbicolous or corticolous ………Lasionectria

28. Ascomata white to pale yellow, globose to ovoid, with a flattened apical disk, often with a fringe of fasciculate hairs, ascospores striate, rarely spinulose, herbicolous ………Ijuhya

Key to the asexual morph genera of Bionectriaceae

1. Conidiophores monomorphic, neither sporodochial nor synnematous, conidia ellipsoidal, polysymmetrical, sometimes slightly curved, on living myxomycetes ………Rhopalocladium

1. Conidiophores sporodochial, synnematous or simple, conidia spherical, ellipsoidal, ovate or fusiform, not on myxomycetes ………2

2. Conidiophores simple, septate, unbranched, with terminal phialides ………Spicellum

2. Conidiophores sporodochial, synnematous ………3

3. Synnemata, cylindrical-capitate ………Didymostilbe

3. Sporodochia cerebriform ………Stromatocrea

(This key is a modification of the key of Rossman et al. 1999)

Boliniaceae Rick, Brotéria, sér. bot. 25: 65 (1931)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01129

Saprobic on decorticated wood or decaying wood in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascostromata absent or present, immersed, erumpent to superficial, clypeate to irregular in shape, light brown to black, coriaceous, membranaceous or powdered (or furaceous), with or without brown, septate interwoven hyphae, if present surrounding the apex of the ascomata. Ascomata perithecial, solitary to gregarious, brown to black, immersed, erumpent to superficial, globose, cylindrical to obpyriform, coriaceous or membranaceous, smooth, papillate or papilla absent, if present with periphysate ostiole, stellate or not. Peridium thick (20–150 μm), outer layer hard, composed of brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis or textura intricata; inner layer soft, composed of hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura prismatica. Hamathecium composed of abundant, persistent, filamentous, tapering, septate, branched paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, long pedicellate, some with an apical ring. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, hyaline to brown, versicolored or concolourous (hyaline or brown), ellipsoid to cylindrical, straight to slightly curved to suballantoid, 0–2-septate, smooth-walled, mostly with guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Bolinia (Nitschke) Sacc

Notes: The family Boliniaceae was introduced by Rick (1931) based on black ascostromata and cylindrical asci with smooth ascospores, and is typified by Camarops (Karsten 1873). Earlier, this family was placed in Xylariales based on morphological similarity (Barr 1990; Romero and Samuels 1991). Andersson et al. (1995) concluded that Boliniaceae was more closely related to Sordariales based on SSU rDNA sequence data. This family was subsequently placed in Boliniales by Kirk et al. (2001). Based on phylogenetic and morphological data six genera were accepted in Boliniaceae (Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010). Untereiner et al. (2013) added Apiorhynchostoma and Pseudovalsaria based on the LSU rDNA sequence data of Apiorhynchostoma curreyi and Pseudovalsaria ferruginea.

Bolinia (Nitschke) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 352 (1882)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01130, Fig. 20

Fig. 20

Bolinia tubulina (Material examined: SWEDEN, Bökeberg Forest in Femsjö, on the trunks, 18 October 1967, PRM PR647008) a Material and herbarium packet b, c Stroma with immersed ascomata d Stroma in cross section e Ascoma in cross section f Peridium g Periphyses h Paraphyses i–k Asci l Apical ring of ascus m–p Ascospores. Notes: Figs e-p are stained in KOH. Scale bars: d = 1 mm, b. e = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, g = 30 μm, f = 20 μm, h–k = 10 μm, l–p = 5 μm

Saprobic on decorticated wood or decaying wood in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascostromata immersed, erumpent to superficial, irregular in shape, black, coriaceous, membranaceous. Ascomata perithecial, gregarious, brown to dark brown, immersed, erumpent through bark of host substrate at maturity, globose to subglobose, coriaceous to membranaceous, smooth, papillate, with periphysate ostiole. Peridium thick, outer layer coriaceous, thick-walled, composed of brown to dark brown cells of textura intricata; inner layer membranaceous, composed of hyaline cells of textura prismatica. Hamathecium composed of abundant, persistent, filamentous, septate, branched paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, slightly curved, blunt apex with barely visible apical ring, long pedicellate. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, pale brown when young, dark brown at maturity, subglobose to ellipsoid, aseptate, smooth, with guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Bolinia tubulina (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 352 (1882)

Notes: The name Bolinia was first introduced as a subgenus by Nitschke (1867), and later raised to generic rank by Saccardo (1882). Karsten (1873) introduced the genus Camarops based on the single species C. hypoxyloides P. Karst. Rehm (1904) and Theissen (1999) considered Bolinia tubulina to be a synonym of Camarops hypoxyloides, but Miller (1930) disagreed based on a re-evaluation of specimens. Miller (1930) however, accepted C. polyspermum (Mont.) J.H. Mill as a synonym of C. hypoxyloides. Nannfeldt (1972) reviewed the taxonomy of these taxa and concluded that Camarops and Bolinia were two different genera, but having similar morphological characters. However, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) excluded Bolinia and included it as the synonym of Camarops (Index Fungorum 2016). Bolinia tubulina (current name Camarops tubulina) is the type of Bolinia (Index Fungorum 2016). In our opinion, Bolinia tubulina should be accepted as the type species and Camarops should be regarded as an independent genus.

Other genera included

Apiocamarops Samuels & J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon 28(1): 54 (1987)

Type species: Apiocamarops alba Samuels & J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon 28(1): 54 (1987)

Apiorhynchostoma Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 185 (1923)

Type species: Apiorhynchostoma apiculata (Sacc.) Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 185 (1923)

Camaropella Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 31(1): 6 (1997)

Type species: Camaropella pugillus (Schwein.) Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 31(1): 6 (1997)

Camarops P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 6, 53 (1873)

Type species: Camarops hypoxyloides P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 53 (1873)

Cornipulvina Huhndorf et al., Fungal Diversity 20: 61 (2005)

Type species: Cornipulvina ellipsoides Huhndorf et al., Fungal Diversity 20: 63 (2005)

Endoxyla Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 25–26: 321 (1871)

Type species: Endoxyla operculata (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 181 (1882)

Mollicamarops Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mycotaxon 99: 160 (2007)

Type species: Mollicamarops stellata Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mycotaxon 99: 160 (2007)

Neohypodiscus J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Læssøe, Mycologia 86(5): 684 (1994)

Type species: Neohypodiscus rickii (Lloyd) J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Læssøe, Mycologia 86(5): 685 (1994)

Pseudovalsaria Spooner, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 86(3): 405 (1986)

Type species: Pseudovalsaria foedans (P. Karst.) Spooner, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 86(3): 405 (1986)

Key to genera of Boliniaceae

1. Ascostroma immersed ………2

1. Ascostroma erumpent or superficial ………5

2. Ascostroma poorly-developed ………3

2. Ascostroma well-developed ………4

3. Ascospores 2-septate, with a hyaline basal cell and two dark brown cells at the center, the shorter brown cell with an apical germ pore at the end ………Apiorhynchostoma

3. Ascospores 1-septate, with a hyaline cell and a brown cell with an apical germ pore at the end ………Endoxyla

4. Ascospores aseptate, brownish ………Camaropella

4. Ascospores 1-septate, dark brown ………Pseudovalsaria

5. Ascospores hyaline ………Cornipulvina

5. Ascospores brown or composed of a brown cell and hyaline cell ………6

6. Ascospores one colour 7

6. Ascospores 1-septate, composed of a large, porate brown cell and a small, hyaline cell ………Apiocamarops

7. Ascomata with stellate ostioles ………Mollicamarops

7. Ascomata lacking stellate ostioles ………8

8. Perithecia monostichous ………Camarops

8. Perithecia polystichous ………Bolinia

Cainiaceae J.C. Krug, Sydowia 30 (1–6):123 (1978) [1977]

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00687

Saprobic on dead grasses, bamboo and other monocotyledons, appearing as shiny black dots, slightly effuse from the substrate. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata poorly developed or lacking, or sometimes clypeate, scattered, superficial, dome-shaped or slightly effuse, dark brown to black. Ascomata immersed, solitary or aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown, ostiolate. Ostiolar papilla short, internally lined with hyaline periphyses. Peridium one or two-layered, outer layer comprising of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and inner layer comprising of hyaline thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising abundant, filamentous paraphyses, slightly constricted at the septa. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to broadly cylindrical, short pedicellate, with a complex J+, cylindrical apical ring or series of rings. Ascospores uniseriate, overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline when young and dark brown at maturity, sphaerical to ellipsoidal, unicellular to 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, wall ornamented with longitudinal germ slits or germ pores, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, black. Conidiophores hyaline, denticulate, sympodially proliferating. Conidiogenous cells with 1–3 phialides, filiform, branched or simple, septate, hyaline. Conidia elongate fusiform, falcate to lunate, unicellular or septate, hyaline, with pointed ends.

Type: Cainia Arx & E. Müll.

Notes: The family Cainiaceae was introduced by Krug (1977) to accommodate the species with unique apical ring of the asci, which consisted of a series of rings, and ascospores with longitudinal germ slits. The genera Arecophila, Atrotorquata, Cainia, Ceriophora, Reticulosphaeria and Ommatomyces have been placed in this family at various times (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1993; Hyde et al. 1996). Seynesia was included based on phylogenetic analysis by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). The placement of Arecophila, Cainia and Seynesia in Cainiaceae was confirmed based on molecular analysis (Smith et al. 2003; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). The combined LSU and ITS gene analysis also confirmed the phylogenetic placement of Atrotorquata in Cainiaceae (Senanayake et al. 2015). Another genus, Amphibambusa was introduced from bamboo in Liu et al. (2015) and LSU gene analysis and morphology indicated that the genus belongs to Cainiaceae. Based on both morphological and phylogenetic data, Senanayake et al. (2015) accepted the genera Amphibambusa, Arecophila, Atrotorquata, Cainia and Seynesia in Cainiaceae. The asexual morph of Cainiaceae from a pure culture of Cainia desmazieri C. Moreau & E. Müll. ex Krug has been observed and was reported by Muller and Corbaz (1956) as Rhabdospora-like. However, later attempts at obtaining the asexual morph from Cainia desmazieri in culture have not been successful (Kang et al. 1999a, b; Senanayake et al. 2015). The genera included in this family are confused and may be wrongly placed. Their placement is pending molecular data.

Cainia Arx & E. Müll., Acta bot. neerl. 4 (1): 111 (1955)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00688; Fig. 21

Fig. 21

Cainia graminis (Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena [FC], Santa Sofia, Corniolo, stem of Lolium temulentum L (Poaceae), 25 September 2013, Erio Camporesi, IT 1462, MFLU 15-0724)) a Ascomata on host b Close up of ascomata c, d Vertical section of ascomata e Peridium f Paraphyses g-i Asci j J+ apical ring in Melzer’s reagent k-q Ascospores r Sheath surrounding ascospore after treating with Indian ink. Scale bars: a = not to scale, c, g–j = 100 μm, d = 250 μm, e, f, o–r = 25 μm, k–n = 10 μm

Saprobic or pathogenic on Poaceae and Cyperaceae, forming leaf or stem spots, appearing as shiny, black, scattered dots on host surface. Sexual morph: Pseudoclypeus indistinct, scattered, dome-shaped, effuse, dark brown to black, smooth, each containing one, or rarely several ascomata. Ascomata immersed, scattered, solitary or aggregated, ampulliform, coriaceous, with ostiolate. Ostioles short, internally lined with hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium comprising an outer layer of thick-walled, brown, textura angularis cells and inner layer comprising of thick-walled, hyaline, textura angularis cells. Hamathecium comprising numerous, septate paraphyses, slightly constricted at the septa, Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, short pedicellate, apex rounded, with a complex, J+, dome-shaped to cylindrical series of rings. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, dark brown, ellipsoidal, 1- septate, constricted at the septum, wall with longitudinal striations, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata pycnidia, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, black. Conidiophores hyaline, denticulate. Conidiogenous cells with 1–3 phialides, filiform, simple or branched, septate, hyaline. Conidia elongate-fusiform to filiform, falcate to lunate, with holoblastic conidiogenesis, unicellular or septate, hyaline, sometimes with pointed ends (description of asexual morph is based on Krug 1977 and Kang et al. 1999a, b).

Type species: Cainia graminis (Niessl) Arx & E. Müll., Acta bot. neerl. 4(1):112 (1955)

Notes: The genus was introduced by von Arx and Müller (1955). It was distinguished from Amphisphaeriaceae based on the complex structure of the apical ring and presence of germ slits in the ascospores and thus, accommodated in Cainiaceae. Senanayake et al. (2015) designated a reference specimen for the type Cainia graminis. Currently, five epithets have been listed for Cainia in Index Fungorum (2016).

Other genera included

Amphibambusa D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, in Liu et al., Fungal Divers. 72: 7 (2015)

Type species: Amphibambusa bambusicola D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Liu et al., Fungal Divers. 72: 7 (2015)

Arecophila K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 63(1–2):82 (1996)

Type species: Arecophila gulubiicola K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 63(1–2):91 (1996)

Atrotorquata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascom. 12(1–2):8 (1993)

Type species: Atrotorquata lineata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascom. 12(1–2):8 (1993)

Seynesia Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2:668 (1883)

Type species: Seynesia nobilis (Welw. & Curr.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2:668 (1883)

Key to the genera of Cainiaceae

1. Apical apparatus consisting of a wedge-shaped or conical, subapical ring ………2

1. Apical apparatus consisting of several rings ………4

2. Ascospores bearing a single conical appendage emerging from the outer sheath ………Seynesia

2. Ascospores not bearing an appendage as above ………3

3.Ascospores fusiform to broad fusiform ………Amphibambusa

3. Ascospores ellipsoidal ………Arecophila

4. Apical apparatus wedge-shaped, ascospores having 5–7 longitudinal striations at each apex ………Atrotorquata

4. Apical apparatus dome-shaped to cylindrical or appearing as plates, ascospores bearing a germ slit at each end ………Cainia

Calosphaeriaceae Munk, Dansk bot. Ark. 17(no. 1): 278 (1957)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01133

Saprobic on wood or decorticated wood or leaves in freshwater and terrestrial habitats, sometimes fungicolous. Sexual morph: Ascostromata scattered, erumpent through leaf epidermis, ellipsoid, long axis parallel to the leaf surface. Ascomata perithecial, scattered or gregarious, dark brown to black, superficial, erumpent or immersed, globose to subglobose, coriaceous or membranous, tuberculate or smooth or with brown, septate, hyphal coating, ostiolate. Neck long or short neck, periphysate. Peridium thick (10–250 μm), outer layer coriaceous or membranous, composed of dark brown, reddish brown to brown cells of textura angularis or prismatica, or porrecta; inner layer membranous, composed of hyaline cells of textura prismatica. Hamathecium composed of numerous, broad, septate, unbranched, tapering, paraphyses. Ascogenous hyphae discrete, hyaline, smooth, branched, producing a sympodial sequence of hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoidal cells, often with mucronate apex, in dense clusters, each giving rise to an ascus. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, long or short pedicellate, mostly in fascicles, apical ring distinct or absent. Ascospores 2-seriate or overlapping, hyaline to light brown, allantoid to ellipsoid, straight to slightly curved, aseptate to multi-septate, smooth-walled, sometimes with guttules. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores micronematous, mononematous or semimacronematous, brown or hyaline, straight or flexuous, septate, branched or unbranched, with a terminal. Phialides terminal or lateral, aggregated, monophialidic, smooth, hyaline, elongate ampulliform to subcylindrical, pigmented in the apical. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic or holoblastic, phialidic, hyaline, with brown apex, smooth-walled. Conidia aggregated, hyaline, aseptate to multi-septate, cylindrical to allantoid, sometimes 4–5-radiate and consisting of a main axis and three or four arcuate branches inserted near its base, with or without guttules (from Réblová et al. 2004).

Type: Calosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.

Notes: The family Calosphaeriaceae was introduced by Munk (1957) based on immersed, globose ascomata, clavate, pedicellate asci with hyaline allantoid ascospores, enteroblastic, phialidic conidiogenesis, micronematous conidiophores and hyaline, aseptate conidia, and is typified by Calosphaeria. Many asexual morphs have been reported for this family (Hyde et al. 2011; Wijayawardene et al. 2012), but information is incomplete. Calosphaeria has been referred to various families based on the allantoid ascospores. The genera Calosphaeria and Pleurostoma were placed in the Diatrypaceae (Fuckel 1870; Saccardo 1882; Winter 1885; Schroeter 1897); Allantosporae (Berlese 1900); Valsaceae (Traverso 1906); and Allantosphaeriaceae (von Höhnel 1918). Petrak (1923, 1941) included Phragmocalosphaeria and Calosphaeriopsis in this family because of similar morphological characters. Wehmeyer (1975) accepted Calosphaeriaceae in Allantosphaeriales, while Barr (1983) recognized this family in Calosphaeriales. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) included eight genera (Calosphaeria, Conidiotheca, Jattaea, Kacosphaeria, Phragmocalosphaeria, Sulcatistroma, Togniniella, Wegelina) in this family, while Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) accepted Calosphaeria (= Calosphaeriophora), Jattaea (= Phragmocalosphaeria, = Wegelina), Kacosphaeria, Sulcatistroma, Togniniella (= Phaeocrella), and Tulipispora.

Calosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 108 (1863)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01134, Figs 22, 23

Fig. 22

Calosphaeria princeps (Material examined: USA, Kansas, Stockton, on inner bark of Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae), 5 October 1906, S-F263455). a Herbarium packet and material b Material c Ascomata in mass d Ascoma e Ascoma in cross section f Peridium at bottom of ascoma substructure g Peridium of neck with periphyses h Peridium in cross section i Paraphyses with asci j–k Asci l Ascospores in ascus m Ascospores. Notes: Figs i-m soaked in 3 % KOH; Figs k–l stained in Melzer’s reagent. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 200 μm, e = 100 μm, f–i = 10 μm, j–m = 2 μm

Fig. 23

Calosphaeria princeps a Asci and ascospores. b-d Calosphaeriophora pulchella (redrawn from Réblová et al. 2004) b, c Conidiophores d Conidia. Scale bars: a = 2 μm, b–d = 5 μm

Saprobic on wood or decorticated wood or leaves in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, scattered or solitary, dark brown to black, immersed, globose to subglobose, coriaceous or membranous, tuberculate or smooth or with hyphal coating, ostiolate. Neck long or short neck, periphysate. Peridium thick, outer layer coriaceous or membranous, composed of dark brown, reddish brown to brown cells of textura angularis; inner layer membranous, composed of hyaline cells of textura prismatica. Hamathecium composed of numerous, broad, septate, unbranched, tapering, paraphyses. Ascogenous hyphae discrete, hyaline, smooth, branched, producing a sympodial sequence of hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoidal cells, often with mucronate apex, in dense clusters, each giving rise to an ascus. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, long or short pedicellate, mostly in fascicles, apical ring distinct or absent. Ascospores 2-seriate or overlapping, hyaline, allantoid to ellipsoid, straight to slightly curved, aseptate, smooth-walled, sometimes with guttules. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores micronematous, hyaline, straight or flexuous, septate, branched, with a terminal. Phialides terminal or lateral, aggregated, monophialidic, smooth, hyaline, elongate ampulliform to subcylindrical, pigmented in the apical. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic or holoblastic, phialidic, hyaline, with brown apex, smooth-walled. Conidia aggregated, hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical to allantoid, with or without guttules (From Réblová et al. 2004 and Révay et al. 2009).

Type species: Calosphaeria princeps Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 109 (1863)

Notes: The genus Calosphaeria was introduced by Tulasne and Tulasne (1863a). In the type species C. princeps, the sexual morph is characterized by immersed ascomata, tuberculate perithecia, clavate asci and hyaline ascospores. The asexual morph of Calosphaeria pulchella (Pers.) J. Schröt is Calosphaeriophora pulchella Réblová et al. The monotypic genus, Calosphaeriophora, is characterized by micronematous conidiophores, and smooth aseptate conidia (Barr 1985; Réblová et al. 2004; Damm et al. 2008). In our opinion, Calosphaeriophora should be included in Calosphaeriaceae.

Other genera included

Calosphaeriophora Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 542 (2004)

Type species: Calosphaeriophora pulchella Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 542 (2004)

Jattaea Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 3(1–2): 6 (1900)

Type species: Jattaea algeriensis Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 3(1–2): 6 (1900)

Kacosphaeria Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba 11(2): 214 (1888)

Type species: Kacosphaeria antarctica Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba 11(2): 214 (1888)

Sulcatistroma A.W. Ramaley, Mycotaxon 93: 140 (2005)

Type species: Sulcatistroma nolinae A.W. Ramaley, Mycotaxon 93: 140 (2005)

Togniniella Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 543 (2004)

Type species: Togniniella acerosa Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 545 (2004)

Tulipispora Révay & J. Gönczöl, in Révay et al., Nova Hedwigia 88(1–2): 42 (2009)

Type species: Tulipispora ingoldii Révay & J. Gönczöl, Nova Hedwigia 88(1–2): 42 (2009)

Key to genera of Calosphaeriaceae

1. Hyphomycete ………2

1. Ascomycete ………3

2. Conidia multi-septate, branched ………Tulipispora

2. Conidia aseptate, unbranched ………Calosphaeriophora

3. Ascomata immersed in ascostromata ………Sulcatistroma

3. Ascomata without ascostromata ………4

4. Ascospores light greyish brown ………Jattaea

4. Ascospores hyaline ………5

5. Peridium composed of brown to hyaline cells of textura prismatica ……….Togniniella

5. Peridium outer layer composed of brown cells of textura angularis; inner layer composed of hyaline cells of textura prismatica ………6

6. Ascomata globose to subglobose, with hyphal coating, asexual morphs Calosphaeriophora ………Calosphaeria

6. Ascomata pyriform, asexual morph Undetermined ………Kacosphaeria

Catabotrydaceae Petr. ex M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 39: 83 (1990)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01372; Fig. 24

Fig. 24

Catabotrys deciduum (Material examined: a-b, d-j. Sri Lanka, on unidentified dead palm, G.H.K. Thwaites 172 (ex herb. M.J. Berkeley), November 1867, K (M) 35063, holotype; Hyde and Cannon (1999); c, i. Australia, Queensland, Cape Tribulation, J.E. Taylor, 15 April 1995, HKU(M) 4306) a Herbarium material with label b–c Stromata on host surface d–e Transverse section of stromata with ascomata f Ostiole with periphyses g Stromatic tissue h Peridium i Paraphyses j–k Immature and mature asci l ascospores. Scale bars: d = 500 μm, e = 200 μm, f–h = 100 μm, i = 20 μm, j–l = 10 μm

Saprobic on dead leaves and stems of tropical monocotyledons. Sexual morph: Stromata irregularly scattered, occasionally coalescing, conspicuous, multi-loculate, superficial, with base slightly penetrating the epidermis at regular intervals, discoid to pulvinate, reddish brown to black, surface scurfy, flat or slightly convex, composed of rather thin-walled, reddish yellow cells of textura angularis, textura globosa and textura epidermoidea. Ascomata perithecial, deeply imbedded in stromatic columns, globose, with a long, periphysate, ostiolar neck. Peridium thick, composed of several layers of compressed, reddish brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses hypha-like, numerous, tapering towards the apex, not embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, broad cylindrical, short pedicellate, apically rounded or truncate, with a J-, discoid, refractive, apical ring. Ascospores bi-seriate, hyaline, 1-celled, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, smooth-walled, lacking a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Catabotrys Theiss. & Syd.

Notes: The monotypic family Catabotrydaceae was proposed by Petrak (1954) to accommodate the genus Catabotrys. Later this family was validated by Barr (1990). According to the characteristics of hamathecium and asci, Catabotrydaceae has been placed in Sordariales (Barr 1990). Hyde et al. (2000) placed Catabotrydaceae in Xylariales, while Kirk et al. (2001) suggested that it is morphologically similar to some Boliniaceae and thus the order Boliniales was introduced to include both families. Huhndorf et al. (2004a) showed that the relationship between Catabotrydaceae and Boliniaceae is not supported by molecular data, hence Catabotrydaceae was excluded from Boliniales and placed in Sordariomycetidae family incertae sedis. Although analysis of combined β-tubulin, LSU and RPB2 sequence data by Miller and Huhndorf (2005) indicated that C. decidua is a member of Diaporthales, however, recent molecular studies by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) confirmed that Catabotrydaceae clusters with Amplistromataceae, hence it has been placed in Amplistromatales.

Type species: Catabotrys deciduum (Berk. & Broome) Seaver & Waterston, Mycologia 38(2): 184 (1946)

Cephalothecaceae Höhn., Annls mycol. 15(5): 362 (1917)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01330

Saprobic or epiphytic on rotting or dead plants or fungi, or causing systemic mycotic infection in humans with burns. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary to gregarious, superficial, subglobose to globose, dark brown to black, glabrous, carbonaceous, covered by sulphureous hyphae, ostiole central, without periphyses. Peridium cephalothecoid, comprising 2–3 layers, outer layer composed of dark brown cells of textura angularis to prismatica, inner layer composed of elongated, hyaline cells of textura prismatica. Ascogenous hyphae septate, hyaline. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, pyriform to subglobose to globose, evanescent, apedicellate, without an apical ring. Ascospores irregularly arranged, brown, variously-shaped, unicellular, without germ pores, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium pale-yellowish to brownish-yellow, branched septate. Conidiophores long, cylindrical, stiffly upright, septate, verticillate and whorled or not. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, cylindrical, hyaline to brown, smooth-walled. Conidia in chains, hyaline to brown, cylindrical, ovate or obovate, with or without an apiculate or truncate base, 1-celled, smooth-walled.

Type: Cephalotheca Fuckel

Notes: The family Cephalothecaceae was introduced by von Höhnel (1917) and is typified by Cephalotheca with C. sulfurea Fuckel as the type species (von Höhnel 1917). This family is characterized by ascomata with a cephalothecoid peridium. The peridial cells form plate-like complexes made up of radiating groups of cells, where each plate is separated by well-defined lines of dehiscence (Malloch and Cain 1970). They can be small and simple, or very large and complex (Malloch and Cain 1970; Suh and Blackwell 1999). Four genera, Albertiniella, Cephalotheca, Cryptendoxyla and Phialemonium are presently placed in the family (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). The sexual morph of these genera have carbonaceous, dark brown to black ascomata, with a central ostiole and a cephalothecoid peridium (Suh and Blackwell 1999). Ascospores are small, brown, 1-celled, without germ pores, and smooth-walled (Chesters 1935; Kirschstein 1936; Malloch and Cain 1970; Yaguchi et al. 2006). The genus Phialemonium was included in Cephalothecaceae as an asexual morph based on phylogenetic analysis (Perdomo et al. 2013b).

Cephalotheca Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 25–26: 297 (1871)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01331, Figs 25, 26

Fig. 25

Cephalotheca sulfurea (Material examined: GERMANY, Oestrich, on rotting planks of Oak, lying on damp, ammoniacal ground, G00266459, holotype) a Herbarium material b Ascomata covered by sulphureous hyphae c Close up of ascoma d Squash mount of ascoma e Cross section of ascoma f Peridium g–j Asci k Ascogenous hyphae l–n Ascospores. Scale bars: b–c = 100 μm, d, k = 20 μm, e = 50 μm, f = 10 μm, g-j, l–n = 5 μm

Fig. 26

Cephalotheca sulfurea (redrawn from Chesters 1935 ) a, b Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells and conidia c, d Conidiogenesis e Conidia. Scale bars: a–d = 10 μm, e = 5 μm

Saprobic in soil or on wood or mushrooms. Mycelium brown, branched. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary to gregarious, superficial, immature ascomata, disc-like, rather flat, with a central ostiole, with a thin and dark brown wall composed of the cells of textura prismatica to textura angularis; mature ascomata subglobose to globose, dark brown to black, glabrous, carbonaceous, covered by sulphureous hyphae. Peridium of mature ascomata cephalothecoid, comprising two layers, outer layer composed of dark brown, rows of cells textura angularis, inner layer composed of elongated, hyaline cells of textura prismatica. Ascogenous hyphae of septate, hyaline, woven ascogenous hyphae and asci irregularly disposed on ascogenous hyphae. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, subglobose to globose, lacking a pedicel, lacking an apical ring. Ascospores irregularly arranged, ovate to fusiform, reniform, brown to dark brown, 1-celled, without germ pores, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium pale-yellowish to brown, branched septate. Conidiophores long, cylindrical, septate, with apex expanded and branched. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline to brown, smooth-walled. Conidia in chains, hyaline to brown, broad fusiform to obovate, 1-celled, smooth-walled.

Type species: Cephalotheca sulfurea Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 25–26: 297 (1871) Bot. 15(5): 742 (2002)

Notes: Cephalotheca was established by Fuckel (1872) and includes about 20 epithets (Index Fungorum 2016). Species are saprobes inhabiting soil, wood, and mushrooms (Suh et al. 2006). Cephalotheca is a poorly known genus, which has both sexual and asexual morphs. Fungal isolate SB5-1 was identified as a new strain of Cephalotheca sulfurea through molecular and phylogenetic approaches. Culture filtrates (CFs) of isolate SB5-1 were analyzed for the presence of gibberellins, and it was found that all physiologically active gibberellins were present. Gibberellins are well known for plant growth promotion (Hamayun et al. 2012).

Other genera included

Albertiniella Kirschst., Annls mycol. 34(3): 183 (1936)

Type species: Albertiniella reticulata Kirschst., Annls mycol. 34(3): 183 (1936)

Cryptendoxyla Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 48(10): 1816 (1970)

Type species: Cryptendoxyla hypophloia Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 48(10): 1816 (1970)

Phialemonium W. Gams & McGinnis, Mycologia 75(6): 978 (1983)

Type species: Phialemonium obovatum W. Gams & McGinnis, Mycologia 75(6): 978 (1983)

Key to genera of Cephalothecaceae

1. Asexual morph comprising of simple or branched, hyaline conidiophores, phialidic pegs conidiogenous, hyaline or pigmented, cylindrical to globose, 1-celled, arranged in slimy heads or in long chains conidia ………Phialemonium

1. Mostly known in sexual morph ………2

2. Asci pyriform to subglobose ………Cryptendoxyla

2. Asci globose ………3

3. Ascospore globose ………Albertiniella

3. Ascospore ovate to fusiform ………Cephalotheca

Ceratocystidaceae Locq. ex Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 188 (2011)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01248

Saprobic or pathogenic on plant material. Sexual morph: Ascomata globose to pyriform or ovoid, light brown or dark brown to black, with spines or septa, unornamented or with undifferentiated ornamental hyphae, ostiolate. Ostioles comprising long, tapering, dark brown or dark grey to black necks. Peridium thin-walled, composed of polyhedral pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis, pale yellow to reddish brown, appearing dark brown or black. Hamathecium comprising light brown to hyaline, aseptate, convergent or slightly divergent, paraphyses, tapered at the apex. Asci dehiscent. Ascospores 0–1-septate, hyaline, varied in shape, hat-shaped, ellipsoidal, or elongate to slightly curved, with round ends, or oblong cylindrical, or narrow fusiform to spindle-shaped, hyaline, often with eccentric wall thickening or surrounded by a sheath, accumulating as masses at apices of ascomatal necks. Asexual morph: Conidiophores phialidic, arising laterally from vegetative hyphae, lageniform, tubular, rectangular, cylindrical to flask-shaped, sometimes with slightly flared collarette, single to aggregated in sporodochia or synnemata, septate, tapering to the apex, hyaline, unbranched or sparingly branched, conidiophores consisting of two types; primary conidiophores (Ceratocystis) and secondary conidiophores (Huntiella). Conidiogenous cells phialidic, oblong or cylindrical, hyaline, subhyaline or pale brown, tapering towards the apex. Conidia unicellular, varied in shape, cylindrical to oblong, barrel-shaped to subglobose, rectangular, single or formed in chains or as terminal aleurioconidia, with rounded or truncate ends, hyaline to light brown or pale brown, or hyaline becoming grey; some of genera with two types of conidia; primary and secondary conidia for genera such as Ceratocystis, Huntiella, and Thielaviopsis. Aleurioconidia globose to subglobose, ovoid to pyriform, singly or in chains, pale brown to brown.

Type: Ceratocystis Ellis & Halst.

Notes: The family level classification of Ceratocystis has been discussed since the genus was removed from the Ophiostomatales (Barr 1990; Samuels 1993). Recently, some authors placed Ceratocystis in Chadefaudiellaceae, while other authors placed it in its own family, Ceratocystidaceae (as “Ceratocystaceae”), which was formerly proposed by Locquin (1972) but was not validly published. The family Ceratocystidaceae was subsequently validated by Réblová et al. (2011) and placed in Microascales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae (Réblová et al. 2011; De Beer et al. 2013). Ceratocystidaceae forms a monophyletic group, including Ambrosiella, Ceratocystis and Thielaviopsis, which is distinct from Gondwanamycetaceae based on strong bootstrap support (Réblová et al. 2011). Davidsoniella and Huntiella were introduced as new genera in Ceratocystidaceae by De Beer et al. (2014). Seven genera were emended based on morphological characters, ecological differences, as well as DNA-sequence data for three gene regions (60S, LSU, MCM7), these include Ambrosiella, Ceratocystis sensu stricto, Chalaropsis, Davidsoniella, Endoconidiophora, Huntiella and Thielaviopsis (De Beer et al. 2014). Cornuvesica was referred to Microascales, genera incertae sedis (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Ceratocystis Ellis & Halst., New Jersey Agric. Coll. Exp. Sta. Bull. 76: 14 (1890)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01249; Figs 27, 28

Fig. 27

Ceratocystis fimbriata (Material examined: USA, New Jersey, Swedesboro, on leaves of Ipomoea batatas, 12 April 1891, B. D. Halsted, BPI 595863–595866 neotype) a Herbarium material b Ascomata on Ipomoea batatas L. (Convolvulaceae) c Enlarged view of ascomatal base and ascomatal neck d e Neck region Scale bars: b–d = 100 μm, d = 50 μm

Fig. 28

Ceratocystis fimbriata . a Habitat on wood b Ascospores being released from ostiolar hyphae c Ascoma with spines or septa, unornamented or with undifferentiated ornamental hyphae d Conidiophore e Germinated spores f Aleurioconidia (redrawn from Halsted and Fairchild 1891)

Saprobic or pathogenic on stems or roots of vascular plants, some species associated with bark beetles. Sexual morph: Ascomata single to aggregated, superficial or immersed in substrate, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, with ornamented or unornamented hyphae, with or without spines, spines if present dark brown to black. Ostiole with long necks, cylindrical, tapering to the apex, straight, dark-brown to black, hyaline at apex, ostiolar hyphae divergent, aseptate, tapering to apex, hyaline to light brown. Peridium thin–walled, comprising pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis in surface view. Hamathecium containing centrum interascal tissue absent. Asci dehiscent. Ascospores hyaline, 1-celled, variable in shape, fusoid, oblong, obovoid, cylindrical, or hat–shaped, curved, lunate, with or without a gelatinous sheath, accumulating in cream-coloured masses at apices of the ascomatal necks. Asexual morph: Conidiophores simple tubular, flask-shaped, tapering at the apex, with phialidic conidiogenesis. Primary conidiophores phialidic, flask-shaped. Secondary conidiophores flaring or wide-mouthed. Primary conidia cylindrical, hyaline. Secondary conidia barrel-shaped to subglobose, hyaline to light brown. Aleurioconidia globose ovoid to pyriform, single or in chains, pale-brown to brown (De Beer et al. 2014).

Type species: Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst., Bull. New York Agricultural Experimental Station 76: 14 (1890)

Notes: The genus Ceratocystis with C. fimbriata as the type was introduced by Ellis and Halsted (1890) for the pathogen that causes black rot of sweet potatoes in the USA. Ceratocystis species are associated with bark beetles, which are symbiotically associated with insects as well as important causal agents of sap-stain in timber and many important pathogens of plants, including pineapples and palms (Hedgcock 1906; Mitchell 1937; Seifert 1993; Alvarez et al. 2012; Mbenoun et al. 2014).

Ceratocystis was removed from the order Ophiostomatales (Barr 1990; Samuels 1993) and the taxonomic confusion between Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma was subsequently resolved using DNA sequence data, showing that these genera are unrelated (Hausner et al. 1993a, b; Spatafora and Blackwell 1994). Ophiostoma belongs to the order Ophiostomatales (Sordariomycetidae) and Ceratocystis was accommodated in the Ceratocystidaceae (Microascales, Hypocreomycetidae) (Réblová et al. 2011; De Beer et al. 2013). Recently, these differences have been substantially amplified by the discovery of many new and often cryptic species, revealed through DNA-sequence comparisons (Wingfield et al. 1996; Harrington and Wingfield et al. 1998; De Beer et al. 2014).

Huntiella Z.W. de Beer et al., in de Beer et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 211 (2014) Fig. 29

Fig. 29

Huntiella chinaeucensis (Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Suai District, Mae Lao garden, on stumps of Tectona grandis L. (Lamiaceae), 24 December 2012, M. Doilom, MFLU 15-3204). a Ascomata on Tectona grandis wood b, c Globose ascomata with long necks with subhyaline to cream masses at tips of ascomata necks on teak wood d Immature globose ascoma e Ascomata base with conical spines f Ascoma neck g Hat-shaped ascospores being released from ostiolar hyphae h Globose ascoma with ascoma neck i Hat-shaped ascospores j Cylindrical conidia k Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells Scale bar b–c = 500 μm, d, h = 100 μm. e–g = 20 μm, i, j = 5 μm, k = 10 μm

Other genera included

Ambrosiella Brader ex von Arx & Hennebert, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 25: 314 (1965)

Type species: Ambrosiella xylebori Brader ex von Arx & Hennebert, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 25(7): 314 (1965)

Chalaropsis Peyronel, Staz. Sper. Argar. Ital. 49: 595 (1916)

Type species: Chalaropsis thielavioides Peyronel, Staz. Sper. Argar. Ital. 49: 585 (1916)

Davidsoniella Z.W. de Beer et al., in de Beer et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 210 (2014)

Type species: Davidsoniella virescens (R.W. Davidson) Z.W. de Beer et al., in de Beer et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 210 (2014)

Endoconidiophora Münch, Naturwiss. Z. Forst–Landw. 5: 564 (1907)

Type species: Endoconidiophora coerulescens Münch, Naturwiss. Z. Forst–Landw. 5: 564 (1907)

Type species: Huntiella moniliformis (Hedgc.) Z.W. de Beer et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 212 (2014)

Saprobic on wood. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, globose to subglobose, ornamented with dark brown to black, conical spines; dark brown to black. Ostiolar neck long, black, tapering to apex, with a disk-like base. Ostiole comprising hyaline hyphae. Asci not observed. Ascospores hyaline, hat-shaped in side view, aseptate, being released from ostiolar hyphae, by accumulating in cream-coloured masses at apices of the ostiolar neck. Asexual morph: Conidiophores long, macronematous, straight or flexuous, tapering to apex, arising from hyphae, septate, slightly constricted at septa, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, cylindrical, tapering toward apex, hyaline. Conidia cylindrical to barrel-shaped, truncate at the ends, hyaline, single to catenate, aseptate.

Notes: The genus Huntiella was introduced by De Beer et al. (2014), and placed in the family Ceratocystidaceae. They introduced 17 Huntiella species with another new combination of 17 species in Ceratocystis based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of 60S ribosomal RNA, LSU and MCM7 dataset (De Beer et al. 2014). The species included in this study show 100 % similarity to Huntiella moniliformis (Hedgc.) De Beer et al. (2014), based on nucleotide blast results of ITS gene, as well as the distinctive features of morphology. Based on morphological features as well as DNA sequence data, we recognized our collection as H. moniliformis. Thielaviopsis has been reported as asexual morph of Huntiella moniliformis (Chen et al. 2013).

Thielaviopsis Went, Meded. Proefstn Suik Riet W. Java 5: 4 (1893)

Type species: Thielaviopsis ethacetica Went [as ‘ethaceticus’], Annuario Soc. Alpinisti Trident.: 4 (1893)

Key to the sexual genera of Ceratocystidaceae

1. Ascospores one-celled, hat-shaped ………2

1. Ascospores one-celled, not hat-shaped (elongate or oblong cylindrical, or narrow fusiform to spindle-shaped) ………3

2. Ascomatal bases globose to pyriform, with ornamented hyphae, conical spines, disk-like bases of the ascomatal necks ………Huntiella

2. Ascomatal bases globose, with unornamented hyphae ………Ceratocystis

3. Ascomatal necks long, brown to dark brown or black, with non-digitate or non-stellate appendages on the ascomatal ………4

3. Ascomatal necks long, dark grey, with digitate or stellate appendages on the asco ………Thielaviopsis

4. Ascomatal globose, surrounded by ornamental hyphae, ascospores elongate, narrow fusiform to spindle shaped, slightly curved, with hyaline sheath ………Davidsoniella

4. Ascomatal globose to ovoid, surrounded by distinct basal spines, ascospores elongate to slightly curved with round ends or some species oblong cylindrical, and surrounded by distinct translucent sheath ………Endoconidiophora

Key to the asexual genera of Ceratocystidaceae

Notes: The morphological characters of the asexual morph in several genera are indistinguishable. Generic delineations are better achieved by using DNA sequence data.

1. Sexual morph not known or not observed ………2

1. Sexual morph known ………3

2. Conidiophores single to aggregated in sporodochia; conidia globose, associated with ambrosia beetles ………Ambrosiella

2. Conidiophores sympodially or irregularly branched; conidia cylindrical ………Chalaropsis

3. Aleurioconidia not present ………4

3. Aleurioconidia present ………6

4. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical ………5

4. Conidiogenous cells flask-shaped ………Huntiella

5. Conidia cylindrical with flattened ends, barrel-shaped ………Davidsoniella

5. Conidia rectangular with two attachment points ………Endoconidiophora

6. Secondary conidia cylindrical to oblong; conidiophores lageniform ………Thielaviopsis

6. Secondary conidia barrel to subglobose; conidiophores flared or wide-mouthed ………Ceratocystis

Ceratostomataceae G. Winter [as ‘Ceratostomeae’], Rabenh. Krypt.–Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 247 (1885)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01803

Saprobic or weakly parasitic, often found growing on other fungi, commonly isolated from soil. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial or cleistothecial, usually translucent, yellow to pale brown, ostiolate or not, often with long-necks, with smooth ostiolar setae. Interascal tissue absent. Peridium membranaceous, comprising pale yellow to pale yellowish-brown, cell of a textura angularis or textura globulosa. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate, without an apical ring, deliquescing. Ascospores biseriate, brown to dark brown, ellipsoidal to citriform, occasionally discoid or fusiform, usually 2-germ pored at each end, aseptate, smooth to strongly ornamented, sheath absent. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores simple, semi-macronematous, mononematous, some genera (Acrospeira) branched towards the apex, some genera (Gonatobotrys, Erythrocarpon) conidiophore with several roughened swellings along its length, reddish-brown to dark. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, monoblastic, some genera (Pteridiosperma) with phialides, singly on aerial hyphae or rarely on conidiophores, lageniform, hyaline. Conidia globose, spindle-shaped, ovate to pyriform, some genera (Pteridiosperma) are aggregated in small globose heads at the apices of phialides, one-celled, some genera (Erythrocarpon, Acrospeira) containing with 2–3-transverse septa, hyaline, brown and verrucose.

Type: Melanospora Corda

Notes: The family Ceratostomataceae was established by Winter (1885). Barr (1990), Hawksworth et al. (1995), and Samuels and Blackwell (2001) placed Melanospora and its allies in Ceratostomataceae (synonymy: Melanosporaceae), based on the ascospore colour and ornamentation and ribosomal DNA sequences. The family was placed in Sordariales based on the characters of the ascospores, with dark with germ pores, which are the most conspicuous similarities (Huang 1976; Uecker 1976). Zhang and Blackwell (2002) placed Ceratostomataceae in the order Melanosporales based on phylogenetic analyses, while emphasizing the morphological characters, Sordaria-type centrum composed of paraphyses in addition to pseudoparenchyma, which differs from the centrum of Melanospora. Most of the species of Ceratostomataceae are saprobic on plant material. Certain species have a widespread host range, and are closely associated with other fungi, on soil, or rotting vegetation and some species are considered as potential biocontrol agents as they can grow on other plant pathogens. Recently, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) provided an updated outline of the family Ceratostomataceae and included ten genera.

Melanospora Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 24 (1837)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01804; Fig. 30

Fig. 30

Melanospora zamiae (holotype). a Ascomata b Ascospores c Ascomata and ascospores mass (redrawn from Corda 1837)

Saprobic or weakly parasitic on plant materials, commonly isolated from soil and closely associated with other fungi. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial to immersed, globose to ovoid, gregarious, inconspicuously ostiolate, setose, pale yellow, translucent, appearing dark brown to black, due to the massed ascospores, with short neck or sometimes absent, with a ring of rigid, hyaline, smooth and thick-walled setae around the ostiole, setae right to slightly curved or sinuous, pale yellow, aseptate, thick-walled. Peridium membranaceous, thick-walled, pale yellow to pale yellowish-brown, cell of a textura globulosa or textura angularis. Paraphyses absent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, broadly clavate to obovate, fasciculate, apex rounded, without apical ring, short stipitate, broadly rounded apex, evanescent walled. Ascospores irregularly biseriate, at first hyaline and guttulate, brown to dark brown, large ellipsoidal, one-celled, smooth and thick-walled, with two terminal germ pores, surrounded by a dark ring-like structure. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophore simple, erect, brown or dark brown. Conidiogenous cell phialides, single on aerial hyphae or rarely on conidiophores, lageniform, hyaline, some genera (Acrospeira) integrated, terminal, monoblastic. Conidia globose, spindle-shaped, 1–(−4) cell, some genera (Gonatobotrys) produced in grape-like clusters around each swelling, some genera (Pteridiosperma) produced from single phialides on aerial hyphae or rarely on conidiophores.

Type species: Melanospora zamiae Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 24 (1837)

Notes: The genus Melanospora was introduced by Corda (1837) with the type species, M. zamiae, and subsequently referred to the family Ceratostomataceae (Winter 1885) and Sordariales (Hawksworth and Eriksson 1986). Melanospora was traditionally placed within the Ceratostomataceae, Sordariales based on morphological similarities with the Chaetomiaceae (Hawksworth et al. 1995). Later molecular phylogenetic studies indicated that Melanospora belonged in Hypocreales (Rehner and Samuels 1995; Jones and Blackwell 1998). Zhang and Blackwell (2002) and Chaudhary et al. (2006) considered the Melanospora clade to be a sister group of Hypocreales and found that sequences derived from other genera of Ceratostomataceae (synonymy: Melanosporaceae) clustered within the main Hypocreales clade. Zhang et al. (2006) concluded that the family belongs to Hypocreomycetidae but that it was a sister group of the Coronophorales and introduced a new order Melanosporales. The order was published formally by Hibbett et al. (2007). A similar placement was proposed by Schoch et al. (2007) in a study of marine fungal lineages within the Hypocreomycetidae. However, the phylogenetic inconsistencies of the order Melanosporales have not been addressed.

Most species in Melanospora are parasitic and associated on wide host range such as basidiomycetes, sexual and asexual ascomycetes as well as with other fungi and some species obtain nutrients by fusing with the host protoplasts, an interaction called fusion biotrophism (Jeffries and Young 1994). Harveson (1999) reported Melanospora species as potential biocontrol agents as they can grow on other plant pathogenic fungi.

Asexual morphs of the genus belong in a wide range of genera, including Gonatobotrys, Harzia, Papulaspora and Proteophiala (Hyde et al. 2011).

Melanospora collipora Stchigel & Guarro, in Stchigel et al., Mycol. Res. 101(4): 446 (1997); Fig. 31.

Fig. 31

Melanospora collipora (holotype). a Ascoma b Ascus c, d Ascospores e Detail of germ pores f Chlamydospores. Scale bars: a = 25 μm, b, c, f = 10 μm, d, e = 1 μm. (redrawn from Stchigel et al. 1996)

Notes: Melanospora collipora was described by Stchigel et al. (1996), isolated from a soil sample from India. This species was introduced to Melanospora based on its large ellipsoidal, 1-celled ascospores, with two terminal germ pores, surrounded by ring-like structure (Fog. 31). Melanospora collipora differs from other species in conidial size and character of germ pores, and hyaline rim around the germ pores (Stchigel et al. 1996).

Other genera included

Acrospeira Berk. & Broome, in Berk., Intr. crypt bot (London): 305 (1857)

Type species: Acrospeira mirabilis Berk. & Broome, in Berkeley, Intr crypt. Bot. (London): 305, fig. 69a (1857)

Arxiomyces P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw., Trans Br Mycol Soc 81(3): 644 (1983)

Type species: Arxiomyces vitis (Fuckel) P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 81(3): 644 (1983)

Erythrocarpon Zukal, Verh zool-bot Ges Wien 35: 337 (1886)

Type species: Erythrocarpon microstomum Zukal, Verh zool-bot Ges Wien 35: 337 (1886)

Gonatobotrys Corda, Pracht-Fl. Eur. Schimmelbild.: 9 (1839)

Type species: Gonatobotrys simplex Corda, Pracht - Flora. Europaeischer Schimmel-Bildungen: 9 (1839)

Pteridiosperma J.C. Krug & Jeng, Mycotaxon 10(1): 44 (1979)

Type species: Pteridiosperma foveolatum (Udagawa & Y. Horie) J.C. Krug & Jeng, Mycotaxon 10(1): 45 (1979)

Pustulipora P.F. Cannon, Mycotaxon 15: 526 (1982)

Type species: Pustulipora corticola P.F. Cannon, Mycotaxon 15: 526 (1982); Fig. 32

Fig. 32

Pustulipora corticola (UK, Nottinghamshire, Nottingham, Clumber park, on unidentified bark, 7 September 1956, W.D. Graddon., IMI 284968, holotype). a, b Herbarium specimen c Ascomata superficial on host tissue d Section through ascoma e Peridium f Ascospores attached to the inner wall of ascoma g–j Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 μm, e–j = 20 μm

Notes: Pustulipora was established by Cannon and Hawksworth (1982), based on P. corticola, as the type species isolated from bark (unidentified) in UK. Pustulipora was placed in Ceratostomataceae based on its ascospores, which are muriform-ellipsoidal with two simple terminal germ pores (Fig. 32) and other characters which confirmed the close relationship of this genus to Ceratostomataceae (Cannon and Hawksworth 1982).

Rhytidospora Jeng & Cain, Mycotaxon 5(1): 278 (1977)

Type species: Rhytidospora tetraspora Jeng & Cain, Mycotaxon 5(1): 279 (1977)

Setiferotheca Matsush., Matsush. Mycol Mem 8: 34 (1995)

Type species: Setiferotheca nipponica Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 8: 35 (1995)

Vittatispora P. Chaudhary et al., Mycologia 98(3): 461 (2006)

Type species: Vittatispora coorgii P. Chaudhary et al., Mycologia 98(3): 461 (2006)

Key to the sexual genera of Ceratostomataceae

1. Ascomata with necks ………2

1. Ascomata lacking necks ………3

2. Peridium coriaceous to carbonaceous, dark brown to black; ascospores with a large sunken germ pore and small basal appendage ………Arxiomyces

2. Peridium membranous brownish or pale yellow to reddish brown, and translucent; ascospores with two apical germ pores ………4

3. Ascomata with ostiole ………5

3. Ascomata without ostiole ………6

4. Ascospores with a thick hyaline ridge running full length of the ascospore between the germ pores ………Vittatispora

4. Ascospores without a thick hyaline ridge running full length of the ascospore between the germ pores ………Melanospora

5. Ascospores with two apical germ pores ………7

5. Ascospores with a single germ pore at one end………………………..……..Setiferotheca

6. Ascospores black, with wing-like ridges at convex surfaces…………..……Pteridiosperma

6. Ascospores brown to dark brown, without wing-like ridges at convex surfaces ………Rhytidospora

7. Asci cylindrical, ephemeral, 8-spored ………Erythrocarpon

7. Asci clavate to obovoid, 4-spored ………Pustulipora

Key to the asexual genera of Ceratostomataceae

1. Conidia 1-celled ………2

1. Conidia 3- or 4-cell ………3

2. Conidia produced in grape-like clusters around each swelling on hyphae ………Gonatobotrys

2. Conidia produced from single phialides on hyphae ………Pteridiosperma

3. Conidia globose, with 2 transverse septa ………Acrospeira

3. Conidia spindle-shaped, with 3 transverse septa ………Erythrocarpon

Chadefaudiellaceae Faurel & Schotter ex Benny & Kimbr., Mycotaxon 12(1): 46 (1980)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01666

Saprobic on mammalian dung. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, elongate or hemisphaerical, immersed at the base, pale yellow to brown, basal perithecial envelope black, globular, carbonaceous, foot cylindrical, light yellow to brown, translucent, striated, upper part with brown, anastomosing setae or setae lacking, lacking ostioles. Peridium composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells forming a textura angularis embedded in the substrate and an aerial “capillitium”. Asci overlapping, 8-spored, globose or clavate, catenulate, evanescent. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline to pale brown, ellipsoidal or fusiform, without germ pores, striate or striations lacking, turning reddish brown in Melzer’s reagent (dextrinoid) or non-dextrinoid formed in a mazaedial mass. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, forming arthrospores.

Type: Chadefaudiella Faurel & Schotter

Notes: Chadefaudiellaceae was introduced by Benny and Kimbrough (1980) to accommodate the genus Chadefaudiella. Cannon and Kirk (2007) added a second genus to the family, Faurelina (Locquin-Linard 1975). Parguey-Leduc (1977) placed Chadefaudiella in the order Microascales because of its perithecial ascomata, catenate asci, and characteristic centrum structures, i.e. “asci arising from a fertile layer lining the bottom of the cavity, ascogenous hyphae ramifying upwards, asci extricated without croziers and liberated by basal dissolution to float free in the centrum” (Benny and Kimbrough 1980). Faurelina was included in this family because it has characters reminiscent of Chadefaudiella, such as a cephalothecoid ascomatal wall and asci which are catenate and irregularly disposed in the centrum at maturity (Udagawa and Furuya 1973). However, the classification of Faurelina has been problematic. Despite the similarities with Chadefaudiella noted by Locquin-Linard (1975), Parguey-Leduc and Locquin-Linard (1976) concluded that Faurelina should be placed in the Loculoascomycetes (now in Dothideomycetes; Hyde et al. 2013). Faurelina was later transferred by von Arx (1978) to the family Microascaceae. Recently both genera were placed in Chadefaudiellaceae, Microascales (Cannon and Kirk 2007; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). However, phylogenetic re-evaluation of Microascales by Réblová et al. (2011) concluded that Chadefaudiella is morphologically slightly different from Faurelina and further molecular analysis may lead to a re-establishment of the family Chadefaudiellaceae in the order Microascales, but with the exclusion of Faurelina. The family is poorly understood and needs recollecting.

Chadefaudiella Faurel & Schotter, Revue Mycol., Paris 30: 339 (1959)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02103; Fig. 33

Fig. 33

Chadefaudiella quezelii a Ascoma b Longitudinal section of ascoma c Peridium. Scale bars: a–b = 200 μm, c = 100 μm (redrawn from Faurel and Schotter 1959)

Saprobic on mammalian dung. Sexual morph: Ascomata relatively large (500–1500 μm high, 150–250 μm wide), light yellow, elongate or hemisphaerical, immersed at the base, pale yellow to brown, basal perithecial envelope black, globular, carbonaceous, foot cylindrical, light yellow to brown, translucent, striated, upper part with brown, anastomosing setae or setae lacking, carbonaceous, lacking ostioles. Peridium composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells forming a textura angularis embedded in the substrate and an aerial “capillitium”. Asci 8-spored, globose, evanescent. Ascospores 1-celled, fusiform, thick, striate, not turn into reddish-brown upon application of Melzer’s reagent (non-dextrinoid). Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Chadefaudiella quezelii Faurel & Schotter, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, Paris 249(1): 152 (1959)

Notes: The genus Chadefaudiella was described for a single species, Chadefaudiella quezelii. A later study by Faurel and Locquin (1972) introduced another species, Chadefaudiella thomasii Faurel & Locq. isolated from dung. Benny and Kimbrough (1980) proposed a new family Chadefaudiellaceae in the order Microascales to include the genus Chadefaudiella and this has been followed by Cannon and Kirk (2007), Réblová et al. (2011) and Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). The genus is poorly understood and needs recollecting.

Other genus included

Faurelina Locq.-Lin., Revue Mycologique, Paris 39(2): 127 (1975)

Type species: Faurelina fimigena Locq.-Lin. [as ‘fimigenes’], Revue Mycol., Paris 39(2): 127 (1975)

Key to genera of Chadefaudiellaceae

1. Ascomata with apical anastomosing setae; ascospores non dextrinoid ………Chadefaudiella

1. Ascomata without apical anastomosing setae; ascospores dextrinoid ………Faurelina

Chaetomiaceae G. Winter [as ‘Chaetomieae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 153 (1885)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01900

Saprobic or parasitic on plant debris, straw, seeds, dung, feathers of birds, soil, paper, textiles, air, mushrooms, rabbit and humans. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial or cleistothecial, colourless to light brown, egg yellow, grey-olivaceous to (greenish) grey, to grey, golden brown, brown to black, solitary to scattered to gregarious, superficial or immersed to semi-immersed, subglobose to obpyriform, globose; ellipsoidal; ovoid to pyriform, cylindrical; covered with hair/setae or glabrous, hairs maybe simple or branched and of one to two types, ostiole or non-ostiole. Peridium with thick wall, comprising several layers of hyaline or brown cells of textura epidermoidea to textura intricata. Hamathecium septate with hyaline paraphyses. Asci 4- or 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, or clavate to cylindrical, obovate or ellipsoidal, pedicellate, without apical structures or with an indistinct thickened ring, evanescent, with wall dissolving at maturity. Paraphyses absent or greatly reduced. Ascospores irregularly arranged, at first colourless and dextrinoid, (translucent, greenish, dark), brown to black, and opaque when mature, ellipsoidal, globose, subglobose, oval, fusiform or triangular, with single or sometimes two germ pores, aseptate, with thick, smooth walls. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies brown or orange or white to (black, green) grey brown or grey, woolly, border even, reverse uncolored or buff-coloured to brown, aerial mycelium cottony or felty, with funiculose setae and hyphae. Mycelium abundant, intramatrical and aerial, composed of septate, hyaline or dark brown hyphae. Conidiophores absent or simple, vegetative hyphae, hyaline, branched, septate, smooth-walled or slightly rough. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, verticillate or solitary, hyaline, consisting of a lageniform or ellipsoid swollen basal portion, or reduced or cylindrical. Conidia dimorphic, first kind holoblastic, hyaline to brown, smooth, globose to obclavate, 1-celled, formed on hyphae or cylindrical conidiogenous cells, single or in racemose clusters; second kind produced form phialides, hyaline to brown, lutescens, or dark brown, subglobose to globose or ellipsoidal, occasionally cylindrical to pyriform or fusiform, formed single or in chains, 1-celled, with thick, smooth-walled.

Type: Chaetomium Kunze

Notes: The family Chaetomiaceae was introduced by Winter (as Chaetomiea) in 1885, and is typified by Chaetomium (Grunow et al. 1887). Earlier, the family was placed in the order Chaetomiales by Ames (1961), Alexopoulos (1962) and Mukerji (1968). Barr (1976b), Müller and von Arx (1973) transferred the family Chaetomiaceae to the order Sphaeriales, while Hawksworth and Wells (1973) and Mehrotra and Aneja (1990) placed it in Sordariales. Later molecular data showed Chaetomiaceae belonged to the order Sordariales (Huhndorf et al. 2004a; Kirk et al. 2008; Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010; Liu 2011; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Twenty genera are presently placed in the family (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). However, Diplogelasinospora and Zopfiella need to be transferred to Lasiosphaeriaceae, which was shown by Cai et al. (2006b, c) and Morgenstern et al. (2012) based on gene sequence data. Members of this family are ubiquitous fungi, commonly residing in soil, on lignin and cellulosic or similar materials such as paper, cotton, fabrics, straw, manure. Species have also been found as human opportunistic pathogens (von Arx et al. 1986; Mukerji and Manoharachary 2010; Ahmed et al. 2015).

Chaetomium Kunze, in Kunze and Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 15 (1817)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01901; Fig. 34

Fig. 34

Chaetomium globosum (Material examined: THAILAND, Phayao Province, Muang District, on dead moist twig of Tectona grandis L. (Lamiaceae), M. Doilom, 12 March 2012, MFLU 15-3206, living culture, MFLUCC 12-0290) a Ascomata on PDA after 7 days b Close-up ascomata on PDA c Ascomata with yellowish ascomatal hairs d, e Ascomatal hairs f Squash mount showing surface of peridium g, h Immature asci i Mature asci j Immature ascospores k-m Mature ascospores n Germinating ascospore. Scale bars: a = 1000 μm, b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d, e, g, = 20 μm, f, h–k, n = 10 μm, l, m = 5 μm

Saprobic or parasitic on plant debris, straw, seeds, dung, feathers of birds, soil, paper, textiles and humans. Sexual morph: Ascomata dark, olive brown to greyish yellow, grey or green, superficial, globose, subglobose to ovoid, pyriform or ampulliform, numerous, with broadly rounded base and narrow ostiole. Peridium with thick wall, composed of several layers of pale brown cells of textura intricata or textura epidermoidea. Ascomatal hairs numerous, usually unbranched, brown, flexuous, undulate or coiled, often tapering, septate, broad at the base. Asci 8-spored, rarely 4-spored, unitunicate, clavate, obovate, fusiform, or nearly cylindrical, pedicellate, apically rounded, evanescent. Ascospores overlapping biseriate to crowded, hyaline when young, later brown, variable in shape, most are ellipsoidal, broadly fusiform or limoniform, aseptate, thick and smooth-walled, containing several small guttules, with an apical germ pore. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies brown or orange or white, woolly, border even, reverse buff-colored to brown, aerial mycelium cottony or felty, with funiculose setae and hyphae. Mycelium abundant, intramatrical and aerial, composed of hyaline or dark brown, septate, hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or simple, vegetative hyphae, branched, hyaline, septate, with smooth or slightly rough wall. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, lateral or intercalary on aerial mycelium, or immersed in agar or on conidiophore. Conidia hyaline to brown, subglobose to globose, or oblong, occasionally cylindrical to pyriform, formed single or in chains, aseptate, smooth-walled, wall thick with age.

Type species: Chaetomium globosum Kunze, in Kunze and Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 16 (1817)

Notes: Chaetomium is a cosmopolitan genus with more than 150 species (Asgari and Zare 2011a; Zhang et al. 2012a, b). The genus belongs to Sordariomycetes, family Chaetomiaceae with C. globosum as the type species (Zhang et al. 2012a, b). Special characteristics of Chaetomium are ascomata covered with hairs or setae (Hawksworth and Wells 1973), clavate or fusiform or sometimes cylindrical thin-walled asci, lacking paraphyses before ascomata mature (von Arx et al. 1986) and 1-celled, brown or gray-brown ascospores with germ pores. A comprehensive classification of Chaetomium was provide by Dreyfuss (1976) based on morphological characters and some physiological traits (temperature and nutritional requirements, growth and fruiting rate, and compatibility). Chaetomium species can be potential biological control agents (Soytong et al. 2001), can produce bioactive metabolites (Wang et al. 2012; Li et al. 2014), others produce mycotoxins and infect skin and nails in humans (Pieckova 2003).

Other genera included

Achaetomium J.N. Rai et al., Can. J. Bot. 42(6): 693 (1964)

Type species: Achaetomium globosum J.N. Rai & J.P. Tewari, in Rai et al., Can. J. Bot. 42(6): 693 (1964)

Bommerella Marchal, Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 24(2): 164 (1885)

Type species: Bommerella trigonospora Marchal, Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 24(2): 164 (1885)

Boothiella Lodhi & Mirza, Mycologia 54(2): 217 (1962)

Type species: Boothiella tetraspora Lodhi & J.H. Mirza, Mycologia 54(2): 217 (1962)

Botryotrichum Sacc. & Marchal, in Marchal, Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 24(1): 66 (1885)

Type species: Botryotrichum piluliferum Sacc. & Marchal, in Marchal, Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 24(1): 66 (1885)

Chaetomidium (Zopf) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 39 (1882)

Type species: Chaetomidium fimeti (Fuckel) Zopf, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 39 (1882)

Corynascella Arx & Hodges, in von Arx, Stud. Mycol. 8: 23 (1975)

Type species: Corynascella humicola Arx & Hodges, Stud. Mycol. 8: 23 (1975)

Chaetomiopsis Moustafa & Abdul-Wahid, Mycologia 82(1): 129 (1990)

Type species: Chaetomiopsis dinae Moustafa & Abdul-Wahid, Mycologia 82(1): 129 (1990)

Crassicarpon Y. Marín et al., Mycologia 130(3): 629 (2015)

Type species: Crassicarpon thermophilum (Fergus & Sinden) Y. Marín et al., Mycologia 130(3): 629 (2015)

Emilmuelleria Arx, Sydowia 38: 6 (1986) [1985]

Type species: Emilmuelleria spirotricha (R.K. Benj.) Arx, Sydowia 38: 6 (1986) [1985]

Farrowia D. Hawksw., Persoonia 8(2): 173 (1975)

Type species: Farrowia longicollea (Krzemien. & Badura) D. Hawksw. [as ‘Farrowia longicollis’], (1975) Persoonia 8(2): 173 (1975)

Guanomyces M.C. González, Hanlin & Ulloa, Mycologia 92(6): 1139 (2000)

Type species: Guanomyces polythrix M.C. González et al., Mycologia 92(6): 1141 (2000)

Humicola Traaen, Nytt Mag. Natur. 52: 31 (1914)

Type species: Humicola fuscoatra Traaen, Nytt Mag. Natur. 52: 33 (1914)

Madurella Brumpt, Compt.-Rend. Séances Mém. Soc. Biol. 58: 999 (1905)

Type species: Madurella mycetomi (Laveran) Brumpt [as ‘Madurella mycetomatis’], (1905)

Myceliophthora Costantin, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 114: 849 (1892)

Type species: Myceliophthora lutea Costantin, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 114: 2 (1892)

Staphylotrichum J. Mey. & Nicot, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 72: 322 (1957) [1956]

Type species: Staphylotrichum coccosporum J.A. Mey. & Nicot, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 72(4): 323 (1957) [1956]

Subramaniula Arx, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 94(2–3): 344 (1985)

Type species: Subramaniula thielavioides (Arx et al.) Arx, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 94(2–3): 344 (1985)

Taifanglania Z.Q. Liang et al., Fungal Diversity 34: 72 (2009)

Type species: Taifanglania hechuanensis Z.Q. Liang et al., Fungal Diversity 34: 72 (2009)

Thielavia Zopf, Verh. bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 18: 101 (1876)

Type species: Thielavia basicola Zopf, Sber. bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 18: 105 (1871)

Key to genera of Chaetomiaceae

1. Sexual morph present ………2

1. Asexual morph present ………15

2. Ascospores with one germ pore ………3

2. Ascospores with two germ pores ………12

3. Ascomata perithecioid ………4

3. Ascomata cleistothecioid ………8

4. Ascospores triangular; ascomata bearing ampulliform setae ………Bommerella

4. Ascospores limoniform, ovoid, globose or fusoid; ascoma ornamentation different from ampulliform setae ………5

5. Ascomata glabrous, urn-shaped ………Subranmaniula

5. Ascomata bearing hyphae and/or appendages, not urn-shaped ………6

6. Ascomata attached to substrate by basal tuft of hyphae; appendages not ornamented ………Farrowia

6. Ascomata not attached to substrate by basal tuft of hyphae; appendages ornamented ………7

7. Peridium dark and wide beneath vestiture ………Achaetomium

7. Peridium brown or pallid and narrow beneath vestiture ………Chaetomium

8. Ascomata with pallid or light brown, translucent peridium ………9

8. Ascomata with dark peridium ………10

9. Germ pore not protuberant ………Thielavia

9. Germ pore protuberant ………Boothiella

10. Ascomata bearing appendages ………11

10. Ascomata glabrous ………Thermothelomyces

11. Ascomata bearing smooth, coiled appendages ………Emilmuelleria

11. Ascomata bearing verrucoses and/or smooth, straight or undulate appendages, sometimes with circinate tips ………Chaetomidium

12. Ascomata perithecioid, bearing setae or branched hyphae or circinate appendages ………Chaetomium

12. Ascomata cleistothecioid ………13

13. Asci 4-6-spored ………Crassicarpon

13. Asci 8-scospored ………14

14. Asci cylindrical, clavate or obovate ………Corynascella

14. Asci globose to broadly ellipsoidal ………Corynascus

15. Conidiogenous blastic ………16

15. Conidiogenous phialidic, conidia amerospores, basipetal chains with or without connectives ………Taifanglania

16. Conidiophore absent ………17

16. Conidiophore present ………18

17. Conidia brown ………Humicola

17. Conidia hyaline ………Madurella

18. Conidiophore branched ………19

18. Conidiophore reduced, unbranched, conidiogenus monoblastic or polyblastic, conidia hyaline, ovoid ………Myceliophthora

19. Conidiophore apically branched, brown, conidia pale brown ………Staphylotrichum

19. Conidiophore branched from base, hyaline, conidia hyaline ………Botryotrichum

Chaetosphaerellaceae Huhndorf et al., in Huhndorf et al., Mycol. Res. 108(12): 1387 (2004)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01114

Saprobic on woody substrates in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, dark brown to black, scattered or densely gregarious, superficial, sitting on or in a subiculum or absent, pyriform, obpyriform or ovoid, coriaceous, turbinate or tuberculate or smooth, with or without, brown, branched or unbranched setae, papilla at the apex present or lacking, collabent or not collapsing, ostiolate. Subiculum thin or thick, brown to dark brown, septate, branched or unbranched with spiny hyphae. Peridium thick (10–80 μm), munk pores present, outer layer composed of dark brown to brown cells of textura angularis; inner layer composed of hyaline cells of textura prismatica. Hamathecium composed of paraphyses, often present only in young ascomata. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, long or short pedicellate, apical ring distinct, indistinct or absent, evanescent. Ascospores 1–3-seriate or overlapping, with brown or brown median cells and hyaline end cells, oblong cylindrical, ellipsoid or fusiform, 1–3-septate. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores mononematous, brown, septate, branched, percurrent, with a terminal ampulla. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, holoblastic or polyblastic, integrated, terminal, brown. Conidia brown, oval or elliptical, solitary or catenate, 1–3-septate.

Type: Chaetosphaerella E. Müll. & C. Booth

Notes: The family Chaetosphaerellaceae was introduced by Huhndorf et al. (2004a) based on its superficial, ostiolate ascomata on a subiculum, clavate or cylindrical asci, with pigmented ellipsoid ascospores, and enteroblastic, phialidic or holoblastic conidiogenesis, and is typified by Chaetosphaerella (Müller and Booth 1972). Sivanesan (1976) synonymized Chaetosphaeria fusispora P. Larsen as Chaetosphaerella fusispora Sivan. In a re-evaluation of Chaetosphaeria species, Réblová (1999a, b, c, d) accepted only Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma (Durieu & Mont.) E. Müll. & C. Boot and C. fusca (Fuckel) E. Müll. & C. Booth in Chaetosphaerella and placed this genus in the family Helminthosphaeriaceae based on the characteristic ostiolate ascomata without a quellkörper. The new genera Tengiomyces and Crassochaeta with versicolorous ascospores were placed in Helminthosphaeriaceae (Tengiomyces indicus (Varghese & V.G. Rao) Réblová) and Trichosphaeriaceae (Crassochaeta nigrita (Sacc.) Réblová and C. fusispora (Sivan.) Réblová) (Réblová 1999a, d). Réblová (1999d) transferred Chaetosphaerella fusispora to Crassochaeta fusispora (Sivan.) Réblová based on different asexual morphs; Chaetosphaerella is associated with Oedemium and Veramycina asexual morphs, while Crassochaeta has Undetermined asexual morphs with Arthrinium-like conidia. Réblová (1999a) reported that Chaetosphaerella was similar to the family Nitschkiaceae based on their characteristic peridium.

LSU rDNA sequence data analysis (Huhndorf et al. 2004b), showed that Chaetosphaerella and Crassochaeta clustered in the same clade i.e. Chaetosphaerellaceae. Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) introduced Spinulosphaeria in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, based on morphology and analysis of LSU sequence data of S. nuda Mugambi and Huhndorf. In Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015), Oedemium was included in Chaetosphaerellaceae based on the type species Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma linked with Oedemium minus (Link) S. Hughes. The type species of Oedemium (O. atrum Link) is linked with Chaetosphaerella fusca (Müller and Booth 1972; Réblová 1999a, b, c, d). In a combined gene dataset including LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 sequences, Spinulosphaeria nuda formed a sister group to Chaetosphaerella species with high support in the family Chaetosphaerellaceae (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Chaetosphaerella E. Müll. & C. Booth, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 58(1): 76 (1972)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01115; Fig. 35

Fig. 35

Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma (Material examined: FRANCE, Paris, on dead wood, Montagne C, PC PC0167641) a Herbarium packet b Herbarium material c Ascomata on host d Ascoma cross section e, f Peridium g Septate and spiny hypha h–j Immature and mature asci k–m Ascospores. Notes: d-m soaked in 3 % KOH. Scale bars: c = 200 μm, d = 100 μm, e = 50 μm, f = 30 μm, g–j = 20 μm, k–m = 10 μm

Saprobic on woody substrates in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, dark brown or black, densely gregarious, superficial, sitting on a subiculum, obpyriform, coriaceous, tuberculate or slightly roughened, with brown setae, with a small papilla at the apex, collabent when dry, ostiolate. Subiculum thin, brown to dark brown, septate, branched with spiny hyphae. Peridium thick (20–70 μm), munk pores present, outer layer composed of dark brown to brown cells of textura angularis; inner layer composed of none pigmented cells of textura prismatica. Hamathecium composed of numerous, filiform, paraphyses, often present only in young ascomata. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, long or short pedicellate, apical ring distinct or indistinct, evanescent. Ascospores 1–3-seriate or overlapping, with brown median cells and hyaline end cells, cylindrical to oblong, slightly curved, 3-septate, slightly constricted or not constricted in the center, middle cells may become slightly inflated, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores mononematous, brown, septate, branched, percurrent, with a terminal, ampulla. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic or enteroblastic, polyblastic, integrated, terminal, smooth-walled. Conidia brown, elliptical, solitary, 3-septate, slightly constricted in the middle, the central cells longer and darker than the end cells, sometimes with guttules.

Type species: Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma (Durieu & Mont.) E. Müll. & C. Booth, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 58(1): 77 (1972)

Notes: The genus Chaetosphaerella was introduced by Müller and Booth (1972) and included two species (C. phaeostroma and C. fusca (Fuckel) E. Müll. & C. Booth). The type species C. phaeostroma, is characterized by black ascomata surrounded by a subiculum, with tuberculate or roughened perithecia, clavate asci and pigmented ascospores. Varghese and Rao (1979) and Sivanesan (1976) included C. fusispora and C. indica Varghese & V.G. Rao in Chaetosphaerella based on the morphological characters, however, Réblová (1999a, d) excluded these two from the genus as they had different asexual morphs.

Other genera included

Crassochaeta Réblová, Mycotaxon 71: 46 (1999)

Type species: Crassochaeta nigrita (Sacc.) Réblová, Mycotaxon 71: 48 (1999)

Oedemium Link, in Willdenow, Sp. pl., Edn 4 6(1): 42 (1824); Fig. 36

Fig. 36

Oedemium minus (Link) S. Hughes (Asexual morph of Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma, Silva 2015) a Conidia b, c Conidiogenous cells and conidia d Setae. Scale bars = 20 μm

Type species: Oedemium atrum Link, in Willdenow, Sp. pl., Edn 4 6(1): 42 (1824)

Spinulosphaeria Sivan., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 62(1): 5 (1974)

Type species: Spinulosphaeria thaxteri (Pat.) Sivan., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 62(1): 36 (1974)

Key to genera of Chaetosphaerellaceae

1. Asexual morph with brown, septate conidia, produced in short acropetal chains, conidiogenesis monoblastic or sympodial simple, brown conidiophores Oedemium

1. Asexual morph differs and/or sexual morph present ………2

2. Ascomata scattered, ascospores 1-septate when mature ………Spinulosphaeria

2. Ascomata densely gregarious, ascospores 3-septate when mature, ………3

3. Ascomata collapsing or not, tuberculose, asexual morphs Oedemium ………Chaetosphaerella

3. Ascomata not collapsing, with spiny setae on the surface, asexual morphs Arthrinium-like ………Crassochaeta

Chaetosphaeriaceae Réblová et al., Sydowia 51(1): 56 (1999)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01139

Saprobic on wood in terrestrial habitats, some fungicolous. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, dark brown to black, gregarious or scattered, solitary, superficial or basally immersed on a thin stroma or on a thin subiculum or the subiculum absent, ovoid, globose to subglobose, carbonaceous, coriaceous or membranaceous, rough, smooth or with short setae, papillate, the apex collapsing when dry. Ostiole lined with hyaline periphyses or absent. Subiculum thin, scanty, brown to dark brown, septate, of unbranched hyphae. Peridium thin-walled (10–40 μm), composed of two layers, outer layer comprising brown cells of textura epidermoidea or angularis, carbonaceous; inner layer comprising hyaline cells of textura prismatica, thin, membranaceous. Hamathecium with numerous, septate, unbranched, tapering, filiform or cylindrical paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate to cylindrical, long or short pedicellate, with J-, refractive apical ring. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, hyaline or brown or becoming dark colored in part, fusiform, cylindrical to ellipsoid, sometimes curved, 0–3-septate, with or without fragmenting, smooth or striate, with guttules, sheath or appendages Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, scattered or gregarious, dark brown or hyaline, straight or flexuous, septate, branched or unbranched, with short encircling collar hyphae. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic or polyphialidic, holoblastic or enteroblastic, proliferating percurrently or sympodial, hyaline, with a distinct funnel-shaped collarette, smooth-walled. Conidia aggregated, continuous or mucilaginous, hyaline to brown, aseptate to multi-septate, flexuous, fusiform, cylindrical to allantoid, curved or straight, with obtuse to subobtusely rounded apex, truncate at base, eguttulate or guttulate. Coelomycetous. Conidiomata stromatic, scattered or aggregated, superficial, cupulate or globose, unilocular, setose, comprising black to dark brown cells of textura angularis or intricata. Setae numerous, black to brown, septate, ovoid to cylindrical or arising from the outer elements of excipulum, smooth, thick-walled, multi-septate. Conidiophores lining the basal stroma in a dense layer or arising from conidiomatal cavity, brown, 4–6-septate, unbranched, cylindrical, thin-walled, smooth. Conidiogenous cells integrated, determinate, holoblastic or enteroblastic, phialidic with conspicuous periclinal thickening at an attenuated apex, brown, smooth, subcylindrical to lageniform. Conidia hyaline to brown, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, fusiform to allantoid, curved or straight, obtuse to subobtusely rounded at apex, truncate at base, eguttulate or guttulate, with a single, cellular, unbranched, flexuous, with tubular appendage at each end, separated by a septum, with basal asymmetrically located appendage.

Type: Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.

Notes: The family Chaetosphaeriaceae was introduced by Réblová et al. (1999) based on Chaetosphaeria (Tulasne and Tulasne 1863a). Müller and von Arx (1962) included Chaetosphaeria in the Sphaeriaceae. Réblová et al. (1999) suggested Chaetosphaeriaceae belonged in the order Sordariales based on morphological characters. Huhndorf (2004b), placed this family in Chaetosphaeriales, based on LSU nrDNA sequence data. Zignoëlla was distinguished from Chaetosphaeria based on the color of the ascospores (Saccardo 1883; Munk 1953), but Booth (1957) regarded Zignoëlla as a synonym of Chaetosphaeria. Based on morphological characters, Chaetosphaeria did not appear to belong to Helminthosphaeriaceae or Trichosphaeriaceae (Samuels et al. 1997a; Réblová et al. 1999). This family is morphologically diverse with the genera Catenularia, Cylindrotrichum, Chalara, Chloridium, Custingophora, Dictyochaeta, Menispora, Phialophora and Zanclospora reported as the asexual morphs (Réblová et al. 1999). Infundibulomyces was included in Chaetosphaeriaceae based on SSU and LSU gene data by Somrithipol et al. (2008). Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed ten sexual genera in the family, while Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) listed 35 sexual and asexual genera. Hashimoto et al. (2015) introduced Neopseudolachnella and Pseudodinemasporium to the family and key to 37 genera are showing here. The genera of the family are confused and a monograph is needed with molecular support for accepted genera.

Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 252 (1863)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01140, Fig. 37

Fig. 37

Chaetosphaeria innumera (redrawn from Discover Life, http://www.discoverlife.org/) a Ascoma with setae. b Vertical section of ascoma c Conidiophores and conidia (asexual morph: Dictyochaeta fuegiana) d. Asci and paraphyses. e. Ascospores. Scale bars: a–b = 100 μm, c–e = 10 μm

Saprobic on wood in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, black, gregarious, superficial or basally immersed in a thin basal stroma, ovoid, globose to subglobose, carbonaceous or membranaceous, the apex collapsing when dry, smooth or covered by setae, papillate, ostiole lined with hyaline periphyses,. Peridium thick (10–20 μm), composed of two layers, outer layer comprising brown cells of textura epidermoidea, thin, carbonaceous; inner layer comprising of hyaline cells of textura prismatica, thin, membranaceous. Hamathecium with abundant, cylindrical, septate branched paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, short pedicellate, with small, distinct, refractive, J- apical ring. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, hyaline, allantoid or ellipsoid, curved, septate, smooth-walled, with guttules. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, scattered or gregarious, dark brown or hyaline, straight or flexuous, septate, branched or unbranched, with short encircling collar hyphae. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic or polyphialidic, holoblastic to enteroblastic, proliferating percurrently or sympodially, hyaline, with a distinct funnel-shaped collarette, smooth-walled. Conidia aggregated, continuous or mucilaginous, hyaline to brown, aseptate to multi-septate, flexuous, fusiform, cylindrical to allantoid, curved or straight, obtuse to subobtusely rounded at apex, truncate at base, with or without appendage, eguttulate or guttulate.

Type species: Chaetosphaeria innumera Berk. & Broome ex Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 252 (1863)

Notes: The genus Chaetosphaeria was introduced by Tulanse and Tulanse (1863a) and is typified by C. innumera. Saccardo (1883) included the genus in the “Sphaeriaceae, Phaeophragmiae” which included several species with dark ascospores, along with the type species. Huhndorf et al. (2004b) referred it to the Chaetosphaeriaceae based on the LSU nrDNA analyses. The sexual morph is characterized by superficial perithecia, cylindrical asci and brown ascospores, while the asexual morph is characterized by enteroblastic conidiogenous cells, and aggregated conidia (Réblová 1999a, b, c, d).

Fernández et al. (2006) concluded that two kinds of patterns are observed in the asexual morph of Chaetosphaeria. 1. Broadly integrated conidiogenous cells and endogenous conidiogenous loci with aseptate to multi-septate conidia (Exserticlava S. Hughes 1978); 2. Narrow conidiogenous locus in a discrete or integrated conidiogenous cells with aseptate to uni-septate conidia (Chloridium Link 1809).

Other genera included

Ascochalara Réblová, Sydowia 51(2): 212 (1999)

Type species: Ascochalara gabretae Réblová, Sydowia 51(2): 212 (1999)

Brunneodinemasporium Crous & R.F. Castañeda, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 128 (2012)

Type species: Brunneodinemasporium brasiliense Crous & R.F. Castañeda, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 129 (2012)

Catenularia Grove, in Saccardo, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 4: 303 (1886)

Type species: Catenularia simplex Grove, in Saccardo, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 4: 303 (1886)

Chloridium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 13 (1809)

Type species: Chloridium viride Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 1: 13 (1805)

Codinaea Maire, Publ. Inst. Bot. 3(4): 15 (1937)

Type species: Codinaea aristata Maire, Publ. Inst. Bot. 3(4): 15 (1937)

Codinaeopsis Morgan-Jones, Mycotaxon 4(1): 166 (1976)

Type species: Codinaeopsis gonytrichoides (Shearer & J.L. Crane) Morgan-Jones, Mycotaxon 4(1): 167 (1976)

Craspedodidymum Hol.-Jech., Česká Mykol. 26(2): 70 (1972)

Type species: Craspedodidymum elatum Hol.-Jech., Česká Mykol. 26(2): 70 (1972)

Cryptophiale Piroz., Can. J. Bot. 46: 1123 (1968)

Type species: Cryptophiale kakombensis Piroz., Can. J. Bot. 46: 1124 (1968)

Dendrophoma Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 4 (1880)

Type species: Dendrophoma cytisporoides Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 4 (1880)

Dinemasporium Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 5: 274 (1846)

Type species: Dinemasporium graminum (Lib.) Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 5: 274 (1846)

Dictyochaeta Speg., Physis, Rev. Soc. Arg. Cienc. Nat. 7: 18 (1923); Fig. 38

Fig. 38

Dictyochaeta sp. (Asexual morph) a–c Colonies on drying veneer in surface view d–f Conidiophores with conidia g–n Conidia. Scale bars: b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, e–f = 20 μm, d, g–n = 10 μm

Type species: Dictyochaeta fuegiana Speg., Physis, Rev. Soc. Arg. Cienc. Nat. 7: 18 (1923)

Dictyochaetopsis Aramb. & Cabello, Mycotaxon 38: 12 (1990)

Type species: Dictyochaetopsis apicalis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Aramb. & Cabello, Mycotaxon 38: 12 (1990)

Exserticlava S. Hughes, N.Z. J Bot. 16(3): 332 (1978)

Type species: Exserticlava vasiformis (Matsush.) S. Hughes, N.Z. J Bot. 16(3): 332 (1978)

Gonytrichum Nees & T. Nees, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 9: 244 (1818)

Type species: Gonytrichum caesium Nees, Nova Acta Acad. Leop. Carol. Ac. Naturf. Fo. 9: 244 (1818)

Hemicorynespora M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 131: 19 (1972)

Type species: Hemicorynespora deightonii M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 131: 20 (1972)

Infundibulomyces Plaingam, Somrith. & E.B.G. Jones 2003

Type species: Infundibulomyces cupulata Plaingam et al., Can. J. Bot. 81(7): 733 (2003)

Kionochaeta P.M. Kirk & B. Sutton, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 85(4): 712 (1986) [1985]

Type species: Kionochaeta ramifera (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk & B. Sutton, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 85(4): 715 (1986) [1985]

Lecythothecium Réblová & Winka, Mycologia 93(3): 481 (2001)

Type species: Lecythothecium duriligni Réblová & Winka, Mycologia 93(3): 482 (2001)

Melanopsammella Höhn., Annls mycol. 17(2/6): 121 (1920) [1919]

Type species: Melanopsammella inaequalis (Grove) Höhn., Annls mycol. 17(2/6): 121 (1920) [1919]

Menispora Pers., Mycol. eur. (Erlanga) 1: 32 (1822)

Type species: Menispora glauca (Link) Pers., Mycol. eur. (Erlanga) 1: 32 (1822)

Miyoshiella Kawam., Jap. J. Bot. 4: 295 (1929)

Type species: Miyoshiella fusispora (Kawam.) Kawam., Jap. J. Bot. 4: 295 (1929)

Neopseudolachnella A. Hashim et al., Mycologia 107(2): 385 (2015)

Type species: Neopseudolachnella acutispora A. Hashim. et al., in Hashimoto et al., Mycologia 107(2): 385 (2015)

Phaeostalagmus W. Gams, in Gams & Holubová-Jechová, Stud. Mycol. 13: 90 (1976)

Type species: Phaeostalagmus cyclosporus (Grove) W. Gams, in Gams & Holubová-Jechova, Stud. Mycol. 13: 91 (1976)

Phialogeniculata Matsush., in Kobayasi, Bull. natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, N.S. 14: 471 (1971)

Type species: Phialogeniculata guadalcanalensis Matsush., in Kabayasi et al., Bull. natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 14(3): 472 (1971)

Pseudobotrytis Krzemien. & Badura, Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 23: 761 (1954)

Type species: Pseudobotrytis fusca Krzemien. & Badura, Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 23: 762 (1954)

Pseudodinemasporium A. Hashim et al., in Hashimoto et al., Mycologia 107(2): 390 (2015)

Type species: Pseudodinemasporium fabiforme A. Hashim. et al., in Hashimoto et al., Mycologia 107(2): 390 (2015)

Pseudolachnea Ranoj., Annls mycol. 8(3): 393 (1910)

Type species: Pseudolachnea insignis Velen., Monogr. Discom. Bohem. (Prague): 314 (1934)

Pyrigemmula D. Magyar & Shoemaker, in Magyar et al., Mycol. Progr. 10(3): 310 (2011)

Type species: Pyrigemmula aurantiaca D. Magyar & Shoemaker, in Magyar et al., Mycol. Progr. 10(3): 309 (2011)

Rattania Prabhug. & Bhat, Mycotaxon 108: 218 (2009)

Type species: Rattania setulifera Prabhug. & Bhat, Mycotaxon 108: 220 (2009)

Sporoschisma Berk. & Broome, in Berkeley, Gard. Chron., London: 540 (1847)

Type species: Sporoschisma mirabile Berk. & Broome, in Berkeley, Gard. Chron., London: 540 (footnote) (1847)

Striatosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll., Sydowia 31(1–6): 131 (1979) [1978]; Fig. 39

Fig. 39

Striatosphaeria codinaeaphora (Material examined: BRAZIL, Roraima. ca 219 km North of Boa Vista, on the Boa Vista Sta. Elena Venezuela Rd. (BR 174), on dead log, Dumont KP, Hosford DR, Samuels GJ, Buck WR, Araujo I, Souza MA, Bernardi JC; 1 December 1977, NY 01050494, isotype) a Herbarium material b Ascomata c, d Ascomata cross section e Peridium f Paraphyses g, h Asci i-n Ascospores Scale bars: b–c = 200 μm, d–e = 100 μm, g–h = 50 μm, f = 20 μm, i–n = 5 μm

Type species: Striatosphaeria codinaeaphora Samuels & E. Müll., Sydowia 31(1–6): 132 (1979) [1978]

Tainosphaeria F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf, Fungal Diversity 18: 44 (2005)

Type species: Tainosphaeria crassiparies F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf, in van der Walt & Scott, Fungal Diversity 18: 44 (2005)

Thozetella Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 873 (1891)

Type species: Thozetella nivea (Berk.) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 873 (1891)

Umbrinosphaeria Réblová, Mycotaxon 71: 17 (1999)

Type species: Umbrinosphaeria caesariata (Clinton & Peck) Réblová, Mycotaxon 71: 18 (1999)

Zanclospora S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr., N.Z. J Bot. 3: 151 (1965)

Type species: Zanclospora novae-zelandiae S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr., N.Z. Jl Bot. 3: 152 (1965)

Zignoëlla Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 3): 346 (1878)

Type species: Zignoëlla pulviscula (Curr.) Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 3): 346 (1878)

Key to sexual genera of Chaetosphaeriaceae

1. Ascomata immersed or semi-immersed ………2

1. Ascomata superficial ………3

2. Ascomata globose to subglobose; ascospores 1–3-septate, hyaline, not fragmenting, allantoid or ellipsoid ………Chaetosphaeria

2. Ascomata ovoid; ascospores multi-septate, versicolored, fusiform, straight or inequilateral ………Lecythothecium

3. Ascomata carbonaceous ………4

3. Ascomata membranous ………7

4. Ascospores fragmenting at maturity ………Ascochalara

4. Ascospores not fragmenting ………5

5. Ascospores fusiform, straight or inequilateral ………6

5. Ascospores ellipsoid, striate, germ pore in the median septum ………Striatosphaeria

6. Ascospores hyaline, concolourous, 3-septate ………Miyoshiella

6. Ascospores with middle cells brown and the end cells hyaline, versicolored, multi-septate ………Umbrinosphaeria

7. Ascomata smooth or setose ………8

7. Ascomata rough ………Tainosphaeria

8. Ascospores 1-septate, fragmenting at maturity, hyaline ………Melanopsammella

8. Ascospores 0–3-septate, not fragmenting, greenish ………Zignoëlla

Key to asexual genera of Chaetosphaeriaceae

1. Coelomycetous taxon ………2

1. Hyphomycetous taxon ………6

2. Conidiomata comprising black to brown cells of textura intricata ………Dendrophoma

2. Conidiomata comprising black to brown cells of textura angularis ………3

3. Conidia fusiform with obtuse ends, 1-septate, hyaline, smooth macroconidia with appendages, intermixed with aseptate microconidia ………Pseudolachnea

3. Conidia oblong to fusiform, curved or straight, hyaline to brown, aseptate ………4

4. Conidiomata setae absent ………Infundibulomyces

4. Conidiomata setae present ………5

5. Conidiophores brown, unbranched ...………………………… Brunneodinemasporium

5. Conidiophores apex hyaline, base brown ………6

6. Conidia cylindrical to subcylindrical ……………........................…… Neopseudolachnella

6. Conidia ovoid to ellipsoidal ………Pseudodinemasporium

6. Conidia allantoid to lunate ………Dinemasporium

7. Conidia collarette present ………8

7. Conidia collarette absent ………13

8. Conidia multi-septate ………9

8. Conidia 0–3-septate ………10

9. Conidia short, cylindrical ………Sporoschisma

9. Conidia lunate, with or without a long appendages at the ends ………Dictyochaetopsis

10. Conidia with appendages ………11

10. Conidia with papillate at the ends ………12

11. Conidia aseptate, hyaline, cylindrical ………Codinaeopsis

11. Conidia 0–3-septate, fusiform to ellipsoid ……..........…......................................... Dictyochaeta

12. Conidia aseptate, brown, ellipsoid to obovoid ………Craspedodidymum

12. Conidia 1-septate, obclavate, guttulate ………Phialogeniculata

13. Conidia thick-walled, capitate hyphae present ………14

13. Conidia thin-walled, capitate hyphae absent ………15

14. Conidia obovoid, aseptate ………Catenularia

14. Conidia ellipsoid, 1–3-septate ………Exserticlava

15. Conidia inverted T-shaped or L-shaped, straight or obpyriform ………Thozetella

15. Conidia slightly curved or not curved ………16

16. Conidia curved ………17

16. Conidia not curved ………21

17. Conidia lunate ………18

17. Conidia clavate, fusiform or cylindrical ………19

18. Conidia with appendages at the ends ………Codinaea

18. Conidia lacking appendages ………Zanclospora

19. Conidia cylindrical, hyaline to yellow-green, strongly recurved ………Menispora

19. Conidia clavate or fusiform ………20

20. Conidia aseptate, rounded at the apex ………Kionochaeta

20. Conidia 0–multi-septate, with appendages at the ends ………Rattania

21. Conidia aseptate ………22

21. Conidia septate ………23

22. Conidia subglobose to oval, hyaline to light brown ………Gonytrichum

22. Conidia cylindrical, ovoid, reniform ………Chloridium

23. Conidia hyaline ………24

23. Conidia grey, brown to reddish brown ………25

24. Conidia globose to subglobose ………Cryptophiale

24. Conidia ellipsoid or cylindrical with rounded ends ………Phaeostalagmus

25. Conidia 1-septate, ellipsoid to clavate with apiculate apex ………Pseudobotrytis

25. Conidia multi-septate, oblong, obovoid to obclavate ………26

26. Conidia acrogenous, obovoid to obclavate, constricted at the basal septum ………Hemicorynespora

26. Conidia not acrogenous, not constricted, long oblong ………Pyrigemmula

Clavicipitaceae Earle, in Mohr, Contr. U.S. natnl. Herb. 6: 170 (1901)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01313

Obligate saprotrophic, parasites and symbiotic with insects, fungi, grasses, rushes or sedges. Sexual morph: Stromata or subiculum darkly or brightly coloured, fleshy or tough. Perithecia superficial to completely immersed, ordinal or oblique in arrangement. Asci cylindrical with thickened ascus apex. Ascospores usually cylindrical and multi-septate, disarticulating into part-spores or non-disarticulating. Asexual morph: Clavicipitaceae can be isolated from these genera: Aschersonia, Metarrhizium, Nomuraea, Pochonia, Paecilomyces, Rotiferophthora, Tolypocladium and Verticillium.

Type: Claviceps Tul.

Notes: The name Clavicipitaceae was introduced by Earle (1901). Nannfeldt (1932) accepted the name, which was used as variously classified by Diehl (1950), Luttrell (1951), Rogerson (1970), Eriksson (1982) Eriksson and Hawksworth (1985), Spatafora and Blackwell (1993) and Rehner and Samuels (1994). Sung et al. (2007) divided the family Clavicipitaceae into three monophyletic groups (Clavicipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae and Cordycipitaceae) based on phylogenetic analyses.

Rogerson (1970) list 13 genera under Clavicipitaceae. White et al. (2000) characterized six genera in Clavicipitaceae based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Nigrocornus was introduced to accommodate a species of Balansia, which were significantly different from that of the type and all other Balansia species (Ryley 2003). Sung et al. (2007) list 22 genera under Clavicipitaceae. They also listed Berkelella, Cavimalum, Dussiella, Epicrea, Helminthascus, Konradia, Moelleriella, Mycomalus, Neobarya, Neocordyceps, Podocrella, Romanoa, Sphaerocordyceps, and Stereocrea as uncertain genera in the family. Kirk et al. (2008) recorded 43 genera in this family within the order Hypocreales. Chaverri et al. (2008) introduced Samuelsia under Clavicipitaceae based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. Ustilaginoidea was introduced by Brefeld (1895) and revised by Tanaka et al. (2008) as a genus of Clavicipitaceae. Conoideocrella and Orbiocrella have been introduced by Johnson (2009). Chamaeleomyces was introduced as a new monotypic genus isolated from the liver of Chamaeleo calyptratus based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses (Sigler et al. 2010). Periglandula was introduced with P. ipomoeae U. Steiner as the type species, which was isolated from Ipomoea asarifolia in Ecuador (Steiner et al. 2011). Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) list 32 genera under Clavicipitaceae. According to phylogenetic analyses, Kepler et al. (2012) placed Tyrannicordyceps under Clavicipitaceae, which live on sclerotia of Claviceps and Collarina was introduced by Crous et al. (2014b). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) list 48 genera under this family including Aciculosporium, Amphichorda, Atkinsonella, Balansia, Cavimalum, Chamaeleomyces, Claviceps, Conoideocrella, Corallocytostroma, Diploöspora, Dussiella, Ephelis, Epichloë, Epicrea, Helminthascus, Heteroepichloë, Hypocrella, Konradia, Loculistroma, Metacordyceps, Metarhiziopsis, Metarhizium, Metapochonia, Moelleriella, Mycomalus, Myriogenospora, Neobarya, Neoclaviceps, Neocordyceps, Neotyphodium, Nigrocornus, Nomuraea, Orbiocrella, Parepichloë, Periglandula, Pochonia, Pseudogibellula, Pseudomeria, Regiocrella, Romanoa, Rotiferophthora, Samuelsia, Shimizuomyces, Sphacelia, Sphaerocordyceps, Stereocrea, Tyrannicordyceps and Ustilaginoidea.

Claviceps Tul., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 20: 43 (1853)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01316; Fig. 40

Fig. 40

Claviceps purpurea (Material examined: CHINA. Province of Sichuan, on Phalaria arundinacea L. (Poaceae). 19 September 1989, HMAS 65629, holotype) a, b Overview of sclerotium and host c Sclerotium with stromata d Part of stromata e Cross section of ascomata f Ascomata g, h Asci i, j Ascospores. Scale bars: e = 1 mm, f = 50 μm, g, h = 20 μm, i, j = 20 μm

Parasitic of the ovaries of grasses and a few species of rushes and sedges. Unfertilized ovaries are especially susceptible to infection. Sexual morph: Stromata stipitate, spherical, pale brown to orange-brown when fresh. Stroma surface dotted with mid to dark brown, weakly to strongly papillate ostioles. Ascomata numerous, 150–250 per stroma, ovoid with a somewhat elongate neck region. Perithecia are at least partially embedded within the stromata and are distributed over the surface, resulting in a punctate appearance. Asci, narrowly cylindrical, thin-walled and not fissitunicate, with a conspicuously thickened capitate apex that is penetrated by a narrow channel, 8-spored. Ascospores arranged in a fascicle, not helically coiled, thin, filiform-shaped. Ascospores that land on stigmas of a susceptible host germinate and produce infection hyphae that grow down the element to infect the base of the ovary. Within several days of infection, a sphacelium producing large numbers of conidia develops. A sugary syrup commonly referred to as the honeydew stage is replaced by a sclerotium, generally 1–4 times larger than the host seed. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 20: 45 (1853)

Notes: This genus was described by Tulasne (1853). There were some doubts as to the taxonomic status of the genus in the 1950s, which has been corrected in recent years based on molecular sequence data and acceptance of Clavicipitaceae (Pazoutova and Parbery 1999; Yokoyama et al. 2006; Sung et al. 2007; Tanaka et al. 2008). This genus occur on a wide range of host plants and is pathogenic on some economic plants (Hulvova et al. 2013). The genus produces secondary metabolites with toxicity and pharmaceutical properties (Hulvova et al. 2013). There are 36 species of Claviceps, which can infect about 600 species of monocotyledonous plants (Hulvova et al. 2013).

Other genera included

Aciculosporium I. Miyake, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 22: (307) (1908)

Type species: Aciculosporium take I. Miyake, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 22: (307) (1908)

Amphichorda Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 170 (1825)

Type species: Amphichorda felina (DC.) Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 170 (1825)

Atkinsonella Diehl, Agriculture Monogr., US Dept Agric. 4: 48 (1950)

Type species: Atkinsonella hypoxylon (Peck) Diehl, Agric. Monogr. U.S.D.A. 4: 49 (1950)

Balansia Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 19(1): 45 (1885)

Type species: Balansia claviceps Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 19(1): 45 (1885)

Cavimalum Y Oshim. Doi, Dargan& K.S. Thind, Bull. natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B 3(1): 23 (1977)

Type species: Cavimalum indicum Yoshim. Doi et al., Bull. natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B 3(1): 24 (1977)

Chamaeleomyces Sigler, J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(9): 3186 (2010)

Type species: Chamaeleomyces granulomatis Sigler, J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(9): 3188 (2010)

Collarina Giraldo et al., in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 33: 271 (2014)

Type species: Collarina aurantiaca Giraldo et al., in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 33: 271 (2014)

Conoideocrella D. Johnson et al., Mycol. Res. 113(3): 286 (2009)

Type species: Conoideocrella luteorostrata (Zimm.) D. Johnson et al., Mycol. Res. 113(3): 286 (2009)

Corallocytostroma Y.N. Yu & Z.Y. Zhang, Acta Microbiol. Sin. 20(3): 232 (1980)

Type species: Corallocytostroma oryzae Y.N. Yu & Z.Y. Zhang, Actamicrobiol. Sin. 20(3): 234 (1980)

Diploöspora Grove, J. Bot., Lond. 54: 220 (1916)

Type species: Diploöspora rosea Grove, J. Bot., Lond. 54: 220 (1916)

Dussiella Pat., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 6: 107 (1890)

Type species: Dussiella tuberiformis (Berk. & Ravenel) Pat., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 4(3): 106 (1888)

Ephelis Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 370 (1849)

Type species: Ephelis mexicana Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 370 (1849)

Epichloë (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 3: 24 (1865)

Type species: Epichloë typhina (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 3: 24 (1865)

Epicrea Petr., Sydowia 4(1–6): 325 (1950)

Type species: Epicrea insignis Petr., Sydowia 4(1–6): 325 (1950)

Helminthascus Tranzschel, Trudy S. Petersb. Obschch. Est. Otd. Bot. 28: 331 (1898)

Type species: Helminthascus arachnophthorus Tranzschel [as ‘arachnophthora’], Trudy S. Petersb. Obschch. Est. Otd. Bot. 28: 331 (1898)

Heteroepichloë E. Tanaka, C. Tanaka, Gafur & Tsuda, Mycoscience 43(2): 92 (2002)

Type species: Heteroepichloë bambusae (Pat.) E. Tanaka et al., Mycoscience 43(2): 92 (2002)

Hypocrella Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 3): 322 (1878)

Type species: Hypocrella discoidea (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 3): 322 (1878)

Konradia Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java’s (Jakarta) 2: 15 (1900)

Type species: Konradia bambusina Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java’s (Jakarta) 2: 15 (1900)

Loculistroma F. Patt. & Charles, Bull. Bureau Plant Industry U.S. Dep. Agric. 171: 11 (1910)

Type species: Loculistroma bambusae F. Patt. et al., Bull. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau Plant Industry 171: 11 (1910)

Metacordyceps G.H. Sung et al., in Sung et al., Stud. Mycol. 57: 27 (2007)

Type species: Metacordyceps taii Z.Q. Liang & A.Y. Liu, in Liang et al., Acta Mycol. Sin. 10(4): 257 (1991)

Metarhiziopsis D.W. Li et al., Mycologia 100(3): 462 (2008)

Type species: Metarhiziopsis microspora D.W. Li et al., Mycologia 100(3): 462 (2008)

Metarhizium Sorokīn, Veg. Parasitenk. Mensch Tieren 2: 268 (1879)

Type species: Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokīn, Rastitel’nye parazity cheloveka i zhivotnykh kak prichina zarazhykh bolezneĭ (Petersburg) 2: 268 (1883)

Metapochonia Kepler et al., in Kepler et al., Mycologia 106(4): 820 (2014)

Type species: Metapochonia suchlasporia (W. Gams & Dackman) Kepler et al., in Kepler et al., Mycologia 106(4): 820 (2014)

Moelleriella Bres., Boll. Soc. bot. ital. 44: 292 (1897)

Type species: Moelleriella sulphurea (Bres.) Bres., in Saccardo & Sydow, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 14(1): 626 (1899)

Mycomalus Möller, Bot. Mitt. Trop. 9: 300 (1901)

Type species: Mycomalus bambusinus Möller, Bot. Mitt. Trop. 9: 300 (1901)

Myriogenospora G.F. Atk., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 21(5): 225 (1894)

Type species: Myriogenospora paspali G.F. Atk., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 21(5): 225 (1894)

Neobarya Lowen, in Eriksson & Hawksworth, Syst. Ascom. 5(1): 121 (1986)

Type species: Neobarya parasitica (Fuckel) Lowen, in Eriksson & Hawksworth, Syst. Ascom. 5(1): 121 (1986)

Neoclaviceps J.F. White et al., Mycologia 93(1): 91 (2001)

Type species: Neoclaviceps monostipa J.F. White et al., in Sullivan et al., Mycologia 93(1): 92 (2001)

Neocordyceps Kobayasi, J. Jap. Bot. 59(6): 187 (1984)

Type species: Neocordyceps kohyasanensis Kobayasi, J. Jap. Bot. 59(6): 187 (1984)

Neotyphodium Glenn, C.W. Bacon & Hanlin, Mycologia 88(3): 377 (1996)

Type species: Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & W. Gams) Glenn et al., in Glenn et al., Mycologia 88(3): 377 (1996)

Nigrocornus Ryley & Langdon, in Ryley, Mycology Series (New York) 19: 266 (2003)

Type species: Nigrocornus scleroticus (Pat.) Ryley, Mycology Series (New York) 19: 267 (2003)

Nomuraea Maubl., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 19(3): 295 (1903)

Type species: Nomuraea prasina Maubl., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 19(3): 296 (1903)

Orbiocrella D. Johnson et al., Mycol. Res. 113(3): 286 (2009)

Type species: Orbiocrella petchii (Hywel-Jones) D. Johnson et al., Mycol. Res. 113(3): 287 (2009)

Parepichloë J.F. White & P.V. Reddy, Mycologia 90(2): 231 (1998)

Type species: Parepichloë cinerea (Berk. & Broome) J.F. White & P.V. Reddy, Mycologia 90(2): 231 (1998)

Periglandula U. Steiner et al., in Steiner et al., Mycologia 103(5): 1137 (2011)

Type species: Periglandula ipomoeae U. Steiner et al., in et al., Mycologia 103(5): 1140 (2011)

Pochonia Bat. & O.M. Fonseca, Publicações Inst. Micol. Recife 462: 4 (1965)

Type species: Pochonia humicola Bat. & O.M. Fonseca, Publicações Inst. Micol. Recife 462: 5 (1965)

Pseudogibellula Samson & H.C. Evans, Acta bot. neerl. 22(5): 524 (1973)

Type species: Pseudogibellula formicarum (Mains) Samson & H.C. Evans, Acta bot. neerl. 22(5): 524 (1973)

Pseudomeria G.L. Barron, Can. J. Bot. 58(4): 443 (1980)

Type species: Pseudomeria mucosa G.L. Barron, Can. J. Bot. 58(4): 443 (1980)

Regiocrella P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge, Mycologia 97(6): 1232 (2006) [2005]

Type species: Regiocrella camerunensis P. Chaverri & H.C. Evans, in Chaverri et al., Mycologia 97(6): 1232 (2006) [2005]

Romanoa Thirum., R.C. Ist. Sup. Sanitä, (Rome) 17: 1326 (1954)

Type species: Romanoa terricola Thirum., R.C. Ist. Sup. Sanitä, (Rome) 17(12): 1326 (1954)

Rotiferophthora G.L. Barron, Can. J. Bot. 69(3): 495 (1991)

Type species: Rotiferophthora globospora G.L. Barron, Can. J. Bot. 69(3): 495 (1991)

Samuelsia P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge, in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 60: 59 (2008)

Type species: Samuelsia rufobrunnea P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge, in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 60: 62 (2008)

Shimizuomyces Kobayasi, Bull. natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B 7(1): 1 (1981)

Type species: Shimizuomyces paradoxus Kobayasi [as ‘paradoxa’], Bull. natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B 7(1): 1 (1981)

Sphacelia Lév., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 5: 578 (1827)

Type species: Sphacelia segetum Lév. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 5: 578 (1827)

Sphaerocordyceps Kobayasi, Bull. natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B 7(1): 2 (1981)

Type species: Sphaerocordyceps palustris (Berk. & Broome) Kobayasi, Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B 7(1): 2 (1981)

Stereocrea Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 15(3/4): 216 (1917)

Type species: Stereocrea schizostachyi Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 15(3/4): 216 (1917)

Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & Spatafora, Index Fungorum 12: 1 (2012)

Type species: Tyrannicordyceps fratricida (Tanda & Kobayasi) Kepler & Spatafora, in Kepler et al., Index Fungorum 12: 1 (2012)

Ustilaginoidea Bref., Unters. Gesammtgeb. Mykol. (Liepzig) 12: 194 (1895)

Type species: Ustilaginoidea oryzae (Pat.) Bref., Unters. Gesammtgeb. Mykol. (Liepzig) 12: 194 (1895)

Accepted name in key

Albomyces I. Miyake ex I. Hino, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 3: 113 (1962)

Type species: Albomyces take I. Hino, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 3: 112 (1962)

Aschersonia Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 10: 121 (1848)

Type species: Aschersonia tahitensis Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 10: 122 (1848)

Key to genera of Clavicipitaceae

1. Host is a plant ………2

1. Host is not a plant ………29

2. Sexual morph produced ………3

2. Asexual morph produced ………22

3. Stromata stalked ………4

3. Stromata lacking stalks ………10

4. Ascospores yellow to green ………Stereocrea

4. Ascospores hyaline or some other colour ………5

5. Ascospores with distinct septa ………6

5. Ascospores, septa indistinct or lacking ………9

6. Ascospores disarticulating ………Balansia

6. Ascospores no disarticulating ………7

7. Asci with 2–6 ascospores ………Shimizuomyces

7. Asci with 8 ascospores ………8

8. Perithecia superficial ………Tyrannicordyceps

8. Perithecia immersed ………Neocordyceps

9. Stipe pale brown to orange brown ………Claviceps

9. Stipe reddish-brown ………Neoclaviceps

10. Host bamboo ………11

10. Host grasses ………17

11. Ascospores hyaline ………12

11. Ascospores some other colour ………16

12. Ascospores multi-septate ………13

12. Ascospores irregularly septate ………Cavimalum

13. Perithecia immersed, oval, pyriform or obpyriform ………14

13. Perithecia superficial, cylindrical ………Dussiella

14. Stromata on woody culm, light brown or dark brown ………15

14. Stromata half encircling the leaves, black ………Heteroepichloë

15. Ascospores disarticulating into part spores ………Mycomalus

15. Ascospores lacking part spores ………Aciculosporium

16. Ascospores filiform, yellowish, part spores, brown to black ………Konradia

16. Ascospores fusiform, olivaceous, 3 septate, lacking part spores ………Loculistroma

17. Stromata developing on inflorescences of grasses ………18

17. Stromata developing on leaves, tillers or culms of grasses ………19

18. Part-spores unicellular, curved, needle-shaped, narrower at one end ………Atkinsonella

18. Part-spores 1-septate, not curved, elongate cylindrical ………Balansia

19. Ascospores breaking into part spores ………20

19. Ascospores not breaking into part spores ………21

20. Part spores 1-septate ………Balansia

20. Part spores aseptate ………Myriogenospora

21. Perithecia flask or obpyriform ………Nigrocornus

22. With conidiomata, with conidia ………23

22. With synnemata, lacking conidia ………Periglandula

23. Conidia holoblastic ………24

23. Conidia not holoblastic ………25

24. Conidiogenous cells, arising as integrated or discrete, cylindrical to narrowly obpyriform ………Corallocytostroma

24. Conidiogenous cells arising as a palisade layer, slender, filiform ………Ephelis

25. Conidia 0–1-septate ………26

25. Conidia 2-septate ………Albomyces

26. Conidia 1-septate, later swelling ………Dussiella

26. Conidia 1-celled, not swelling ………27

27. Conidia verruculose ………Ustilaginoidea

27. Conidia smooth-walled ………28

28. Conidia catenulate ………Metarhiziopsis

28. Conidia discrete ………Neotyphodium

29. Host insects, nematodes, rotifers, protozoans or soil ………30

29. Host Chameleon or other fungi ………52

30. Sexual morph produced ………31

30. Asexual morph produced ………40

31. Stroma with stalk ………32

31. Stroma lacking stalk ………34

32. Asci cylindrical, no appendant ………33

32. Asci flexuous, filled with moniliform strings ………Sphaerocordyceps

33. Perithecia superficial on the stroma or clustered at the apex ………Tyrannicordyceps

33. Perithecia completely or half immersed in the stroma ………Metacordyceps

34. Perithecia flask-shaped or conical ………35

34. Perithecia obpyriform, subglobose or subcylindrical ………36

35. Stromata superficial from the host, discrete, variously coloured ………Conoideocrella

35. Stromata surrounding host, crowd, ring-like, ochraceous ………Orbiocrella

36. Perithecia obpyriform or subglobose ………37

36. Perithecia subcylindrical ………Dussiella

37. Stromata tissue changing colour in 3 % KOH ………38

37. Stromata tissue not changing in 3 % KOH ………Moelleriella

38. Stromata tissue changing colour in 3 % KOH to brown, reddish or dark reddish ………39

38. Stromata tissue becoming purple in 3 % KOH ………Regiocrella

39. Stroma surface minutely pulverulent or pruinose ………Hypocrella

39. Stroma surface smooth or slightly pruinose ………Samuelsia

40. Conidia green in mass ………Metarhizium

40. Conidia some other colour in mass ………41

41. Conidia with adhesive hapteron ………Pseudomeria

41. Conidia without adhesive hapteron ………42

42. Conidia 1-multi-septate ………43

42. Conidia 1-celled ………45

43. Conidia, 1-septate, not dictyochlamydospores ………Dussiella

43. Conidia dictyochlamydospores ………44

44. Phialides smooth ………Metapochonia

44. Phialides aculeate ………Pochonia

45. Conidia adhering in chains ………46

45. Conidia not as above ………47

46. Conidiogenous cells flask-shaped, with short, narrow neck ………Nomuraea

46. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to clavate, without a neck ………Metarhizium

47. Conidiogenous cells or conidia with slime ………48

47. Conidiogenous cells or conidia without slime ………50

48. Conidia fusiform or fusoid, generally with acute ends ………49

48. Conidia ovoid to ellipsoid, can be reniform or apiculate ………Sphacelia

49. Conidiogenous cells flask-shaped, formed in a thick compact palisade ………Hypocrella

49. Conidiogenous cells filiform, can branch at acute angles, not formed in a thick compact palisade ………Aschersonia

50. Phialides flask-shaped ………51

50. Phialides cylindrical ………52

51. Conidiophores irregularly branched ………Regiocrella

51. Conidiophores regularly branched ………Moelleriella

52. Phialides with a brownish funnel-shaped collarette ………Collarina

52. Phialides without a brownish funnel-shaped collarette ………Samuelsia

53. Host fungus ………54

53. Host chameleons. ………Chamaeleomyces

54. Host Claviceps ………Epicrea

54. Host Hypocrella chusqueae ………Neobarya

Clypeosphaeriaceae G. Winter [as ‘Clypeosphaerieae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 554 (1886)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01776

Hemibiotrophic or saprobic on woody or herbaceous plants. Sexual morph: Pseudoclypeus comprising both host and fungal tissues, black. Ascomata immersed to erumpent, rarely superficial, solitary or aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown to black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla short, narrow, internally lined with hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium comprising dark brown to light brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inwardly hyaline. Hamathecium comprising numerous, hypha-like, septate, flexuose, paraphyses, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to broadly cylindrical, pedicellate, with a wedge-shaped, J-, or J+ apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline to brown, ellipsoidal to fusiform, sometimes oval, straight or curved, unicellular or septate, wall smooth or ornamented or striate, sometimes with sheaths, appendages, rarely with germ slits or germ pores. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Clypeosphaeria Fuckel

Notes: The family Clypeosphaeriaceae was introduced by Winter (1887) to include Anthostomella, Clypeosphaeria, Hypospila, Linospora and Trabutia. Barr (1989) revived the family Clypeosphaeriaceae and included Apiorhynchostoma, Clypeosphaeria, Endoxyla, Melomastia, Pseudovalsaria, Saccardoella and Urosporella, which are related and morphologically similar to the family Amphisphaeriaceae. However, Barr (1989) revisited the family and excluded all genera and retained Clypeosphaeria as the type of this monotypic family. Hawksworth et al. (1995) treated this family with Apiorhynchostoma, Ceratostomella, Clypeosphaeria, Crassoascus, Duradens, Frondicola, Jobellisia, Melomastia and Pseudovalsaria (Kang et al. 1999c; Smith et al. 2003). Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) accepted only Apiorhynchostoma, Aquasphaeria, Brunneiapiospora, Clypeosphaeria, Crassoascus, Duradens, Palmomyces and Pseudovalsaria in the family. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) and Senanayake et al. (2015) accepted Apioclypea, Aquasphaeria, Brunneiapiospora, Clypeosphaeria, Crassoascus and Palmomyces as genera of Clypeosphaeriaceae. In this paper we exclude Aquasphaeria which we place in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis.

Clypeosphaeria Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 117 (1870) [1869–70]

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02104; Fig. 41

Fig. 41

Clypeosphaeria notarisii (Material examined: GERMANY, Forest of Oestriche, December 1823, Fuckel, G00127177, holotype) a Herbarium package b Herbarium material c Ascomata on the surface of host d Section of ascoma e–g Asci with ascospores h Peridium i, j Ascus apex with J+, subapical ring k–n Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 500 μm, d = 50 μm, e–g = 20 μm, h, i–n = 5 μm

Saprobic bark of dead wood. Sexual morph: Clypeus dome-shaped, well-developed, black. Ascomata 350–400 μm high, 380–450 μm wide, immersed under the clypeus, solitary, scattered, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black. Ostiole central, papillate, papilla short, narrow, internally lined with hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium 20–35 μm wide, comprising outer, brown, elongated, flat, cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, elongated, flat cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, hypha-like, aseptate, unbranched, flexuose, paraphyses, tapering towards the apex. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apex rounded, with a J+ apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, dark brown, ellipsoidal to fusiform, unicellular, straight or slightly curved, not constricted at the septa, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Clypeosphaeria notarisii Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 117 (1870)

Notes: Clypeosphaeria notarisii was introduced by Fuckel and is discussed by Kang et al. (1999c). Barr (1989) mentioned that Clypeosphaeria has been synonymized under several genera. Hyde et al. (1998) treated Clypeosphaeria as a monotypic genus, excluding all other species. Currently 48 species have been listed under the genus Clypeosphaeria in Index Fungorum (2016). Clypeosphaeria is characterized by 0–5-pseudoseptate ascospores, without germ pores (Kang et al. 1999c).

Other genera included

Apioclypea K.D. Hyde, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 116(4): 316 (1994)

Type species: Apioclypea livistonae K.D. Hyde, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 116(4): 317 (1994)

Brunneiapiospora K.D. Hyde et al., Sydowia 50(1): 40 (1998)

Type species: Brunneiapiospora javensis K.D. Hyde et al., Sydowia 50(1): 50 (1998)

Crassoascus Checa et al., Mycotaxon 46: 300 (1993)

Type species: Crassoascus fusisporus Checa et al., Mycotaxon 46: 301 (1993)

Palmomyces K.D. Hyde et al. Sydowia 50(1): 59 (1998)

Type species: Palmomyces montaneus K.D. Hyde et al., Sydowia 50(1): 60 (1998)

Key to genera of Clypeosphaeriaceae

1. Ascomata erumpent ………2

1. Ascomata immersed, clypeus, epiphyllous ………2

2. Globose or sphaeroid, J+, fusoid asymmetric, clear brown ascospore, 5-celled, gattulate, apiculate ends ………Crassoascus

2. Globose or subglobose, overlapping uniseriate, apiosporous, with a mucilaginous sheath ………3

3. Clypeus, J+ or J-, hyaline ascospore ………Apioclypea

3. Subglobose ………4

4. Subglobose or ovoid, clypeate, J+, ellipsoidal, brown ascospore, unicellular, 3–5 pseudosepta, rarely apiosporous, lacking a mucilaginous sheath ………Clypeosphaeria

4. Subglobose; Epiphyllous or Clypeus ………5

5. Clypeus, J+ or J-, hyaline to light brown ascospore….………........ Brunneiapiospora

5. Epiphyllous, J-, biseriate, hyaline ascospore, obcalvate, 1-septate ………Palmomyces

Coniocessiaceae Asgari & Zare, Mycol. Progr. 10(2): 195 (2011)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01296

Saprobic on grasses, soil and dung. Sexual morph: Ascomata small, less than 200 μm diam, superficial, subglobose to pyriform, glabrous or pilose, ostiolate, commonly with hypha-like ostiolar projections. Peridium thin, membranaceous, translucent or sometimes opaque, outer layer comprising pale-brown to dark brown cells of textura intricata. Hamathecium comprising septate, tapering, hyphae-like, thin-walled, filamentous, branched. paraphyses, abundant or few. Asci 4–spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to subcylindrical, pedicellate, without an apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, dark brown to black, ellipsoidal, with narrowly rounded ends, smooth–walled, one-celled, with germ-slit, full length, straight. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. nodulisporium-like: Conidiophores micronematous to macronematous, simple or branched, smooth-walled or verrucose, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, discrete, elongating sympodially, with persistent, conspicuous denticles, hyaline. Conidia globose, subglobose to pyriform, smooth-walled or verruculose, with rounded apex, hyaline, attenuated and truncated base and a more or less distinct projection at the point of attachment to the conidiogenous cells.

Type: Coniocessia Dania García et al.

Notes: The family Coniocessiaceae was introduced by Asgari and Zare (2011b) to accommodate the genus Coniocessia with a nodulisporium-like asexual morph. The family is unique in the order Xylariales in having a hyaline asexual morph with polyblastic conidiogenesis (nodulisporium-like), contrasting with the generally pigmented nodulisporium-like asexual morphs in Xylariales (Asgari and Zare 2011b). Members of Coniocessiaceae can be distinguished from Xylariaceae in possessing astromatic ascomata, and asci without apical structures (Asgari and Zare 2011b). Asgari and Zare (2011b) introduced four new species to Coniocessia and provided molecular data indicating this was a distinct lineage of Xylariales, but closely related to the family Diatrypaceae according to their phylogenetic analysis. Thus they introduced the new family, which confirms its distinctness as a family and place it in the order Xylariales.

Coniocessia Dania García et al., in García et al., Mycol. Res. 110(11): 1284 (2006)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01297; Figs 42, 43

Fig. 42

Coniocessia spp. (Material examined: a-e IRAN, West Azerbaijan, Miandoab, on wheat seeds, B. Asgari. IRAN 14375F, holotype of C. anandra; f–g IRAN, Ardabil Bilesavar, on wheat straw, B. Asgari, IRAN 14374F, holotype of C. cruciformis; k–o SPAIN, Caceras, on goat dung, P. Blaser, May 1971. Received from CBS as C. nodulisporioides. IRAN 14377F, holotype of C. maxima; p–t IRAN, Parsabad, Ardabil, on wheat seeds, B. Asgari. IRAN 14376F, holotype of C. minima; u–y JORDAN, from soil, A. H. Moubasher, 1976, IMI 204247, holotype of C. nodulisporioides) a, f, k, p, u Ascomata b, g, l, q, v Peridium c, h, m, r, w Paraphyses d, I, n, s, x Asci e, j, o, t, y Ascus. Scale bars: a, f, k, p, u = 50 μm, b–e, g–j, l–o, q–t, v–y = 10 μm

Fig. 43

Asexual morph of Coniocessia spp. (Material examined: a-c IRAN, Ardabil Bilesavar, on wheat straw, B. Asgari, IRAN 14374F, holotype of C. cruciformis; d–f SPAIN, Caceras, on goat dung, P. Blaser, May 1971. Received from CBS as C. nodulisporioides. IRAN 14377F, holotype of C. maxima; g–i IRAN, Parsabad, Ardabil, on wheat seeds, B. Asgari. IRAN 14376F, holotype of C. minima; j–l JORDAN, from soil, A. H. Moubasher, 1976, IMI 204247, holotype of C. nodulisporioides). a, d, g, j Asexual morph b, e, h, k Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells c, f, i, l conidia. Scale bars: a, d, g = 50 μm, b–c, e-f, h-i, k–l = 10 μm, j = 20 μm

Type species: Coniocessia nodulisporioides (D. Hawksw.) Dania García et al., in García et al., Mycol. Res. 110(11): 1285 (2006)

Notes: García et al. (2006) introduced the genus Coniocessia to accommodate the type species, C. nodulisporioides Dania García et al., by synonymising Coniochaeta nodulisporioides D. Hawksw., which was placed in Xylariales genera incertae sedis, based on morphological and sequences data of SSU and LSU rDNA genes (García et al. 2006).

Recently, Asgari and Zare (2011b) introduced four new species (C. anandra Asgari & Zare, C. cruciformis Asgari & Zare, C. maxima Asgari & Zare and C. minima Asgari & Zare) in the genus Coniocessia based on morphological and molecular data of ITS and LSU rDNA. All species of Coniocessia clustered into a single monophyletic clade (Asgari and Zare 2011b).

Coniochaetaceae Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 49: 878 (1971)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01332

Saprobic on dung, plants litter or in soil, water, pathogenic on plants or pathogens of immune-compromised humans. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial or cleistotheciod, solitary to gregarious, superficial, semi-immersed or immersed, subglobose to globose, or pyriform, dark brown to black, glabrous or hairy brown to black, ostiolate or lacking ostioles. Ostioles periphysate, with or without setae. Peridium membranaceous to pseudoparenchymatous, rarely coriaceous; composed of several layers of cells of textura angularis or textura intricata, or less frequently cephalothecoid. Hamathecium comprising numerous, filiform, simple, septate, evanescent paraphyses. Asci (4-), 8- to multi-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to fusoid or clavate, globose to subglobose, thin-walled, evanescent, short pedicellate, with a truncate to rounded apex, with a non-amyloid apical ring. Ascospores 1-seriate or irregularly arranged, hyaline, brown to dark brown, olive-greenish to dark olivaceous or black, ellipsoid to fusiform, broadly ellipsoidal to globose, lenticular or cruciform, with rounded to apiculate ends, flattened on one or both sides; 1-celled, with or without a germ slit, smooth walled or pitted. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies are frequently characterized by pink or orange and a yeast-like appearance. Conidiophores hyphae variable, frequently closely septate. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, polyblastic, of various size and morphology, phialides somewhat ampulliform, subulate or indistinguishable from a normal hyphal cell, collarettes present, but usually hard to distinguish, only occasionally somewhat flared. Conidia accumulating near the point of formation (in chains), hyaline, orange or pink in mass, elliptical to oblong-elliptical to reniform, 1-celled, smooth-walled.

Type: Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke

Notes: The family Coniochaetaceae was introduced by Malloch and Cain (1971) to accommodate Coniochaeta and Coniochaetidium, and is typified by Coniochaeta. Coniochaetaceae is a single family within the order Coniochaetales in the subclass Sordariomycetidae (Huhndorf et al. 2004a; García et al. 2006). Two genera, Coniochaeta and Barrina are presently placed in the family based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses (Ramaley 1997; Huhndorf et al. 2004a; García et al. 2006; Kirk et al. 2008; Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010; Wijayawardene et al. 2012; Khan et al. 2013; Miller et al. 2014; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Coniochaetaceae is characterized by 4- to 8-, or multi-spored asci (Asgari and Zare 2011b), ascospores with longitudinal germ slit (Asgari et al. 2007; Ivanová and Bernadovičová 2013), and an asexual morph with phialidic or polyblastic conidiogenous cells (Asgari and Zare 2006; Asgari et al. 2007). This family occurs on various substrates and media: such as plants (wood, bark, leaves, leaf litter), animal dung, soil and strongly acidic water with high heavy metal concentrations and humans (Damm et al. 2010; Ivanová and Bernadovičová 2013; Khan et al. 2013).

Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke, Grevillea 16 (no. 77): 16 (1887)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01333, Figs 44, 45

Fig. 44

Coniochaeta ligniaria (Material examined: SWEDEN, Småland, Döderhult par., 2 km ENE of Bohult, on fire-place in coniferous forest, on hare dung (Lepus) in moist chamber, Stockholm, leg Nils Lundqvist, 30 May 1985, S F139191 (lgt 15438-g) a Herbarium material b Host (hare dung) c Ascomata on the host d Vertical section of ascoma e Ostioles with setae f–g Blunt setae h–k Asci l Asci and paraphyses m–o Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 100 μm, d = 30 μm, e–n = 10 μm

Fig. 45

Coniochaeta ligniaria (redrawn from Weber 2002) a–c Conidiophores d Conidiogenous cell e Conidia. Scale bars: a–e = 10 μm

Saprobic on plants litter, dung or in soil, water, pathogenic on plants or pathogens of immunocompromised humans. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial or cleistotheciod, solitary to gregarious, superficial or semi-immersed, pyriform and ostiolate or globose and non-ostiolate, setose, hairy or glabrous, dark brown to black or slightly pigmented. Peridium membranaceous to pseudoparenchymatous, rarely coriaceous; composed of several layers with the cells of textura angularis, textura intricata, or less frequently cephalothecoid. Hamathecium paraphysate or absent. Paraphyses when present numerous, hyaline, filiform, simple, septate, and evanescent. Asci 4-, 8- to multi-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, clavate, sub-globose or globose, evanescent, short pedicellate, with a truncate to rounded apex, usually with a conspicuous to indistinct, non-amyloid, apical ring, thin-walled. Ascospores 1-seriate or irregularly arranged, narrowly ellipsoid to fusoid, broadly ellipsoidal to globose, lenticular or cruciform, with rounded to apiculate ends, flattened on one or both sides; hyaline, brown to dark brown, olive-greenish to dark olivaceous or black, 1-celled, with a cleft germ, smooth-walled or pitted. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Belonging to Lecythophora, Verticillium, Paecilomyces, and Cladobotryum. Colonies are frequently characterized by pink or orange, colony surface more or less smooth, slimy, usually without aerial hyphae, occasionally with short tufts of white hyphae in advancing zone. Conidiophores hyphae variable, frequently closely septate. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, phialides somewhat ampulliform, subulate or indistinguishable from a normal hyphal cell, terminal or lateral on hyphae, or intercalary hyphal cells producing phialidic openings directly or on a short extension; collarettes present but usually hard to distinguish, only occasionally somewhat flared. Conidia elliptical to oblong-elliptical to reniform, hyaline, orange or pinky in masse, 1-celled, smooth-walled.

Type species: Coniochaeta ligniaria (Grev.) Cooke, Grevillea 16(no. 77): 16 (1887)

Notes: The genus Coniochaeta (Sacc.) is typified by C. ligniaria, introduced by Greville (1823–1824) as Sphaeria ligniaria. Saccardo (1882) treated Coniochaeta as a subgenus under Rosellinia and it was raised to generic rank by Cooke in 1887 (Greville 1823–1824; Saccardo 1882; Asgari et al. 2007; Asgari and Zare 2011b). Asexual morphs of Coniochaeta are reported to belong to cladobotryum-like, Lecythophora, nodulisporium-like and Paecilomyces, which have phialidic and polyblastic conidiogenesis (Barr 1990; Asgari and Zare 2006; Asgari and Zare 2011b). Coniochaeta has 86 epithets listed in Index Fungorum (2016). Coniomela, Cucurbitariella, Cucurbitula, Germslitospora, Pleosporopsis, Sphaerodermatella, Sphaerodermella, Sphaeropyxis, Coniochaetidium, Ephemeroascus and Poroconichaeta are listed as synonyms of Coniochaeta (Huhndorf et al. 2004a; García et al. 2006; Kirk et al. 2008; Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010; Wijayawardene et al. 2012; Khan et al. 2013; Miller et al. 2014; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Previous phylogenetic studies have linked the type species Coniochaeta ligniaria and Lecythophora lignicola ITS, LSU, Actin and Beta-tubulin molecular data, as well as previous phylogenetic studies (Weber et al. 2002; Huhndorf et al. 2004a; García et al. 2006; Perdomo et al. 2013a, b). Khan et al. (2013) resolved the phylogenetic placement of Lecythophora species and synonymized the genus to Coniochaeta.

Other genus included

Barrina A.W. Ramaley, Mycologia 89(6): 962 (1997)

Type species: Barrina polyspora A.W. Ramaley, Mycologia 89(6): 963 (1997)

Key to genera of Coniochaetaceae

1. Ascomata immersed, ascospores hyaline ………Barrina

1. Ascomata superficial or semi-immersed, ascospores coloured ………Coniochaeta

Cordanaceae Nann., Repert. mic. uomo: 498 (1934)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01673

Saprobic or pathogenic on wood and leaves of various shrubs, deciduous and evergreen trees, conifers, bamboo and grasses in terrestrial and rarely in freshwater habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, superficial, globose to ovoid, sometimes with basal stroma, setose or glabrous, ostiolate, papillate, with periphyses. Peridium composed of 3–5 layers of cells of textura prismatica. Hamathecium comprising simple, unbranched, septate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, with or without an inconspicuous, non-amyloid, apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, ellipsoid to fusiform, 1-septate, light brown to brown, sometimes with pores at the ends. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies effuse, dark brown to black. Conidiophores erect, mononematous, macronematous, brown, branched or unbranched, with a fertile apex. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, denticulate. Conidia brown to dark brown, obovate or ellipsoidal, 1-septate, smooth, with or without germ pores at the end of the conidia (description modified from Hughes (1955), Müller and Samuels (1982) and Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2014)).

Type: Cordana Preuss

Notes: The family Cordanaceae was established by Nannfeldt with Cordana as the type genus. Based on molecular data, Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2015a) introduced the order Cordanales to accommodate this family, which is easily distinguished from the species of its sister order Coniochaetales (Coniochaetaceae), in having a basal stroma, ascospores lacking germ slits and polyblastic asexual morphs (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015a). The family contains a single genus thus only the family description is given.

Cordana Preuss, Linnaea 24: 129 (1851)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01674; Fig. 46

Fig. 46

Cordana pauciseptata (redrawn from Hughes 1955) a, b Conidiophores with developing conidia on MEA (DAOM 33990) c Conidiophore with proliferated conidia on PDA (DAOM 28664) d, e Hypha bearing chlamydospores on MEA (DAOM 33990) f Mature conidia (DAOM 33990). Sexual morph Porosphaerella cordanophora, the first species reported to have a Cordana asexual morph (redrawn from Müller and Samuels 1982) g Vertical section of ascoma h Asci with ascospores i Non amyloid apical ring of asci with a mature ascospore j Ascospores. Scale bars: a, b, e–j = 10 μm, c, d = 20 μm

Notes: The genus Cordana was introduced by Preuss (1851), while describing the species Cordana polyseptata Preuss, C. pauciseptata Preuss and C. pedunculata Preuss. Later a fourth species C. parvispora Preuss was also described (Preuss 1852), but in both publications, a type was not designated. Saccardo (1877) retained only C. pauciseptata in Cordana selecting it as the lectotype and classifying the other three Cordana species under Acrothecium. Kuntze (1891) disagreed with this classification and renamed the genus as Preussiaster in honour of its first author. Cordana pauciseptata was reclassified as Preussiaster pauciseptatus (Preuss) O. Kuntze and the three species placed by Saccardo (1877) under Acrothecium were also added (Kuntze 1891). However, Hughes (1955) stated that any three of the specimens originally described by Preuss (1851) should be the lectotype. After studying the type material of Cordana pauciseptata, Hughes (1955) re-described and illustrated it as Brachysporium polyseptatum (= Brachysporium bloxami), which resulted in C. pauciseptata being an older epithet for the species. However, this type material was reported to be lost and an epitype was designated by Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2014).

Cordana species are characterized by brown, septate conidiophores with swollen conidiogenous zones, terminal and intercalary conidiogenous cells, and pale brown to brown, 1-septate or aseptate conidia (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015a). Müller and Samuels (1982) linked Porosphaerella cordanophora to Cordana pauciseptata, the type species of Cordana using culture studies. Romero and Samuels (1991) published a second species in Porosphaerella (P. setosa A.I. Romero & Samuels), but no asexual morph was reported. Fernández and Huhndorf (2004) established that Porosphaerella borinquensis was linked to Pseudobotrytis terrestris as the asexual morph formed in vitro. From its asexual morph the genus is known to be cosmopolitan. Molecular studies have shown that Cordanaceae is closely related to Coniochaetales (Réblová and Winka 2000; Huhndorf et al. 2004a; Réblová and Seifert 2007; Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2014; Zelski et al. 2014; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2014) accepted 19 species in this genus and provided a key for their identification. Cordana species have been recorded from various temperate and tropical regions in the world, including Africa, South America, South East Asia and New Zealand.

Type species: Cordana pauciseptata Preuss, Linnaea 24: 129 (1851)

Cordycipitaceae Kreisel ex G.H. Sung et al., in Sung et al., Stud. Mycol. 57: 48 (2007)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01314

Parasites or pathogens of scale insects or mosses, or saprobes in leaf litter and upper soil layers. Sexual morph: Stromata or subiculum, fleshy, pallid, or brightly coloured. Perithecia superficial to completely immersed, oriented at right angles to the surface of the stroma. Asci mostly 8–spored, cylindrical, with thickened ascus apex. Ascospores usually cylindrical, multi-septate, disarticulating into part-spores or remaining intact at maturity. Asexual morph: See notes.

Type: Cordyceps Fr.

Notes: The family name Cordycipitaceae was first used by Kreisel (1969), while Wehmeyer (1976) used Cordycipitoideae as a sub-family for Clavicipitaceae based on the type genus Cordyceps. Cordycipitaceae was validly segregated from Clavicipitaceae by Sung et al. (2007), based on morphology and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. Most of the species in the family are entomogenous and produce superficial to partially immersed to completely immersed perithecia, on a fleshy stroma or subicula, that are pallid or brightly coloured (Sung et al. 2007). Sung et al. (2007) assigned eleven genera (including Ascopolyporus, Cordyceps, Hyperdermium and Torrubiella Beauveria, Engyodontium, Isaria, Lecanicillium, mariannaea-like, Microhilum and Simplicillium) to this family, while currently Index Fungorum (2016) lists 14 genera.

Akanthomyces was first introduced by Lebert (1858) and later revised by Mains (1950). Most of the known Akanthomyces species are parasites of insects or spiders, except Akanthomyces johnsonii (Massee) Vincent et al., which was isolated from leaves and stems (Hsieh et al. 1997; Huang et al. 1999). Gibellula was established by Cavara (1894) because of its unusual conidiogenous cells. Since then, a number of species have been described from spiders (Petch 1932a; Mains 1950; Samson and Evans 1973, 1977; Humber and Rombach 1987; Hsieh et al. 1997). Pseudogibellula was separated from Gibellula as conidia were produced singly on sympodial conidiogenous cells and is common on a wide range of arthropod hosts and grows freely on agar media (Samson and Evans 1973). The asexual morph genera Pseudogibellula, Gibellula and Granulomanus are exclusively associated with Torrubiella (Johnson et al. 2009). Rotiferophthora was described by Barron (1991) based on distinct morphological differences from Diheterospora and Verticillium, and this was confirmed by Zare et al. (2001) and Sung et al. (2007).

The asexual morph of this family is linked to Beauveria, Isaria, Lecanicillium and Torrubiella (Sung et al. 2007; Kepler et al. 2013). The genus Lecanicillium is characterized by slender aculeate phialides that are produced singly or in whorls and usually arising from prostrate aerial hyphae; single-celled, globose, hyaline to subhyaline conidia are produced mostly at the tip of phialides and remain attached in heads of fascicles as glioid masses (Zare and Gams 2001; Zare et al. 2001). Some Lecanicillium species are known to be asexual morph forms of Cordyceps and Torrubiella (Petch 1932a; Evans and Samson 1982; Zare and Gams 2001; Zare et al. 2001). Some asexual morphs of Akanthomyces, Gibellula, Hirsutella, Isaria, and Simplicillium have been linked to Torrubiella (Samson et al. 1988). Some species of Cordyceps produce asexual morphs that are linked to Beauveria, which produce basally-inflated conidiogenous cells that produce conidia sympodially on divergent denticles (de Hoog 1972). Some species from Isaria are the asexual morphs of Cordyceps and Torrubiella (Sung et al. 2007). In this genus the usually hyaline conidia are produced in dry chains from short flask-shaped phialides (Bischoff and White 2003).

Cordyceps Fr., Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 2: 316 (cancellans) (1818)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01317; Figs 47, 48

Fig. 47

Cordyceps militaris – sexual morph (Material examined: CHINA, Province of Liao-Ling, on dead larva. 18 June 2014, Ting Chi Wen TL 2014091004, MFU 15-3202) a Overview of stromata and host b Yellow, half superficial ascomata on stroma c Host d Cross section showing the stroma and ascomata e, f Ascomata g–i Asci j Cap of ascus k Part spores l Asci with ostioles. Scale bars: b = 1000 μm, d = 400 μm, e, g, h = 1000 μm, f, i, l = 500 μm, j = 50 μm, k = 2 μm

Fig. 48

Cordyceps militaris - asexual morph (Material examined: CHINA, Province of Liao-Ling, on dead larva. 28 February 2015, Yuan Pin Xiao MFLU) a, b Conidiophores and developing conidia c Conidia d Culture from above on PDA medium after 7 days e Culture from below on PDA medium after 7 days f Culture from above on PDA medium after 40 days g Culture from below on PDA medium after 40 days. Scale bars: a = 20 μm, b, c = 5 μm

Parasitic on arthropods, worldwide. Sexual morph: Stromata or subiculum pallid or brightly pigmented, fleshy, stromata growing from the heads of adult Lepidoptera, usually simple, rarely branched, Stipe flexuous, white. Fertile head rounded, differentiated from stipe. Ascomata perithecial, superficial to completely immersed, ordinal in arrangement, elongate or ampulliform, with the ostioles opening on the surface of the head. Peridium comprising three layers. Asci hyaline, cylindrical, with thickened apex. Ascospores hyaline, cylindrical, multi-septate, disarticulating into part-spores or non-disarticulating, rarely possessing a thread-like structure connecting the fusiform ends. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies positive pale, reverse yellowish. Hyphae hyaline, narrow, septate, branched. Conidiophores verticillately or singly branched. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, solitary, verticillate, hyaline, inflated at the base, rarely cylindrical, tapering to a narrow tip, and lacking a collarette. Conidia hyaline, smooth, subglobose to ovoid.

Type species: Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr., Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 2: 317 (cancellans) (1818)

Notes: The genus name Cordyceps was validly published by Link (1833) and first given as the group name by Fries in 1818 as Cordylia (Rogers 1954). Cordyceps includes about 280 species (Index Fungorum 2016) and was formally moved to Cordycipitoideae in 2007 (Sung et al. 2007). Sung et al. (2007) transferred some species from Cordyceps into several genera including Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae), Tolypocladium (Ophiocordycipitaceae) as Elaphocordyceps, Metacordyceps (Clavicipitaceae), Claviceps (Clavicipitaceae), Tyrannicordyceps (Clavicipitaceae), Epichloë (Clavicipitaceae), Podostroma (Hypocreaceae) and Podocrea (Hypocreaceae).

Other genera included

Akanthomyces Lebert, Z. Wiss. Zool. 9: 449 (1858)

Type species: Akanthomyces aculeatus Lebert, Z. Wiss. Zool. 9: 449 (1858)

Ascopolyporus Möller, Bot. Mitt. Trop. 9: 300 (1901)

Type species: Ascopolyporus polychrous Möller, Bot. Mitt. Trop. 9: 300 (1901)

Beejasamuha Subram. & Chandrash., Can. J. Bot. 55(3): 247 (1977)

Type species: Beejasamuha samala Subram. & Chandrash., Can. J. Bot. 55(3): 248 (1977)

Beauveria Vuill., Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 59: 40 (1912)

Type species: Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 12: 40 (1912)

Coremiopsis Sizova & Suprun, Vestn. Moskov. Univ., Ser. biol. 12(2): 55 (1957)

Type species: Coremiopsis rosea Sizova & Suprun, Vestn. Moskov. Univ., Ser. biol. 2: 55 (1957)

Engyodontium de Hoog, Persoonia 10(1): 53 (1978)

Type species: Engyodontium parvisporum (Petch) de Hoog, Persoonia 10(1): 53 (1978)

Gibellula Cavara, Atti Ist. bot. R. Univ. Pavia, 2 Sér. 3: 347 (1894)

Type species: Gibellula pulchra Cavara [as ‘pulcra’], Atti Ist. bot. R. Univ. Pavia, 2 Sér. 3: 347 (1894)

Granulomanus de Hoog & Samson, Persoonia 10(1): 70 (1978)

Type species: Granulomanus aranearum (Petch) de Hoog & Samson, in de Hoog, Persoonia 10(1): 70 (1978)

Hyperdermium J.F. White et al., Mycologia 92(5): 910 (2000)

Type species: Hyperdermium bertonii (Speg.) J.F. White et al., in Sullivan et al., Mycologia 92(5): 910 (2000)

Isaria Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 121 (1794)

Type species: Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 3(2): 271 (1832)

Lecanicillium W. Gams & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 72(3–4): 332 (2001)

Type species: Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) Zare & W. Gams, in Gams & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 72(3–4): 333 (2001)

Microhilum H.Y. Yip & A.C. Rath, J. Invert. Path. 53(3): 361 (1989)

Type species: Microhilum oncoperae H.Y. Yip & A.C. Rath, J. Invert. Path. 53(3): 362 (1989)

Pseudogibellula Samson & H.C. Evans, Acta bot. neerl. 22(5): 524 (1973)

Type species: Pseudogibellula formicarum (Mains) Samson & H.C. Evans, Acta bot. neerl. 22(5): 524 (1973)

Rotiferophthora G.L. Barron, Can. J. Bot. 69(3): 495 (1991)

Type species: Rotiferophthora globospora G.L. Barron, Can. J. Bot. 69(3): 495 (1991)

Simplicillium W. Gams & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 73(1–2): 38 (2001)

Type species: Simplicillium lanosiniveum (J.F.H. Beyma) Zare & W. Gams [as ‘Simplicillium lanosoniveum’], (2001)

Syspastospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 84(2): 152 (1982)

Type species: Syspastospora parasitica (Tul.) P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 84(2): 152 (1982)

Torrubiella Boud., Revue mycol., Toulouse 7: 226 (1885)

Type species: Torrubiella aranicida Boud., Revue mycol., Toulouse 7: 226 (1885)

Key to genera of Cordycipitaceae

1. Sexual morph ………2

1. Asexual morph ………5

2. On insects ………3

2. On insects hidden within plants or on plants ………4

3. Stromata with stipe ………Cordyceps

3. Stromata without stipe ………Torrubiella

4. Stromata with 1–3 perithecia per stroma ……………………………………...……Hyperdermium

4. Stromata crowded ………Ascopolyporus

5. Always with synnemata, only on insects ………6

5. Synnemata not present; on insects, nematodes, other micro fauna, or other fungi or mycetozoans in soil ………11

6. Vesiculate conidiophores arising from synnematous conidiomata ………7

6. Conidiogenous cells lacking vesicles ………8

7. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, on spiders ………Gibellula

7. Conidiogenous cells sympodial, with short denticles; on insects ………Pseudogibellula

8. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic ………9

8. Conidiogenous cells polyphialidic ………Beauveria

9. Synnemata determinate, with a terminal capitulum of conidiophores, not on spiders ………10

9. Synnemata indeterminate, with conidiophores emerging from an extended conidiogenous layer, on spiders ………………………………....................Akanthomyces

10. Conidia produced in dry chains; phialidic; on insects ..........................................................................................Isaria

10. Conidia produced in slime masses; denticulate, on arthropods or in soil ………Engyodontium

11. No resting structures produced, not parasites of delloid rotifers ………12

11. Resting structures formed, parasites of delloid rotifers Rotiferophthora

12. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic or monophialidic, with a single conidiogenous locus ………13

12. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, producing conidia from more than one conidiogenous locus ………15

13. Conidiophores with a single verticil; phialides pointed ………………………………………………………...14

13. Conidiophores with several layers of verticils, phialides flask-shaped ………Isaria

14. Phialides single, at right angles to subtending hyphae ……………………………………………......Simplicillium

14. Phialides usually in whorls of 2 or more, not at right angles to subtending hyphae Lecanicillium

15. Rachis with an acropetal, zigzag sequence of slender denticles ………Beauveria

15. Rachis with more or less swollen portions of the conidiogenous cells ………Microhilum

Coronophoraceae Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 116: 624 (1907)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01117

Saprobic on plant stems or wood in terrestrial habitats, or parasitic on other fungi. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, gregarious or solitary, superficial, black, sub-immersed or erumpent through bark of host, ovoid to subglobose, carbonaceous, coriaceous or membranaceous, smooth, with tubercula or hairs, laterally collapsing when dry, short neck present or absent, with or without ostioles. Peridium thick (30–80 μm), composed of three layers, outer layer comprising dark tissues, thin (10–30 μm), carbonaceous; middle layer comprising dark brown to brown cells of textura angularis, thick (20–50 μm), membranaceous and the inner layer comprising hyaline cells of textura prismatica, thin (5–10 μm), membranaceous. Hamathecium composed of numerous, hyaline, septate, unbranched, filamentous paraphyses. Asci with numerous ascospores, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate to cylindrical, long pedicellate, apex blunt, without an apical ring. Ascospores crowded, hyaline, cylindrical to allantoid, slightly curved, aseptate, smooth-walled, mostly with guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Coronophora Fuckel, Fungi rhenani exsic., fasc. 10: no. 961 (1864)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01118, Fig. 49

Fig. 49

Coronophora gregaria (Material examined: BELGIUM, on bark of Prunus cerasus L. and Sorbus aucuparia L., Autumn, BR no. 5020094489111) a Material label b Host substrate c Ascomata erumpent through bark of host d Ascomata without bark of host e Peridium f Paraphyses with asci g-j Asci. k-o Ascospores. Notes: Figs d-f, h-n are strained in 3 % KOH. Scale bars: d = 2 mm, c = 1 mm, e–f = 50 μm, g–j = 20 μm, – = 5 μm

Type species: Coronophora gregaria Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 229 (1870) [1869–70]

Notes: The monotypic family Coronophoraceae was introduced by von Höhnel (1907). The family was placed in Sordariales based on lack of ostioles, while other characteristics were similar to Lasiosphaeriaceae, e.g. Lasiosphaeria noonaedaniae (Carroll and Munk 1964). Coronophoraceae was reported as a synonym of Nitschkiaceae and has been variously referred to Coronophorales or placed in the order Sordariales (Huhndorf et al. 2004b). Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010), used TEF and RPB2 sequence dataset, which included the type species, C. gregaria, to show that Coronophoraceae is a distinct family from Nitschkiaceae. The genus Coronophora was introduced by Fuckel (1864) and includes 26 epithets (Index Fungorum 2016). Coronophora is characterized by immersed, erumpent ascomata, clavate asci and allantoid ascospores. Although the family Coronophoraceae was reported as lacking ostioles (Carroll and Munk 1964), an ostiole is present in C. consobrina P. Karst. (Fuckel 1870).

Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Mycologia 98(2): 246 (2006)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01382

Saprobic or pathogenic in forest trees and economic crops. Sexual morph: Ascostromata scattered, immersed or erumpent, aggregated, oval to circular from above, comprising two layers, outer layer of yellowish orange to light brown cells, purpling in KOH and inner layer of hyaline cells, mixed with plant cells. Ascomata immersed, aggregated, several in one stromata, globose to subglobose, brown, with long neck, or ostiolar canal sometimes immersed in stromatic tissues, or superficial, necks covered in umber stromatic tissue of textura porrecta, inner wall of the necks or ostiolar canal with hyaline, filamentous periphyses. Peridium comprising inner layer of small, hyaline cells of textura angularis and outer layer of small, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising a few cellular paraphyses and parenchymatous cells, attached at the base and asci dissolving at maturity. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical-fusoid to clavate, pedicellate, with distinct, J- refractive ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, oval to fusiform, 1-median-septate, rarely 2-septate, not constricted at the septa, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata occurring as a part of ascomata as conidial locules or solitary structures, uni- to multi-loculate, pyriform, subglobose to pulvinate, necks absent or present, if present, with one to several attenuated necks, superficial or semi-immersed, orange to fuscous-black. Conidiophores cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline, sometimes reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity of the conidioma, phialidic, sometimes with inflated bases, ampulliform, inconspicuous, with attenuated or truncate apices, hyaline, smooth. Conidia minute, sometimes both micro and macro conidia present, broadly ellipsoid to fusoid, obovoid-cylindrical to allantoid, aseptate, hyaline.

Type: Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.

Notes: The family Cryphonectriaceae was introduced to accommodate the Cryphonectria-Endothia complex and other allied genera (Gryzenhout et al. 2006). This family is typified by Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr, which is a serious pathogen causing chestnut blight. Members of this family can be distinguished from other families of Diaporthales by having orange stromatic tissues, which are purple in KOH and yellowing in lactic acid. Most members of this family are plant pathogens and form cankers, blights and dieback in economically important plants and forest trees. Castlebury et al. (2002), in a study based on LSU sequence data of a large number of genera in the Diaporthales, recognized six major lineages within the order, namely, Gnomoniaceae sensu-stricto, Melanconidaceae sensu-stricto, Schizoparme complex including the asexual genera Coniella and Pilidiella, Cryphonectria-Endothia complex (a precursor to the Cryphonectriaceae), Valsaceae sensu-stricto, and Diaporthaceae sensu-stricto. Cryphonectriaceae was formally established by Gryzenhout et al. (2006) when analyzing both LSU sequence data of fungal taxa in Diaporthales. Initially Chrysoporthe, Rostraureum, Cryphonectria, Endothia and Amphilogia were placed in the family. Aurantiosacculus, Aurapex, Aurifilum, Celoporthe, Chrysocrypta, Chrysoporthe, Chrysoporthella, Cryptometrion, Diversimorbus, Endothiella, Foliocryphia, Holocryphia, Immersiporthe, Latruncellus, Luteocirrhus, Mastigosporella, Microthia, Prosopidicola and Ursicollum have since been added to the family.

Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 17: 783 (1905)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02105; Fig. 50

Fig. 50

Cryphonectria parasitica (Material examined: USA, New York. Bronx Co., Bronx, North of Botanical Museum, Bronx Park, on Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (Fagaceae), 26 November 1905, W.A. Murrill, 01293321, 01293322 (NY, type of Diaporthe parasitica). a, b Herbarium packet c Herbarium specimen d Ascostromata on substrate and horizontal section of ascostroma e Cross section of ascoma f Peridium g–j Asci k–n Ascospores o–p Conidiostromata q Cross section of conidioma r-v Conidia attached to the conidiophores w Conidia. Scale bars: d = 1 cm, e–f = 100 μm, g–n = 10 μm, o = 200 μm, p = 500 μm, q = 100 μm, r–w = 10 μm

Saprobic or pathogenic on forest trees and economic crops. Sexual morph: Ascostromata comprising erumpent to superficial, orange epistromatic portion and immersed, hyaline, parenchymatous portion. Ascomata perithecial, immersed, globose to subglobose, 4–6 aggregated in a single stroma, with black to brown ostiole, ostiolar canal slender, covered with orange to fuscous-black stromatic tissue. Hamathecium aparaphysate, comprising parenchymatous tissues. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform to cylindrical, apex blunt, base with small pedicel. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate or biseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 1-septate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata eustromatic, erumpent, pyriform to pulvinate, orange to fuscous black, occurring in the same stroma as ascomata. Conidiophores cylindrical to bottle-shaped, unbranched, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, simple or branched. Conidia hyaline, minute, generally ovoid to cylindrical, aseptate.

Type species: Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr, Mycologia Memoirs 7: 143 (1978)

Notes: Cryphonectria is typified by C. parasitica the causal agent of chestnut blight (Anagnostakis 1987; Heiniger and Rigling 1994). This genus consists of 17 species (Index Fungorum 2016). Castlebury et al. (2002) showed some Endothia species to be the asexual morph of Cryphonectria. Cryphonectria was synonymized under Endothia (Kobayashi 1970), however Barr (1978) separated these two genera based on the variation of ascospore septation and stromatal morphology and transferred many Endothia species to Cryphonectria. Cryphonectria parasitica, C. cubensis (Bruner) Hodges and C. eucalypti M. Venter & M.J. Wingf. are serious pathogens of American chestnut and Eucalyptus. However, other taxa are saprobes (Roane et al. 1986).

Other genera included

Amphilogia Gryzenh.et al., Taxon 54(4): 1017 (2005)

Type species: Amphilogia gyrosa (Berk. & Broome) Gryzenh. et al., in Gryzenhout et al., Taxon 54(4): 1017 (2005)

Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton, in Dyko et al., Mycologia 71(5): 922 (1979)

Type species: Aurantiosacculus eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) Dyko & B. Sutton, in Dyko et al., Mycologia 71(5): 922 (1979)

Aurapex Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 98(1): 112 (2006)

Type species: Aurapex penicillata Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Mycologia 98(1): 112 (2006)

Aurifilum Begoude et al., in Begoude et al., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 98(3): 273 (2010)

Type species: Aurifilum marmelostoma Begoude et al., in Begoude et al., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 98(3): 273 (2010)

Celoporthe Nakab. et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 261 (2006)

Type species: Celoporthe dispersa Nakab.et al., in Nakab. et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 261 (2006)

Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 27(4): 5 (1993)

Type species: Chromendothia appendiculata Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 27(4): 5 (1993)

Chrysocrypta P.W. Crous & B.A. Summerell, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 165 (2012)

Type species: Chrysocrypta corymbiae P.W. Crous & B.A. Summerell, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 165 (2012)

Chrysofolia Crous & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 34: 207 (2015)

Type species: Chrysofolia colombiana Crous, Rodas & M.J. Wingf., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 34: 207 (2015)

Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 129 (2004)

Type species: Chrysoporthe cubensis (Bruner) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 130 (2004)

Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Australas. Pl. Path. 39(2): 166 (2010)

Type species: Cryptometrion aestuescens Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Australas. Pl. Path. 39(2): 166 (2010)

Diversimorbus S.F. Chen et al., Fungal Biol. 117: 300 (2014)

Type species: Diversimorbus metrosiderotis S.F. Chen et al., Fungal Biol. 117: 301 (2014)

Endothia Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 385 (1849)

Type species: Endothia gyrosa (Schwein.) Berk. [as ‘gyrosum’], Outl. Brit. Fung. (London): 384 (1860)

Foliocryphia Cheew. & Crous, Persoonia 23: 65 (2009)

Type species: Foliocryphia eucalypti Cheew. & Crous, Persoonia 23: 65 (2009)

Holocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 48 (2006)

Type species: Holocryphia eucalypti (M. Venter & M.J. Wingf.) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 48 (2006)

Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al., in Chen et al., Pl. Path. 62: 674 (2013)

Type species: Immersiporthe knoxdaviesiana S.F. Chen et al., in Chen et al., Pl. Path. 62: 674 (2013)

Lasmenia Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 22(4): 199 (1886)

Type species: Lasmenia balansae Speg. [as ‘balanse’], Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 22(2): 152 (1886)

Latruncellus M. Verm. et al., in Vermeulen et al., Mycologia 103(3): 562 (2011)

Type species: Latruncellus aurorae M. Verm., et al., in Vermeulen et al., Mycologia 103(3): 562 (2011)

Luteocirrhus C. Crane & T.I. Burgess IMA Fungus 4(1): 115 (2013)

Type species: Luteocirrhus shearii C. Crane & T.I. Burgess IMA Fungus 4(1): 115 (2013)

Mastigosporella Höhn. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 123: 135 (1914)

Type species: Mastigosporella hyalina (Ellis & Everh.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 123: 135 (1914)

Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 55: 44 (2006)

Type species: Microthia havanensis (Bruner) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout, et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 44 (2006)

Prosopidicola Crous & C.L. Lennox, Stud. Mycol. 50(1): ‘187’ [191] (2004)

Type species: Prosopidicola mexicana Crous & C.L. Lennox, in Lennox et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(1): ‘187’ [191] (2004)

Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycol. Res. 109(9): 1039 (2005)

Type species: Rostraureum tropicale Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Mycol. Res. 109(9): 1040 (2005)

Ursicollum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 55: 44 (2006)

Type species: Ursicollum fallax Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., in Gryzenhout et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 46 (2006).

Key to genera of Cryphonectriaceae

1. Conidiomata orange………….……….………………… 2

1. Conidiomata uniformly brown to black, with or without orange necks……………….……….………..…….…. 14

2. Sexual morph known………………………....…........ 3

2. Sexual morph not known……….….....................….. 17

3. Ascospores brown….….…….....……. Chromendothia

3. Ascospores hyaline……………………...............…… 4

4. Conidiomata pulvinate to globose, ascospores septate or aseptate…....…......………..........................................….. 5

4. Conidiomata conical, rostrate, pyriform or convex, with or without a neck, ascospores septate……….…..…..... 10

5. Ascospores septate………..................……………...... 6

5. Ascospores aseptate…….………………………....…. 9

6. Ascostromata superficial, conidiomata paraphysate..... 7

6. Ascostromata erumpnt, conidiomata aparaphysate ..... 8

7. Perithecia valsoid……............................ Diversimorbus

7. Perithecia diatrypoid….............……..……… Microthia

8. Conidiomata usually larger than 350 μm, uni- to multi-loculate, ascospores with median septum........ Cryphonectria

8. Conidiomata usually smaller than 350 μm diam, unilocular, ascospores with median to submedian septum……..….........…..…..…..…..…....….. Cryptometrion

9. Stromata strongly developed, large, erumpent, mostly superficial, numerous conidial locules, no paraphyses …………….......…………………………........ Endothia

9. Stromata small to medium, semi-immersed, few conidial locules or one convoluted locule, paraphyses present……..................................….............……… Holocryphia

10. Conidiomata with necks, …………………..……… 11

10. Conidiomata without necks, ….………............…… 13

11. Conidiomata with prominent, delimited neck…...... 12

11. Conidiomata with neck continuous with base, rostrate, white sheath of tissue surrounding perithecial necks.....……….……….……….………… Rostraureum

12. Conidiomata rostrate to pyriform with large base, neck attenuated or not, sexual morph Undetermined .......................................................................... Ursicollum

12. Conidiomata conical with constricted, fattened neck, shaped like a chess pawn…….................…. Latruncellus

13. Conidiomata conical, uniformly orange…. Amphilogia

13. Conidiomata convex, with blackened ostiolar openings………….….….….….…....….….………. Aurifilum

14. Conidiomata uniformly black when mature….….... 15

14. Conidiomata black with orange neck, teleomorph Undetermined……...….…………………….…. Aurapex

15. Sexual morph reported…………..………..……….. 16

15. Sexual morph not reported……….…….…….……. 22

16. Conidiomata base tissue of textura globulosa when sectioned longitudinally, perithecial necks long and covered with dark tissue, emerging from orange stroma….…...…….….…....…….….….......… Chrysoporthe

16. Conidiomata base tissue prosenchymatous, apices of conidiomata can be orange to scarlet when young, perithecial necks short, orange to umber stroma.…… Celoporthe

17. Chlamydospores present……........……..…. Lasmenia

17. Chlamydospores absent…………………………… 18

18. Conidiomata pulvinate…………………….……… 19

18. Conidiomata globose to subglobose…….….…..…. 20

19. Conidiomata uniloculate with necks.….… Endothiella

19. Conidiomata multi-loculate without necks ……………………………………...........Immersiporthe

20. Conidiogenous cells subcylindrical to lageniform…….….….….….….….….….. Aurantiosacculus

20. Conidiogenous cells ampulliform…………….....… 21

21Conidia fusoid-ellipsoid, apex acutely rounded……………………………………...….. Chrysocrypta

21Conidia ellipsoid, straight to allantoids….... Chrysofolia

22. Conidiophores brown………....……… Prosopidicola

22 Conidiophores hyaline………...................………… 23

23. Conidiomata with one to four attenuated necks………...….…………………...… Chrysoporthella

23. Conidiomata with or without necks……....………. 24

24. Conidiophores irregularly branched……. Foliocryphia

24. Conidiophores unbranched……….......................… 25

25. Conidia cylindrical or slightly allantoid……………………….………....... Luteocirrhus

25. Conidia narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform….……………….…....…………... Mastigosporella

Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm., Am. J. Bot. 13: 638 (1926)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01383

Pathogenic, endophytic or saprobic on terrestrial and rarely submerged plants. Sexual morph: Stromata present or absent. If present, pulvinate, erumpent, flat or slightly convex, orbicular, circular or somewhat irregular, sclerotioid, subhyaline, stromatic disk coriaceous, whitish to brownish black, with or without black zone or a crust consisting of fungus tissue, solitary or containing up to 10 ascomata in a stroma. Ascomata perithecial, immersed to erumpent, solitary or aggregated in a valsoid configuration, globose or compressed, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla short or long, erumpent, convergent, cylindrical to conical, black, internal wall covered by hyaline periphyses, composed of vertically arranged parenchymatous tissues. Peridium comprising outer layer of flattened, thick-walled, dark brown cells of textura angularis and inner layer of hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising septate, unbranched, cylindrical paraphyses, tapering upwards. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, oblong-clavate to broadly fusoid, sessile, with a distinct apical ring. Ascospores biseriate to partially biseriate, ellipsoid, oblong to fusoid, unicellular or 1-septate, constricted at septum, with cap-like appendages at both ends or without appendages, hyaline, dark to blackish brown, sometimes narrowly rounded ends and multi-guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular or pycnidial, globose, initially immersed, erumpent at maturity, solitary, scattered, coriaceous, black, elongated ostiolar neck, often with yellowish, conidial mass extruding from ostiole. Peridium comprising 3–4 layers of light brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores arising from the inner layer of the locule, ampulliform, cylindrical, straight to sinuous, septate, palisades, simple, branched, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, bearing conidia acrogenously. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, cylindrical, terminal, slightly tapering towards the apex, sometime with a small collarette, determinate. Alpha conidia abundant, ovate, fusoid to ellipsoidal, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, base sub-truncate, straight to curved, occasionally slightly sigmoid, pale brown, aseptate, smooth, with many guttules, hyaline, sometimes with short appendages at both ends. Beta conidia fusiform to hooked, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, base sub-truncate.

Type: Diaporthe Nitschke.

Notes: The family Diaporthaceae was established by von Höhnel (1917) and was accommodated in the order Diaporthales. Wehmeyer (1975) confined this family to include Diaporthe and Mazzantia. Later, Diaporthaceae was synonymized under Valsaceae (Barr 1978). However, analysis of LSU sequence data of diaporthalean taxa showed the distinct placement of Diaporthaceae in Diaporthales where it formed a well-supported clade. This family previously only accommodated Diaporthe (Phomopsis) and Mazzantia (Castlebury et al. 2002). Pustulomyces, isolated from decaying bamboo culms, was placed in Diaporthaceae by Dai et al. (2014b), based on combined analysis of LSU, SSU and TEF sequence data. The phylogenetic placement of Phaeodiaporthe has been confirmed within Diaporthaceae by Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) based on analysis of LSU sequence data. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) listed Allantoporthe, Apioporthella, Clypeoporthella, Diaporthe, Diaporthella, Leucodiaporthe, Mazzantia, Mazzantiella, Ophiodiaporthe and Pustulomyces as genera of Diaporthaceae.

Diaporthe Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 240 (1870);

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02106 Fig. 51

Fig. 51

Diaporthe eres (Material.: B 70 0009145 lectotype specimen (a-h) see Udayanga et al. 2014 for details (i–l) Ar5193, ex-epitype) a Ascomata on substrate b Cross section of ascoma c–e Asci f–h Ascospores i Conidiomata j Conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells k Alpha conidia l Beta conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b = 100 μm, c–e, i–l = 20 μm, f–h = 10 μm

Pathogenic, endophytic or saprobic on plants. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, deeply immersed, aggregated, globose, subglobose or irregular, coriaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla tapering towards the host surface, internally covered by hyaline, periphyses. Peridium comprising brown, thick-walled, cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium without paraphyses. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, elongate to clavate, apex with distinct, J- apical ring, sessile. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, elongated to elliptical, hyaline, 1-septate, often 4 guttulate, with larger guttules at center and smaller ones at the ends, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidia, globose, initially immersed, erumpent at maturity, black, elongated neck, often with yellowish conidial mass extruding from ostiole. Peridium comprising 3–4 layers of light brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores ampulliform, straight to sinuous, unbranched, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, cylindrical, terminal, slightly tapering towards the apex. Alpha conidia abundant, ovate to ellipsoidal, aseptate, mostly biguttulate, hyaline, smooth, base sub-truncate. Beta conidia fusiform, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, base sub-truncate.

Type species: Diaporthe eres Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 245 (1870)

Notes: The genus Diaporthe was introduced by Nitschke (1867) to include taxa in the Sphaeriales with stromata often with blackened zones in the substrate, ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores and enclosed, unilocular pycnidia that contain spermatia, stylospores and conidia (Wehmeyer 1933). Diaporthe has a worldwide distribution and the species are saprobes, pathogens and endophytes. Phomopsis was previously known as the asexual morph and as these genera were linked Udayanga et al. 2012a, b; 2014). Rossman et al. (2015) based on principle of priority gave Diaporthe over Phomopsis, to resolve nomenclatural problems.

Other genera included

Allantoporthe Petr., Hedwigia 62: 289 (1921)

Type species: Allantoporthe tessella (Pers.) Petr., Hedwigia 62: 289 (1921)

Apioporthella Petr., Annls mycol. 27(5/6): 401 (1929)

Type species: Apioporthella bavarica Petr., Annls mycol. 27(5/6): 401 (1929)

Clypeoporthella Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 149 (1924)

Type species: Clypeoporthella brencklei Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 149 (1924)

Diaporthella Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 30 (1924)

Type species: Diaporthella aristata (Fr.) Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 30 (1924)

Leucodiaporthe M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva, in Vasilyeva, Rossman & Farr, Mycologia 99(6): 917 (2008) [2007]

Type species: Leucodiaporthe acerina M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mycologia 99(6): 919 (2008) [2007]

Mazzantia Mont., Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 2: 525 (1855)

Type species: Mazzantia galii (Fr.) Mont., Syll. gen. sp. crypt. (Paris): 246 (1856)

Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju et el., Mycologia 105(4): 868 (2013)

Type species: Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae Y.M. Ju et al., Mycologia 105(4): 868 (2013)

Phaeodiaporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 17(2/6): 99 (1920) [1919]

Type species: Phaeodiaporthe keissleri Petr., Annls mycol. 17(2/6): 99 (1920) [1919]

Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al., in Dai et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(1): 64 (2014)

Type species: Pustulomyces bambusicola D.Q. Dai et al., in Dai et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(1): 64 (2014)

Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 15(3/4): 258 (1917)

Type species: Stenocarpella zeae Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 15(3/4): 258 (1917)

Key to genera of Diaporthaceae

1. Coelomycetes ……… 2

1. Ascomycetes ……… 3

2. Conidia elongate fusiform to sigmoid ……… Pustulomyces

2. Conidia subcylindrical to narrowly ellipsoid …………………………………....……..... Stenocarpella

3. Ascomata solitary…………....…………. Clypeoporthe

3. Ascomata aggregated……......................................….. 4

4. Stromata without blackened zone in substrate and brownish stromatic disk...................… ...........Diaporthella

4. Stromata with blackened zone in substrate and brown to blackish stromatic disk.….............................................… 5

5. Ascospores brown…….................….... Phaeodiaporthe

5. Ascospores hyaline…...................................………… 6

6. Septa submedian……………….............. Apioporthella

6. Septa median………….......…………….....………… 7

7. Ascomata more than 20 in a stromata……..............… 8

7. Ascomata 1 to very few(less than 20) in a stromata……………………..……............…………........…… 9

8. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, elongate to elliptical, often with 4-guttules, larger guttules at the center and smaller ones at the ends…….....................…… Diaporthe

8. Ascospores biseriate, fusoid, without guttules….................................................… Allantoporthe

9. Ascospores bi-celled…….............…… Ophiodiaporthe

9. Ascospores unicellular……….........……………….. 10

10. Asci oblong-clavate, ascospores elliptic to fusoid …………………….……............................................... 11

10. Ascospores ovoid…...................…… Leucodiaporthe

11. Perithecia with long neck…......……. Clypeoporthella

11. Perithecia with very short or almost lacking neck ………………..……………….............................. Mazzantia

Diatrypaceae Nitschke [as ‘Diatrypeae’], Verh. naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. 26: 73 (1869)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00679

Saprobic or pathogenic on woody plants in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Stromata eustromatic or pseudostromatic, well-developed, immersed to erumpent, rarely superficial, mostly black or dark brown, with somewhat carbonaceous outer layer, inner layer pale, loosely packed, parenchymatous. Ascomata perithecial, immersed in stromatic tissues, mostly brown to black, globose to sub-globose, with ostiolar necks. Ostioles sulcate, inner layer covered with hyaline, periphyses. Peridium consists of two layers, an inner hyaline layer and an outer layer of brown to black cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising long, wide, branched, septate, paraphyses. Asci 8-spored or polysporous, rarely 1-spored or 2-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, clavate to pyriform, fusiform, with a very long stalk, with a more or less truncate apex, with a J- or J+ apical ring. Ascospores crowded, most hyaline to light brown, rarely jet-black, allantoid, ellipsoidal, globose or filiform. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous, non stromatic, occurring on host as acervuli. Conidiomata acervuli sub cortical, erumpent, yellow to red, with branched conidiophores and in culture as pycnidia, superficial, solitary or aggregated, yellow, dark brown to black, subconical, globose to subglobose, and thick peridium, comprising brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis with branched conidiophores, arising from pseudoparenchymatous cells or interwoven hyphae. Conidiogenous cells in dense palisades, cylindrical, straight or curved, apically distorted or annulated. Conidia filiform, curved, or rarely straight with flattened base and blunt apex, hyaline. (Pollack and Uecker 1974; Hyde and Jones 1992; Klaysuban et al. 2014; Senanayake et al. 2015)

Type: Diatrype Fr., Summa veg. Scand.

Notes: The family Diatrypaceae was typified by Diatrype. It is characterized by perithecial ascomata embedded in a black stroma, long stalked asci and allantoid ascospores (Glawe and Rogers 1984; Rappaz 1987). It comprised 15 genera: Anthostoma, Cryptosphaeria, Cryptovalsa, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Diatrypasimilis, Echinomyces, Eutypa, Eutypella, Leptoperidia, Monosporascus, Pedumispora, Peroneutypa, Phaeoisaria and Quaternaria in Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). Detailed taxonomic reviews for the family were provided by Trouillas et al. (2011) and Mehrabi et al. (2015) and sequence data is lacking for only Echinomyces, Leptoperidia, Peroneutypa and Quaternaria (Senanayake et al. 2015). Recent papers with sequence data providing backbones trees are Carmaran et al. (2006) and Trouillas et al. (2010). The placement of species in genera is very confused with many genera being polyphyletic and the family is in need of a thorough monographic revision based on molecular data and morphology. These fungal taxa produce extracellular ligninolytic enzymes, cellulose and catalyse the hydrolysis of cellulose, break down of lignin in the cell walls of plants. Therefore, some species in the family have the physiological capacity in decay wood (Trouillas et al. 2011; Mehrabi et al. 2015).

Diatrype Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm) 384 (1849)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00702 Figs 52, 53

Fig. 52

Diatrype disciformis (Material examined: USA, Washington, Snohomish Co. Marysville. J.M. Grant, January 1928, NY 00305625) a Herbarium material b Stromata on substrate c Ostioles appear on stroma d Ascomata formed in a stroma e Peridium f Cross section of ascoma g Paraphyses h–j Asci k–l Ascospores. Scale bars: b–c = 1000 μm, d = 200 μm, e–f = 50 μm, g–j = 15 μm, k–l = 5 μm

Fig. 53

Asexual morph of Diatrype (a, b, d Libertella betulina, taken from Sutton 1980; c Diatrype subaffixa, taken from Chlebicki and Krzyzanowska 1995; e Diatrype disciformis, taken from Rappaz 1987 ) a, b conidiophore c–e conidia. Scale bars: a–e = 10 μm

Saprobic on bark of woody hosts. Sexual morph: Stromata scattered or aggregated on host, sometime spread on large area of host, erumpent to superficial, orbicular, disc-like plane or convex, sometime spread on host evenly, arising through the cracks in bark or epidermis or spread beneath the epidermis, edges of cracks remaining as pointed, angular parts, with numerous perithecia immersed in one stroma, ostiole opening through host bark and appearing as black spots, composed of an outer layer of dark brown, small, tightly packed, thin parenchymatous cells and an inner layer of yellowish white, large, loosely packed, parenchymatous cells. Ascomata perithecia, immersed in stromatic tissues, aggregated, pale brown, globose to sub-globose, narrowing towards the apex and very narrow at the base of ostiolar canal, thin walled, ostiolate. Ostiolar canal, periphysate, ostiolar opening covered with carbonaceous, black cells, apex wider than base. Periphyses hyaline, filamentous, short, bent towards the cavity. Peridium thin, comprising an outer layer of brown, thick walled cells of textura angularis and a thin, inner strata of hyaline, thick walled cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses arising from base of perithecia, composed of long, wide, globose to ovoid thin-walled cells, branched, septate, and slightly constricted at septa, narrowing and tapering towards the apex, apex blunt. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, with very long, narrow, thin walled stalk, with cylindrical, thick walled, swollen upper portion, apex flat, with J-, cylindrical, conspicuous apical ring, attached to the base by stalk. Ascospores biseriate, hyaline, allantoid, unicellular, thin walled, with small, fat globules at each end, smooth walled. Asexual morph: Conidiomata appears as brownish yellow, watery, bubble-like, conidial mass rounded from white, mycelia clumps, pycnidial, superficial, solitary or aggregated, subconical, yellow, dark brown to black, globose to subglobose, shiny, smooth surface. Peridium thick, consisting of brown, thick-walled, textura angularis cells. Conidiophores branched, arising from pseudoparenchymatous cells or interwoven hyphae. Conidiogenous cells dense palisades, cylindrical, straight or curved, apically distorted or annulated. Conidia filiform, curved or rarely straight with flattened base and blunt apex, hyaline. (Senanayake et al. 2015)

Type species: Diatrype disciformis (Hoffm.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 385 (1849)

Notes: Diatrype was established by Fries (1849) with Diatrype disciformis (Hoffm.) Fr. as the type species. It commonly inhabits decaying wood. A few species are reported as pathogens that form cankers on forest trees (Senanayake et al. 2015). Species in this genus are quite resistant to harsh conditions. The asexual morph of Diatrype is reported as Libertella-like and Dumortieria-like (Kirk et al. 2008; Wijayawardene et al. 2012; Senanayake et al. 2015).

Other genera included

Anthostoma Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 1: 110 (1867)

Type species: Anthostoma decipiens (DC.) Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 1: 111 (1867)

Cryptosphaeria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 231 (1863)

Type species: Cryptosphaeria millepunctata Grev., Fl. Edin.: 360 (1824)

Cryptovalsa Ces. & De Not. ex Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 212 (1870) [1869–70]

Type species: Cryptovalsa protracta (Pers.) De Not., Sfer. Ital.: 40 (1863)

Diatrypella (Ces. & De Not.) De Not. Sfer. Ital.: 29 (1863)

Type species: Diatrypella verruciformis (Ehrh.) Nitschke 1867

Diatrypasimilis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm.et al. Mycologia 102(2): 432 (2010)

Type species: Diatrypasimilis australiensis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm., et al., Mycologia 102(2): 432 (2010)

Echinomyces Rappaz, Mycol. helv. 2(549): 547 (1987)

Type species: Echinomyces obesa (Syd.) Rappaz, Mycol. helv. 2(3): 548 (1987)

Eutypa Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 52 (1863)

Type species: Eutypa lata (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 56 (1863)

Eutypella (Nitschke) Sacc., Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat., Padova, Sér. 4 4: 80 (1875)

Type species: Eutypella cerviculata (Fr.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 146 (1882)

Leptoperidia Rappaz, Mycol. helv. 2(547): 544 (1987)

Type species: Leptoperidia macropunctata (Rehm) Rappaz, Mycol. helv. 2(3): 545 (1987)

Monosporascus Pollack & Uecker, Mycologia 66(2): 348 (1974)

Type species: Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack & Uecker, Mycologia 66(2): 348 (1974)

Pedumispora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Res. 96(1): 78 (1992)

Type species: Pedumispora rhizophorae K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Res. 96(1): 78 (1992)

Peroneutypa Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 3(3–4): 80 (1902)

Type species: Peroneutypa bellula (Desm.) Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 3(3–4): 81 (1902)

Phaeoisaria Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 330 [56 repr.] (1909)

Type species: Phaeoisaria bambusae Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 329 [55 repr.] (1909)

Quaternaria Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 104 (1863)

Type species: Quaternaria persoonii Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 105, tab. 12, fig. 16–25 (1863).

Key to genera of Diatrypaceae

1. Sexual morph ……… 2

1. Asexual morph: hyphomycetous forming synnemata with hyaline or coloured, ovoid to ellipsoidal, aseptate conidia ……… Phaeoisaria

2. Ascospores globose, elongate fusiform, or oblong to ellipsoidal ……… 3

2. Ascospores allantoid ……… 5

3. Ascospores elongate fusiform, septate Pedumispora

3. Ascospores aseptate ……… 4

4. Ascospores globose, with 1–2 spores in each ascus ……… Monosporascus

4. Ascospores oblong to ellipsoidal, with 8 spores in each ascus ……… Diatrypasimilis

5. Asci with more than 8 spores ……… 6

5. Asci with 8 spores ……… 7

6. Ascostromata erumpent through host surface, discoid………………………………………….. Diatrypella

6. Ascostromata immersed, erumpent through host surface by sulcate ostioles, eutypoid ……… Cryptovalsa

7. Ascostromata semi-immersed to erumpent through the host periderm (ectostromatic) ……… 8

7. Ascostromata deeply immersed in the host periderm (entostromatic) ……… 10

8. Ascomata erumpent through the ectostromata, with long cylindrical, prominent ostioles in the center Anthostoma

8. Ascomata immersed in pustulate, effuse, acervuloid, or discoid ectostromata ……… 9

9. Ectostromata composed of carbonaceous cells, acervuloid ……… Echinomyces

9. Ectostromata composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells, discoid ……… Diatrype

10. Ascomata clustered, forming valsoid configuration, breaking through entostroma by short to long necks ……… 11

10. Ascomata scattered, arranged in linear entostroma, with short to long necks ……… 12

11. Entostromata slightly raised on the host, with long cylindrical, packed necks ……… Eutypella

11. Entostromata immersed in the host, with, individually, protruding necks at the center ……… Quaternaria

12. Ascomata forming very long necks, through the host surface ……… Peroneutypa

12. Ascomata forming short papilla protruding the host surface ……… 13

13. Peridium thin-walled, composed of a single layer of melanized cells, difficult to separate from the entostroma…………………………………. Leptoperidia

13. Peridium thick-walled, compose of two distinct layers, separating from entostroma ……… 14

14. Asci generally spindle-shaped, with sub-olivaceous to brown ascospores ……… Cryptosphaeria

14. Asci cylindric-clavate, with pale yellow ascospores………………………………………......... Eutypa

Etheirophoraceae Rungjind. et al., in Jones et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 134 (2014)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01281

Saprobic on intertidal wood and bark in marine habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata subglobose to globose or pyriform, light brown to dark brown or black, immersed, oblique or vertical to the host surface, clypeate, coriaceous, ostiolate, periphysate, papillate. Peridium comprising several layers of brown to dark brown cell layers of textura angularis. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline, mostly unbranched, attached to the apex of the ascomatal cavity, in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, cylindrical to oblong, pedicellate, J-, persistent. Ascospores 1–2-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal, 1-many septate, constricted at the septa, with a filamentous appendage at one or both ends. Appendages bristle-like, origin undetermined. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Notes: This family was introduced to accommodate the genera Etheirophora (E. bijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., E. blepharospora Kohlm. and Volkm.-Kohlm., E. unijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.) and Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. (S. armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., S. triseptatus K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri), which grouped together in a well-supported clade in an analysis of LSU and SSU sequence data (Jones et al. 2014). However, the genera Etheirophora and Swampomyces are not congeneric. They form a sister clade with Falcocladium species (Falcocladiaceae) in an unsupported clade in Hypocreomycetidae, order incertae sedis. This was also shown by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) in an enlarged data set. Subsequently, Jones et al. (2015) introduced the order Torpedosporales to accommodate the families Etheirophoraceae, Juncigenaceae and Torpedosporaceae. The order Torpedosporales forms a sister clade to the orders Falcocladiales, Coronophorales and Melanosporales with high statistical support.

Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92(4): 414 (1989)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02107; Fig. 54

Fig. 54

Etheirophora bijubata (Material examined: USA, Hawaii, Haena Beach, Hanalei, Kauai (Pacific Ocean), 22° 13′ 18″N, 159° 34′ 16″W (22.222, −159.571), intertidal wood embedded in concrete, collected by J. Kohlmeyer 5098 with B. Kohlmeyer; 8 May 1987, NY 01315470, microslide from holotype) a Herbarium material label b–d Ascomata cross sections e Section of apical region of ascoma f Paraphyses g–h Asci i–m Ascospores with apical appendages. Scale bars: b–d = 100 μm, e = 50 μm, f–h = 20 μm, i–m = 10 μm

Saprobic on dead mangrove wood and bark. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed in wood, solitary, light coloured or dark brown to black, subglobose to globose or pyriform, elongate, clypeate, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate, periphysate. Peridium composed of several layers of brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses numerous, septate, rarely branched in a gelatinous matrix, hyaline. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, persistent, cylindrical to oblong, pedicellate, J⁻, sometimes apically thickened. Ascospores 1–2-seriate, clavate, ellipsoidal, 1–3-septate, hyaline, some slightly constricted at the septa, with or without appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Etheirophora bijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92(4): 414 (1989)

Notes: Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1989) introduced the genus Etheirophora (type species E. bijubata) to accommodate three marine species from tropical locations, including a species previously referred to as Keissleriella blepharospora Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. The genus was assigned to the order Sphaeriales by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1989) and to the Halosphaeriales by Hawksworth et al. (1995) and Kirk et al. (2001). Schoch et al. (2007), based on molecular and morphological data, referred it to the TBM clade comprising Bertia, Melanospora and Torpedospora, within Hypocreomycetidae, with affinities to the Coronophorales. Etheirophora grouped with a range of unresolved taxa, Juncigena, Swampomyces and Torpedospora and the asexual genera Glomerulispora and Moheitospora, in the TBM clade with high bootstrap value (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). Jones et al. (2014) demonstrated that the genus Etheirophora and two Swampomyces species formed a distinct clade in the Hypocreomycetidae and introduced the family Etheirophoraceae.

Other genera included

Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Bot. Mar. 30(3): 198 (1987)

Type species: Swampomyces armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Bot. Mar. 30(3): 200 (1987)

Key to the genera of Etheirophoraceae

1. Ascospores with polar appendages Etheirophora

1. Ascospores lacking appendages Swampomyces

Falcocladiaceae Somrithipol et al., in Jones et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 134 (2014)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01288

Saprobic on leaf litter and leaves. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiomata sporodochial or synnematal or penicilliate, directly arising from the mycelium or a stroma or from microsclerotia, thick-walled, with aseptate, stipe extensions, that terminates in hyaline, thin-walled sphaeropendunculate vesicles. Conidiophores up to three series of branches per conidiomata, branches hyaline, aseptate to multi-septate, smooth-walled, subcylindrical. Conidiogenous cells in whorls, ampulliform with elongated necks and minute collarettes, phialidic. Conidia hyaline, aseptate to 1-septate, smooth-walled, falcate, with short apical and basal appendages.

Type: Falcocladium S.F. Silveira et al.

Notes: Although the morphology of the genus Falcocladium has been well-studied and documented (Crous et al. 1994, 1997, 2007; Somrithipol et al. 2007), studies at the molecular level are few. Crous et al. (1994) described the genus Falcocladium with F. multivesiculatum S.F. Silveira et al. as the type species and subsequently introduced further new species in F. sphaeropedunculatum Crous & Alfenas and F. thailandicum Crous & Himaman. In a preliminary molecular study, by comparing sequences of F. thailandicum with sequences in GenBank, Crous et al. (2007) suggested an affinity with the order Hypocreales. Jones et al. (2014) showed that the genus Falcocladium is monophyletic and is well-separated from the order Hypocreales. Jones et al. (2014) introduced the family Falcocladiaceae based on SSU and LSU sequence data to accommodate the genus Falcocladium and suggested further taxon sampling to determine its ordinal position. The Falcocladiaceae group in the Hypocreomycetidae with the family Etheirophoraceae as a sister subclade, could not be accommodated in any order (Jones et al. 2014), but subsequently Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) introduced the order Falcocladiales to accommodate the family Falcocladiaceae.

Falcocladium S.F. Silveira et al., Mycotaxon 50: 447 (1994)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02108; Fig. 55

Fig. 55

Falcocladium multivesiculatum (Material examined: BRAZIL. Espirito Santo, Aracruz, from Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (Myrtaceae) leaf litter, Silvaldo F. Silveira, January 1993, PREM 51541, holotype) a Herbarium material of F. multivesiculatum (dried culture on MEA) b, c Stipe extensions d Conidiomata on mycelium e Conidia. Scale bars: b, c = 100 μm, d, e = 5 μm

Saprobic on leaves, and leaf litter, associated with tropical forests. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata sporodochial or synnematal or penicilliate when formed on aerial mycelium, single to aggregate, arising directly from the mycelium or from a stroma of thick walled, red-brown chlamydospores, with hyaline, aseptate, thick walled, stipe extensions, arising from any position on a conidiomatal branch, or in the position of phialide, sometimes more than one occurring in the same penicilliate conidioma. Conidiophores up to three series of branches, branches hyaline, aseptate to multi-septate, subcylindrical. Conidiogenous cells in groups of 2–6, ampulliform, with inconspicuous collarettes. Conidia hyaline, aseptate to 1-septate, falcate, with acute, short apical and basal appendages.

Type species: Falcocladium multivesiculatum S.F. Silveira et al., Mycotaxon 50: 448 (1994).

Notes: Falcocladium species are found on a wide range of host substrates including Eucalyptus grandis, E. camaldulensis leaves and leaf litter associated with tropical forests (Somrithipol et al. 2007). Unique characters of the genus Falcocladium include white sporodochia, thick-walled, aseptate stipe extensions, that terminate in thin-walled vesicles and conidia that are hyaline, aseptate to 1-septate, falcate and with short apical and basal appendages (Crous et al. 1994; Somrithipol et al. 2007). Species are delineated by the morphology of the terminal vesicle, conidial measurements and septation (Somrithipol et al. 2007). A multi-gene molecular study established the monophyly of Falcolcadium species, and their inclusion in a new family Falcocladiaceae (Jones et al. 2014) and ordinal placement in the Falcocladiales (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). The order forms a sister clade to the Coronophorales and Melanosporales with high statistical support (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Flammocladiaceae Crous et al., in Crous et al., Sydowia 67: 103 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01902; Fig. 56

Fig. 56

Flammocladiella aceris (CBS 138906, ex-type) (redrawn from Crous et al. 2015b). a Ascomata arranged in rosette on host tissue b Asci c Ascospores d, e Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells f Conidia. Scale bars: a = 250 μm, b–e = 10 μm

Saprobic on twigs of Acer platanoides Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, pale luteous to yellow-orange, aggregated in clusters, linked by a stromatic base, covered in a dirty white crustose layer, not discolouring in 3 % KOH, turning pale luteous to dirty white, with a characteristic papillate, periphysate ostiolar area; wall of smooth, 3–4 layers of subhyaline textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, fusoid-ellipsoidal to subclavate, unitunicate. Ascospores fasciculate, hyaline, fusoid-ellipsoidal with obtuse ends, septate, warty, not or slightly constricted at septa. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata sporodochial, determinate, hyaline, becoming orange. Conidiophores subcylindrical, septate, branched. Conidiogenous cells subcylindrical, terminal and intercalary, hyaline, smooth, proliferating sympodially at apex. Conidia slimy, solitary, hyaline, smooth, granular to guttulate, straight to gently curved, subcylindrical to narrowly obclavate (Crous et al. 2015b).

Type: Flammocladiella Crous et al. in Crous et al., Sydowia 67: 103 (2015)

Type species: Flammocladiella aceris Crous et al.

Notes: Based on LSU sequence data Crous et al. (2015b) introduced Flammocladiaceae in the Hypocreales. Flammocladiella has phylogenetic affinities with members of the Clavicipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae. However it is easily distinguished from other members of Hypocreales based on its yellowish ascomata that aggregate in clusters on a single stromatic base, covered by a crustose layer, having a papillate, periphysate ostiolar region, and a sporodochial asexual morph forming flame-like conidial masses (Crous et al. 2015b).

Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams, in Zhang et al. Mycologia 98(6): 1083 (2007)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01100

Parasitic, endophytic and saprobic on plant leaves, stems and fruits. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary or gregarious, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, ostiole periphysate. Peridium composed of pale to medium brown, flattened cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to subfusoid, short pedicellate, with a refractive, J-, apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate to overlapping biseriate, hyaline, unicellular, oval, fusiform or rhomboid. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on cushions of pale to medium brown, roundish to angular cells, comprising thick-walled hyphae. Setae straight, constricted and slightly wavy. Conidiophores hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, hyaline to pale brown, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, doliform to ampulliform, collarette distinct, periclinal thickening visible to conspicuous. Conidia unicellular, hyaline, cylindrical, clavate, falcate, forming appressoria when germinating.

Type: Colletotrichum Corda

Notes: Glomerellaceae is a monotypic family comprising mainly pathogens. Chadefaud (1960) introduced the ordinal name Glomerellales including Colletotrichum (= Glomerella) and three other genera in a non-ranked group “Eu-Glomérellales”, but this was not validly published. Previously, Colletotrichum was placed in family Phyllachoraceae, but has long been considered to be an outlier due to its non-stromatic nature (Cannon 1991). The family Glomerellaceae was introduced by Locquin (1984), but was invalidly published. Uecker (1994), based on preliminary sequence-based studies, along with ontogenetic studies, confirmed that Colletotrichum does not belong in the same order as Phyllachora. Kirk et al. (2001) placed Glomerellaceae with an uncertain position in Sordariomycetidae. Zhang et al. (2006) validated the family Glomerellaceae with a Latin description, while placing it within the Hypocreomycetidae. Kirk et al. (2008) placed this family in an uncertain position in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. Réblová et al. (2011) further elucidated the phylogenetic position of Glomerellaceae by analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data. The order Glomerellales was validated by Réblová et al. (2011), who provided a Latin diagnosis. Two new families, Australiascaceae and Reticulascaceae occupied a common clade with Glomerellaceae (Réblová et al. 2011) in Glomerellales.

The family Glomerellaceae was established based on the genus Glomerella (Zhang et al. 2006), which had been synonymized under its asexual morph Colletotrichum (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Colletotrichum Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(12): 41 (1831)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01094; Figs 57, 58

Fig. 57

Colletotrichum ti (Material examined: NEW ZEALAND, Taupo, Orakei Korako on Cordyline australis (Forst. f.) Hook. f. (Asparagaceae), July 1965, R.F.R. McNabb, PDD 30206, holotype). a, b, e Holotype c, d, f, g, h, i Ex-holotype culture a Herbarium details b Lesions of the dried herbarium specimen with black conidiomata c Young setae d Base of the setae e Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells f Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells stained with Congo Red reagent g Hyaline conidia with broadly rounded ends h Appressoria i Ex-holotype culture. Scale bars: d = 20 μm, c, e–g = 10 μm, h = 5 μm

Fig. 58

Sexual morph of Colletotrichum karstii (Holotype redrawn from Yang et al. 2011) a Immature asci b Mature ascus c Hyaline ascospores. Scale bars: a–c = 10 μm

Parasitic, endophytic and saprobic on plant leaves, stems, fruits. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary or gregarious, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, ostiole periphysate. Peridium composed of pale to medium brown flattened cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of hyaline, septate paraphyses, branched at the base, rounded at the tips. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to subfusoid, short pedicellate, with an inamyloid, refractive ring at the apex. Ascospores uni- to biseriate, aseptate, hyaline, oval, fusiform or rhomboid, one end ± acute and one ended round or both ends rounded, sometimes slightly curved, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on cushions of pale to medium brown, roundish to angular cells. Setae may or may not be present, if present usually emerging from darkened hyphae, straight, constricted and slightly wavy, hyaline, pale brown to medium brown, dark chestnut to black, basal cell often paler, hyaline towards the tip, smooth-walled or verruculose, towards the tip often verruculose, 1–6-septate, often septate only at the base, base cylindrical, conical or slightly inflated, tip ± rounded to ± acute. Conidiophores hyaline to pale brown, simple or septate, branched or unbranched, smooth-walled, Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, doliform or ampulliform, collarette distinct, periclinal thickening visible to conspicuous, Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, clavate, falcate, straight or slightly curved, apex acute to rounded, sometimes reduced in to filiform appendage, base rounded to truncate, forms appressoria when germinating.

Type species: Colletotrichum lineola Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(12): 41 (1831)

Notes: The genus Colletotrichum was introduced by Corda (1831) for C. lineola Corda (Damm et al. 2009; Cannon et al. 2012b). Colletotrichum being an asexual fungal genus was included in morphological classifications of the Ascomycota due to its sexual genus Glomerella (Cannon et al. 2012b). Ainsworth (1971) listed Colletotrichum as a member of the family Phyllachoraceae. However, Barr (1976a) included Colletotrichum in the family Melogrammataceae, but Hawksworth et al. (1983) placed Colletotrichum in its traditional position in the family Phyllachoraceae, which was adopted by Hawksworth et al. (1995). However, due to its astromatic nature Colletotrichum had been considered to be an outlier within the family Phyllachoraceae (Cannon et al. 2012b). Preliminary studies together with ontogenetic research confirmed that Colletotrichum and Phyllachora do not belong in the same family (Uecker 1994). Kirk et al. (2001, 2008) placed Colletotrichum in the family Glomerellaceae. The first attempt to place Colletotrichum within a molecular phylogenetic system was carried out with the use of 18S rDNA sequence data (Illingworth et al. 1991; Berbee and Taylor 1992). Winka and Eriksson (2000) considered Colletotrichum to be more closely related to Hypocreomycetidae. The study of Wanderlei-Silva et al. (2003) showed Colletotrichum to be a sister group to Hypocreales. Zhang et al. (2006) confirmed the phylogenetic position of Colletotrichum within the Hypocreomycetidae. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) also confirmed the position of Colletotrichum in the family Glomerellaceae.

Colletotrichum species are phytopathogens causing anthracnose disease of many crops and fruits worldwide (Hyde et al. 2009a, b; Cannon et al. 2012b; Hyde et al. 2014). Species of Colletotrichum are also important as endophytes of living plant tissues (Manamgoda et al. 2013; Hyde et al. 2014). Species of Colletotrichum have been studied extensively as model organisms in genetic research (Cannon et al. 2012b). Some species of Colletotrichum have been defined using ITS sequences data, but ITS alone is insufficient for resolving Colletotrichum species well. Multi-marker phylogenetic analysis, epitypification and knowledge of species complexes have contributed to a better understanding of the genus (Cai et al. 2009; Hyde et al. 2014).

Gnomoniaceae G. Winter [as ‘Gnomonieae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 570 (1886)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01903

Saprobic on bark and leaves of overwintered plants. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed to erumpent, solitary or aggregated, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous, thin-walled, with one or more long, central or eccentric necks with hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising few layers of brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising hyaline, septate, cellular paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oval, fusiform to almost filiform, short stalked, with a distinct, J- apical ring. Ascospores biseriate, overlapping uniseriate to fasciculate, oval, fusiform, ovoid to subulate, small, unicellular to 1-septate, rarely multi-septate, ends mostly rounded, rarely pointed, appendages absent or subulate, navicular or whip-shaped, smooth. Asexual morph: Conidiomata formed on the bark together with perithecia, acervuli, subcuticular, flat. Conidiophores simple, hyaline, annellations not clearly visible. Conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia one-celled, acrogenous, filiform or fusiform, curved, hyaline, thin walled, obtusely crescent.

Type: Gnomonia Ces. & De Not.

Notes: Gnomoniaceae was introduced by Winter in 1886 with Gnomonia gnomon (Tode) J. Schröt., as the type. This family is characterized by immersed, rarely erumpent or superficial ascomata, without a stroma, or aggregated with a rudimentary stroma. Gnomoniaceae comprises microfungal species reported as pathogens and endophytes in leaves of herbaceous or woody trees (Rossman et al. 2007). Mejía et al. (2011) reported Betulaceae, Fagaceae, and Salicaceae as common host families. Gnomoniaceae groups with Melanconidaceae as a sister clade in Diaporthales, and comprises 32 genera (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Gnomonia Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 231 (1863)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02109; Fig. 59

Fig. 59

Gnomonia gnomon (Material examined: FINLAND, Helsinki, Helsinki University Botanical Garden, overwintered fallen leaves of Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae), 2004 April 19, Shchigel, Dmitry S., BPI 844273, epitype) a Packet of herbarium b Herbarium specimen c, d Ascomata on substrate e Rehydrated ascoma in water f Cross section of ascoma g–h Peridium i-l Asci m-p Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 200 μm, e = 1 mm, f = 20 μm, g, h = 10 μm, i–l = 20 μm, m–p = 10 μm

Saprobic on overwintered, fallen or attached leaves of shrubs, usually epiphyllous or on petioles, rarely hypophyllous. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary, without stroma or sometime very poorly developed stromatic tissues, black, initially immersed, later become erumpent, rarely partly erumpent, sometimes wide opening with pinkish white powdery collar around the neck, globose to subglobose when moist, bowl-shaped when dry, with 1–3 necks Necks central to marginal, never truly lateral, slightly curved, longer, sometimes almost absent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oval to fusiform, short stalked, with J- apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate or irregularly multi-seriate, one septate, fusiform to acerose, ends narrowly rounded, appendages ovoid, subulate or acicular with diffuse ends or rarely absent. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Gnomonia gnomon (Tode) J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien (Breslau) 3.2(4): 390 (1897) [1908]

Notes: Gnomonia was introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863) and typified by Gnomonia gnomon. This genus is characterized by having non-stromatic solitary, thin-walled, immersed perithecia with long necks and ascospores with one median septum. Species of Gnomonia occur on overwintered leaves and plant twigs. Gnomonia comprises 273 species (Index Fungorum 2016).

Other genera included

Alnecium Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 33: 76 (2014)

Type species: Alnecium auctum (Berk. & Broome) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 33: 76 (2014)

Ambarignomonia Sogonov, Stud. Mycol. 62: 35 (2008)

Type species: Ambarignomonia petiolorum (Schwein.) Sogonov, Stud. Mycol. 62: 36 (2008)

Amphiporthe Petr., Sydowia 24(1–6): 257 (1971) [1970]

Type species: Amphiporthe hranicensis (Petr.) Petr., Sydowia 24(1–6): 257 (1971) [1970]

Anisomyces Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(3): 270 (1914)

Type species: Anisomyces papilloideoseptatus (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(3): 270 (1914)

Apiognomonia Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 35: 635, 637 (1917)

Type species: Apiognomonia veneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Höhn., Hedwigia 62: 47 (1920)

Apioplagiostoma M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 101 (1978)

Type species: Apioplagiostoma populi (E.K. Cash & Waterman) M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 102 (1978)

Asteroma DC., in de Candolle & Lamarck, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 5/6: 162 (1815)

Type species: Asteroma phyteumae DC., in de Candolle & Lamarck, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 6: 162 (1815)

Bagcheea E. Müll. & R. Menon, Phytopath. Z. 22(4): 417 (1954)

Type species: Bagcheea castaneae E. Müll. & R. Menon, Phytopath. Z. 22(4): 418 (1954)

Clypeoporthe Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. -naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 584 (1919)

Type species: Clypeoporthe monocarpa Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. -naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 584 (1919)

Cryptosporella Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 1): 30 (1877)

Type species: Cryptosporella hypodermia (Fr.) Sacc., (1877)

Cylindrosporella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. -naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 125(1–2): 96 (1916)

Type species: Cylindrosporella carpini (Lib.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 125(1–2): 96 (1916)

Depazea Fr., Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 2: 365 (1818)

Type species: Depazea frondicola Fr., Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 2: 365 (1818)

Diplacella Syd., Annls mycol. 28(1/2): 101 (1930)

Type species: Diplacella paulliniae (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) Syd., Annls mycol. 28(1/2): 101 (1930)

Ditopella De Not., Sfer. Ital.: 42 (1863)

Type species: Ditopella fusispora De Not., Sfer. Ital.: 48 (1863)

Ditopellopsis J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 45(9): 1479 (1967)

Type species: Ditopellopsis clethrae J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 45(9): 1479 (1967)

Gloeosporidina Petr., Annls mycol. 19(3–4): 214 (1921)

Type species: Gloeosporidina moravica Petr., Annls mycol. 19(3–4): 214 (1921)

Gnomoniella Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 7): 312 (1881)

Type species: Gnomoniella tubiformis (Tode) Sacc. [as ‘Gnomoniella tubaeformis’], (1882)

Gnomoniopsis Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1(3): 93 (1893)

Type species: Gnomoniopsis chamaemori (Fr.) Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1(3): 93 (1893)

Mamiania Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 210 (1863)

Type species: Mamiania fimbriata (Pers.) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 211 (1863)

Millerburtonia Cif., Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 6(1): 26 (1951)

Type species: Millerburtonia oyedaeae Cif., Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 6(1): 27 (1951)

Occultocarpon L.C. Mejía & Zhu L. Yang, in Mejía et al., Fungal Divers 52(1): 101 (2012)

Type species: Occultocarpon ailaoshanense L.C. Mejía & Zhu L. Yang, in Mejía et al. Fungal Divers 52(1): 101 (2012)

Ophiognomonia (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 14(1): 613 (1899)

Type species: Ophiognomonia melanostyla (DC.) Sacc., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 2: 146 (1899)

Phragmoporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 32(5/6): 354 (1934)

Type species: Phragmoporthe ploettneriana (Henn.) Petr., Annls mycol. 32(5/6): 354 (1934)

Phylloporthe Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 348 (1925)

Type species: Phylloporthe evernoniae Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 349 (1925)

Plagiostoma Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 118 (1870) [1869–70]

Type species: Plagiostoma euphorbiae (Fuckel) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 118 (1870) [1869–70]

Pleuroceras Riess, Hedwigia 1(6): 25 (1854)

Type species: Pleuroceras ciliatum Riess, Hedwigia 1(6): 25 (1854)

Skottsbergiella Petr., in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez Easter Isl. 2: 481 (1927)

Type species: Skottsbergiella diaporthoides Petr., in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez Easter Isl. 2: 481 (1927)

Sirococcus Preuss, Linnaea 26: 716 (1855)

Type species: Sirococcuss trobilinus Preuss, Linnaea 26: 716 (1853)

Spataporthe Bronson et al., Int. J. Pl. Sci. 174(3): 278–292 (2013)

Type species: Spataporthe taylorii Bronson et al., Int. J. Pl. Sci. 174(3): 278–292 (2013)

Uniseta Ciccar., Nuovo G. bot. ital. 54: 711 (1948)

Type species: Uniseta flagellifera (Ellis & Everh.) Ciccar., Nuovo G. bot. ital. 54: 15 (1947)

Xenotypa Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 499 (1955)

Type species: Xenotypa aterrima (Fr.) Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 499 (1955)

Zythia Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 407 (1849)

Type species: Zythia resinae (Ehrenb.) P. Karst., Meddn Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 16: 104 (1890) [1889]

Key to genera of Gnomoniaceae

1. Sexual morph known ……… 2

2. Sexual morph not known; asexual morph common in nature…………………....................……….........………. 29

3. Life mode parasitic……...............……...... Millerburtonia

2. Life mode saprobic, or endophytic……………....…..…. 3

3. Pseudostromata / stromata absent; perithecia immersed in host tissues…………………........................… 4

4. Pseudostromata / stromata present; perithecia immersed in stromatic tissues……...................……….........................20

4. Pseudostromata / stromata present; perithecia immersed in stromatic tissues…………...………...………...………... 5

4. Perithecia aggregated; necks parallel to substrate and not fused ………Cryptosporella

5. Infected lesions distinct and colourful ……… 6

5. Infected lesions indistinct……..…………….................... 7

6. Infected leaves with dark purple to brown pigmentation………….......................................... Apioplagiostoma

6. Infected leaves with tan to grey pigmentation…..… Zythia

7. Ascomata forming under clypeus….........…. Clypeoporthe

7. Ascomata do not form under clypeus…....................…… 8

8. Ascospores slightly isthmoid with a median septum, often readily separating as part spores…..............… Pleuroceras

8. Ascospores non-isthmoid, not separating into part spores….......…...................................……..…..………. 9

9. Appendages generally present….................................… 10

9. Appendages generally absent…………........................... 11

10. Perithecia mostly epiphyllous…………… 14

10. Perithecia mostly hypophyllous……....................... 15

11. Ascospores with mucilaginous sheath……….. Diplacella

11. Ascospores without mucilaginous sheath…..............… 12

12.Perithecia occurring on both sides of the leaf…….............………..…........................ Gnomoniella

12. Perithecia occurring on only upper or lower side of leaf……......……………..……...............................…. 13

13. Asci inoperculate without conspicuous apical ring…………...................................…........ Spataporthe

13. Asci with characteristic apical ring………...............… 16

14. Appendages ovoid to sabulate……. Ambarignomonia

14. Appendages cuneiform with diffuse ends or ovoid, subulate acicular………....................................….. Gnomonia

15. Ascospores fusiform; arranged irregularly fasciculate or, obliquely in one longitudinal row….....…. Apiognomonia

15.Ascospores oval to filiform; arranged mostly unevenly parallel, also irregularly multi-seriate or obliquely uniseriate, occasionally parallel….......................…. Ophiognomonia

16. Necks present…..................................................…..…. 17

16. Necks absent…….................................… Gloeosporidina

17. Necks lateral ………………........….....… Gnomoniopsis

17. Necks central ………………....................................… 18

18.Ectostromatic disc present; dark brown to black………………………………...……….. Ditopella

18. Ectostromatic disc absent……….........................……. 19

19. Ascospores not apiosporous…......……....… Plagiostoma

19. Ascospores apiosporous…............................... Mamiania

20. Stromata plectenchymatous ……................ Phylloporthe

20. Stromata pseudoparenchymatous…............................... 21

21. Ectostromatic disc present; rectangular, hexagonal to irregularly-shaped..………........................… Ditopellopsis

21. Ectostromatic disc absent………………….................. 22

22.Mycelial clumps at the base of perithecia …… ………………………..........................… Occultocarpon

22.Mycelial clumps not at the base of perithecia ...……… 23

23.Cytoplasm of ascospores granular and divided into two parts with wide vacuous space forming diplastic polarity…………………………………….......….... Bagcheea

23.Cytoplasm of ascospores not divided into two parts…..24

24. Ascospores unicellular…….….….….….….…..….…. 25

24. Ascospores multi-cellular.…..…..…..…..…..…..….… 26

25.Ascospores elongate allantoid to cylindrical….…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..….......…. Xenotypa

25.Ascospores oval to short allantoid….......… Amphiporthe

26. Ascospores not constricted at the septa……….......…. 27

26. Ascospores slightly constricted at the septa…….....…. 28

27. Ascospores 1-septate………................…. Skottsbergiella

27. Ascospores 3-septate………..........……. Phragmoporthe

28. Ascospores not apiosporous; ….………......…. Alnecium

28. Ascospores apiosporous; ………….…....…. Anisomyces

29. Conidia hyaline………….............................................. 30

29. Conidia brown……..…....................................… Uniseta

30. Conidiomata pycnidia………........................................ 31

30. Conidiomata acervuli……………............................… 32

31. Conidia released as chains ……………............. Depazea

31. Conidia release one at a time ……………....... Asteroma

32. Conidia spindle-shaped, 1-septate…........….. Sirococcus

32.Conidia filiform to fusiform, unicellular……………………………….…… Cylindrosporella

Gondwanamycetaceae Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 188 (2011)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01282

Pathogenic on plants or parasitic on beetles. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, black, necks relatively long, tapered towards the apex, terminating in ostiolar hyphae. Peridium fragile, thin-walled, interascal tissue absent. Asci 8 to multi-spored, evanescent. Ascospores hyaline, aseptate, fusiform to lunate or falcate, with or without a gelatinous sheath. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores mono-verticillate or penicillate, brown. Conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia aseptate, slimy.

Type: Gondwanamyces G.J. Marais & M.J. Wingf.

Notes: The family Gondwanamycetaceae, a strongly supported monophyletic sister clade to Ceratocystidaceae, was introduced for the genus Gondwanamyces and its asexual morph Custingophora by Réblová et al. (2011). Studies of Viljoen et al. (1999) and Kolařík and Hulcr (2008) also documented the phylogenetic relationship of the asexual genera Knoxdaviesia and Custingophora to the sexual morphs of this family. The morphological characters of this clade include the apparent absence of interascal filaments in the ascomatal centrum and hyaline, allantoid ascospores, with a hyaline sheath, giving the spore a falcate to lunate appearance. Sexual morphs of this family have been reported from infructescences of Protea (Wingfield et al. 1988; Marais et al. 1998) and from sapwood associated with Scolytidae (bark beetles) (Bright and Torres 2006; Kolařík and Hulcr 2008), which produce dark, globose ascomata with a long, filiform neck, evanescent asci, and hyaline, fusiform ascospores, with or without a gelatinous sheath. Distinctive morphological characters of asexual morphs of Gondwanamyces includes, conidiophores that are erect, darkly pigmented, and paler towards the apex, which are either monoverticillate, sometimes with a terminal vesicle or divergently penicillate, with whorls of phialides producing hyaline conidia. The conidiogenous loci are located at the base of the shallow collarette (Kolařík and Hulcr 2008). Réblová et al. (2011) placed this family in the order Microascales based on analysis of SSU and a combined dataset of LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data and this was followed by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015).

Gondwanamyces G.J. Marais & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 90(1): 139 (1998)

Facesoffungi numbers: FoF 02228; Figs 60, 61

Fig. 60

Gondwanamyces proteae (Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA, Cape Province, Stellenbosch, from flower within inflorescence, infested by insects, L.J. Strauss, 7 October 1985, PREM 48924, holotype) a Herbarium specimen b-d Ascomata on host e Long neck of ascomata f, g Asci h Ascospores. Scale bars: b, c, d = 100 μm. e = 50 μm, f–h = 5 μm

Fig. 61

Knoxdaviesia proteae a Conidiophores b Conidiogenous cells and conidia (re-drawn from Wingfield et al. 1988). Scale bars; b = 10 μm, a = 50 μm

Pathogenic on various Protea species, occurring in the infructescences and parasitic on bark beetles. Sexual morph: Ascomata globose to subglobose, black, with long neck, tapered towards the apex, terminating in short and divergent, 5–11 ostiolar hyphae. Asci evanescent, hyaline. Ascospores hyaline, aseptate, fusiform, with or without a sheath, sometimes gelatinous sheath giving a lunate to falcate appearance to the ascospores. Asexual morph: Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, olivaceous-brown, septate, arising from well-developed rhizoids; stipe erect, simple, inflated at the apex. Conidiogenous cells (phialides) produced terminally on conidiophores, discrete, ovoid, olivaceous-brown, producing conidia at the apex and leaving minute collarettes. Conidia holoblastic, hyaline, one-celled, smooth-walled, cylindrical to allantoid, rounded at the apex and truncate at the base, produced in mucoid masses at the apex of conidiophores.

Type species: Gondwanamyces proteae Wingf. et al., in Marais et al., Mycologia 90(1): 139 (1998)

Notes: Based on RFPL analyses, cycloheximide sensitivity, cell wall saccharides and morphology of asexual morphs, the genus Gondwanamyces, was introduced to accommodate Ceratocystiopsis proteae M.J. Wingf. et al. and Ophiostoma capense M.J. Wingf. & P.S. van Wyk. These fungi were described as having asexual morphs in the genus Knoxdaviesia (Wingfield et al. 1988; Wingfield and van Wyk 1993), which was synonymized under Custingophora by Kolařík and Hulcr (2008). Gondwanamyces species are characterized by ascomata, that are similar to those of species of Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma, with globose ascomatal bases and long necks, bearing ascospores in slimy masses (Marais et al. 1998). Phylogenetic studies of Marais et al. (1998) and Zhang et al. (2006) have shown that these fungi reside in the order Microascales and are closely related to, but distinct, from species of Ceratocystis. Gondwanamyces was first observed in infructescences of Protea spp. infested by insects (Wingfield et al. 1988; Marais et al. 1998), whereas, some recently described species of Gondwanamyces are associated with Scolytidae (bark beetles) (Bright and Torres 2006; Kolařík and Hulcr 2008). The genera Gondwanamyces and Custingophora are currently placed in the family Gondwanamycetaceae (Réblová et al. 2011; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Other genus included

Custingophora Stolk et al., Persoonia 5(2): 195 (1968)

Type species: Custingophora olivacea Stolk et al., in Stolk & Hennebert, Persoonia 5(2): 197 (1968)

Key to genera of Gondwanamycetaceae

1. Sexual morph with globose ascomatal bases and long necks, bearing fusiform ascospores in slimy masses Gondwanamyces

1. Asexual morph with monoverticillate or penicillate conidiophores, bearing cylindrical to allantoid conidia in mucoid masses Custingophora

Graphiaceae Z.W. de Beer, Seifert & M. J. Wingf., CBS fungal biodiversity series 12: 1–19 (2013)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01099

Saprobic on wood; sometimes causing wounds on trees bark or beetles. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiomata macronematous, synnematous, determinate, with dematiaceous, compact, stipes flared at the fertile tip; hyphae of stipe pigmented, simple, septate, branched. Conidiophores penicillately branched, with branching in two or three levels, forming metulae at the tip. Conidiogenous cells in whorls of two to six, phialidic, with percurrent, annellidic extensions; conidiogenesis enteroblastic. Conidia produced in a transparent, slimy droplet, aseptate, cylindrical to obovoid, sometimes slightly curved with age, truncate at base, often with a distinct basal frill, hyaline. Rarely synanamorphic with obovoid, pigmented conidia.

Type: Graphium Corda

Notes: Based on the phylogenetic distance between Graphium and other families of Microascales, the family Graphiaceae was introduced by de Beer et al. (2013). Graphiaceae is monophyletic (Lackner et al. 2014) and comprises a single genus Graphium, which is a synnematous hyphomycete described by Corda (1837), with G. penicillioides as the type species. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) also placed Graphium species under the family Graphiaceae, in the order Microascales.

Graphium Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 18 (1837)

Facesoffungi numbers: FoF 02143; Fig. 62

Fig. 62

Graphium penicillioides (Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, České Budějovice, isolated from wood core of Populus nigra L. (Salicaceae), 3 September 1998, T. Kirisits, PRM 842988, epitype) a, b Herbarium material c Colony on the surface of the substrate d Synnema on the host surface e Synnema after spore dispersal f Conidiogenous cells g Polyblastic conidia. Scale bars: c, d = 500 μm, e = 20 μm, f, g = 10 μm

Saprobic on sapwood; sometimes causing wounds on trees, or from bark or ambrosia beetles. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies scattered, black, upright, with abundant, mostly single, sometimes in pairs or triplets, erect synnemata, sometimes with aerial mycelium on host surface, with cylindrical, dark brown to black stipes and divergent light brown to grey capitula, surrounded by watery conidial masses, at first colourless, then white, but quickly becoming olive brown to almost black. Conidiophores branched, generally biverticillate, with whorls of two to six, with swollen apex. Conidiogenous cells in several whorls, cylindrical to subulate, straight or sometimes slightly curved, phialidic, sometimes with percurrent proliferations. Conidia cylindrical to ovoid, with rounded apices and subtruncate to truncate bases, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled.

Type species: Graphium penicillioides Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 18 (1837)

Notes: Corda (1837) introduced Graphium with G. penicillioides as the type species. It is a hyphomycetous genus, including species with dark synnemata, terminating in a slimy head of aseptate conidia. Synnematous species with dry conidia were also introduced to this genus by Saccardo (1886). Later, more than 120 synnematous fungal species were added (Seifert and Okada 1993; Index Fungorum 2016). Goidanich (1935) re-described Graphium more or less in its classical concept, and many of the synnematous asexual morphs of Ophiostoma were classified under Graphium by Hedgcock (1906) and Seifert and Okada (1993). Okada et al. (2000) designated an epitype for G. penicillioides, representing Graphium sensu stricto and the eleven Graphium species related to Ophiostoma were transferred to Pestum (Okada et al. 1998, 2000; Harrington et al. 2001). Based on available SSU and ITS sequences, Cruywagen et al. (2010) included eight described and seven undescribed species together with G. penicillioides in Graphium sensu stricto. These asexual morphs were isolated from stained sapwood, wounds on trees, or from bark or ambrosia beetles (Mouton et al. 1994; Okada et al. 1998, 2000; Jacobs et al. 2003; Geldenhuis et al. 2004; Hulcr et al. 2007; Massoumi Alamouti et al. 2007; Cruywagen et al. 2010; Paciura et al. 2010). De Beer et al. (2013) provided a description of Graphium sensu stricto based on G. penicillioides and the seven species that comprised a monophyletic lineage. Separation of Graphium sensu stricto from Microascus and its allied genera was supported by multi-gene analyses (Zhang et al. 2006; Spatafora et al. 2006; Schoch et al. 2009). De Beer et al. (2013) also confirmed that the distinctive Graphium lineage was distinct from Microascus and introduced the new family, Graphiaceae.

Halosphaeriaceae E. Müll. & Arx, ex Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 50: 1951 (1972)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01294

Saprobic on algae, immersed or submersed on phanerogams, wood, bark, leaves, and other cellulosic plant remains, grains of sand, or in calcareous shell fragments, rarely parasitic or symbiotic, found in marine and freshwater habitats (oceans and estuaries). Sexual morph: Ascomata subglobose, cylindrical or pyriform, hyaline or dark; sometimes subiculate, rarely stromatic; superficial or immersed. Ostioles papillate to long cylindrical; ostiolar canal with periphyses or pseudoparenchyma; rarely without ostioles. Peridium soft, subcarbonaceous or carbonaceous, composed of flattened, thick- or thin-walled cells. Centre of immature ascomata consisting of polygonal, thin-walled, pseudoparenchymatic cells, sometimes with pits, at maturation separating to form catenophyses or compressed by the asci and dissolving. Paraphyses absent. Asci fusiform, clavate or rarely subglobose, with or without apical structures, thin-walled, 1-layered, persistent or swelling and deliquescing at or before ascospore maturity. Hymenial layer at base of venter, flat or convex. Mature ascospores filling the venter of the ascoma, released singly through the ostiole or rarely within the ascus, which swells after dispersal. Ascospores overlapping 2–3 seriate, hyaline or light brown, 1- multi-celled, mostly with characteristic ornamentations, appendages or gelatinous sheaths, or both. Asexual morph: Varied types. Conidiophores present or lacking, septate or lacking septa, hyaline to pale brown, conidiogenous cells monoblastic, terminal, conidia apical, helicoid; or conidiophores pleurogenous on the mycelium, conidiogenous cells holoblastic, terminal, sympodial or irregular, denticulate with schizolytic secession, conidia aleuriospores C to U-shaped, rarely sigmoid, solitary, septate, hyaline, or conidiophores monoblastic, ellipsoidal cylindrical or clavate, septate, hyaline to pale brown, conidia unicellular, thick-walled, pale brown to dark brown, catenulate, or conidiogenous cells monoblastic to polyblastic, conidia terminal, clavate, 1–4 septate, thick-walled pale brown to dark brown, or conidia terminal, hyaline, branched, septate, with main axis give rise to 2–3 side branches, typically tetraradiate.

Type: Halosphaeria Linder

Notes: The family Halosphaeriaceae, which is the most diverse group of marine ascomycetes, was introduced by Müller and von Arx (1962) and Eriksson (1984) with Halosphaeria as the type genus (Barghoorn and Linder 1944). Members of the Halosphaeriaceae are amongst the most intensively studied of marine ascomycetes at the morphological, ultrastructural and molecular level, with 161 species in 62 genera species (Pang 2002; Jones et al. 2009a, 2015; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Morphological characters unique to the family Halosphaeriaceae include: perithecial ascomata, necks (usually with periphyses), presence of catenophyses that easily deliquesce, unitunicate, thin-walled asci that deliquesce early, asci with or lacking an apical ring and appendaged ascospores (Jones 1995). Based on scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of ascospore appendage morphology and ontogeny, a number of genera were found to be polyphyletic and new genera introduced to accommodate them, e.g. Ondiniella, and Marinospora, while others were reinstated, e.g. Antennospora, Arenariomyces and Halosphaeriopsis (Jones et al. 1983, 1984; Jones 1995). Subsequent molecular studies have supported these changes. The family Halosphaeriaceae was shown to be polyphyletic and the genera Kohlmeyeriella, Lulworthia and Lindra referred to a new family Lulworthiaceae (Campbell et al. 2003; Pang et al. 2003; Koch et al. 2007). Hibbett et al. (2007) and Schoch et al. (2007) referred Halosphaeriaceae to the order Microascales, while others continued to include it in the order Halosphaeriales (Zhang et al. 2006; Jones et al. 2009a). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) and Jones et al. (2015) accept the placement of the Halosphaeriaceae as one of the families in Microascales. However, the higher level classification of this family remains controversial.

Halosphaeria Linder, Farlowia 1: 412 (1944)

Facesoffungi numbers: FoF 02142; Figs 63, 64, 65

Fig. 63

Halosphaeria appendiculata (Material examined: TAIWAN, New Taipei City, Tungpeichiao, rocky shore, on drift wood, 13 April 2012, K. L. Pang) a Immersed ascoma b Peridium composed of a few layers of elongated cells with large lumina c Spore passing through ostiole d Clavate ascus e Ellipsoidal ascospore with spoon-shaped appendages at polar and equatorial positions Scale bar: a, d = 30 μm, b–c, e = 10 μm

Fig. 64

Halosphaeriaceae selected genera a Aniptodera longispora (Material examined: MALAYSIA, Tioman island, Mangrove, on dead mangrove wood, 12 July 2010, K. L. Pang) b Ceriosporopsis halima (Material examined: TAIWAN, Keelung, National Taiwan Ocean University, rocky shore, on drift wood, 2 March 2012, K. L. Pang) c Arenariomyces trifurcatus (Material examined: TAIWAN, New Taipei City, Hemei, rocky shore, on drift wood, 22 February 2011, K. L. Pang) d Marinospora calyptrata (Material examined: GREAT BRITAIN, Langstone Harbour, Rocky shore, on drift wood, 10 August 2010, K. L. Pang) e Cucullosporella mangrovei (Material examined: MALAYSIA, Tioman island, Mangrove, on dead mangrove wood, 12 July 2010, K. L. Pang) f Appendichordella amicta. Scale bars: a–f = 15 μm

Fig. 65

Halosarpheia fibrosa (Material examined: BERMUDA, St. George Island, Coot Pond, intertidal wood of Avicennia germinans, with teredinids and algae, 14 May 1976, J. J. Kohlmeyer, NY 00966760, holotype) a, b Herbarium material of Halosarpheia fibrosa c Ascomata on host surface d Section through ascomata e Peridium f-i Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 500 μm, d, e = 100 μm. f–i = 20 μm

Saprobic on wood in marine environments. Sexual morph: Ascomata globose, subglobose, obpyriform, ellipsoidal, immersed to superficial, ostiolate, papillate, coriaceous, pale brown to black, necks variable in length, periphysate, centrum breaking up into deliquescing catenophyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate, pedicellate, lacking an apical ring, deliquescing early. Ascospores biseriate, hyaline, broad-ellipsoidal, 1-septate, not constricted at the septa, with 3–4 spoon-shaped equatorial appendages and one at each end of the spore. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Halosphaeria appendiculata Linder, Farlowia 1: 412 (1944)

Notes: The genus Halosphaeria is monotypic with H. appendiculata Linder as the type species. Other species assigned to the genus by Kohlmeyer (1972) have been transferred to other genera as the result of ultrastructural and molecular studies: Antennospora, Halosphaeriopsis, Lautisporopsis, Okeanomyces, Ondinella, and Remispora (Jones et al. 2009a, 2015).

Other genera included

Alisea J. Dupont & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Res. 113(12): 1358 (2009)

Type species: Alisea longicolla J. Dupont & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Res. 113(12): 1358 (2009)

Aniptodera Shearer & M.A. Mill., Mycologia 69(5): 893 (1977)

Type species: Aniptodera chesapeakensis Shearer & M.A. Mill., Mycologia 69(5): 894 (1977)

Anisostagma K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch, Mycol. Res. 100: 209 (1996)

Type species: Anisostagma rotundatum K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch, Mycol. Res. 100(2): 211 (1996)

Antennospora Meyers, Mycologia 49: 501 (1957)

Type species: Antennospora quadricornuta (Cribb & J.W. Cribb) T.W. Johnson, J. Elisha Mitchell Scient. Soc. 74: 46 (1958)

Appendichordella R.G. Johnson et al., Can. J. Bot. 65(5): 941 (1987)

Type species: Appendichordella amicta (Kohlm.) R.G. Johnson et al., Can. J. Bot. 65(5): 941 (1987)

Arenariomyces Höhnk, Veröff. Inst. Meeresf. Bremerhaven 3: 28 (1954)

Type species: Arenariomyces trifurcatus Höhnk, Veröff. Inst. Meeresf. Bremerhaven 3: 30 (1954)

Ascosacculus J. Campbell, J.L. Anderson & Shearer, Mycologia 95 (3): 545 (2003)

Type species: Ascosacculus aquaticus (K.D. Hyde) J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95 (3): 545 (2003)

Bathyascus Kohlm., Revue Mycol. 41(2): 190 (1977)

Type species: Bathyascus vermisporus Kohlm., Revue Mycol., Paris 41(2): 191 (1977)

Carbosphaerella I. Schmidt, Feddes Repert. 80(2–3): 108 (1969)

Type species: Carbosphaerella pleosporoides I. Schmidt, Feddes Repert. 80: 108 (1969)

Ceriosporopsis Linder, Farlowia 1: 408 (1944)

Type species: Ceriosporopsis halima Linder, Farlowia 1(3): 409 (1944)

Chadefaudia Feldm.-Maz., Revue Générale de Botanique 64: 150 (1957)

Type species: Chadefaudia marina Feldm.-Maz., Rev. gén. Bot. 64: 150 (1957)

Corallicola Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm., Mycotaxon 44(2): 418 (1992)

Type species: Corallicola nana Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm., Mycotaxon 44(2): 418 (1992)

Corollospora Werderm., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem: 248 (1922)

Type species: Corollospora maritima Werderm., Notizbl. Königl. bot. Gart. Museum Berlin 8: 248 (1922)

Cucullosporella K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Mycotaxon 37: 200 (1990)

Type species: Cucullosporella mangrovei (K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones) K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Mycotaxon 37: 200 (1990)

Ebullia K.L. Pang, Mycoscience 56: 40 (2015)

Type species: Ebullia octonae (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang, Mycoscience 56: 40 (2015)

Fluviatispora K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 98: 720 (1994)

Type species: Fluviatispora tunicata K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 98: 722 (1994)

Gesasha Abdel-Wahab & Nagahama, Nova Hedwigia 92(3–4): 501 (2011)

Type species: Gesasha mangrovei Abdel-Wahab & Nagah., Nova Hedwigia 92(3–4): 507 (2011)

Haiyanga K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Raffles Bull. Zool., Suppl. 19: 8 (2008)

Type species: Haiyanga salina (Meyers) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Raffles Bull. Zool., Suppl. 19: 8 (2008)

Haligena Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 3: 87 (1961)

Type species: Haligena elaterophora Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 3: 87 (1961)

Halosarpheia sensu stricto Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 68(2): 208 (1977)

Type species: Halosarpheia fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 68(2): 208 (1977)

Halosphaeriopsis T.W. Johnson, J. Elisha Mitchell Scient. Soc. 74: 44 (1958)

Type species: Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera (Cribb & J.W. Cribb) T.W. Johnson, J. Elisha Mitchell Scient. Soc. 74: 44 (1958)

Havispora K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed, Mycologia 100(2): 293 (2008)

Type species: Havispora longyearbyenensis K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed, Mycologia 100(2): 293 (2008)

Iwilsoniella E.B.G. Jones, Syst. Ascomyc. 10(1): 8 (1991)

Type species: Iwilsoniella rotunda E.B.G. Jones, Syst. Ascomyc., 10(1): 8 (1991)

Kitesporella Jheng & K.L. Pang, Bot. Mar. 55: 462 (2012)

Type species: Kitesporella keelungensis J.S. Jheng & K.L. Pang, Bot. Mar. 55(5): 462 (2012)

Kochiella Sakay. et al., Fungal Divers. 46: 96 (2011)

Type species: Kochiella crispa (Kohlm.) Sakay. et al. Jones, Fungal Divers. 46: 96 (2011)

Lautisporopsis E.B.G. Jones et al., Mycotaxon 67: 1 (1998)

Type species: Lautisporopsis circumvestita (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 72(10): 1558 (1994)

Lignincola Höhnk, Veröff. Inst. Meeresf. Bremerhaven 3: 216 (1955)

Type species: Lignincola laevis Höhnk, Veröff. Inst. Meeresf. Bremerhaven 3: 216 (1955)

Limacospora Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones, Can. J. Bot. 73(7): 1011 (1995)

Type species: Limacospora sundica (Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones) Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones, Can. J. Bot. 73(7): 1013 (1995)

Luttrellia Shearer, Mycologia 70(3): 692 (1978)

Type species: Luttrellia estuarina Shearer, Mycologia 70(3): 693 (1978)

Magnisphaera J. Campbell et al., Mycologia 95(3): 546 (2003)

Type species: Magnisphaera spartinae (E.B.G. Jones) J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 547 (2003)

Marinospora A.R. Caval., Nova Hedwigia 11: 548 (1966)

Type species: Marinospora calyptrata (Kohlm.) A.R. Caval., Nova Hedwigia 11: 548 (1966)

Moana Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92 (4): 418 (1989)

Type species: Moana turbinulata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92(4): 418 (1989)

Morakotiella Sakay., Mycologia 97(4): 806 (2005)

Type species: Morakotiella salina (C.A. Farrant & E.B.G. Jones) Sakay., Mycologia 97(4): 806 (2005)

Nais Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 4: 409 (1962)

Type species: Naïs inornata Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 4: 409 (1962)

Natantispora J. Campbell et al., Mycologia 95(3): 543 (2003)

Type species: Natantispora retorquens (Shearer & J.L. Crane) J. Campbell et al., Mycologia 95(3): 543 (2003)

Nautosphaeria E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 47(1): 97 (1964)

Type species: Nautosphaeria cristaminuta E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 47(1): 97 (1964)

Neptunella K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Progr. 2(1): 35 (2003)

Type species: Neptunella longirostris (Cribb & J.W. Cribb) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Progr. 2(1): 35 (2003)

Nereiospora E.B.G. Jones et al., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 87(2): 204 (1983)

Type species: Nereiospora comata (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones et al., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 87(2): 206 (1983)

Nimbospora J. Koch, Nordic J. Bot. 2(2): 166 (1982)

Type species: Nimbospora effusa Jørg. Koch, Nordic Journal of Botany 2 (2): 166 (1982)

Nohea Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomyc. 10: 121 (1991)

Type species: Nohea umiumi Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomyc. 10: 122 (1991)

Oceanitis Kohlm., Revue Mycol. 41(2): 193 (1977)

Type species: Oceanitis scuticella Kohlm., Revue de Mycologie 41 (2): 194 (1977)

Ocostaspora E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Mar. 26: 353 (1983)

Type species: Ocostaspora apilongissima E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Mar. 26(7): 354 (1983)

Okeanomyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 146(2): 228 (2004)

Type species: Okeanomyces cucullatus (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 146(2): 228 (2004)

Ondiniella E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Mar. 27: 136 (1984)

Type species: Ondiniella torquata (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Mar. 27(3): 136 (1984)

Ophiodeira Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 66 (10): 2062 (1988)

Type species: Ophiodeira monosemeia Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 66(10): 2062 (1988)

Phaeonectriella R.A. Eaton & E.B.G. Jones, Nova Hedwigia 19(3–4): 779 (1971) [1970]

Type species: Phaeonectriella lignicola R.A. Eaton & E.B.G. Jones, Nova Hedwigia 19(3–4): 779 (1971) [1970]

Praelongicaulis E.B.G. Jones et al., gen. nov. Fungal Divers. 73: 54 (2015)

Type species: Praelongicaulis kandeliae (Abdel-Wahab & E.B.G. Jones) E.B.G. Jones et al., Fungal Divers. 73: 54 (2015)

Panorbis J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 544 (2003)

Type species: Panorbis viscosus (I. Schmidt) J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 544 (2003)

Pileomyces K.L. Pang & Jheng, Bot. Stud. 53: 536 (2012)

Type species: Pileomyces formosanus K.L. Pang & J.S. Jheng, Bot. Stud. 53: 536 (2012)

Pseudolignincola Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones, Nova Hedwigia 83(1–2): 225 (2006)

Type species: Pseudolignincola siamensis Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones, in Jones, Chatmala & Pang, Nova Hedwigia 83(1–2): 226 (2006)

Remispora Linder, Farlowia 1(3): 409 (1944)

Type species: Remispora maritima Linder, Farlowia 1: 410 (1944)

Saagaromyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Progr. 2(1): 35 (2003)

Type species: Saagaromyces ratnagiriensis (S.D. Patil & Borse) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycological Progress 2 (1): 35 (2003)

Sablicola E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 82(4): 486 (2004)

Type species: Sablecola chinensis E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 82(4): 486 (2004)

Thalassogena Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomyc. 6: 223 (1987)

Type species: Thalassogena sphaerica Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomyc. 6(2): 225 (1987)

Thalespora Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones, Nova Hedwigia 83(1–2): 228 (2006)

Type species: Thalespora appendiculata Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones, in Jones, et al., Nova Hedwigia 83(1–2): 229 (2006)

Tinhaudeus K.L. Pang et al., Fungal Divers. 75:160 (2015)

Type species: Tinhaudeus formosanus K.L. Pang et al., Fungal Divers. 75:164 (2015)

Tirispora E.B.G. Jones & Vrijmoed, Can. J. Bot. 72(9): 1373 (1994)

Type species: Tirispora unicaudata E.B.G. Jones & Vrijmoed, Can. J. Bot. 72(9): 1373 (1994)

Toriella Sakay., et al., Fungal Divers. 46(1): 99 (2011)

Type species: Toriella tubulifera (Kohlm.) Sakay. et al., Fungal Divers. 46(1): 100 (2011)

Trailia G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 5: 149 (1915)

Type species: Trailia ascophylli G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 5(1): 149 (1915)

Trichomaris Hibbits et al., Can. J. Bot. 59(11): 2123 (1981)

Type species: Trichomaris invadens Hibbits et al., Can. J. Bot. 59(11): 2123 (1981)

Tubakiella Sakay., et al., Fungal Divers. 46: 97 (2011)

Type species: Tubakiella galerita (Tubaki) Sakay. et al., Fungal Divers. 46: 99 (2011)

Tunicatispora K.D. Hyde, Aust. Syst. Bot. 3: 712 (1990)

Type species: Tunicatispora australiensis K.D. Hyde, Aust. Syst. Bot. 3(4): 712 (1990)

Key to genera of Halosphaeriaceae

1. Ascospores aseptate ……… 2

1. Ascospores septate ……… 9

2. Ascospores appendaged ……… 3

2. Ascospores lacking appendages ……… 4

3. Ascospores with polar and 4 groups of equatorial hair-like appendages ……… Nautosphaeria

3. Ascospores with a single, uncoiling polar appendage…………………………………………..... Moana

3. Ascospores with a prominent sheath …… Fluviatispora

4. Ascospores longer than 50 μm, filiform, range 50–300 × 4–15 μm ……… Bathyascus

4. Ascospores shorter than 50 μm, spherical, ellipsoidal or rhomboid ……… 5

5. Ascospores ellipsoidal or spherical to round ……… 6

5. Ascospores rhomboid ……… Kitesporella

6. Ascospores ellipsoidal ……… Chadefaudia

6. Ascospores spherical to round ……… 7

7. Asci with an apical pore, ascospores globose to subglobose ……… Thalassogena

7. Asci lacking an apical pore ……… 8

8. Ascomata cream-coloured, with long necks, ascospores globose to ellipsoidal ……… Anisostagma

8. Ascomata brown, necks short, ascospores spherical……………………………………...... Iwilsoniella

9. Ascospores 1-septate ……… 10

9. Ascospores 1 to multi-septate ……… 50

10. Ascospores with no appendages ……… 11

10. Ascospores with polar and/or equatorial appendages or with sheaths ……… 15

11. Asci deliquescing early ……… Nais

11. Asci persistent ……… 12

12. Asci persistent, no retraction of the plasmalemma 13

12. Asci with plasmalemma retracted ……… 14

13. Ascus tip thimble-shaped, or slightly thickened…………………………………….. Lignincola

13. Ascus tip lacking thimble-shaped apical thickening…........……………………………………. Alisea

14. Ascospores without unfurling bipolar appendages……………… Aniptodera

14. Ascospores with a faint sheath ……… Neptunella

15. Ascospores with a single polar appendage ……… 16

15. Ascospores with bipolar appendages, or polar and equatorial appendages ……… 20

16. Ascospores with a hamate polar appendage ……… 17

16. Ascospores with an ephemeral drop of polar mucilage, becoming 2-4-septate on germination…Okeanomyces

17. Ascomata formed beneath a stroma, ascospores 6–21× 6–8 μm ……… Ophiodeira

17. Ascomata not stromatic ……… 18

18. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 25–36 × 8–12 μm ……… 19

18. Ascospores filiform, 60–80 × 4–6 μm ascomata thick-walled ……… Oceanitis

19. Appendages gradually detach from the ascospore wall to form an ellipsoidal sheet in water ………Pileomyces

19. Appendages unfurling into fine thread in water.……………………………………….... Tirispora

20. Ascospores with polar unfurling appendages 21

20. Ascospore appendages with a different morphology 26

21. Polar appendages emerging from a hood-like structure……………………………….... Cucullosporella

21. Polar appendages not formed through a hood ……… 22

22. Ascospores longer than 35 μm and wider than 20 μm…………………………………………..... 24

22. Ascospores shorter and narrower than 35 μm and 20 μm, respectively ……… 23

23. Ascospores wider than 14 μm ……… Saagaromyces

23. Ascospores 12–14 μm wide ……… Aniptodera

24. Ascospores wider than 30 μm…………………........ Halosarpheia sensu stricto

24. Ascospores narrower than 30 μm ……… 25

25. Ascospores 21–31 × 8–11 μm ……… Panorbis

25. Ascospores 20–34 × 7–11 μm ……… Natantispora

25. Ascospores 26-(33) –38 × 10– (12) 14 μm .... Tinhaudeus

25. Ascospores 40–60 × 10–15 μm, polyguttulate.......... Ascosacculus

25. Ascospores 10–32 × 4–13 μm Halosarpheia sensu lato

26. Ascospores with two types of appendages ……… 27

26. Ascospores with only one type of appendage ……… 30

27. Ascospores with a sheath and polar and lateral or subpolar appendages ……… 28

27. Ascospores with no sheath ……… 29

28. Ascospores with polar hair-like and lateral sheath-like appendage ……… Nimbospora

28. Ascospores with a fragmenting sheath, and polar unfurling appendages ………Tunicatispora

29. Exosporium folds to form an annulus-like equatorial appendage, polar appendages form inside and end chamber consist of two electron-dense layers.. Toriella

29. Sub-polar hair-like appendages arise from a pad, and on the opposite side long, sticky appendages that uncoil in water ……… Nohea

30. Ascospores with polar or subpolar appendages ……… 31

30. Ascospores with polar and/or lateral appendages...... 39

30. Ascospores with an exosporic sheath ……… 45

31. Ascospores with polar appendages ……… 32

31. Ascospores with subpolar appendages ……… 36

32. Ascospore appendages ephemeral ……… Gesasha

32. Ascospore appendages permanent ……… 33

33. Ascospore appendages formed by fragmentation of a sheath ……… 34

33. Appendages coiled around the ascospores, uncoiling in water ……… Morakotiella

34. Ascospores wing-like or radiating appendages .................................................................... Remispora

34. Ascospores ellipsoidal without radiating appendages ....................................................................... Kochiella

35. Appendages initially wrapped around the ascospore wall, separating in water to form long filaments that are spoon-shaped at the place of attachment ……… Morakotiella

35. Appendages initially hamate that deliquesce in water to form thin flat sheets ……… Praelongicaulis

36. Ascospore appendages with a spade-like tip ................................................................... Arenariomyces

36 Ascospores appendages lacking a spade-like tip 37

37. Ascospores with 2 sub-polar appendages ............................................................. Antennospora

37. Ascospores with more than 2 sub-polar appendages 38

38. Ascospores with 3–4 sub-polar spoon-shaped appendages ……… Haiyanga

38. Ascospores with 5–7 appendages ……… Corallicola

39. Equatorial appendage ring- or annulus-like ……… 40

39. Equatorial appendages distinct ……… 42

40. Chamber-like polar appendage from which mucilage is released ……… Ceriosporopsis tubulifera

40. Polar appendages do not release mucilage ……… 41

41. Equatorial appendage annulus-like ……… Ondiniella

41. Equatorial appendage ring-like ……… Lautisporopsis

42. Equatorial appendages lunate, with a cup-like polar appendage ……… Halosphaeriopsis

42. Appendages spoon-like or obclavate ……… 43

43. Appendages spoon-like, do not fragment ……… Halosphaeria

43. Appendages become fibrillar at maturity ……… 44

44. Polar appendage longer than equatorial appendages .................................................................. Ocostaspora

44. Appendages equal in length ……… Sablecola

45. Appendages with a cup-like exosporic fragments at their tips ……… 46

45. Appendages lacking cup-like fragments at their tips ……… 47

46. Equatorial appendages two pairs, radiating, at the central septum ……… Marinospora

46. Equatorial appendages one pair not radiating ...... Toriella

47. Exosporic sheath highly fibrillar (mucilaginous), appendage slug-like ……… Limacospora

47. Exosporic sheath compact, not fibrillar, appendages not slug-like ……… 48

48. Ascospores thick walled at apices ……… Tubakiella

48. Ascospores wall evenly distributed ……… 49

49. Apical appendages swells in water, equatorial appendages subulate, evenly distributed around the septum ……… Ebullia

49. Apical appendages tubular, 3–4 lateral appendages subcylindrical with small caps on their tips .............................................................. Ceriosporopsis

50. Ascospores with no appendages ……… 47

50. Ascospores with appendages ……… 49

51. Ascospores filamentous, broad at one end, tapering at the other ……… Trailia

51. Ascospores not tapering at one end ……… 48

52. Ascospores 5-septate (rarely 9), asci with 4 ascospores ……… Luttrellia

52. Ascospores 3-septate, asci with 8 ascospores ........................................................ Pseudolignincola

53. Ascospores hyaline or brown with polar and equatorial appendages ……… 50

53. Ascospores hyaline, with only polar appendages 52

53. Ascospores with sheath, lacking polar and equatorial appendages ……… 58

54. Appendages hair-like tufts, one polar and four equatorial ……… 51

54. Polar appendages spine-like, equatorial appendages formed by fragmentation of an exosporic sheath Corollospora

55. Catenophyses present, ascospores hyaline, appendages string-like, lacking an equatorial pad …..…Havispora

55. Catenophyses lacking, ascospores with hyaline end cells and brown central cells, equatorial pad present ……… Nereiospora

56. Ascospores with a single polar appendage ……… 53

56. Ascospores with bipolar appendages ……… 54

57. Appendage an ephemeral drop of mucilage .............................................................. Okeanomyces

57. Tetra radiate appendages formed after release from the ascoma ……… Thalespora

58. Ascospores appendages hamate, unfurling in water ..... 55

58. Ascospore appendages not hamate ……… 57

59. Ascospores narrower than 7 μm ……… Oceanitis

59. Ascospores wider than 7 μm ……… 56

60. Ascospores verrucose, wider than 40 μm .. Magnisphaera

60. Ascospores not verrucose, narrower than 40 μm Halosarpheia sensu lato

61. Ascospores appendages sub-polar, spine-like Arenariomyces

61. Ascospores appendages broad strap-like ……… Haligena

61. Ascospores appendages round ……… Trichomaris

62. Ascospores 12–20 μm wide, central cells dark, appendages a fragmenting sheath net-like ..... Carbosphaerella

62. Ascospores hyaline, 7–11 μm wide ... Appendichordella

Harknessiaceae Crous, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 55 (2012)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01387

Saprobic or pathogenic, associated with leaf spots. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary or aggregated, immersed, globose, coriaceous, brown, papillate. Papilla emergent to depressed, wall comprising 3–5 layers of brown-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising hyaline, septate paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, short pedicellate, with J-, apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid to fusoid, aseptate, thick-walled, guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata eustromatic, pycnidial, scattered or aggregated, immersed, globose, coriaceous, with single or several locules, dark brown to black. Peridium comprising thin-walled, almost hyaline to brown cells of textura angularis. Ostiole wide, central, surrounded by brown cells. Conidiophores lining the inner cavity or reduced to basal layer sometimes reduced to conidiogenous cells, sometimes septate, branched. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, discrete, lageniform, subcylindrical to cylindrical, hyaline to pale yellow, smooth, producing macroconidia and sometimes microconidia from same conidiogenous cell, proliferating Sympodially, one or several times. Macroconidia with a basal appendage, hyaline when young, brown at maturity, unicellular, although basal appendage separated by a septum thick-walled, smooth-walled, with or without light and dark longitudinal bands, sometimes longitudinally striate, guttulate, basal appendage cellular, cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, devoid of contents, apical appendage present or absent, if present elongate. Microconidia hyaline, oval to ellipsoid, aseptate, smooth-walled.

Type: Harknessia Cooke

Notes: The family Harknessiaceae is typified by H. eucalypti Cooke and has distinct morphological characters with a wuestneia-like sexual morph. LSU analysis places the family in Diaporthales (Crous et al. 2012). Crous et al. (2012) introduced six novel species of Harknessia on Eucalyptus and a multi-gene analysis (ITS, CAL and TUB) was provided for these species. Most members in the family are associated with leaf spots and they are suspected to be pathogens. However, many species have been isolated from asymptomatic plant tissues and are assumed to be saprobes.

Harknessia Cooke, in Cooke & Harkness, Grevillea 9(no. 51): 85 (1881)

Facesoffungi numbers: FoF 02144; Figs 66, 67

Fig. 66

Sexual morph of Harknessia eucalyptorum (CPC 12697). a Leaf spot symptoms on Eucalyptus sp. b Ascomata with short neck c Paraphyses d asci e Ascospores. Scale bars = 10 μm (redrawn from Crous et al. 2012)

Fig. 67

Harknessia eucalypti (Material examined: USA, California, on leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae), Harkness 1280, isotype K (M) 195744). a, b Herbarium packet and specimen c Conidiomata on host substrate d Cross section of conidioma e Peridium f, g Conidia attached to conidiophores h–m Conidia. Scale bars: d = 100 μm, e–g = 20 μm, h–m = 10 μm

Saprobic or pathogenic, mostly on leaf tissues. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, single or aggregated, immersed brown. Neck emergent to depressed, wall of 3–5 layers of brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses hyaline, septate, dispersed between asci. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, short pedicellate, with J- apical ring. Ascospores uni- to biseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid to fusoid, aseptate, thick-walled, guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous, appearing as nearly circular, black distinct spots. Conidiomata erumpent, scattered, pycnidial, unilocular, globose to subglobose, brown. Peridium comprising 3–4 layers of brown-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores short, cylindrical, almost globose, branched, hyaline, mixed with peridium cells. Conidiogenesis cells hyaline to brown, holoblastic, bottle-shaped, cylindrical. Conidia hyaline when young, brown at maturity, globose to ovoid, with a truncate apiculate apex and an obtuse to blunt base, smooth-walled, with longitudinal striations along the length of some conidia. Basal appendages hyaline, tubular, smooth, thin-walled, often collapsing.

Type species: Harknessia eucalypti Cooke, Grevillea 9(no. 51): 85 (1881)

Notes: Harknessia species are found in a large variety of ecosystems and are commonly associated with leaf spots, leaves with tip dieback or leaf scorch and stem cankers (Crous et al. 1989; Wijayawardene et al. 2016). Some species have been isolated from leaf and twig litter (Marincowitz et al. 2008). However, whether Harknessia species are important pathogens or saprobes is not resolved. Harknessia species with hyaline conidia and apical appendages were placed in Mastigosporella by von Höhnel (1915), and species with brown conidia with apical and basal appendages were moved to Apoharknessia (Lee et al. 2004), while species with very thick conidial walls and longitudinal slits were included in Dwiroopa (Farr and Rossman 2003). However, there is molecular support to place Harknessia in a distinct lineage in the family Harknessiaceae.

Helminthosphaeriaceae Samuels et al., Mycologia 89(1): 144 (1997)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01142

Saprobic or parasitic on wood, stems or decorticated branch in terrestrial habitats, some fungicolous. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, gregarious or scattered, dark brown to black, solitary, superficial or immersed, ovoid, globose to subglobose, carbonaceous or membranaceous, rough, tuberculate, smooth or with setae, papillate or ostiole indistinct or absent, the apex collapsing when dry, hyaline periphyses lining the ostiole or absent. Peridium thick (30–60 μm), composed of two layers, outer layer comprising brown cells of textura angularis or prismatica, carbonaceous or membranaceous; inner layer comprising of hyaline cells of textura prismatica, thin, membranaceous. Hamathecium with numerous, septate, persistent or deliquescing, swollen, filiform or cylindrical pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin or thick-walled, cylindrical to clavate, pedicellate, apex truncate, not amyloid, apical ring refractive or indistinct. Ascospores 2-seriate, hyaline or brown or becoming dark colored in part, allantoid, clavate, cylindrical to ellipsoid, 0–3-septate, smooth-walled, with or without guttules. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, scattered or gregarious, brown, straight, septate, unbranched, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, terminal, integrated, percurrent. Conidia solitary, acrogenous, brown, septate, obclavate, fusiform to cylindrical, straight, subtruncate to obtuse at the apex, truncate or swollen at the base, eguttulate or guttulate.

Type: Helminthosphaeria Fuckel

Notes: The family Helminthosphaeriaceae was introduced by Samuels et al. (1997b) based on black, setose ascomata and cylindrical asci with brown to hyaline ascospores and only included Helminthosphaeria (Fuckel 1870). Tengiomyces was added to the family by Réblová (1999a) based on morphological data. Echinosphaeria, Hilberina, Ruzenia and Synaptospora were included based on analysis of LSU sequence data and morphological characters (Miller and Huhndorf 2004; Miller et al. 2014). Endophragmiella was accepted as the asexual morph of Echinosphaeria. The family Helminthosphaeriaceae forms a well-supported clade in the order Chaetosphaeriales, with Chaetosphaeriaceae as a sister clade (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Currently seven genera are accepted in the family based on morphological and phylogenic analyses of LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence data (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Helminthosphaeria Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 166 (1870) [1869–70]

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01143, Fig. 68

Fig. 68

Helminthosphaeria clavariarum (from Samuels et. al 1997) a Ascoma with setae and vertical section of ascoma b Asci and pseudoparaphyses c Conidiophore and conidia (asexual morph Diplococcium sp.) d Ascospores (pores in ascospores are indicted by arrowhead) e Conidia (asexual morph Diplococcium sp.). Scale bars: a, c = 50 μm, b = 20 μm, d–e = 10 μm

Saprobic on wood or decorticated branch in terrestrial habitats, some fungicolous. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, gregarious or scattered, dark brown to black, solitary, superficial or immersed, globose to subglobose, carbonaceous or membranaceous, rough, smooth or with setae, with or without ostioles, hyaline periphyses lining ostiole or absent, the apex collapsing when dry. Peridium thick (30–60 μm), composed of two layers, outer layer comprising of brown cells of textura angularis, carbonaceous or membranaceous; inner layer comprising hyaline cells of textura prismatica, thin, membranaceous. Hamathecium with numerous, septate, unbranched or branched, swollen, filiform or cylindrical paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, pedicellate, apex truncate, not amyloid, apical ring refractive or indistinct,. Ascospores 2-seriate, hyaline or brown or greyish, clavate to ellipsoid, 0–3-septate, smooth-walled, with or without guttules. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores mononematous, scattered to gregarious, brown, straight, septate, branched, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells integrated, intercalary or percurrent. Conidia solitary, hyaline to brown or multi-coloured, aseptate to multi-septate, obclavate to cylindrical, eguttulate or guttulate.

Type species: Helminthosphaeria clavariarum (Desm.) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 166 (1870) [1869–70]

Notes: The genus Helminthosphaeria was introduced by Fuckel (1870), with H. clavariarum as the type species. This genus was included in Melanosporaceae, in the order Sordariales based on its 1-septate ascospores with apical pores (Parguey-Leduc 1960). Lundqvist (1972) excluded Helminthosphaeria from Melanosporaceae and thought that it should be used as a subfamily or family due to its distinct filamentous pseudoparaphyses and asci lacking sheaths. Barr (1990) reevaluated the family Sordariaceae and included Helminthosphaeria. Eriksson and Hawksworth (1993) placed Helminthosphaeria in the order Sordariales. Samuels et al. (1997b) monographed the genus, including the asexual morph Diplococcium, and introduced the family Helminthosphaeriaceae. The sexual morph is characterized by a fungicolous or lignicolous habit, superficial or immersed ascomata, cylindrical asci and hyaline to brown ascospores, and an asexual morph characterized by smooth or verrucose, septate conidia (Samuels et al. 1997b; Goh and Hyde 1998; Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2012).

Other genera included

Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, Mycol. Res. 108(1): 29 (2004)

Type species: Echinosphaeria canescens (Pers.) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, Mycol. Res. 108(1): 31 (2004)

Endophragmiella B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 132: 58 (1973)

Type species: Endophragmiella pallescens B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 132: 62 (1973)

Hilberina Huhndorf & A.N. Mill., Mycol. Res. 108(1): 31 (2004)

Type species: Hilberina caudata (Fuckel) Huhndorf & A.N. Mill., in Miller & Huhndorf, Mycol. Res. 108(1): 31 (2004)

Ruzenia O. Hilber, The Genus Lasiosphaeria and Allied Taxa (Kelheim): 7 (2002)

Type species: Ruzenia spermoides (Hoffm.) O. Hilber, in Hilber & Hilber, The Genus Lasiosphaeria and Allied Taxa (Kelheim): 7 (2002) = Sphaeria spermoides Hoffm., Veg. Crypt. 2: 12 (1790)

Synaptospora Cain, Beih. Sydowia 1: 4 (1957) [1956]

Type species: Synaptospora petrakii Cain, Beih. Sydowia 1: 5 (1957)

Tengiomyces Réblová, Mycotaxon 70: 408 (1999)

Type species: Tengiomyces indicus (Varghese & V.G. Rao) Réblová, Mycotaxon 70: 408 (1999)

Key to genera of Helminthosphaeriaceae

1. Hyphomycete with acrogenous, cylindrical hyaline conidia Endophragmiella

1. Ascomycete 2

2. Ascospores hyaline at maturity Ruzenia

2. Ascospores brown or greyish-brown or versicolor at maturity 3

3. Ascospores versicolored Tengiomyces

3. Ascospores concolourous 4

4. Ascospores curved 5

4. Ascospores straight 6

5. Ascospores L-shape Hilberina

5. Ascospores allantoid Echinosphaeria

6. Ascospores clavate to cylindrical, greyish-brown, not contracted at the septa Helminthosphaeria

6. Ascospores oval to ellipsoid, brown, constricted at the septa.. Synaptospora

Hispidicarpomycetaceae Nakagiri, Mycologia 85(4): 649 (1993)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01098

Parasitic on marine alga. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, solitary to gregarious, ostiolate, apapillate. Peridium composed of three-layers: outer layer with thick-walled, short hyphal projections, brown to dark brown, middle layer of light brown to dark brown, thick-walled hyphal, flattened cells of textura epidermoidea, and an inner layer of pale brown, thin-walled, flattened cells of textura epidermoidea, lining the whole ascomatal venter. Paraphyses septate branched. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate to pyriform, deliquescing early and lacking an apical ring. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid to elliptic-fusiform, unicellular, lacking appendages or a sheath, overlapping. Reproductive state: of brown hyphae, Spermodochia composed of a mass spermatiospores. Spermatiospores, verticillate, asymmetrical penicilliate-like, brown at the base, paler and hyaline towards the apex. Stipes septate, branched, brown at the base. Spermatia cylindrical, unicellular, hyaline. Trichogynes septate, cylindrical, brown.

Type: Hispidicarpomyces Nakagiri

Notes: The family Hispidicarpomycetaceae was introduced to accommodate a marine ascomycete, Hispidicarpomyces galaxauricola Nakagiri inhabiting the alga Galaxaura falcata (Rhodophyta), which was found along the Japanese coast by Nakagiri (1993). This fungus produces trichogynes and spermatiophores composed of spermodochia which resemble Spathulospora species, another ascomycete parasitic on a red alga (Ballia spp.), but differs from the latter genus in possessing hyphoid thalli, in spermodochia formation, and ascomata structure (Nakagiri 1993). The genera Spathulospora, Retrostium (Spathulosporaceae) and Hispidicarpomyces (Hispidicarpomycetaceae) were referred to the order Spathulosporales by Nakagiri (1993). However, molecular data placed the genus Spathulospora (S. adelpha and S. antartica) in the order Lulworthiales (Inderbitzin et al. 2004), although the type species (S. phyophila) has not been sequenced. Consequently, the affinity of Spathulospora within the Lulworthiales raises the question as to the phylogenetic position of Hispidicarpomycetaceae. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) also accepted the taxonomic placement of the family Hispidicarpomycetaceae within the order Spathulosporales. Further collections, isolation and sequencing are necessary to resolve the taxonomic position of these families.

Hispidicarpomyces Nakagiri, Mycologia 85(4): 639 (1993)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02110, Fig. 69

Fig. 69

Hispidicarpomyces galaxauricola (Material examined: JAPAN, O-ura, Shimoda, 2 June 1990, IFO H-12135, Galaxaura falcata Kjellman (Chaetangiaceae, Rhodophyta) holotype) a Herbarium material of H. galaxauricola b Slides of H. galaxauricola c Ascomata on host surface d Section through ascoma e Peridium f Short hyphal projections arising from outer layer of peridium g-j Ascospores k–l Branching spermatiophores m Penicilliate phialides of spermatiophores. Scale bars: c = 500 μm, d = 50 μm, e, f, k = 20 μm, l–m = 10 μm, g–j = 5 μm

Parasitic on the red alga Galaxaura falcata. Sexual morph: Ascomata hemisphaerical, erumpent, solitary to gregarious, ostiolate, epapillate, black. Peridium composed of several cell layers with short hyphal projections at the outer surface. Paraphyses present. Asci in a hymenium lining whole ascocarp venter, 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate to pyriform, early deliquescing. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal to fusiform, unicellular, lacking appendages or a sheath. Reproductive state: Spermodochia composed of penicilliate-like spermatiophores (antheridia), brown to dark brown. Spermatia cylindrical, one-celled, hyaline. Trichogynes cylindrical, septate, simple, with thin-walled and hyaline apical cell.

Type species: Hispidicarpomyces galaxauricola Nakagiri, Mycologia 85(4): 639 (1993)

Notes: A monotypic marine genus introduced by Nakagiri (1993) in the family Hispidicarpomycetaceae that needs further taxon sampling to determine its phylogenetic position within Ascomycota (Jones et al. 2009b, 2015). Nakagiri (1993) described similar morphological features of Hispidicarpomyces and Spathulospora, such as production of trichogynes and spermatiophores in a spermodochium. However, Hispidicarpomyces species possess different morphological features to Spathulospora, including a hyphoid thallus, spermodochia formation, alternate development of spermodochium within the ascocarp, a peridium with a hispid surface, a hymenium extending along the entire inside of the ascocarp venter, the hamathecium (paraphyses), ascospores without appendages and the host alga.

Hypocreaceae De Not. [as ‘Hypocreacei’], G. bot. ital. 2(1): 48 (1844)

= Trichodermataceae Fr. [as ‘Trichodermacei’], Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 144 (1825)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01904

Biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, saprobic or hypersaprobic on various plants, other fungi, and myxomycetes, terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Stromatic tissue present or lacking, when present soft and fleshy, pallid or brightly pigmented to light brownish, immersed erumpent, effuse, tuberculate or pulvinate, occasionally stipitate, then fertile region clavate, or subiculum of interwoven pallid or brightly pigmented hyphae. Ascomata solitary or often arranged in groups, immersed in or erumpent to superficial on substrate, pallid, brightly pigmented, or shades of light brown or blue to violet (appearing black), rarely brown, globose, ovoid, obpyriform or spheroid, collabent at times, apex papillate, with periphysate ostiole, surface glabrous or warted or bearing hyaline or pallid hyphal appendages or rarely thick-walled setae. Peridium externally composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells, sometimes with thick, sclerotial walls, internally composed of compressed rows of cells, pallid to brightly pigmented or brown, blue or violet. Paraphyses apical (periphysoids), usually deliquescent, occasionally visible at maturity, as cellular remnants among asci or as remnants apical fringe. Asci basal to peripheral, mostly 8-spored, occasionally polysporous or less than eight, cylindric, oblong or inflated, apical ring often lacking, when present shallow, refractive, non-amyloid. Ascospores uniseriate, biseriate or in fascicle, hyaline, yellowish, pinkish to greenish or occasionally brown, 1-celled or one to several septate, occasionally with longitudinal septa, disarticulating into part-spores at times or budding to form conidia within ascus, ellipsoid, fusoid, allantoid, elongate or globose, with smooth, verruculose or longitudinally striate cell wall. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, grouped on sporodochia or synnemata, rarely coelomycetous, conidiogenous cells enteroblastic phialidic, thick-walled structures present at times.

Type: Hypocrea Fr. (= Trichoderma Pers.)

Notes: The family Hypocreaceae was recognized within Hypocreales and divided into six subfamilies by Lindau (1897). Seaver (1909a, b, 1910a, b, 1911) divided the order Hypocreales into two families (Nectriaceae and Hypocreaceae) depending on their perithecial and stromatic characters. Petch (1938) also accepted Nectriaceae and Hypocreaceae as distinct families within the Hypocreales, while Munk (1957) and Dennis (1960) placed them in the Sphaeriales. Later, Miller (1949), Bessy (1950), Luttrell (1951), Dingley (1951a, b, 1952a, b, 1953, 1954)), von Arx and Müller (1954), Müller and von Arx (1962), Gäumann (1964), Rogerson (1970) and Barr (1990) placed Nectriaceae under Hypocreaceae as one family. However, Kreisel (1969) accepted Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae in the order Hypocreales, along with another five families based on their bright coloured, fleshy ascomata, presence of apical paraphyses and production of phialides on free conidiophores. Rossman et al. (1999) believed that Nectriaceae and Hypocreaceae could be two separate families within the Hypocreales. In their work they included 12 genera in Hypocreaceae, including Hypocrea and Hypomyces as two major genera encompassing the majority of species. Currently, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) accepted 18 genera in the family.

Trichoderma Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 92 (1794)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02111, Figs 70, 71

Fig. 70

Trichoderma viride (Material examined: CZECH REPUBLIC, South Bohemia, Frymburk, on partly decorticated logs of Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), leg. W. Jaklitsch, W.J. 2753, 3 October 2004. WU 24013, epitype) a Herbarium label b, c Stromata on host substrate d Transverse section through stromata with perithecia e Ostiolar opening in transverse section f Hair on surface of stroma g Outer layer of stromata h Peridium. i, j Asci k Ascus in Melzer’s reagent l Ascospores m Ascospores in cotton blue. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 200 μm, e = 50 μm, f = 10 μm, g–i = 20 μm, j = 50 μm, k = 20 μm, l, m = 10 μm

Fig. 71

Trichoderma viride (Material examined: Dry culture, WU 24013a, epitype) a Herbarium material and label b, c Sporulation on CMD d, e Conidiophores f, g Conidia. Scale bars: b = 2 mm, c = 500 μm, d, e = 20 μm, f, g =10 μm

Biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, saprobic or hypersaprobic on various plants, on other members of the fungi including members of Basidiomycota, or on perennial bracket fungi in varying stages of decay, and less commonly on herbaceous substrates. Sexual morph: Stromata discrete to effused, composed of pseudoparenchyma cells or highly compacted hyphae, with ascomatal elevations conspicuous or not, stromatal surface variously wrinkled, tuberculate or creased, margins of stromata free from or adherent to the substrate, hyaline, white, yellow, reddish-brown, dark brown to black. Ascomata immersed in the stroma, ascomatal wall and stromatal tissues KOH+ or KOH−. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical. Ascospores 1-septate, disarticulating early in development into two equal or unequal, subglobose, globose, ovoid, oblong or wedge-shaped part ascospores, hyaline or green, typically spinulose or warted, rarely smooth. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores are mostly formed in pustules, conspicuously curved to sinuous or conspicuously curved, without or with weakly developed or well developed main axis, branched, branching irregular, verticillate or sometimes tree-like, hyaline, smooth, septate. Phialides solitary or forming in whorls, sometimes percurrently proliferating, straight, cylindrical or somewhat swollen at or below the middle, curved to sinuous or straight, hyaline, smooth. Conidia unicellular, ovoid, ellipsoidal, oblong, globose to subglobose, green, rarely hyaline, guttulate, smooth, verruculose, spinulose or warted. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose and terminal at the ends of hyphae or intercalary within hyphal cells.

Type species: Trichoderma viride Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 92 (1794)

≡ Hypocrea rufa (Pers.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 383 (1849)

Notes: Hypocrea was described by Fries in 1825, based on Sphaeria rufa Pers., a species with hyaline ascospores. Currently, the type species of the genus is represented by Hypocrea rufa (Pers.) Fr. The genus Hypocrea is characterized by typically hyaline or green, eight, 1-septate ascospores, that disarticulate at the septum when they are young, producing 16 part-spores in each ascus. Hypocrea (with sexual morph) and Trichoderma (with asexual morph) are linked and Rossman et al. (2013) proposed the use of Trichoderma over Hypocrea, and this was followed by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015).

Other genera included

Aphysiostroma Barrasa et al., Can. J. Bot. 63(12): 2439 (1986) [1985]

Type species: Aphysiostroma stercorarium Barrasa et al., Can. J. Bot. 63(12): 2441 (1986) [1985]

Arachnocrea Z. Moravec, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 72: 161 (1956)

Type species: Arachnocrea stipata (Lib. ex Fuckel) Z. Moravec, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 72: 161 (1956)

Dialhypocrea Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba 23(3−4): 475 (1919) [1918]

Type species: Dialhypocrea puiggariana Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba 23(3−4): 475 [no. 320, reprint page 113] (1919) [1918]

Escovopsis J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia, Mycotaxon 37: 192 (1990)

Type species: Escovopsis weberi J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia [as ‘weberii’], Mycotaxon 37: 192 (1990)

Escovopsioides H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin, PLoS ONE 7(12): e51392, 6 (2012)

Type species: Escovopsioides nivea H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin, PLoS ONE 7(12): e51392, 6 (2012)

Hypocreopsis P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 251 (1873)

Type species: Hypocreopsis riccioidea (Bolton) P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 19: 221 (1871)

Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4 13: 11 (1860)

Type species: Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schwein.) Tul. & C. Tul., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4 13: 11 (1860)

Lichenobarya Etayo et al., in Lawrey et al., Bryologist 118: 88 (2015)

Type species: Lichenobarya usneae (Etayo) Etayo et al., in Lawrey et al., Bryologist 118: 88 (2015)

Mycogone Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 18 (1809)

Type species: Mycogone rosea Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 18 (1809)

Protocrea Petch, J. Bot., Lond. 75: 219 (1937)

Type species: Protocrea farinosa (Berk. & Broome) Petch, J. Bot., Lond. 75: 219 (1937)

Pseudohypocrea Yoshim. Doi, Bull. natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, N.S. 15: 655 (1972)

Type species: Pseudohypocrea citrinella (Ellis) Yoshim. Doi, Bull. natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 15(4): 655 (1972)

Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge, Sydowia 48(2): 250 (1996)

Type species: Rogersonia striolata Samuels & Lodge, Sydowia 48(2): 251 (1996)

Sepedonium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 18 (1809)

Type species: Sepedonium mycophilum (Pers.) Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 44 (1816) [1816–17]

Sibirina G.R.W. Arnold, Nova Hedwigia 19(1–2): 299 (1970) [1969]

Type species: Sibirina fungicola G.R.W. Arnold, Nova Hedwigia 18(1−2): 300 (1970) [1969]

Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 17: 778 (1905)

= Gliocladium Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 4: 30 (1840)

Type species: Sphaerostilbella lutea (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 17: 778 (1905)

Sporophagomyces K. Põldmaa & Samuels, in Pöldmaa et al., Can. J. Bot. 77(12): 1765 (1999)

Type species: Sporophagomyces chrysostomus (Berk. & Broome) K. Põldmaa & Samuels, in K. Põldmaa et al., Can. J. Bot. 77(12): 1765 (1999)

Stephanoma Wallr., Fl. crypt. Germ. (Norimbergae) 2: 269 (1833)

Type species: Stephanoma strigosum Wallr., Fl. crypt. Germ. (Norimbergae) 2: 269 (1833)

Key to the genera of Hypocreaceae with sexual morph

1. Coprophilous, asexual morph verticillium-like Aphysiostroma

1. Fungicolous or lignicolous rarely on herbaceous substrates, asexual morph Acremonium-, Gliocladium-, Stilbella-, Trichoderma- or verticillium-like 2

2. Ascospores transversely seriate, aseptate Rogersonia

2. Ascospores smooth, spinulose, longitudinally seriate, or ornamented but not transversely seriate. uniseptate or rarely multi-septate or aseptate 3

3. Ascospores 0−1-septate, rarely 3-septate, not disarticulating within the ascus 4

3. Ascospores 1-septate, disarticulating while in the ascus 5

4. Ascospores fusiform to naviculate or lanceolate, smooth-walled, sometimes finely verrucose, mature ascospores disarticulating into part ascospores after discharge.…… Sporophagomyces

4. Ascospores ellipsoid, lanceolate or fusiform, smooth, spinulose to tuberculate …....…….…….…….…........6

5. Stromata thin, arachnoid to loosely arranged, cottony, white to pink, ascospores hyaline to green…….....…..7

5. Stromata discrete or effused, pulvinate, hyaline, white, pale yellow to yellow orange, reddish brown, dark brown to black, ascospores hyaline or green……....…….....…8

6. Part ascospores irregularly globose, septum sub-median, disarticulating into dimorphic part ascospores, asexual morph verticillium-like…..….................... Arachnocrea

6. Part ascospores conical, septum median, disarticulating into monomorphic-part ascospores, asexual morph gliocladium-like………......……………...… Protocrea

7. Stromata pale yellow to yellow orange, ascospores hyaline…………………….………..........................… 9

7. Stromata hyaline, white, reddish brown, dark brown to black, ascospores hyaline or green………… Trichoderma

8. Stromata prosenchymatous, ascospores smooth, part ascospores conical to lemon-shaped, monomorphic ……………………… Pseudohypocrea

8. Stromata pseudoparenchymatous, ascospores spinulose, part ascospores dimorphic………………. Dialhypocrea

9. Ascospores typically fusiform, apiculate, often coarsely warted, rarely smooth or spinulose, ascomata typically partly or completely immersed in densely cottony or highly compacted subiculum, hyaline or in shades of yellow, orange tan or green……… Hypomyces

9. Ascospores ellipsoid to naviculate, non-apiculate, ascomata immersed or superficial on stomata, purple, reddish brown to grey or in shades of yellow….…. 10

10. Ascomata immersed in the well-developed stroma, reddish brown to grey…Hypocreopsis

10. Ascomata superficial on stromata, dark red to purple, or in shades of yellow…….. Sphaerostilbella

Key to the genera of Hypocreaceae with asexual morph

1. In leaf-cutting ant nests, conidiophore branched, vesiculate…………………………………………...…..2

1. On diverse fungi, soil, litter and wood, conidiophores simple, branched, trichodermoid, penicillate or verticillate…………………………………….......….3

2. Form lageniform phialides on terminal and intercalary globose vesicles, hyaline smooth-walled conidia in long chains….......…………………………. Escovopsioides

2. Form lageniform to subulate terminal and intercalary globose, clavate to cylindrical vesicles, conidia hyaline at first becoming pigmented with an ornamented or mucilaginous brown outer coat or sheath, arrange in short basipetal chains………………....….............Escovopsis

3. Produce phragmo conidia (primarily three-septate), resting spores lacking……………........ Sporophagomyces

3. Produce amero, didymo, phragmo or stauro conidia, resting spores present………………..……..….……. 4

4. Conidiomata postulate or absent, with trichodermoid branching conidiophore, conidia green or hyaline …………………………………….…… Trichoderma

4. Conidiomata absent, conidiophore unbranched, sparingly branched or penicillately or verticillately branched, conidia hyaline or pigmented…..………………..........5

5. Conidiogenous cell terminal and intercalary in conidiophore, produce stauro-conidia....................Stephanoma

5. Conidiogenous cell phialidic, produce amero, didymo, phragmo or stauro conidia…………………...………6

6. Produce two types of conidiophores and conidia……….……………………….….....……….7

6. Produce only one type of conidiophores and conidia…………….………………………....……….8

7. Conidiophores unbranched, sparingly branched or verticillate, produce hyaline or pigmented amero conidia……………………………….……. Sepedonium

7. Conidiophores monoblastic, branched or verticillate, produce hyaline amero conidia……..….…. Mycogone

8. Conidiophores densely verticillate, conidia arranged as singles (one conidium on each conidiogenous cell) ….…….…….…...........……………………… Sibirina

8. Conidiophores branched, penicillate or verticillate, conidia arrange as singles or in basipetal chains……Cladobotryum

Hyponectriaceae Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 305 (1923)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01775

Saprobic or pathogenic on dead plant matter, in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Appearing as black, shiny spots on host surface or small black lines arising from cracks in bark. Pseudostromata present or lacking, if present, superficial, forming clypeus over the ascomata. Ascomata solitary or aggregated, immersed, erumpent or rarely somewhat superficial, globose to ovoid, upright or horizontal, brown to black. Papilla short, ostiolate, with or without periphyses. Peridium comprising two layers, outer layer of brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer of hyaline, cells of textura angularis, in some genera cells are of textura globosa. Hamathecium of sparse, septate, paraphyses, tapering towards the apex, often deliquescing at maturity. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oblong, cylindrical or ellipsoidal, short pedicellate, with a J+, or J-, apical ring. Ascospores overlapping biseriate, or fasciculate, hyaline, yellow to light brown, fusoid, isthmoid, elongate filiform, obovoid, or oblong, asymmetric or symmetric, unicellular or septate, smooth-walled or verruculose, with or without a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Hyponectria Sacc.

Notes: Hyponectriaceae was introduced by Petrak (1923) to accommodate both Hyponectria and Anisostomula. Seventeen genera were included in the family by Hawksworth et al. (1995). However, Hyde et al. (1998) excluded most of the genera from the family, while Palmomyces and Charonectria were added (Hyde et al. 1998; Rossman et al. 1999). Hyponectriaceae comprises the genera Apiothyrium, Arecomyces, Arwidssonia, Cesatiella, Chamaeascus, Charonectria, Discosphaerina, Exarmidium, Frondicola, Hyponectria, Micronectria, Papilionovela, Pellucida, Physalospora, Phragmitensis, Rachidicola and Xenothecium (Sivanesan and Shivas 2002; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). This is a problematic family and it is not clear if it belongs in Xylariales. The type species Hyponectria buxi needs recollecting and sequencing as the sequence data in GenBank may be problematic (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012). The family is almost certainly polyphyletic and has been used as a “waste bin” for genera that cannot be assigned to other families (Jaklitsch et al. 2016). Consequently, other genera in this family should also be recollected and sequenced to establish their phylogenetic affinities. In this paper we include 17 genera that are listed in Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015), but do not provide a key to genera and most genera are probably wrongly placed. Pseudomassaria is placed in Pseudomassariaceae.

Hyponectria Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 2): 250 (1878)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02112; Fig. 72

Fig. 72

Hyponectria buxi (Material examined: UK, Surrey, Mickleham, on leaves of Buxus sp., 1927, E.W. Mason no. 365 (IMI 16895, IMI52229 and IMI49466). a-c Package of herbarium material d Herbarium specimen e Ascomata on the upper leaf surface f Ascomata on the lower leaf surface g Close up of ascoma h Close up of ascomata under microscope i Section of ascoma j Cells of peridium k–o Asci p–u Ascospores v J- reaction of apical ring in Melzer’s reagent. Scale bars: e–f = 500 μm g = 200 μm, h-i = 50 μm, j = 20 μm, k–o = 10 μm, p–u = 5 μm and v = 10 μm

Pathogenic or saprobic on leaves of Buxus sp. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed, depressed globose, visible as orange to brown dots on the host surface, coriaceous, ostiolate, solitary or mostly gregarious. Ostiole aperiphysate. Peridium one stratum of 2 layers of cells of textura angularis with thickened, brown walls cells around the ostiole. Paraphyses not observed. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindric-clavate to clavate, short pedicellate, with an indistinct, J-, apical ring. Ascospores overlapping biseriate or obliquely uniseriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal or oblong, straight or inequilateral, 1-celled, contents minutely guttulate, lacking a sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Hyponectria buxi (DC.) Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 2): 250 (1878)

Notes: Hyponectria is typified by Hyponectria buxi, which was introduced by Saccardo (1878). Hyponectria buxi needs to be recollected and sequenced as the sequence data in GenBank may be inaccurate. The other genera in this family should also be recollected and sequenced to establish affinities.

Other genera included

Apiothyrium Petr., Sydowia 1(1–3): 1 (1947)

Type species: Apiothyrium arcticum Petr., Sydowia 1(1–3): 1 (1947)

Arecomyces K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 48(2): 227 (1996)

Type species: Arecomyces frondicola K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 48(2): 232 (1996)

Arwidssonia B. Erikss., Svensk bot. Tidskr. 68: 199 (1974)

Type species: Arwidssonia empetri (Rehm) B. Erikss., Svensk bot. Tidskr. 68: 200 (1974)

Cesatiella Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 2): 250 (1878)

Type species: Cesatiella australis Sacc. & Speg., Michelia 1(no. 2): 250 (1878)

Chamaeascus L. Holm et al., Blyttia 51(3–4): 121 (1993)

Type species: Chamaeascus arcticus L. Holm et al., Blyttia 51(3–4): 121 (1993)

Charonectria Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 72 (1880)

Type species: Charonectria consolationis Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 72 (1880)

Discosphaerina Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 126(4–5): 353 (1917)

Type species: Discosphaerina discophora Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 126(4–5): 353 (1917)

Exarmidium P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 29, 222 (1873)

Type species: Exarmidium hysteriiforme P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 222 (1873)

Frondicola K. D. Hyde., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 110(2): 100 (1992)

Type species: Frondicola tunitricuspis K.D Hyde., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 110: 95–110, 1992

Micronectria Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 19(1): 45 (1885)

Type species: Micronectria guaranitica Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 19(1): 45 (1885)

Papilionovela Aptroot, Mycol. Res. 101(3): 266 (1997)

Type species: Papilionovela albothallina Aptroot, Mycol. Res. 101(3): 266 (1997)

Pellucida Dulym. et al., Mycol. Res. 105(2): 250 (2001)

Type species: Pellucida pendulina Dulym. et al., in Dulymamode et al., Mycol. Res. 105(2): 250 (2001)

Physalospora Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 14: 170 (1876)

Type species: Physalospora alpestris Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 14: 170 (1876)

Phragmitensis M.K.M. Wong et al., Bot. Mar. 41(4): 379 (1998)

Type species: Phragmitensis marina M.K.M. Wong et al., Bot. Mar. 41(4): 379 (1998)

Rachidicola K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl., in Hyde, Sydowia 47(2): 217 (1995)

Type species: Rachidicola palmae K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl., in Hyde, Sydowia 47(2): 218 (1995)

Xenothecium Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 589 (1919)

Type species: Xenothecium jodophilum Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 589 (1919)

Key to genera of Hyponectriaceae

1. Ascospore unicellular…………………………...……… 2

1. Ascospore multicellular……………………………… 7

2. A mucilaginous sheath………………………………. 3

2. Lacking a mucilaginous sheath……………………… 4

3. Ellipsoidal, Cylindrical, J-, immersed under a clypeus or pseudostroma ..….…………………..…… Arecomyces

3. Cymbiform, Clavate, lacking an apical apparatus, immersed, pseudostroma, globose to subglobose………… Phragmitensis

4. Oblong….….….….….….….….….….….….....……. 5

4. Baciliform to lunate, clavate to ellipsoidal, lacking apical apparatus immersed, non papillate, darker around the pore....…………….……….……..…...... Chamaeascus

5. Oblong or ellipsoidal…………………….…...……… 6

5. Oblong to fusiform, clavate, lacking ostiole and paraphyses………………………………...… Discosphaerina

6. Cylindric-clavated to clavate, J-, immersed, globose, Ostiole aperiphyses, paraphyses……....… Hyponectria

6. Cylindric-clavated to clavate, J+ or J-, immersed, globose or conical, clypeus……………...… Physalospora

7. 1-septate…………………………………...………… 8

7. More than 1 septate………………………...…….… 10

8. Apiosporous, lacking a J+…………………....……… 9

8. Oblong or ellipsoidal, J-, immersed, solitary, pallid clypeus……………………………………… Charonectria

9. Ascospore with spine-like appendages, cylindric-clavate, with inconspicuous apical ring, immersed under a pseudostroma……...……………..….….. Frondispora

9. Ascomata lie horizontally between the cuticle and epidermis of the host, with a laterally placed ostiole……………...……………………..… Apiothyrium

10. 2-septate, hyaline, lacking a mucilaginous sheath, cylindric-clavated to clavate, J-, immersed under the clypeus….....………………………........ Rachidicola

10. More than 2-septate……………………………..… 11

11. 1–3- septate or multiseptate………………………. 12

11. (l-)3(−5)-septate, hyaline, cylindrical to slightly saccate, J+, immersed, opening by 3–5 lobes…… Arwidossonia

12. 1–3- septate, long ellipsoid, ornamented with two colour, gelatinous wings, cylindrical, lacking an apical apparatus, apothecia erumpent, discoid with periphyses and paraphyses……………...............… Papilionovela

12. 3-septate or more than………………………..…… 13

13. 3-septae……………………………………....…… 14

13. Multiseptate………………………………………. 15

14. 3-septae, fusoid, hyaline, cylindrical, immersed, global, filiform paraphyses…………..… Cesatiella

14. 3-septage, ellipsoid to fusiform-oblong, hyaline-yellow, immersed in clusters under a clypeus, filiform paraphyses…………………………...... Exarmidium

15. Filiform, hyaline ascospore……………………….. 16

15. Oblong, hyaline ascospore, uniseriate, lacking a paraphyses………….....………………… Xenothecium

16. Cylindrical asci, erumpent, globose, Ostiole with papilla, paraphyses……………………….…. Micronectria

16. Filiform, hyaline ascospore……..…………. Pellucida

Iodosphaeriaceae O. Hilber, in Hilber & Hilber, The Genus Lasiosphaeria and Allied Taxa (Kelheim): 7 (2002)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01905

Saprobic on plant hosts. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, solitary, black, and easily removed from the substrate, ascomata covered with dark brown, setae-like, hairs, comprising agglutinated mycelial strands, with a stellate arrangement, arising from cells at the perithecial surface. Ostiole pore-like, periphysate. Peridium outer region comprising angular, pigmented, brown cells, inner region comprising flattened, hyaline cells. Paraphyses hypha-like, septate, flexuose, numerous, slightly tapered towards the apex. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, narrowly clavate, short pedicellate or apedicellate, apex rounded, with a J+, subapical ring. Ascospores biseriate, allantoid, unicellular, hyaline, smooth-walled, lacking sheaths or appendages. Asexual morph: Ceratosporium-like conidia have been observed on the surface of perithecia, but may not be related.

Type: Iodosphaeria Samuels et al., Mycotaxon 28(2): 486 (1987); Fig. 73

Fig. 73

Iodosphaeria phyllophila (Material examined: NEW ZEALAND: Kaipara Harbour, Mt Auckland, Atuanui State Forest; 17 November 1973, G.J. Samuels, GJS73-260, PDD 32622) a, b Herbarium package and material c, d Ascomata on the surface of host e Section of ascoma f Peridium g Ceratosporium-like conidium on the surface of the perithecia h–i Ascus apex with J+, subapical ring j–m Asci with ascospores (m stained in Melzer’s reagent). n–q Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 1000 μm, d = 500 μm, e = 50 μm, f, j–m = 10 μm, g = 20 μm, h, i, n–q = 5 μm

Type species: Iodosphaeria phyllophila (Mouton) Samuels et al., Mycotaxon 28(2): 486 (1987)

Notes: The family Iodosphaeriaceae was introduced by Hilber and Hilber (2002) to accommodate the genus Iodosphaeria. The genus was placed in the order Amphisphaeriales; as it has superficial ascomata covered with dark brown, setae-like hairs, comprising agglutinated mycelial strands, with a stellate arrangement (Hilber and Hilber 2002). Li et al. (2015b) introduced a new species, Iodosphaeria tongrenensis Li et al., bringing the total of species in the genus to nine. Li et al. (2015b) provided molecular data that showed this taxon clustered in Xylariales and in this study we confirm its distinctness as a family and placement in Xylariomycetidae. When Samuels et al. (1987) introduced the genus Iodosphaeria they deposited a specimen collected in New Zealand in PDD and this was used in this study to illustrate the family (Fig. 73).

Jobellisiaceae Réblová, Mycologia 100 (6): 899 (2009)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01906

Saprobic on wood in terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, superficial or erumpent, basally immersed, globose to subglobose, lageniform to obpyriform, brown to black or externally with yellowish pigments, solitary to gregarious, papillate with long upright neck. Peridium 3-layered, comprising cells of textura angularis or textura prismatica or textura intricata, some with an orange, middle wall layer. Hamathecium with numerous, filamentous, septate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to cylindric-clavate, short pedicellate, with a large, refractive, J-, apical ring, rarely with delicate ring like structures. Ascospores uniseriate to overlapping uniseriate, reddish brown to brown, to greenish brown, ellipsoidal to oblong-elliptical, to fusiform, 1-septate, with germ pores at one or both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Jobellisia M.E. Barr; Fig. 74

Fig. 74

Jobellisia luteola (Material examined: USA, Ohio, J.P. Morgan, 1109, NY 914363, holotype) a Herbarium label b, c Ascomata on substrate d, e Section through neck showing periphyses f Section through ascomata g, h Section through peridium showing wall layer i-k Squash mount of asci l Ascus. m–t Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 1 mm; c = 200 μm; f, g, i, j, k = 50 μm; d = 20 μm; e, m–t = 10 μm

Type species: Jobellisia luteola (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr, Mycotaxon 46: 61 (1993)

Notes: The monotypic family Jobellisiaceae was introduced by Réblová (2008) based on LSU rDNA sequence data. This family is characterized by superficial or basally immersed, astromatic, brown or yellowish, pigmented ascomata, and ellipsoidal, 1-septate, reddish brown to brown ascospores, with darker pigment at the median septum, with germ pores at one or both ends. The genus is found in tropical and temperate zones of the northern hemisphere (Réblová 2008). According to the phylogenetic analysis of Réblová (2008), the closest relatives of Jobellisia and the family Jobellisiaceae were members of the orders Diaporthales, Calosphaeriales and Togniniaceae. In the phylogenetic analyses carried out by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015), this family is raised to a new order Jobellisiales and is phylogenetically closer to Togniniales and Calosphaeriales.

The genus currently comprises nine species. Jobellisia was placed in Clypeosphaeriaceae by Barr (1994), and Huhndorf et al. (1999) suggested that this genus should be placed in Diaporthales. A new family Jobellisiaceae was introduced by Réblová (2008) to accommodate Jobellisia.

Juncigenaceae E.B.G. Jones et al., in Jones et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 133 (2014)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01665

Saprobic growing on substrates, such as intertidal wood, mangrove and herbaceous wood and roots, bark, leaves in marine habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, subglobose to pyriform, immersed to superficial, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, brown to dark-brown, ostiolate, periphysate, papillate. Peridium comprising several cell layers of ellipsoidal to subglobose cells forming textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, narrow, unbranched, persistent, paraphyses, connected to the apex and base of the ascomatal wall. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, persistent, clavate, cylindrical to fusiform, with apical ring, short pedicellate. Ascospores uniseriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal, clavate to fusiform, 1–3-septate with or without equatorial and polar appendages. Asexual morph: hyphomycetous. Hyphae septate, branched, hyaline to brown. Conidiogenous cells non-specialized, short, lateral, solitary, helicoid, septate, light to dark brown. Conidia brown, single, helicoid, septate, constricted at the septa.

Type: Juncigena Kohlm. et al.

Notes: The family Juncigenaceae was introduced by Jones et al. (2014) with Juncigena as the type genus and included the genera Fulvocentrum, Marinokulati and Moheitospora. They formed a monophyletic clade with high statistical support based on analysis of SSU and LSU sequence data. The family forms sister clades to the Etheirophoraceae, Falcocladiacee and Torpedosporaceae in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. Jones et al. (2014) showed that the species Swampomyces aegyptiacus Abdel-Wahab, El-Shar. & E.B.G. Jones and S. clavatispora Abdel-Wahab, El-Shar. & E.B.G. Jones did not group in the genus Swampomyces sensu stricto and introduced the genus Fulvocentrum to accommodate them. Likewise, the marine ascomycete Chaetosphaeria chaetosa Kohlm. did not group in Chaetosphaeria sensu stricto (Chaetosphaeriales) and was transferred to a new genus Marinokulati (Jones et al. 2014). Moheitospora ruticosae Abdel-Wahab, Abdel-Aziz & Nagah., an asexual morph, groups in this family with high support. Jones et al. (2014) referred the Juncigenaceae to the subclass Hypocreomycetidae, order incertae sedis with the Hypocreales as a sister order and this was followed in Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). Subsequently, Jones et al. (2015) introduced the order Torpedosporales to accommodate the three marine families: Etheirophoraceae, Juncigenaceae and Torpedosporaceae

Juncigena Kohlm. et al., Bot. Mar. 40(4): 291 (1997)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02113; Figs 75, 76

Fig. 75

Juncigena adarca (USA, North Carolina, Broad Creek (Atlantic Ocean), 34° 43′ 00″N, 76° 55′ 07″W (34.717, −76.919), on standing dead culms of Juncus roemerianus Scheele (Juncaceae), 9 October 1994J. Kohlmeyer (NY01276214, holotype) a Herbarium material b Ascoma c, d Ascoma in cross section e Asci and Ascospores f–l Ascospores. Note: Figure e and i are stained in Melzer’s reagent. Scale bars: b = 200 μm, c–d = 100 μm, e = 50 μm, f–l = 20

Fig. 76

Cirrenalia adarca (asexual morph of Juncigena adarca). a Conidia from decomposing insect larva in leaf of Juncus roemerianus. b Conidia from culture on seawater agar, isolate made from ascospores of J. adarca (redrawn from Kohlmeyer et al. 1997). Scale bars: a, b = 10 μm

Saprobic, a salt marsh fungus on the sedge Juncus roemerianus, which is obligate marine. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, subglobose to pyriform, coriaceous, fuscous, immersed, ostiolate, papillate. Ostiolar canal cylindrical, periphysate, hyaline. Peridium comprising several layers of ellipsoidal to subglobose cells, forming a textura angularis, darker to hyaline from outside to inside. Hamathecium composed of unbranched pseudoparaphyses attached to the top and bottom of the ascomatal cavity. Asci 8-spored, fusiform to cylindrical, short pedicellate, unitunicate, with a J-, apical ring. Ascospores uni or biseriate, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoidal, 3-septate, constricted at the septa. Asexual morph: Saprobic on submerged bases of leaves in marine habitats. Hyphae hyaline to light brown, septate, branched; in pure culture producing conidia and multi-celled intercalary chlamydospores. Conidiogenous cells non-specialized, short, lateral, similar to vegetative hyphae; solitary, irregularly helicoid, light to dark brown, deeply constricted at the septa, increasing in diam. from base to apex. Conidia brown, single, helicoid, septate, constricted at the septa

Type species: Juncigena adarca Kohlm. et al., Bot. Mar. 40(4): 291 (1997)

Asexual morph. Cirrenalia adarca Kohlm. et al., Bot. Mar. 40(4): 292 (1997)

Notes: This genus was introduced by Kohlmeyer et al. (1997). Eriksson (1999) included Juncigena in the family Magnaporthaceae. Analysis of sequence data from protein coding and ribosomal nuclear loci (Schoch et al. 2007) has shown that Juncigena adarca clusters with Swampomyces sp. and is associated with Coronophorales with good support. However, Jones et al. (2009b) referred Juncigena to Hypocreales incertae sedis and Jones et al. (2014) transferred this genus in to a newly introduced family Juncigenaceae.

Other genera included

Fulvocentrum E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab, Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 131 (2014)

Type species: Fulvocentrum aegyptiaca (Abdel-Wahab et al.) E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab, in Jones et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 131 (2014)

Marinokulati E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 132 (2014)

Type species: Marinokulati chaetosa (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 133 (2014)

Moheitospora Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 551 (2010)

Type species: Moheitospora fruticosae Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 551 (2010)

Key to genera of Juncigenaceae

1. Coelomycete with helicoid conidia…………..… Moheitospora

1. Ascomycete with fusiform to elongate ellipsoidal ascospores …………………………………....……….......2

2. Asci with an attenuate at the base, ascospores with polar and equatorial appendages…………..… Marinokulati

2. Asci with a short pedicel, ascospores lacking appendages…………..… 3

3. Asci with an apical ring…………..… Juncigena

3. Asci with thickened apex…………..… Fulvocentrum

Kathistaceae Malloch & M. Blackw., Can. J. Bot. 68(8): 1719 (1990)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01289

Saprobic on herbivore dung and insects. Sexual morph: Ascomata globose to subglobose, with a long neck composed of parallel hyphae, straight curved ostiolar setae, with spherical spore-bearing structures (sporidiomata), cylindrical unicellular extension present. Peridium thin walled, pseudoparenchymatous, forming cells of textura angularis in surface view and thick walled in cross section. Hamathecium lacking interascal filaments. Asci unitunicate, 8–spored, ellipsoidal to fusoid, thin-walled, evanescent at maturity, arranged in a basal fascicle. Ascospores clavate to falcate, hyaline or pale brown, 0–1 or transversely multi septate. Asexual morph: Conidiomata superficially similar to the ascomata, spherical, hyaline, without hyphal attachments, single wall layer thick at base, with or without ostiole, when present ostiole comprising with long neck. Conidiomatal wall composed of flattened cells of textura angularis. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, hyaline, and smooth. Conidia spherical or cylindrical, produced in the center of the conidiomata, hyaline, smooth, 0–1 or multi-septate, escaping in a continuous chain through the ostiolar neck.

Type: Kathistes Malloch & M. Blackw.

Notes: The monotypic family Kathistaceae was established invalidly by Malloch and Blackwell (1990), to accommodate the type species Kathistes calyculata, and two more species, K. fimbriata (Barrasa & G. Moreno) Malloch & Blackw., and K. analemmoides (Malloch & Blackw.). Malloch and Blackwell (1990) placed Kathistaceae in order Ophiostomatales based on the characters such as, ellipsoidal to spherical asci borne uniformly in the centrum. However, Kathistes, which was characterized with globose to subglobose ascomata, long necked perithecia with setose ostioles and ascospore germinating by repetition to produce budding yeast-like cells, morphologically does not appear to be closely related to other genera (Malloch and Blackwell 1990).

Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) included three genera in the family Kathistaceae, including both sexual and asexual morphs. Kathistes is the only sexual genus in Kathistaceae, while Mattirolella and Termitariopsis are asexual genera.

Kathistes Malloch & M. Blackw., Can. J. Bot. 68(8): 1712 (1990)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01290; Fig. 77

Fig. 77

Kathistes calyculata (Material examined: CANADA, New Brunswick, Charlotte Co., St. James Parish, Upper Canoose Flowage, on moose dung in moist chamber, 8 August 1987; D. Malloch and M. Blackwell, TRCT51145, holotype) a, b Material c Ascomata on substrate d Ascoma terminated by incurved setae to form a cup-like apex e Ascoma neck show substructure f Apex of ascoma neck g Peridium h Asci i, j, k, l Ascospores m, n, o, p Ascospores germinating q Yeast cells r Sporidiomata showing single-celled wall. Scale bars: c = 200 μm, d = 30 μm, e = 20 μm, f and g, = 10 μm, i, j, k and l = 5 μm (redrawn from Malloch and Blackwell 1990)

Saprobic on herbivore dung. Sexual morph: Ascomata subsphaerical to spherical, hyaline to pale brown, transparent, glabrous, thin-walled, with a long neck, with hyphal attachments extending into the substrate. Ostiolar neck long, dark reddish brown, composed of parallel hyphal elements, terminated by incurved setae to form a cuplike apex, often with a thickened collar-like area joined to the perithecium. Peridium one cell layer thick, comprising cells of textura angularis in surface view. Hamathecium lacking. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoidal to broadly clavate, short stipitate, tapered below, thin-walled, evanescent at maturity, arranged in a basal fascicle. Ascospores narrowly clavate to falcate, hyaline, smooth, initially unicellular, one septum at initially and more septa at maturity, without pores or slits, lacking gelatinous sheath, germinating by repetition of budding yeast-like cells. Asexual morph: Conidiomata superficially similar to the ascomata, spherical, hyaline, with a long neck, without hyphal attachments. Peridium comprising flattened cells of textura angularis, one cell layer thick. Ostiolar neck unicellular, dark reddish brown, arising from a single peridium cell, continuous into the hollow center of the conidiomata, open apically at maturity. Conidia spherical, produced in the center of the conidiomata, hyaline, smooth, escaping in a continuous chain through the ostiolar neck.

Type species: Kathistes calyculata Malloch & M. Blackw., Can. J. Bot. 68(8): 1712 (1990)

Notes: The genus Kathistes was introduced as the type genus in Kathistaceae by Malloch and Blackwell (1990), which was originally described with three species. The genus is characterized by long-necked perithecia with setose ostioles, basally arranged asci, with hyaline, transversely septate, ascospores without pores, slits, or sheaths. A budding yeast-like asexual morph is produced directly from the cells of the ascospores in culture.

In addition, preliminary data obtained from sequence data, show that Kathistes species are different from both Pyxidiophoraceae and Ophiostomataceae, hence a family Kathistaceae was introduced to accommodate Kathistes (Malloch and Blackwell 1990).

Other genera included

Mattirolella S. Colla, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 22: 44 (1929)

Type species: Mattirolella silvestrii S. Colla [as ‘silverstrii’], Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 22: 44 (1929)

Termitariopsis M. Blackw et al., Mycotaxon 12(1): 98 (1980)

Type species: Termitariopsis cavernosa M. Blackw et al., Mycotaxon 12(1): 98 (1980)

Key to genera of Kathistaceae

1. Conidiomata hyaline, with a long neck………………………………..……………Kathistes

1. Conidiomata black, without neck……………………………………………….…………..2

2. Phialoconidia……………………………………………….…………..Mattirolella

2. Macroconidia …………………………………………………………………Termitariopsis

Koralionastetaceae Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycologia 79(5): 764 (1987)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01391

Saprobic on coralline covered rocks, sponges or on algae, found in marine habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata black, subglobose, ovoid or ellipsoidal, superficial, ostiolate, papillate or epapillate, periphysate, subiculate, or without subiculum. Hamathecium composed of simple, septate paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to ellipsoidal or fusiform, pedicellate, deliquescent. Ascospores overlapping, hyaline, ellipsoidal to fusiform, multi-septate near the apices, or filiform and evenly multi-septate, thick or thin walled, germinating apically, lacking appendages. Asexual morph: Spermatia enteroblastic, subglobose.

Type: Koralionastes Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Notes: The family Koralionastetaceae was introduced by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1987) to include a single genus Koralionastes, based on the thick-walled ascospores that germinate into hyphae bearing phialidic antheridia with enteroblastic spermatia. However, the ordinal and higher classification of the family Koralionastetaceae was unclear and Koralionastes was referred to Ascomycota genera incertae sedis (Eriksson 2006). A molecular study with SSU and LSU sequence data, with supporting morphological characteristics, enabled the assignment of the genera Koralionastes and Pontogeneia to the new order Koralionastetales, which is a sister group to the order Lulworthiales (Campbell et al. 2009). The orders Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales clustered together in a well-supported clade based on combined sequence data and a new subclass Lulworthiomycetidae was introduced by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015).

Koralionastes Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycologia 79(5): 765 (1987)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02114; Fig. 78

Fig. 78

Koralionastes ovalis (Material examined: BELIZE, back reef of South water Cay, sub tidal coral slab (0.2–0.5 m deep), November 1986, J. Kohlmeyer; NY 1317811, NY 1317823, NY 1317828, NY 1317838, slides from holotype) a Microslides of Koralionastes ovalis b Section through ascoma (NY 1317811) c Section through peridium d–g Asci (NY 1317828) h Paraphyses (NY 1317828) i–l Ascospores (NY 1317838). Scale bars: b, c, h = 100 μm, d-g, i–l = 50 μm

Saprobic on coralline covered rocks, sponges or on algae, found in marine habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata ellipsoidal, superficial, ostiolate, periphysate, papillate, black, subiculate, single. Peridium composed of several layers of pseudoparenchymatous cells, forming a textura angularis, more or less incrusted with melanin. Paraphyses simple, rarely branched, septate, filling immature ascomata, later surrounding the asci. Asci 8-spored, clavate to ellipsoidal, lacking an apical ring, with a short pedicel, dissolving at maturity, unitunicate, arising from an ascogenous tissue at the base of the locule. Ascospores overlapping, ellipsoidal to oval, with several cross septa, mostly septate near the apices, hyaline, thick-walled, lacking a sheath or appendages, germinating apically. Asexual morph: Spermatia enteroblastic, with basipetal succession, subglobose, wall cup shaped, hyaline, sticky.

Type species: Koralionastes ovalis Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycologia 79(5): 765 (1987)

Notes: Koralionastes was introduced by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1987) with three species, Koralionastes angustus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., K. ellipticus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. and K. ovalis Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. (the type species) encountered from corals and placed under a novel family Koralionastetaceae. Subsequently, two new species, K. giganteus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. and K. violaceus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. were introduced by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1990). Koralionastes species are found on dead coralline covered rocks among crustose sponges and their ascospores have double walls and are ellipsoidal or fusiform (Campbell et al. 2009). The genera Koralionastes and Pontogenia differ from members of the Lulworthiales by the possession of paraphyses and periphyses, and lack apical mucous-containing chambers or gelatinous sheaths.

Other genus included

Pontogeneia Kohlm., Bot. Jb. 96(1–4): 201 (1975)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02115; Fig. 79

Fig. 79

Pontogeneia padinae (Material examined: Intertidal zone at the Marine Laboratory of the University of Arizona, on living plants near the base among rhizoids of the holdfast, 22 June 1974, J. J. Kohlmeyer, NY 985934, holotype) a, b Herbarium material of Pontogeneia padinae c Ascomata on the base of algae d section through ascomata e Peridium f–i Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 100 μm, e = 20 μm, f–i = 10 μm

Parasitic on marine algae (Phaeophyta). Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary to gregarious, subglobose or ovoid, superficial or semi immersed ostiolate, papillate or epapillate, coriaceous, black. Paraphyses distinct, thick, septate, or indistinct. Asci 8-spored, clavate or fusiform, unitunicate, thin walled, early deliquescing, attached in the lower part of the locule. Ascospores filiform, rearly ellipsoidal, hyaline, often curved, phragmosporous. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Pontogeneia padinae Kohlm., Bot. Jb. 96(1–4): 201 (1975)

Notes: The genus Pontogeneia was introduced by Kohlmeyer (1975) for five perithecial ascomycetes parasitizing marine Phaeophyta. Two more species have since been added (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1979; Kohlmeyer and Demoulin 1981). Later, Pontogeneia microdictyi Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm was introduced to this genus by Campbell et al. (2009). All Pontogeneia species are associated with marine algae, belonging to the Chlorophyta or Phaeophyta (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1979; Kohlmeyer and Demoulin 1981). Based on the combined dataset of SSU and LSU rDNA sequences and morphological characters, the genera Koralionastes and Pontogeneia were assigned to the new order Koralionastetales (Campbell et al. 2009). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) and Jones et al. (2015) confirmed the placement of both Koralionastes and Pontogeneia under Koralionastetaceae, Koralionastetales.

Key to the genera of Koralionastetaceae

1. On coral rock, associated with crustose sponges………………………………..……………Koralionastes

1. On algae………………………………..……………Pontogeneia

Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 50 (1932)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01145

Saprobic on wood, rotting vegetation, dung of herbivores, in freshwater, marine or terrestrial habitats, many coprophilous. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial or cleistothecial, gregarious or scattered, yellow, brown to black, solitary, superficial, erumpent or immersed, globose, subglobose to ovoid, carbonaceous, coriaceous or membranaceous, ornamented, tuberculate or smooth, with setae or hairs, papillate or papilla indistinct or absent, ostiolate, periphysate, the apex collapsing when dry. Peridium thick (10–100 μm), composed of two layers, outer layer comprising brown cells of textura angularis or globulosa, carbonaceous, coriaceous or membranaceous; inner layer comprising hyaline cells of textura prismatica or porrecta, thin, membranaceous. Hamathecium with numerous, hyaline, septate, filiform or cylindrical paraphyses. Asci 4- or 8-spored, unitunicate, thin or thick-walled, cylindrical to clavate, pedicellate, J-. Ascospores uni-seriate to irregularly biseriate, allantoid, clavate, cylindrical, ellipsoid to dumbbell-shaped, curved or not, 0–multi-septate, concolourous or versicolorous, hyaline, brown or black, divided, ornamented or smooth, with or without germ pore, appendages present or absent, with or without guttules. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores macronematous or mononematous, scattered or gregarious, brown, straight, septate, branched, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic or holoblastic, phialidic, hyaline to dark brown, subglobose to ampulliform, proliferating percurrently, with collarette. Conidia solitary, globose, subglobose to cylindrical, hyaline to brown, smooth, aseptate.

Type: Lasiosphaeria Ces. & De Not

Notes: The family Lasiosphaeriaceae was introduced by Nannfeldt (1932) based on black ascomata and cylindrical asci, with brown to hyaline ascospores, and is typified by Lasiosphaeria (Cesati and de Notaris 1863). This family is polyphyletic (Barr 1990) and this was confirmed by Huhndorf (2004a) based on analysis of LSU sequence data. Lasiosphaeriaceae is similar to Nitschkiaceae and Tripterosporaceae (Barr 1990), the former differs by having turbinate, ostiolate ascomata and septate ascospores (Munk 1957; Carroll and Munk 1964; Lundqvist 1972; Kruys et al. 2014). The family Lasiosphaeriaceae forms a sister clade to Chaetomiaceae with high support (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015) and has 35 accepted genera. The family needs to be revised following a thorough molecular study.

Lasiosphaeria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 229 (1863)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01146, Fig. 80

Fig. 80

Lasiosphaeria ovina (Material examined: SWEDEN, Småland, Högsby par., Massemåla, on decayed branch of apple tree in old pasture, N. Lundqvist, 3 October 1992, S F-123316). a Material label b Specimens c Ascomata d Ascoma cross section e Peridium. f Paraphyses g-j Asci k-o Ascospores Notes: Figs f-o soaked in 3 % KOH. Scale bars: c = 200 μm, d = 100 μm, e, g-j = 20 μm, f, k–o = 5 μm

Saprobic on wood, rotting vegetation, dung of herbivores, in fresh water or terrestrial habitats, many coprophilous. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, gregarious or scattered, brown to black, solitary, superficial or sub-immersed, globose, subglobose to ovoid, carbonaceous, coriaceous or membranaceous, ornamented or smooth, with variously coloured tomentum below neck, papillate or indistinct, sitting on brown, septate subiculum, ostiolate and periphysate. Peridium thick (30–80 μm), composed of two layers, outer layer comprising brown cells of textura angularis, carbonaceous or coriaceous; inner layer comprising hyaline cells of textura prismatica, thin, membranaceous. Hamathecium, with numerous, hyaline, septate, filiform paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin walled, cylindrical to clavate, pedicellate, J-. Ascospores uni to biseriate, hyaline, yellowish to brown, allantoid, cylindrical to ellipsoid, curved or not, smooth, gelatinous appendages present or absent, with or without guttules, one end swollen or not. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Lasiosphaeria ovina (Pers.) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 229 (1863)

Notes: The genus Lasiosphaeria was introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863), to accommodate the type species L. ovina. This genus was included in Lasiosphaeriaceae, under the Sordariales based on its brown ascospores with pores (Barr 1990). It is characterized by tuberculate ascomata, covered with variously coloured tomenta, carbonaceous ascomata, numerous paraphyses, clavate asci and diverse-shaped ascospores.

Other genera included

Angulimaya Subram. & Lodha, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 30: 329 (1964)

Type species: Angulimaya sundara Subram. & Lodha, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 30: 329 (1964)

Anopodium N. Lundq., Bot. Notiser 117: 356 (1964)

Type species: Anopodium ampullaceum N. Lundq., Bot. Notiser 117: 356 (1964)

Apiosordaria Arx & W. Gams, Nova Hedwigia 13: 201 (1967)

Type species: Apiosordaria verruculosa (C.N. Jensen) Arx & W. Gams, Nova Hedwigia 13: 201 (1967)

Apodospora Cain & J.H. Mirza, Can. J. Bot. 48(5): 891 (1970)

Type species: Apodospora simulans Cain & J.H. Mirza, Can. J. Bot. 48(5): 891 (1970)

Apodus Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 49(6): 872 (1971)

Type species: Apodus deciduus Malloch & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 49(6): 872 (1971)

Arniella Jeng & J.C. Krug, Mycologia 69(1): 73 (1977)

Type species: Arniella echoura Jeng & J.C. Krug, Mycologia 69(1): 74 (1977)

Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter, Bot. Ztg. 31: 450 (1873)

Type species: Arnium lanuginosum Nitschke [as ‘lanuginosa’], Bot. Ztg. 31: 450 (1873)

Bellojisia Réblová, Mycologia 100(6): 897 (2008)

Type species: Bellojisia rhynchostoma (Höhn.) Réblová, Mycologia 100(6): 897 (2008)

Biconiosporella Schaumann, Veröff. Inst. Meeresf. Bremerhaven 14(1): 24 (1972)

Type species: Biconiosporella corniculata Schaumann, Veröff. Inst. Meeresf. Bremerhaven 14(1): 24 (1972)

Bombardia (Fr.) P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 20 (1873)

Type species: Bombardia fasciculata Fr., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 20 (1873)

Bombardioidea C. Moreau ex N. Lundq., Symb. bot. upsal. 20(no. 1): 274 (1972)

Type species: Bombardioidea bombardioides (Auersw.) Moreau, Encyclop. Mycol. 25(1): 317 (1954)

Camptosphaeria Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 140 (1870) [1869–70]

Type species: Camptosphaeria sulphurea Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 140 (1870) [1869–70]

Cercophora Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 244 (1870) [1869–70]

Type species: Cercophora mirabilis Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 245 (1870) [1869–70]

Cladorrhinum Sacc. & Marchal, in Marchal, Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 24(1): 64 (1885)

Type species: Cladorrhinum foecundissimum Sacc. & Marchal, in Marchal, Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 24(1): 64 (1885)

Diffractella Guarro et al., Syst. Ascom. 10: 107 (1991)

Type species: Diffractella curvata (Fuckel) Guarro et al., Syst. Ascom., Reprint of Volumes 1–4 (1982–1985) 10(2): 108 (1991)

Emblemospora Jeng & J.C. Krug, Can. J. Bot. 54(16): 1971 (1976)

Type species: Emblemospora monotrema Jeng & J.C. Krug, Can. J. Bot. 54(16): 1972 (1976)

Eosphaeria Höhn., Annls mycol. 15(5): 362 (1917)

Type species: Eosphaeria uliginosa (Kunze) Höhn., Annls mycol. 15(5): 362 (1917)

Fimetariella N. Lundq., Bot. Notiser 117: 239 (1964)

Type species: Fimetariella rabenhorstii (Niessl) N. Lundq., Bot. Notiser 117: 239 (1964)

Immersiella A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, Mycol. Res. 108(1): 31 (2004)

Type species: Immersiella immersa (P. Karst.) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, Mycol. Res. 108(1): 31 (2004)

Jugulospora N. Lundq., Symb. bot. upsal. 20(no. 1): 256 (1972)

Type species: Jugulospora rotula (Cooke) N. Lundq., Symb. bot. upsal. 20(no. 1): 260 (1972)

Lacunospora Cailleux, Cahiers de La Maboké 6(2): 93 (1969) [1968]

Type species: Lacunospora stercoraria Cailleux, Cahiers de La Maboké 6(2): 96 (1969) [1968]

Mammaria Ces. ex Rabenh., Bot. Ztg. 12: 190 (1854)

Type species: Mammaria echinobotryoides Ces., in Rabenhorst, Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol., Editio novo. Century 19: no. 1859 (1854)

Melanocarpus Arx, Stud. Mycol. 8: 17 (1975)

Type species: Melanocarpus albomyces (Cooney & R. Emers.) Arx, Stud. Mycol. 8: 175 (1975)

Periamphispora J.C. Krug, Mycologia 81(3): 476 (1989)

Type species: Periamphispora phacelodes J.C. Krug, Mycologia 81(3): 476 (1989)

Podospora Ces., in Rabenhorst, Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol.: no. 259 (vel 258) (1856)

Type species: Podospora fimiseda (Ces. & De Not.) Niessl, Hedwigia 22: 156 (1883)

Pseudocercophora Subram. & Sekar, Journal of the Singapore National Academy of Science 15: 58 (1986)

Type species: Pseudocercophora ingoldii Subram. & Sekar, Journal of the Singapore National Academy of Science 15: 58 (1986)

Rinaldiella Deanna A et al., in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 32: 301 (2014)

Type species: Rinaldiella pentagonospora Deanna A. Sutton et al., in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 32: 301 (2014)

Schizothecium Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 2: 29 (1838)

Type species: Schizothecium fimicola Corda [as ‘fimicolum’], Icon. fung. (Prague) 2: 29 (1838)

Strattonia Cif., Sydowia 8(1–6): 245 (1954)

Type species: Strattonia tetraspora (R. Stratton) Cif., Sydowia 8(1–6): 245 (1954)

Thaxteria Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 9: 687 (1891)

Type species: Thaxteria kunkelii Giard, C. r. Seanc. Soc. Biol. 44(4): 156 (1892)

Triangularia Boedijn, Annls mycol. 32(3/4): 302 (1934)

Type species: Triangularia bambusae (J.F.H. Beyma) Boedijn, Annls mycol. 32(3/4): 302 (1934)

Tripterosporella Subram. & Lodha, Curr. Sci. 37: 246 (1968)

Type species: Tripterosporella coprophila Subram. & Lodha, Curr. Sci. 37: 246 (1968)

Zygopleurage Boedijn, Persoonia 2(3): 316 (1962)

Type species: Zygopleurage zygospora (Speg.) Boedijn, Persoonia 2(3): 316 (1962)

Zygospermella Cain, Mycologia 27(2): 227 (1935)

Type species: Zygospermella setosa (Cain) Cain, Mycologia 27(2): 227 (1935)

Key to genera of Lasiosphaeriaceae

1. Hyphomycete…………………..………………………....2

1. Ascomycete…………………..………………………....4

2. Conidia brown to dark brown…………………..………………………....Mammaria

2. Conidia hyaline 3

3. Conidia globose to subglobose…………………..………………………....Angulimaya

3. Conidia ellipsoid to obovoid…………………..………………………....Cladorrhinum

4. Asci 4-spored…………………..………………………....Lacunospora

4. Asci 8-spored…………………..………………………....5

5. Ascomata carbonaceous…………………..………………………....6

5. Ascomata coriaceous or membranaceous…………………..………………………....9

6. Ascomata pyriform…………………..………………………....Camptosphaeria

6. Ascomata subglobose to ovoid…………………..………………………....7

7. Ascomata covered with variously coloured tomentum below neck…………………..………………………....Lasiosphaeria

7. Ascomata without tomentum below neck, with setae or tuberculate……………………… 8

8. Ascomata with hairy asexual morphs in Mammaria…………………… Pseudocercophora

8. Ascomata without hairy asexual morphs, ascospores L-shaped, multi-septate, with short appendages at the ends, sexual morphs Cladorrhinum-like…………………… Eosphaeria

9. Ascomata coriaceous…………………………………………………………………..… 10

9. Ascomata membranaceous……………………………………………………………..… 17

10. Marine fungi………………………………………………………………. Biconiosporella

10. Not marine fungi…………………………………………………………………..……. 11

11. Ascomata cleistothecial………………………………………………..…. Tripterosporella

11. Ascomata perithecial……………………………………………………………….…… 12

12. Ascomata sitting on or in the subiculum……………………………………………..…. 13

12. Ascomata superficial to immersed on the bark, without a subiculum…………………… 14

13. Ascospores cylindrical to ellipsoid, guttulate…………………………………. Bombardia

13. Ascospores allantoid………………………………………………………….… Thaxteria

14. Ascomata with hairs………………………………………………………………..…… 15

14. Ascomata without hairs……………………………………………………… Fimetariella

15. Ascospores concolourous………………………………………………… Periamphispora

15. Ascospores versicolored………………………………………………………………… 16

16. Ascomata ovoid or pyriform………………………………………………… Triangularia

16. Ascomata globose or subglobose…………………………………………….…. Strattonia

17. Ascospores with 1 or 2 germ pores……………………………………………………… 18

17. Ascospores without or with inconspicuous germ pore…………………………………. 20

18. Ascospores with 2 germ pores…………………………………………………….……. 19

18. Ascospores with a single germ pore……………………………………………….……. 24

19. Ascospores ellipsoid to fusiform, surround by a gelatinous sheath………. Bombardioidea

19. Ascospores comprising two ellipsoid, not surround by a gelatinous sheath, with short appendages………………………………………………………………… Zygopleurage

19. Ascospores cylindrical, with long appendages at the ends………………… Zygospermella

20. Ascomata with hairs or setae…………………………………………………….……… 21

20. Ascomata without hairs…………………………………………………….… Immersiella

21. Ascomata concolourous……………………………………………………………….… 22

21. Ascomata versicolored…………………………………………………..……. Anopodium

22. Ascomata ovoid to obpyriform……………………………………………………….…. 23

22. Ascomata globose…………………………………………………………..… Diffractella

22. Ascomata pyriform to subglobose…………………………………………….. Rinaldiella

23. Ascospores without appendages…………………………………………..…. Jugulospora

23. Ascospores with appendages at ends…………………………………………… Podospora

24. Ascomata smooth…………………………………………………………..…. Apodospora

24. Ascomata with hairs or tomentose……………………………………………………… 25

25. Ascomata tomentose, with cylindrical neck………………………………….…. Bellojisia

25. Ascomata with hairs…………………………………………………………………..… 26

26. Ascomata with swollen agglutinated hairs……………………………..….. Schizothecium

26. Ascomata with cylindrical hairs………………………………………………………… 27

27. Ascospores concolourous……………………………………………………………..… 28

27. Ascospores versicolored…………………………………………………..… Apiosordaria

28. Ascospores surround by a gelatinous sheath……………………..................................... 29

28. Ascospores with appendage at ends…………………………………………………..… 30

28. Ascospores without appendages and sheath……………………………………….……. 31

29. Asci with apical ring…Apodus

29. Asci lacking apical ring…………………………………………………..…Arniella

30. Ascospores oval to ellipsoid……………………………………….…….Arnium

30. Ascospores cylindrical, straight or the lower cell curved when mature, upper cell ventricose……………………………………….…….Cercophora

31. Ascospores oval to ellipsoid, divided in all directions……………………………………….…….Emblemospora

31. Ascospores globose to subglobose, smooth-walled……………………………………….…….Melanocarpus

Lautosporaceae Kohlm. et al., Bot. Mar. 38(2): 169 (1995)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01764

Saprobic on submerged mangrove wood in marine habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata fusiform to ellipsoidal, ostiolate, brown, coriaceous, solitary. Hamathecium of simple, septate persistent paraphyses. Asci 4-spored, cylindrical, short pedicellate, thick-walled, unitunicate, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores uni- or biseriate, fusiform, muriform, distoseptate, hyaline, outer wall very thick. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Lautospora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones

Notes: Kohlmeyer et al. (1995) introduced this family for two marine Lautospora species, Lautospora gigantea K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones and Lautospora simillima Kohlm. et al., thought to possess bitunicate asci and were not assigned to any order in the Dothideomycetes (Kohlmeyer et al. 1995). Based on LSU sequence data (S. Suetrong, unpublished data), L. simillima was referred to an unnamed clade in Sordariomycetes and in a basal clade to the orders Diaporthales (Jones et al. 2015). Jones et al. (2015) showed that L. simillima groups with the neotropical ascomycete Mirannulata samuelsii Huhndorf et al. with weak support, but they share few similar morphological features (Huhndorf et al. 2003). The Lautospora/Mirannulata clade formed a sister group to Vertexicola caudatus K.D. Hyde et al. and Rhamphoria delicatula Niessl (Annulatascaceae) in an unsupported clade hence, Jones et al. (2015) emended the diagnosis of the family Lautosporaceae.

Lautospora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Bot. Mar. 32(3): 479 (1989)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02116; Fig. 81

Fig. 81

Lautospora spp.: a L. simillima Ascoma immersed in substratum b Two ascospores with thick-walled apical region of ascus (Material examined: THAILAND, Chumporn Province, Wetland Development Office 12, mangrove forest, on mangrove wood, 18 January 2012 S. Suetrong, BBH 31841) c L. gigantea (Material examined: THAILAND, Chachoengsao, Bang Pakong Bowornwitthayayon School, mangrove forest, on mangrove wood, 20 June 2011 S. Suetrong) Thick-walled hyaline ascospore. Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b = 10 μm, c = 25 μm

Saprobic on submerged wood of Rhizophora spp. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed, subglobose in frontal view, fusiform in side view, long axis parallel to the host surface, coriaceous, ostiolate, brown above, light brown to hyaline below. Peridium 17–65 μm thick composed of several layers of thin-walled cells. Paraphyses hyaline, septate, persistent. Asci uniseriate, 4-spored, cylindrical, unitunicate with an ocular chamber, thick-walled, pedicellate. Ascospores muriform, fusiform, hyaline, septate, thick-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Lautospora gigantea K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Bot. Mar. 32(3): 479 (1989)

Notes: Lautospora was introduced to include taxa with immersed ascocarps, asci which are unitunicate, 4-spored, and with an ocular chamber and a ring, cellular pseudoparaphyses and large ascospores, which are muriform, hyaline and thick walled (Hyde and Jones 1989). Kohlmeyer et al. (1995) introduced the family Lautosporaceae to include this genus and assigned it to Ascomycotina incertae sedis.

Lopadostomataceae Daranagama & K.D. Hyde, [as ‘Lopadostomaceae’] in Senanayake et al., Fungal Divers 73: 1 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00071

Saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata (for Lopadostoma) immersed to erumpent, appearing as darkened areas, densely gregarious, scattered, compact. Stromata (for Creosphaeria) erumpent to nearly superficial, with abrupt margins, multi-perithecial, coalescing in linear rows, dull black, waxy, roughened, flattened at the top, with inconspicuous perithecial mounds. Ascomata multi-perithecial, single to multi-layered, clustered, having long ostiolar necks (for Lopadostoma) lined with whitish material (for Creosphaeria). Ostioles umbilicate or at the same level as stromatal surface. Peridium amorphous, comprised of dark brown to black cells. Hamathecium comprising numerous, long, hyaline, rarely branched paraphyses. Asci (4–)8-spored, cylindrical, pedicellate, rounded apex, with a J+, apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate or partly biseriate, oblong, initially hyaline, turning light brown to nearly black, narrowly ellipsoid, smooth-walled, with full length, straight germ slit. Asexual morph: Libertella-like. Conidiomata convoluted or multi-loculate, with black pycnidial wall. Conidiophores di- or trichotomously branched, stipes yellow, hyaline above, smooth-walled, arranged in dense palisade. Conidiogenous cells terminal, cylindrical, smooth-walled, bearing conidial secession scars. Conidia hyaline, falcate, strongly curved to semicircular, unicellular.

Type: Lopadostoma (Nitschke) Traverso; Fig. 82

Fig. 82

Lopadostoma turgidum (Material examined: AUSTRIA, Niederösterreich, Gaaden, 3 December 2011, H. Voglmayr, WU 32085, epitype). a Herbarium specimen b Stromata in face view c Ectostromatic disc d Valsoid configuration of ascomata e-f Cross sections of stroma g Peridium h Paraphyses i Mature and immature asci j Apical ring bluing at Melzer’s reagent k–m Ascospores n-r Asci. Scale bars: b = 500 μm, c–d = 200 μm, e–f = 100 μm, g = 20 μm, j, h = 10 μm, I = 20 μm, i, n–r = 50 μm, k–m = 5 μm

Type species: Lopadostoma turgidum (Pers.) Traverso, Fl. ital. crypt., Pars 1: Fungi. Pyrenomycetae. Xylariaceae, Valsaceae, Ceratostomataceae 1 (2): 170 (1906)

Notes: Lopadostomataceae was introduced in Senanayake et al. (2015) in the order Xylariales to accommodate the genera Creosphaeria and Lopadostoma. Creosphaeria was introduced by Theissen (1910) with soft, light coloured stromata. Petrini and Müller (1986) reported a Libertella asexual morph from culture of Creosphaeria (Fig. 83), while Ju et al. (1993) observed the same type of conidia associated with the sexual morph. Jaklitsch et al. (2014) revised the genus Lopadostoma and also reported a Libertella asexual morph. The species L. americanum Jaklitsch et al., L. fagi Jaklitsch et al., L. linospermum (Durieu & Mont.) Jaklitsch et al., L. meridionale Jaklitsch et al. and L. turgidum (Pers.) Traverso, are known to have libertella-like asexual morphs. Ju et al. (1993) believed the two genera Lopadostoma and Creosphaeria should be represented separately as they are not similar in morphology with other xylariaceous members. In their phylogenetic analyses, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) and Senanayake et al. (2015) placed Creosphaeria sassafras (Schwein.) and Lopadostoma species as a distinct monophyletic group outside Xylariaceae. Although they form separate monophyletic groups, the close relationship between Lopadostoma and Creosphaeria noted in Senanayake et al. (2015), is in agreement with Jaklitsch et al. (2014).

Fig. 83

Creosphaeria sassafras (redrawn from Ju et al. 1993) a-c Creosphaeria sassafras a, c Conidiophores and conidiogenesis cells b Conidia d-e Lopadostoma turgidum d Conidia e Conidiophores and conidiogenesis cells. Scale bar: a–e = 10 μm

Lopadostoma turgidum was lectotypified by Lu and Hyde (2000), which turned out to be invalid because the material selected was not from the original collection by Persoon (it was not possible to loan this material). Jaklitsch et al. (2014) was able to observe Persoon’s original material by going to herbarium (L) and epitypified L. turgidum with a fresh collection. We do not described the genus here as it was detailed in Senanayake et al. (2015).

Other genus included

Creosphaeria Theiss., Beih. bot. Zbl., Abt. 2 27: 396 (1910); Fig. 83

Type species: Creosphaeria riograndensis Theiss., Beih. bot. Zbl., Abt. 2 27: 396 (1910)

Key to the genera of Lopadostomataceae

1. Stromata nearly superficial, effuse, surface dull black, waxy, roughened, flattened at the top, depressed and paler around the ostioles, the tissue between the perithecia waxy, orange to black mixed with orange granules, asci with a discoid, amyloid apical ring………………………………………………………….…………………… Creosphaeria

1. Stromata typically immersed in and erumpent from bark, subglobose to bluntly conical, surrounded by a narrow, black, carbonized encasement, the tissue between the perithecia black, lack orange granules, asci with a globose to ellipsoid apical ring…………………………………………………………….…………..……. Lopadostoma

Lulworthiaceae Kohlm. et al., Mycologia 92(3): 456 (2000)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01295

Saprobic on wood or growing on sea grasses and marsh plants. Sexual morph: Ascomata dark brown to black, subglobose to cylindrical, swan-like, immersed or superficial, coriaceous, ostiolate, papillate, sometimes with a long neck. Hamathecium absent; centrum initially filled with a hyaline pseudoparenchyma, dissolving at maturity. Peridium mostly 2-layered, composed of an outer layer of cells of textura angularis and an inner layer of elongate cells. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to fusiform, short pedicellate, deliquescent. Ascospores fasciculate, hyaline, filiform, septate or aseptate, with or without a mucus-containing, conical or semi-globose chamber at each end. Asexual morph: hyphomycetous. Hyphae hyaline, septate, branched. Conidiophores micronematous or semi-micronematous. Conidia ellipsoidal or helicoid, septate or aseptate, spermatia, enteroblastic, subglobose.

Type: Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl.

Notes: Spatafora et al. (1998) demonstrated that the order Halosphaeriales was polyphyletic and comprised two distinct lineages. The first clade, Halosphaeriales, included eleven representative genera, that were closely related to, and are now included in the order Microascales. The second clade, comprised the genera Lulworthia and Lindra, and was assigned to Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales (Kohlmeyer et al. 2000). Jones et al. (2008) showed that some asexual morph species of Cirrenalia, Cumulospora, Zalerion and Orbimyces grouped in Lulworthiaceae. Subsequently, Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) in an analysis of a larger data set of SSU and LSU rDNA sequence data, showed that the genera Cirrenalia and Cumulospora were polyphyletic and introduced a number of new genera to accommodate taxa grouping in Lulworthiaceae: Halazoon (= Cirrenalia fusca I. Schmidt), Hydea (= Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm.), Matsusporium (= Cirrenalia tropicalis Kohlm.), and Moromyces (= Cumulospora varia Chatmala & Somrithipol). A further new genus Moleospora was introduced for the new species M. maritima Abdel-Wahab et al. (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). Studies by Inderbitzin et al. (2004), Campbell et al. (2009) showed that the sexual morph Haloguignardia with five species parasitic on brown seaweeds, grouped in Lulworthiaceae with high statistical support. Currently, Lulworthiaceae comprises seven asexual morphs genera. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) showed that the orders Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales clustered together in a well-supported clade, based on analysis of combined sequence data and a new subclass was introduced as Lulworthiomycetidae.

Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 5(2): 259 (1916) [1915]

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02117; Fig. 84

Fig. 84

Lulworthia sp. (Material examined: TAIWAN, New Taipei City, Tamsui, mangrove, on dead mangrove wood, 20 September 2009, K.L. Pang) a Neck protruding from the wood surface b Immersed ascoma on bark c Peridium composed of thick-walled angular cells d Filamentous ascospore e Polar end chamber of ascospore. Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b, d = 50 μm, c, e = 10 μm

Saprobic on wood or parasitic on algae. Sexual morph: Ascomata sphaerical to ellipsoidal, often swan-shaped, immersed to superficial, carbonaceous to coriaceous, ostiolate, dark brown with or without a long neck up to 154 mm. Peridium 1–2 layered, composed of an outer layer of cells of textura angularis and an inner layer of elongate cells. Asci 8-spored, clavate to fusiform, short pedicellate, unitunicate, deliquescing early. Ascospores filiform, mostly hyaline, septate, with apical chambers. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Lulworthia fucicola G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.5(2): 259 (1916) [1915]

Notes: The type genus Lulworthia was described by Sutherland (1915) to accommodate the species L. fucicola G.K. Sutherl., a taxon found on the brown seaweed, commonly known as the bladder wrack, at Lulworth Cove on the Dorset coast, UK. Later, the genera Lulworthia and Lindra were included in the family Halosphaeriaceae, order Halosphaeriales by Müller and von Arx (1962). The type species of Lulworthia (L. fucicola) has never been isolated from the marine alga Fucus vesiculosus, so a collection from Chile was designated as neotype by Campbell et al. (2005). Subsequently, based on molecular analysis, a new family Lulworthiaceae in Lulworthiales was designated to include halosphaerialean species with filamentous ascospores (Kohlmeyer et al. 2000). Several new Lulworthia species were described from marine habitats and the genus became one of the largest in marine habitats (Kohlmeyer et al. 2000). Lulworthia has been subjected to revisions over many years (Kohlmeyer 1972; Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1979; Koch and Jones 1984;). Johnson and Sparrow (1961) introduced 12 new Lulworthia species, but Cavaliere and Johnson (1965) synonymized all species with L. medusa (Ellis & Everh.) Cribb & J.W. Cribb. Kohlmeyer (1972) recognized at least three species; and Koch and Jones (1984) recognized six species. Currently eleven species are included with a number of other taxa (Kohlmeyer et al. 2000). As a result of sequence analysis of LSU, a number of transfers have been proposed, such as Lulworthia crassa Nakagiri to Kohlmeyeriella, Lulworthia lignoarenaria Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones to Lulwoidea and Lulworthia uniseptata Nakagiri to Lulwoana (Campbell et al. 2005). Currently only one species (the type species L. fucicola) is accepted in Lulworthia sensu stricto, while eleven species are referred to Lulworthia sensu lato until they are recollected and sequenced (Jones et al. 2015).

Other genera included

Cumulospora I. Schmidt, Mycotaxon 24: 420 (1985)

Type species: Cumulospora marina I. Schmidt, Mycotaxon 24: 421 (1985)

Halazoon Abdel-Aziz et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 545 (2010)

Type species: Halazoon melhae Abdel-Aziz et al. in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 546 (2010)

Haloguignardia Cribb & J.W. Cribb, Pap. Dept. Bot.) Univ. Qd.3: 97 (1956)

Type species: Haloguignardia decidua Cribb & J.W. Cribb, Pap. Dept. Bot. Univ. Qd.3: 97 (1956)

Hydea K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 549 (2010)

Type species: Hydea pygmea (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 549 (2010)

Kohlmeyeriella Jones et al., Soc., Bot. 87: 208 (1983)

Type species: Kohlmeyeriella tubulata (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones et al., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 87(2): 210 (1983)

Lindra I.M. Wilson, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 39(4): 411 (1956)

Type species: Lindra inflata I.M. Wilson, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 39(4): 411 (1956)

Lulwoana Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 109(5): 562 (2005)

Type species: Lulwoana uniseptata (Nakagiri) Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res.109(5): 562 (2005)

Lulwoidea Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 109(5): 564 (2005)

Type species: Lulwoidea lignoarenaria (Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones) Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res.109(5): 564 (2005)

Matsusporium E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 550 (2010)

Type species: Matsusporium tropicale (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 550 (2010)

Moleospora Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 547 (2010)

Type species: Moleospora maritima Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 548 (2010)

Moromyces Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 555 (2010)

Type species: Moromyces varius (Chatmala & Somrith.) Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 555 (2010)

Orbimyces Linder, Farlowia 1: 404 (1944)

Type species: Orbimyces spectabilis Linder, Farlowia1: 404 (1944)

Rostrupiella Jørg. Koch et al., Bot. Mar. 50(5–6): 295 (2007)

Type species: Rostrupiella danica Jørg. Koch et al., Bot. Mar. 50(5/6): 295 (2007)

Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson, Mycologia 57(6): 927 (1965)

Type species: Spathulospora phycophila A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson, Mycologia 57(6): 927 (1965)

Key to genera of Lulworthiaceae

1. Ascomycete with filamentous ascospores…………………………………9

1. Hyphomycete…………………………………2

2. Conidia tetraradiate…………………………………Orbimyces

2. Conidia helicoid…………………………………3

3. Conidia initially spiral, becoming a tangled knot of cells after cell division in several planes…………………………………4

3. Conidia initially spiral, not forming a tangled knot of cells after cell division…………………………………5

4. Conidia irregularly helicoid, muriform…………………………………Moromyces

4. Conidia rosette-like, globose, forming pseudo-chains…………………………………Cumulospora

5. Cells of the conidia are more or less similar in size and colour…………………………………6

5. Cells increasing in diam. and pigmentation from the base to the apex…………………………………7

6. Conidia irregularly helicoid, cells of the conidia tightly joined and appearing muriform……………………………………………………………………...........Moheitospora

6. Conidia helicoid when young, soon become a mass of cells…………………………………Moleospora

7. Conidia terminal or lateral…………………………………Halazoon

7. Conidia acrogenous…………………………………8

8. Conidia 3–4-septate, black or fuscous…………………………………Hydea

8. Conidia up to 12 septate, immature conidia surrounded by a sheath…………………………………Matsusporium

9. Ascospores with apical chambers or appendages…………………………………10

9. Ascospores lacking appendages…………………………………Lindra

10. Ascospores aseptate…………………………………11

10. Ascospores septate…………………………………15

11. Ascospores filiform…………………………………14

11. Ascospores fusiform, ellipsoidal…………………………………12

12. Ascospore appendages tubular, longer than 35 μm…………………………………Kohlmeyeriella

12. Ascospore appendages apiculate or conical, less than 35 μm…………………………………13

13. Ascomata superficial, with sterile hairs, parasitic on red algae…………………………………Spathulospora

13. Ascomata immersed in a gall, lacking sterile hairs, on brown algae…………………………………Haloguignardia

14. Ascomata with bell-like structure within the centrum…………………………………Rostrupiella

14. Ascomata lacking a bell-like structure…………………………………Lulworthia

15. Ascospores 1-septate…………………………………Lulwoana

15. Ascospores multi-septate…………………………………Lulwoidea

Macrohilaceae Crous, in Crous et al., IMA Fungus 6(1): 180 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01394

Pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, becoming erumpent, medium brown, globose. Conidiophore reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, pale brown, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently near the apex. Conidia solitary, medium to dark brown, ovoid, smooth, guttulate, medially septate, apex obtuse, base truncate with a visible scar.

Type: Macrohilum H.J. Swart

Notes: The family Macrohilaceae was introduced by Crous et al. (2015a) based on a phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequence data and it was accommodated in Diaporthales. This family is typified by Macrohilum. Macrohilaceae differs from other families of Diaporthales in having single, dark brown, guttulate, thick-walled, medially septate, oval conidia with obtuse apex and truncate base. Species in this family are commonly associated with leaf spots of Eucalyptus species.

Macrohilum H.J. Swart, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(2): 288 (1988)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02118; Fig. 85

Fig. 85

Macrohilum eucalypti (CPC 19421, epitype) (illustration based on Crous et al. 2015a). a, b Conidiogenous cells c Conidia. Scale bars: a–c = 10 μm

Pathogenic forming leaf spots. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata immersed, becoming erumpent, medium brown, globose, coriaceous. Conidiophore reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, pale brown, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently near the apex. Conidia solitary, medium to dark brown, ovoid, smooth, guttulate, developing a single supramedian septum, thick-walled, frequently constricted at the septum, apex obtuse, base truncate with a visible scar.

Type species: Macrohilum eucalypti H.J. Swart, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(2): 288 (1988)

Notes: The coelomycetous genus Macrohilum is typified by Macrohilum eucalypti. Swart (1988) provided a detailed description for this genus. The New Zealand isolate (CPC 10945) of Macrohilum eucalypti differs from the Australian epitype isolate (CPC 19421) by four base pairs in the ITS region.

Magnaporthaceae P.F. Cannon, Syst. Ascom. 13(1): 26 (1994)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01101

Pathogenic on a wide range of monocotyledonous plants or saprobic on plant material, terrestrial some aquatic. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary or scattered, black, superficial or immersed in plant tissue, globose to subglobose, with long, unilateral, cylindrical, black, periphysate neck. Peridium comprising a few to several layers of cells of textura epidermoidea. Hamathecium comprising hyaline, septate, paraphyses, intermingled among asci. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, subcylindrical, short-pedicellate, with apical ring. Ascospores biseriate, hyaline to olivaceous, filiform or fusoid, curved to sigmoid, with or without transverse septate ends, bluntly rounded, lacking sheaths. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, at times formed from sclerotia. Conidiophores unbranched or branched. Conidiogenous cells integrated, pigmented, phialidic with collarettes, or denticulate. Conidia variable in shape, hyaline to pale brown, straight or curved, with or without septa.

Type: Nakataea Hara

Notes: The family Magnaporthaceae was introduced by Cannon (1994). The placement of taxa of Magnaporthaceae has long been problematic due to the lack of convincing morphological characters and inconclusive molecular data (Thongkantha et al. 2009). Magnaporthaceae was placed as a family within the class Sordariomycetes (Kirk et al. 2001, Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2007a). Thongkantha et al. (2009) established a new order, Magnaporthales to accommodate Magnaporthaceae based on morphological characters of both sexual and asexual morphs together with phylogenetic analyses of combined SSU and LSU sequence data. According to the phylogenetic analysis by Klaubauf et al. (2014) of combined LSU and RPB1 sequence data, Magnaporthaceae is sister to Pyriculariaceae and Ophioceraceae.

The exact number of genera in this family is still unclear (Thongkantha et al. 2009, Bussaban et al. 2005, Thongkantha et al. 2009, Zhang et al. 2011, 2014). The family was originally described with six genera and 20 species (Cannon 1994). Kirk et al. (2001) accepted nine genera, while Kirk et al. (2008) accepted 13 genera. Luo et al. (2014) recently established the genus Pseudophialophoda in the family. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) provided an updated outline of the family Magnaporthaceae with 20 genera, which included both sexual and asexual morphs. In the same report, they also confirmed that Magnaporthaceae belongs to the order Magnaporthales, which was introduced based on molecular data and morphology (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Nakataea Hara, Diseases Rice Plant, Edn 2: 185 (1939)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01102; Figs 86, 87

Fig. 86

Nakataea oryzae (Material examined: INDIA, New Orleans, on Oryzae sativa L. (Poaceae) (Rice Straw), 4 August 1967, B.E. Devis (621662)) a, b, c Herbarium material d, e Sclerotium on substrate f Sclerotium g, h Cross section of sclerotium. Scale Bars: d = 2 mm, e = 1 mm, f = 300 μm, g and h = 100 μm

Fig. 87

Nakataea oryzae a Ascomata b Cross section of ascomata c Peridium d Ascus e Apex f Conidiophore with conidia of asexual morph (redrawn from Krause and Webster 1972)

Pathogenic or saprobic on plants. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, globose, dark brown, immersed, with ostiolar neck frequently protruding from the leaf tissue. Peridium thick-walled, comprising 5–12 layers, with dark cells. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, subcylindrical, short pedicellate, deliquescent at maturity. Ascospores parallel to spirally twisted, hyaline at median cells, turning yellowish brown, fusiform, curved, 3-septate, slightly constricted at septa, granular. Asexual morph: Conidiophores brown, solitary, erect, smooth, septate, branched, with integrated terminal. Conidiogenous cells forming a rachis with several denticles. Conidia solitary, 3-septate, falcate to sigmoid, smooth-walled, wider in the middle, end cells hyaline, median cells medium brown.

Type species: Nakataea oryzae (Catt.) J. Luo & N. Zhang, Mycologia 105: 1025 (2013)

Notes: The genus Nakataea was established by Hara (1939) based on Nakataea oryzae (Catt.) Luo & Zhang (2013) (synonym Nakataea sigmoidea (Cavara) Hara) isolated from Oryza sativa in Italy. Krause and Webster (1972) showed that Nakataea and Magnaporthe are congeneric and their type species, Nakataea oryzae (Catt.) J. Luo & N. Zhang and Magnaporthe salvinii (Catt.) Krause & Webster (1972) are the same species. Therefore Luo and Zhang (2013), based on Article 59.1 of the The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code; ICN; McNeill et al. 2012), synonymized Magnaporthe oryzae under N. oryzae because the name Nakataea (1939) is older than Magnaporthe (1972). This resulted in the introduction of Nakataea as the correct name for the type of the family (Murata et al. 2014, Klaubauf et al. 2014, Luo et al. 2015, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Other genera included

Budhanggurabania P. Wong et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 34: 241 (2015)

Type species: Budhanggurabania cynodonticola P. Wong et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 34: 241 (2015)

Buergenerula Syd., Annls mycol. 34(4/5): 392 (1936)

Type species: Buergenerula biseptata (Rostr.) Syd., Annls mycol. 34(4/5): 392 (1936)

Bussabanomyces Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 99 (2014)

Type species: Bussabanomyces longisporus (Bussaban) Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 99 (2014)

Ceratosphaerella Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 100(6): 941 (2008)

Type species: Ceratosphaerella castillensis (C.L. Sm.) Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 100(6): 944 (2008)

Ceratosphaeria Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 14: 203 (1876)

Type species: Ceratosphaeria lampadophora (Berk. & Broome) Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 14: 203 (1876)

Clasterosphaeria Sivan., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 83(4): 710 (1984)

Type species: Clasterosphaeria cyperi Sivan., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 83(4): 710 (1984)

Clasterosporium Schwein., Trans. Am. phil. Soc., New Series 4(2): 300 (1832) [1834]

Type species: Clasterosporium caricinum Schwein. [as ‘Clasterisporium’], Trans. Am. phil. Soc., New Series 4(2): 300 (1832) [1834]

Clavatisporella K.D. Hyde, Mycotaxon 55: 276 (1995)

Type species: Clavatisporella musicola K.D. Hyde, Mycotaxon 55: 276 (1995)

Gaeumannomyces Arx & D.L. Olivier, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 35(1): 32 (1952)

Type species: Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D.L. Olivier, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 35(1): 32 (1952)

Harpophora W. Gams, Stud. Mycol. 45: 192 (2000)

Type species: Harpophora radicicola (Cain) W. Gams, Stud. Mycol. 45: 192 (2000)

Herbampulla Scheuer & Nograsek, Mycotaxon 47: 419 (1993)

Type species: Herbampulla crassirostris Scheuer & Nograsek, Mycotaxon 47: 419 (1993)

Kohlmeyeriopsis Klaubauf et al. Stud. Mycol. 79: 101 (2014)

Type species: Kohlmeyeriopsis medullaris (Kohlm. et al.) Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 101 (2014)

Magnaporthiopsis J. Luo & N. Zhang, Mycologia 105(4): 1021 (2013)

Type species: Magnaporthiopsis poae (Landsch. & N. Jacks.) J. Luo & N. Zhang, Mycologia 105(4): 1024 (2013)

Muraeriata Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 100(6): 948 (2008)

Type species: Muraeriata collapsa Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 100(6): 949 (2008)

Mycoleptodiscus Ostaz., Mycologia 59(6): 970 (1968) [1967]

Type species: Mycoleptodiscus terrestris (Gerd.) Ostaz., Mycologia 59(6): 970 (1968) [1967]

Neogaeumannomyces D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, in Liu et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-015-0324-y, [34] (2015)

Type species: Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, in Liu et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-015-0324-y, [35] (2015)

Omnidemptus P.F. Cannon & Alcorn, Mycotaxon 51: 483 (1994)

Type species: Omnidemptus affinis P.F. Cannon & Alcorn, Mycotaxon 51: 483 (1994)

Phomatospora Sacc., Nuovo G. bot. ital. 7: 306 (1875)

Type species: Phomatospora berkeleyi Sacc., Nuovo G. bot. ital. 7: 306 (1875)

Pseudophialophora J. Luo & N. Zhang, Mycologia 106(3): 581 (2014)

Type species: Pseudophialophora eragrostis J. Luo & N. Zhang, Mycologia 106(3): 581 (2014)

Pyriculariopsis M.B. Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes (Kew): 206 (1971)

Type species: Pyriculariopsis parasitica (Sacc. & Berl.) M.B. Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes (Kew): 207 (1971)

Slopeiomyces Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 102 (2014)

Type species: Slopeiomyces cylindrosporus (D. Hornby et al.) Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 103 (2014)

Key to the sexual genera of Magnaporthaceae

1. Ascomata superficial……………………………………………..…………………………..2

1. Ascomata immersed or semi-immersed……………………………..………….....………..3

2. Peridium with several layers……………………………..………….....………..4

2. Peridium with two layers……………………………..………….....………..Clasterosphaeria

3. Peridium more than 4 layers……………………………..………….....………..5

3. Peridium 2–4 layers………………………………………………………………………….6

4. Asci with an apical ring……………………………..………….....………..7

4. Asci without an apical ring………………………………………………………………………….Slopeiomyces

5. Asci clavate………………………………………………………………………….8

5. Asci cylindrical…………………………………..……………………………….….……9

6. Asci clavate…………………………………..……………………………….….……10

6. Asci cylindrical…………………………………..……………………………….….……11

7. Ascospores 1–3-septate…………………………………..……………………………….….……12

7. Ascospores more than 3-septate…………………………………..……………………………….….……Ceratosphaerella

8. Ascospores oblong-fusoid, with 2-septa…..……………….………....….… Buergenerula

8. Ascospores narrowly fusiform, with 3-septa…..……………….………....….… Muraeriata

9. Ascospores without septa…..……………….………....….… Phomatospora

9. Ascospores with septa…..……………….………....….… 13

10. Ascospores with mucilaginous pad-like appendage at the end…..……………….………....….… Clavatisporella

10. Ascospores without appendages…..……………….………....….… Magnaporthiopsis

11. Ascospores filamentous, tapering towards the base…..……………….………....….… Kohlmeyeriopsis

11. Ascospores fusiform, curved, partially gelatinized at maturity…………..… Magnaporthe

12. Asci obovoid to saccate; ascospores multi-seriate…………..… Budhanggurabania

12. Asci cylindric-clavate; ascospores bi-seriate…………..… Omnidemptus

13. Ascospores hyaline…………..… 14

13. Ascospores median cells turning yellowish brown…………..… 15

14. Ascus apical ring tall, with narrow or short furcate pedicel…………..… 16

14. Ascus apical ring small distinct (2 small refringent dots)…………..… Gaeumannomyces

15. Ascospores 3-septate, median cells turning yellowish brow…………..… Nakataea

15. Ascospores 5-septate with pallid at end cells…………..… Herbampulla

16. Ascospores 5–7-septate…………..… Ceratosphaeria

16. Ascospores 2–3-septate…………..… Neogaeumannomyces

Key to the asexual genera of Magnaporthaceae

1. Conidiogenous cell forming phialides…………..… 2

1. Conidiogenous cell cylindrical, forming denticles…………..… 3

2. Conidia aseptate…………..… 4

2. Conidia septate…………..… 5

3. Conidia with 1-septum…………..… Kohlmeyeriopsis

3. Conidia multi-septate…………..… 6

4. Conidiogenous cell straight…………..… 7

4. Conidiogenous cell curved…………..… 8

5. Conidia solitary brown to dark brown, without setulae…………..… Clasterosporium

5. Conidia hyaline, with a simple setula at the apex and often at the base…………..… Mycoleptodiscus

6. Conidia lacking mucoid cap…………..… 9

6. Conidia with persistent mucoid cap…………..… Pyriculariopsis

7. Conidia cylindrical, curved…………..… 10

7. Conidia subglobose to ovoid…………..… Magnaporthiopsis

8. Conidiogenous cells without pigments…………..… Budhanggurabania

8. Conidiogenous cells pigmented…………..… Pseudophialophora

9. Conidia obclavate, 4(−5)-septate…………..… Bussabanomyces

9. Conidia falcate to sigmoid, 3-septate…………..… Nakataea

10. Conidia phialidic, apex rounded, pointed towards base…………..… Slopeiomyces

10. Conidia borne on slimy heads, cylindrical…………..… Harpophora

Melanconidaceae G. Winter [as ‘Melanconideae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 764 (1886)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01395

Saprobic or pathogenic on plants and wood, in terrestrial aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata well-developed, obvious, erumpent. Ectostromatic disc surrounded by bark or not, yellowish-white, ostiolar canal opening around the disc. Ascomata perithecial, arranged as circles around the ectostromatic disc, oblique or horizontal, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, with long, periphysate, lateral ostiolar canals. Peridium comprising outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura globosa to textura angularis and inner, thick-walled, flat, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising wide, hyphae-like paraphyses, deliquescent at maturity. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oblong to fusiform, short pedicellate, with distinct, J- apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid, 1-septate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Melanconium-like. Conidiomata acervular, scattered, solitary, superficial, black, coriaceous. Conidiophores branched at the base, septate, Conidiogenous cells annellidic, cylindrical. Conidia hyaline to brown, ellipsoid or subglobose, smooth-walled, thick-walled.

Type: Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul.

Notes: The family Melanconidaceae was introduced by Winter (1886) to accommodate species having yellowish-white ectostromatic discs surrounding ascomata in a circle. Members of this family are plant pathogens causing disease of economic plant species, as well as saprobes. Castlebury et al. (2002) and Rossman et al. (2007) showed this family comprises a single genus Melanconis and its asexual morph Melanconium based on their morphology and phylogeny. Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) opined that a clear delineation of Melanconium was not possible as similar asexual morphs occur in both Melanconis and Melanconiella. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) listed 26 genera under this family.

Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul., Selecta fungcarpol (Paris) 2:115 (1863).

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02119; Figs 88, 89

Fig. 88

Melanconis stilbostoma (Material examined: CZECHOSLOVAKIA, Moravia, Ratschitz, on branches of Betula sp., Niessl, BPI 615061) a Herbarium packet b Herbarium specimen c Stromata on substrate d, e Cross section of stroma f Peridium g-k Asci l-q Ascospores. Scale bars: c, d = 200 μm, e = 100 μm, f–k = 20 μm, l–q = 10 μm

Fig. 89

Asexual morph of Melanconis stilbostoma (Material examined: RUSSIA, Sakhalin Island, Valley of the river Evay, on stems of Betula sp., 27 August 2000, A. Bogachova, BPI 748234, living cultures AR 3548 = CBS 109493) a-d Conidia and to the conidiogenous cells. Scale bars: a–d = 10 μm

Saprobic or pathogenic on plants. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata well-developed, obvious, erumpent. Ectostromatic disc surrounded by bark or not, yellowish-white, causing a coarse bark surface, inverted conical, ostioles open margin and middle of the disc. Ascomata perithecial, oblique or horizontal, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, with long periphysate, lateral ostiolar canals. Hamathecium comprising wide, hyphae-like, hyaline, septate paraphyses, deliquescent at maturity. Peridium comprising outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura globosa to textura angularis and inner, thick-walled, flat, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oblong to fusiform, short pedicellate, with distinct, J- apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid, 1-septate, not or slightly constricted at the septum, smooth-walled, with or without blunt or pointed appendages. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Melanconium-like. Conidiomata acervular, scattered, solitary, superficial, black, coriaceous. Conidiophores hyaline, branched at the base, septate, few-celled, smooth walled. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, annellidic, cylindrical. Conidia hyaline to brown, ellipsoid or subglobose smooth-walled, thick-walled, outer layer produced continuously, with the inner layer of the conidiogenous cell.

Type species: Melanconis stilbostoma (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 115 (1863)

Notes: The genus Melanconis is typified by M. stilbostoma and currently it comprises three species, including M. alni Tul. & C. Tul. and M. marginalis (Peck) Wehm. (Castlebury et al. 2002). The asexual morph of Melanconis is placed in the genus Melanconium and both of these genera have been linked. Species in both Melanconis and Melanconium form diseases on plants such as cankers and shoot blight.

Other genera included

Botanamphora Nograsek & Scheuer, in Nograsek, Biblthca Mycol. 133: 50 (1990)

Type species: Botanamphora pachycarpa (Sacc. & Marchal) Nograsek & Scheuer, in Nograsek, Biblthca Mycol. 133: 51 (1990)

Ceratoporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 23(1/2): 14 (1925)

Type species: Ceratoporthe didymospora Petr., Annls mycol. 23(1/2): 14 (1925)

Cytomelanconis Naumov, Bot. Mater. Otd. Sporov. Rast. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 7: 108 (1951)

Type species: Cytomelanconis systema-solare Naumov, Bot. Mater. Otd. Sporov. Rast. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 7: 109 (1951)

Dicarpella Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 18(4/6): 181 (1921) [1920]

Type species: Dicarpella bina (Harkn.) Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 18(4/6): 181 (1921) [1920]

Dictyoporthe Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 556 (1955)

Type species: Dictyoporthe ahmadii Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 556 (1955)

Fremineavia Nieuwl., Am. Midl. Nat. 4: 501 (1916)

Type species: Fremineavia berkeleyi (Berl.) Nieuwl., Am. Midl. Nat. 4: 501 (1916)

Gibellia Sacc., Atti Inst. Veneto Sci. lett., ed Arti, Sér. 6 3: 714 (1885)

Type species: Gibellia dothideoides Sacc. & Berl., Revue mycol., Toulouse 7: 94 (1885)

Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Trans. mycol. Soc. Japan 30(1): 61 (1989)

Type species: Hypophloeda rhizospora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Trans. mycol. Soc. Japan 30(1): 62 (1989)

Kensinjia J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 896 (1989)

Type species: Kensinjia umbrina (Jenkins) J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 896 (1989)

Macrodiaporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 17(2/6): 94 (1920) [1919]

Type species: Macrodiaporthe occulta (Fuckel) Petr., Annls mycol. 17(2/6): 94 (1920) [1919]

Massariovalsa Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 8): 569 (1882)

Type species: Massariovalsa sudans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: LV (1883)

Mebarria J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 898 (1989)

Type species: Mebarria thujina (Nag Raj & DiCosmo) J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 898 (1989)

Melanamphora Lafl., Sydowia 28(1–6): 243 (1976) [1975–1976]

Type species: Melanamphora spinifera (Wallr.) Lafl., Sydowia 28(1–6): 245 (1976) [1975–1976]

Melanconiella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 740 (1882)

Type species: Melanconiella spodiaea (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 740 (1882)

Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 27: 575 (1900)

Type species: Melanconiopsis inquinans Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 27: 575 (1900)

Phragmodiaporthe Wehm., Mycologia 33(1): 54 (1941)

Type species: Phragmodiaporthe caryae (Peck) Wehm., Mycologia 33(1): 55 (1941)

Plagiophiale Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 585 (1955)

Type species : Plagiophiale eucarpa (P. Karst.) Petr., Sydowia 9(1–6): 586 (1955)

Plagiostigme Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 341 (1925)

Type species: Plagiostigme couraliae Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 342 (1925)

Prostratus Sivan.et al., Mycol. Res. 97(10): 1179 (1993)

Type species: Prostratus cyclobalanopsidis Sivan.et al., Mycol. Res. 97(10): 1179 (1993)

Pseudovalsella Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 123 (1918)

Type species: Pseudovalsella thelebola (Fr.) Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 123 (1918)

Wehmeyera J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 895 (1989)

Type species: Wehmeyera acerina (Wehm.) J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 895 (1989)

Wuestneia Auersw. Ex Fuckel, Hedwigia 3: 159 (1864)

Type species: Wuestneia aurea (Fuckel) Auersw., in Fuckel, Hedwigia 3: 159 (1864)

Wuestneiopsis J. Reid & Dowsett, Can. J. Bot. 68(11): 2406 (1990)

Type species: Wuestneiopsis georgiana (J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps.) J. Reid & Dowsett, Can. J. Bot. 68(11): 2406 (1990)

Key to genera of Melanconidaceae

1. Stromata well-developed…………..… 5

1. Stromata absent or reduced…………..… 2

2. Ascospores aseptate…………..… Dicarpella

2. Ascospores 3–5-septate…………..… 3

3. Ascospores fusiform; brown with pale ends…………………………….…. Botanamphora

3. Ascospores broadly oblong to clavate or cylindrical; hyaline…………..… 4

4. Associated with submerged marine wood; perithecia with long necks and cylindrical ascospores…………..… Hypophloeda

4. Associated with plant leaves, perithecia without necks and with broadly oblong to clavate ascospores…………..… Plagiostigme

5. Asexual morph common in nature…………..… 6

5. Asexual morph not common in nature; sexual morph common…………..… 8

6. Stromatic tissues prosenchymatous…………..… 7

6. Stromatic tissues pseudoparenchymatous…………..… Melanconium

7. Conidia hyaline subfusoid…………..… Kensinjia

7. Conidia dark brown, obovoid to subglobose…………..… Melanconiopsis

8. Stromatic tissues pseudoparenchymatous…………..… 9

8. Stromatic tissues prosenchymatous…………..… 12

9. Appendages present; elongate strap-like…………..… Macrodiaporthe

9. Appendages absent…………..… 10

10. Asci 1-celled; ascospores dark brown, cylindrical to fusoid, 5–11-septate…………..… Fremineavia

10. Asci 8-spored; ascospores hyaline, spindle-shaped to ellipsoid, 0–1-septate…………..… 11

11. Ascospores spindle-shaped, 1-septate…………..… Ceratoporthe

11. Ascospores broadly ellipsoid, aseptate…………..… Gibellia

12. Asci 2-spored…………..… Cytomelanconis

12. Asci 4–8-spored…………..… 13

13. Sheath present…………..… 14

13. Sheath absent…………..… 15

14. Ascospores brown…………..… Massariovalsa

14. Ascospores hyaline to yellow…………..… Plagiophiale

15. Ectostromatic disc present…………..… 16

15. Ectostromatic disc absent…………..… 20

16. Appendages present…………..… 17

16. Appendages lacking…………..… 18

17. Ascospores multi-septate…………..… Dictyoporthe

17. Ascospores 1-septate…………..… Melanconis

18. Stromatic tissues prosenchymatous hyphae…………..… Phragmodiaporthe

18. Stromatic tissues pseudoparenchymatous hyphae…………..… 19

19. Ectostromatic disc yellowish orange to pale brown…………..… Wuestneiopsis

19. Ectostromatic disc black…………..… Wehmeyera

20. Ascospores hyaline at maturity…………..… Wuestneia

20. Ascospores yellowish brown to dark brown at maturity…………..… 21

21. Ascospores with hyaline basal or apical end cell/cells…………..… 22

21. Ascospores without hyaline basal or apical end cell/cells…………..… 23

22. Beak lateral; ascospores oval to globose…………..… Prostratus

22. Beak erect; ascospores allantoid to lunate…………..… Melanamphora

23. Appendages present…………..… Pseudovalsella

23. Appendages absent…………..… 24

24. Ascospores hyaline, yellowish or brown, fusoid or ellipsoid…………..… Melanconiella

24. Ascospores dark brown, globose to broadly ellipsoid…………..… Mebarria

Meliolaceae G.W. Martin ex Hansf., Mycol. Pap. 15: 23 (1946)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00741

Epiphytes, or pathogens on leaves, occasionally on stems, branches, bark, or fruits. Superficial hyphae branched, septate, brown to dark brown, hyphal setae present or absent. Hyphopodia capitate on hyphae, variously shaped, alternate or opposite, 2-celled, brown. Hyphal setae when present, developing from hyphae, septate, branched or unbranched at apex, or with bulbous apices or apical part, brown to dark brown. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial on surface of web-like colonies on host, globose to subglobose, or flattened. Peridium comprising brown cells of textura angularis when viewed in squash mounts, with two strata, outer stratum of brown to dark brown cells, raised conoid cells, appendages or setae, inner stratum of hyaline to pale brown cells. Hamathecium comprising evanescent paraphyses. Asci 2–4-spored, unitunicate, subglobose to broadly clavate. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, hyaline to brown, ellipsoid or cylindrical to ovoid, 3–4-septate. Asexual morph: Phialides ampulliform or flask-shaped, alternate or opposite on hyphae. Conidiogenous cells formed directly from vegetative hyphae. Conidia unicellular, small and hyaline (Cannon and Kirk 2007; Hongsanan et al. 2015).

Type: Meliola Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 111 (1825); Fig. 90

Fig. 90

Meliola thailandicum (Material examined: Thailand, Chiang Rai, Mueang, Rai Chun Tawan Meditation Centre, on living leaves of Dimocarpus longan Lour. (Sapindaceae), 3 January 2015, S. Hongsanan, MFLU 15-0044, holotype) a Leaf specimens b Ascomata on host substrate c Section through ascoma d Hyphal setae e Hyphal setae with forked apices f Peridium g Hyphae with capitate hyphopodia h Terminal hyphae i Upper wall of ascoma j Phialides k Immature ascospore when in Melzer’s reagent l, m Mature ascospores n, o, q Immature asci p Immature ascus in Melzer’s reagent. Scale bars: c, d = 100 μm, e, f = 20 μm, g–j = 10 μm, k–q = 20 μm

Type species: Meliola nidulans (Schwein.) Cooke, Grevillea 11(no. 57): 37 (1882)

Notes: The family Meliolaceae was revised by Hongsanan et al. (2015) and is not discussed further here. The genus Meliola was introduced by Fries (1825), and is the largest genus in the family Meliolaceae, which comprises over 1200 species (Kirk et al. 2008). Most species have been introduced primarily on the basis of host association, and followed by morphology of branching or habit of hyphae, shape and size of hyphopodia, size and shape of phialides as well as distribution, or size and shape of ascospores (Mibey and Hawksworth 1997; Justavino et al. 2015). Molecular data are needed to determine if species really are host-specific (Hongsanan et al. 2015).

Other genera included

Amazonia Theiss., Annls mycol. 11(6): 499 (1913)

Type species: Amazonia psychotriae (Henn.) Theiss., Annls mycol. 11(6): 499 (1913)

Appendiculella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 556 (1919)

Type species: Appendiculella calostroma (Desm.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 556 (1919)

Asteridiella McAlpine, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 22(1): 38 (1897)

Type species: Asteridiella solani McAlpine, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 22(1): 38 (1897)

Cryptomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz., Mycol. Pap. 174: 14 (1997)

Type species: Cryptomeliola orbicularis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes & Piroz., in Mibey & Hawksworth, Mycol. Pap. 174: 15 (1997)

Endomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz., N.Z. Jl Bot. 32(1): 53 (1994)

Type species: Endomeliola dingleyae S. Hughes & Piroz., N.Z. Jl Bot. 32(1): 54 (1994)

Irenopsis F. Stevens, Annls mycol. 25(5/6): 411 (1927)

Type species: Irenopsis tortuosa (G. Winter) F. Stevens, Annls mycol. 25(5/6): 439 (1927)

Key to genera of Meliolaceae

1. Hyphae with intercellular hyphopodia…………..… Endomeliola

1. Hyphae with superficial hyphopodia…………..… 2

2. Ascomata flattened…………..… Amazonia

2. Ascomata globose to subglobose…………..… 3

3. Hyphae with setae…………..… 4

3. Hyphae without setae…………..… 5

4. Hyphal setae with bulbous tips, apical part curved, covering ascomata…………..… Cryptomeliola

4. Hyphal setae straight or sometimes slightly curved…………..… Meliola

5. Ascomata with appendages or setae…………..… 6

5. Ascomata without appendages and setae, raised conical cells on the ascoma wall…………..… Asteridiella

6. Ascomata with larviform to cylindrical appendages…………..… Appendiculella

6. Ascomata with long setae, mostly curved at the apex…………..… Irenopsis

Melogrammataceae G. Winter [as ‘Melogrameae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 797 (1886)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00840

Saprobic on bark of woody plants. Sexual morph: Stromata superficial, erumpent, pulvinate or discoid, reddish-brown, subglobose, soft-textured, with pseudoparenchymatous cells, with black ostiole. Ascomata perithecial, dark brown to black, immersed, globose, ostiole periphysate. Peridium comprising rows of cells, externally brown, internally hyaline. Hamathecium of septate, paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, or fusoid, short pedicellate, with a shallow, J-, apical ring. Ascospores 0-3-seriate, hyaline or brown, filiform, aseptate or 1–3 septate, cylindrical or falcate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Mycelium hyphae to yellow-brown, septate, branched. Conidiophores long, cylindrical, stiffly upright, septate, verticillate and whorled or not. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, proliferating sympodially, hyaline, thin-walled. Conidia elongate falcate or filiform.

Type: Melogramma Fr.

Notes: The family Melogrammatacea e is characterized by parasitic species possessing oblong to cylindrical asci, a reduced apical annulus at the ascal apex and narrow paraphyses (Schatz 1983). Melogramma was introduced by Fries (1849), and represented in Nitschke ex Fuckel (1870) as “Melogrammaeae” (Fuckel 1870; Laflamme 1976). Winter (1886) placed “Melogrammaeae” in Sphaeriales and included the genera Botryosphaeria, Endiothia, Melogramma and Valsaria. Melogramma was placed in Diaporthaceae, also in the order Sphaeriales from 1957 to 1976 (Laflamme 1976). Munk (1957), Laflamme (1976) revised the family Melogrammataceae. Barr (1990) transferred Melogrammataceae to Xylariales, and accepted only Melogramma, with Melogramma campylosporum as its type species. She redescribed the family and its asexual morph (Barr 1990). Kirk et al. (2008) listed Melogrammataceae in Diaporthales. The family Melogrammataceae was not listed by Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), and the type of Melogramma was classified in the family Melanconidaceae under Diaporthales. Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) used sequence data to show that Melogrammataceae nested in Xylariales in a distinct genus and was used to accommodate Melogramma. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) confirmed the placement of Melogramma in Melogrammataceae in Xylariales, while Senanayake et al. (2015) showed its placement in Xylariaceae.

Melogramma Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 386 (1849)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01320 Figs 91, 92

Fig. 91

Melogramma campylosporum (Material examined: AUSTRIA, Styria, Graz, distr. Mariatrost, on the north-facing hillside below the church, 47°06′29″N, 15°29′32″E, MTB 8858/4, c. 440 m alt.; clearing, on dead shoots of Carpinus betulus L. (Betulaceae), 5 November 2006, leg. and det. C. Scheuer (#5321), S F123341) a Herbarium material b Substrate c Stromata d Ostioles as black spots on stroma e Periphyses f Ascomata formed in a stroma g Peridium h-l Asci m Paraphyses n-q Ascospores. Scale bars: c, d, = 500 μm, f = 200 μm, e, h–l = 30 μm, g, m–q = 15 μm

Fig. 92

Melogramma campylosporum (redrawn from Laflamme 1976) a. Germinated ascospore b Pycnidia c Young hyphae at the edge of culture d Conidiophores with conidia e Conidia. Scale bars: a = 15 μm, b = 30 μm, c–e = 3 μm

Saprobic on woody plants. Sexual morph: Stromata reddish-brown, solitary, scattered or aggregated in lines, immersed when young, erumpent from bark and becoming superficial when mature, pulvinate or discoid, soft textured, with pseudoparenchymatous cells, apex papillate with black ostiole. Ascomata perithecial, dark brown to black, sometimes confluent, immersed, globose, ostiolate. Ostiole periphysate. Peridium comprising of two layers, outer layer dark brown to black, composed of textura angularis to prismatica, inner layer hyaline, with thin-walled cells. Hamathecium of narrow, septate, hyphae-like paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, straight, clavate, fusoid, sigmoid, short pedicellate, with a shallow, J-, apical ring. Ascospores overlapping 2-seriate to fasciculate, brown, young ascospores 0–1-septate, hyaline, straight, mature ascospores 3-septate, falcate, often strongly curved, ends subacute, guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata formed as pycnidia. Mycelium composed of hyphae hyaline to yellow-brown, septate, branched. Conidiophores long, cylindrical, stiff, upright, septate, verticillate and whorled at the tip or not. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, polyblastic, hyaline, elongate, thin-walled, and proliferating sympodially. Conidia acrogenous, elongate, falcate or filiform, tapering slightly to rounded ends, hyaline, simple, smooth (Laflamme 1976; Barr 1990; Sutton 1980; Fungi of Great Britain and Ireland).

Type species: Melogramma campylosporum Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 386 (1849)

Notes: The genus Melogramma was established by Fries (1849) with Melogramma campylosporum as its type species. Laflamme (1976) provided descriptions of two species Melogramma campylosporum and M. caucasicum and the asexual morphs. Breitenbach and Kränzlin (1984) provided illustrations for Melogramma. Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) further illustrated and provided descriptions after checking the herbarium of type species. Kirk et al. (2008) estimated there were three Melogramma species, however, other papers (Fries 1849; Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015) have rarely mentioned the genus.

Microascaceae Luttr. ex Malloch, Mycologia 62(4): 734 (1970)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01798

Saprobic on soil, decaying plant material and animal dung or opportunistic pathogens of insects and animals, including humans, in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial or cleistothecial, immersed or superficial, scattered or aggregated, black, globose to ampulliform, glabrous or covered with scattered hairs, ostiolate. Ostiole usually with a neck of variable length and shape, sometimes with a tuft of ostiolar hairs. Peridium dark brown or black, composed of thick-walled, slightly flattened cells of textura angularis or textura intricata. Hamathecium lacking interascal tissues. Asci 8-spored, very thin-walled, unitunicate, obovate, barrel-shaped or nearly globose, formed in basipetal rows, evanescent. Ascospores reddish brown to copper coloured, 1-celled, asymmetrical, reniform, heart-shaped, triangular or quadrangular, dextrinoid when young, smooth-walled, with germ slits. Asexual morph: Conidiophores simple, macronematous, mononematous or sporodochial to synnematous, with or without rhizoids. Conidiogenous cells annellidic, borne singly and laterally on the vegetative hyphae, or in groups of 2–5 on short simple or little branched conidiophores, ampulliform or lageniform, subhyaline or darkening with age, smooth- or rough-walled with a distinct cylindrical annellated zone. Conidia 1-celled, pale yellowish to dark brown, globose to subglobose, obovate or clavate, with a truncate base and rounded or pointed at the apex, smooth- and thin-walled or finely roughened and thick-walled, produced singly or in basipetal dry chains. Solitary conidia present in some species, borne sessile or on short stalks from the vegetative hyphae.

Type: Microascus Zukal

Notes: The family Microascaceae and order Microascales were proposed by Luttrell (1951) and validly published with Latin descriptions by Malloch (1970) and Benny and Kimbrough (1980). Luttrell (1951) described the family Microascaceae for taxa with ascomata with necks and evanescent, apedicellate asci, disposed irregularly throughout the filamentous centrum. The description by Luttrell (1951) was confirmed by Corlett (1963, 1966) who showed that asci of Microascus and Petriella develop directly from the cells of the ascogenous hyphae, and not from croziers. Benny and Kimbrough (1980) suggested that members of the family Microascaceae had evolved away from a hymenial configuration; in the microascaceous centrum, a peripheral layer of paraphysoid elements that grows inward towards the ascogenous hyphae. Malloch (1970) reviewed the family Microascaceae and included both ostiolate and non-ostiolate taxa; ascomata are darkly pigmented, usually hairy, rarely glabrous; asci arise singly or in chains, without croziers, evanescent, and irregularly disposed throughout the centrum and ascospores are reddish brown to copper coloured with germ slits, dextrinoid when young, and smooth-walled, extruded through the ostiole into a gelatinous drop or a long cirrhus. The asexual morphs of this family are annellidic, such as, Cephalotrichum and Scopulariopsis. Some produce aleurioconidia as in Petriella, and also arthroconidia as in Kernia (Malloch 1970, 1971). The Microascaceae forms a sister clade to the Halosphaeriaceae with moderate support in phylogenies based on SSU sequence data (Réblová et al. 2011). However, few taxa in the family have been sequenced and further collections, isolation and sequencing is warranted to resolve its relationship with the Halosphaeriaceae within the order Microascales. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) confirmed the placement of Microascus and Petriella within the family Microascaceae in the order Microascales, Hypocreomycetidae, with support from molecular data.

Microascus Zukal, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 35: 342 (1886)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02120; Fig. 93

Fig. 93

Microascus alveolaris CBS 139501 a. Ascomata b Peridium c Asci d Ascospores e Conidiophores, annellides and conidia (redrawn from Sandoval-Denis et al. 2016). Scale bars: a = 30 μm, b–e = 5 μm

Saprobic on soil, decaying plant material and animal dung or opportunistic pathogens of insects and animals, including humans. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial or immersed, subglobose to globose, solitary to gregarious, dark brown to black, carbonaceous, hairy or glabrous, ostiolate. Ostioles papillate to long necked. Peridium composed of several cell layers of hyaline, pseudoparenchymatous cells. Asci 8-spored, ovoid to subglobose sometimes clavate, sessile or short pedicellate, disposed at all levels within the centrum, evanescent. Ascospores seriate, pale red-brown to dark red-brown in mass, ellipsoidal, or mostly asymmetrical, sometimes triangular or tetra-angular, with two germ pores, dextrinoid when immature, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidiophores often elongate, sometimes synnematous, dark and usually smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells annellidic, borne singly and laterally on the vegetative hyphae, or in groups of 2–5 on short simple or rarely branched conidiophores, ampulliform or lageniform, subhyaline or darkening with age, smooth- or rough-walled with a distinct cylindrical, annellate zone. Conidia 1-celled, pale yellowish to dark brown, globose to subglobose, obovate or clavate, with a truncate base and rounded or pointed at the apex, smooth, thin-walled or finely roughened, thick-walled, produced singly or in basipetal dry chains. Solitary conidia present in some species, borne sessile or on short stalks from the vegetative hyphae.

Type species: Microascus longirostris Zukal, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 35: 339 (1886)

Notes: The genus Microascus was established by Zukal (1886) with Microascus longirostris as the type species. Microascus (1886) was initially characterized by carbonaceous, ostiolate, more or less spherical perithecia and evanescent asci distributed at all levels throughout the venter of the ascomata. Microascus was initially included in the Eurotiales based on the close similarities in the development and organization of the perithecial centrum (Emmons and Dodge 1931; Moreau 1953; Doguet 1957). Barron et al. (1961) and Morton and Smith (1963) evaluated the taxonomy of the genus, and its generic concept remains unchanged. Microascus groups with Pseudallescheria with low bootstrap support (Réblová et al. 2011).

Other genera included

Anekabeeja Udaiyan & V.S. Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15(3): 649 (1992) [1991]

Type species: Anekabeeja lignicola Udaiyan & V.S. Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15(3): 649 (1992) [1991]

Brachyconidiellopsis Decock et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 25(2): 140 (2004)

Type species: Brachyconidiellopsis fimicola Decock et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 25(2): 142 (2004)

Canariomyces Arx, Persoonia 12(2): 185 (1984)

Type species: Canariomyces notabilis von Arx, Persoonia 12(2): 185 (1984)

Cephalotrichum Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 20 (1809)

Type species: Cephalotrichum stemonitis (Pers.) Nees, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 20 (1809)

Doratomyces Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 2: 65 (1829)

Type species: Doratomyces neesii Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 2(7): 65 (1829)

Echinobotryum Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(12): 51 (1831)

Type species: Echinobotryum atrum Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(12): 51 (1831)

Enterocarpus Locq.-Lin., Revue Mycol., Paris 41(4): 510 (1977)

Type species: Enterocarpus uniporus Locq.-Lin., Revue Mycol., Paris 41(4): 513 (1977)

Kernia Nieuwl., Am. Midl. Nat. 4: 379 (1916)

Type species: Kernia nitida (Sacc.) Nieuwl., Am. Midl. Nat. 4: 379 (1916)

Knoxdaviesia M.J. Wingf. et al., Mycologia 80(1): 26 (1988)

Type species: Knoxdaviesia proteae M.J. Wingf. et al., Mycologia 80(1): 26 (1988)

Lophotrichus R.K. Benj., Mycologia 41(3): 347 (1949)

Type species: Lophotrichus ampullus R.K. Benj., Mycologia 41(3): 347 (1949)

Parascedosporium Gilgado et al., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57(9): 2176 (2007)

Type species: Parascedosporium tectonae (C. Booth) Gilgado et al., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57(9): 2176 (2007)

Petriella Curzi, Boll. R. Staz. Patalog. Veget. Roma 10: 384 (1930)

Type species: Petriella asymmetrica Curzi, Boll. R. Staz. Patalog. Veget. Roma 10: 392 (1930)

Pseudallescheria Negr. & I. Fisch., Revista Inst. Bacteriol. Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán’ 12 (201): 5–9 (1944)

Type species: Pseudallescheria shearii Negroni & I. Fisch., Rev. Inst. bact., B. Aires 12: 201 (1944)

Pseudoscopulariopsis Sandoval-Denis et al., in Sandoval-Denis et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 36: 24 (2015)

Type species: Pseudoscopulariopsis schumacheri (E.C. Hansen) Sandoval-Denis et al., in Sandoval-Denis et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 36: 24 (2015)

Scedosporium Sacc. ex Castell. & Chalm., Manual of tropical medicine (London): 1122 (1919)

Type species: Scedosporium apiospermum Sacc. ex Castell. & Chalm., Manual of tropical medicine (London): 1122 (1919)

Scopulariopsis Bainier, Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 23: 98 (1907)

Type species: Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (Sacc.) Bainier, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 23: 99 (1907)

Tinhaudeus K.L. Pang et al., in Ariyawansa et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-015-0346-5, [134] (2015)

Type species: Tinhaudeus formosanus K.L. Pang et al., in Ariyawansa et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-015-0346-5, [138] (2015)

Wardomyces F.T. Brooks & Hansf., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 8(3): 137 (1923)

Type species: Wardomyces anomalus F.T. Brooks & Hansf. [as ‘anomala’], Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 8(3): 137 (1923)

Wardomycopsis Udagawa & Furuya, Mycotaxon 7(1): 92 (1978)

Type species: Wardomycopsis inopinata Udagawa & Furuya, Mycotaxon 7(1): 92 (1978)

Key to sexual genera of Microascaceae

1. Ascomata with a peridium of textura epidermoidea…………..… 2

1. Ascomata with a peridium of pseudoparenchymatous cells…………..… 4

2. Ascomata perithecial, ascospores asymmetrical…………..… 2

2. Ascomata cleistothecial, ascospores symmetrical…………..… Pseudallescheria

3. Ascospores reddish brown…………..… Petriella

3. Ascospores subhyaline…………..… Pseudoscopulariopsis

4. Ascospores embedded in a hyphal capillitium at maturity, with a prominent germ pore…………..… Enterocarpus

4. Ascospores not embedded in a capillitium, without or with 1–2 germ pores…………..… 5

5. Ascospores pale red-brown to dark red-brown when arranged in a mass extruded from the mature perithecium as a gelatinous ball at the ostiole…………..… Microascus

5. Ascospores hyaline, reddish, yellowish or brownish not in a mass extruded from the mature perithecium…………..… 6

6. Ascospores without or with one germ pore…………..… 7

6. Ascospores with two germ pores…………..… 8

7. Ascospores ellipsoidal or broadly fusiform…………..… Scopulariopsis

7. Ascospores broadly reniform or lunate…………..… Canariomyces

8. Ascomata non-ostiolate, with or without tufts of hairs, ascospores hyaline, reddish, yellowish or brownish…………..… Kernia

8. Ascospores usually ostiolate, with an apical tuft of thick-walled hairs, ascospores yellowish or brownish…………..… Lophotricus

Key to asexual genera of Microascaceae

1. Conidia with germ slits…………..… 2

1. Conidia without germ slits…………..… 3

2. Conidia produce as short chains from annellidic conidiogenous cells…………..… Wardomycops is

2. Conidia single, produce from polyblastic conidiogenous cells…………..… Wardomyces

3. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, arising from well-developed rhizoids…………..… Knoxdaviesia

3. Conidiophores unbranched or sporodochial to synnematous, without rhizoids…………..… 4

4. Conidia greyish to greyish black, cheirosporous, with divergent branches, composed of chains of narrowly ellipsoid to slightly barrel-shaped cells…………..… Brachyconidiellop s is

4. Conidia subhyaline, pale brown to brown, without branches, solitary, catenate or clustered…………..… 5

5. Conidia ovate, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, catenate, truncate at the base and pointed at the apex…………..… 6

5. Conidia not as above…………..… 7

6. Conidiophores synnematous, upper half of the synnema covered with flask-shaped annellides…………..… Doratomyces

6. Conidiophores synnematous with dark brown to blackish brown stipes, with cylindrical or ellipsoidal heads…………..… Cephalotrichu m

7. Conidiophores flask-shaped with swollen base part and elongated neck…………..… Scedosporium

7. Conidiophores erect, simple, branched or irregularly branched…………..… 8

8. Conidia brown, pear-shaped, beaked, roughened…………..… Echinobotryum

8. Conidia subhyaline to brown, sub cylindrical, smooth-walled…………..… Parascedosporium

Microdochiaceae Hern.-Restr. et al., in Hernández-Restrepo et al., Persoonia 36: 64 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01907

Saprobic, endophytic or pathogenic on leaves, seeds and soil. Sexual morph: Stroma present or absent. Ascomata perithecial, immersed, scattered, solitary, papilla of textura intricata, Peridium 3–4 layers, in surface view textura epidermoidea. Asci cylindrical, oblong, clavate, unitunicate, with an amyloid funnel-shaped apical ring and 8 biseriate or uniseriate ascospores. Paraphyses persisting between asci, apically free, filamentous, unbranched or infrequently branched, thin-walled, septate. Ascospores ellipsoid or oblong, fusoid, hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Conidiomata if present, sporodochial. Conidiophores solitary or aggregated, mono- or biverticillate. Conidiogenous cells solitary or in whorls, polyblastic, sympodial, denticulate, cylindrical often ampulliform, lageniform with elongated necks and minute annellides from percurrent proliferations, hyaline to pale brown. Conidia lunate, oblong, fusiform or cylindrical, straight or curved, hyaline, flattened at base. Chlamydospores if present, brown (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015b).

Type: Microdochium Syd.

Notes: Based on the results of LSU sequence data Microdochium, Idriella and Selenodriella form a distinct clade in Xylariales (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015b). Therefore, the novel family Microdochiaceae was introduced for the taxa producing monographella-like sexual morphs and an asexual morph characterized by polyblastic, sympodial or annellidic conidiogenous cells, with hyaline conidia without appendages (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015b). The genera placed in Microdochiaceae are phytopathogenic and saprobic on leaves, seeds and soil.

Microdochium Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 22(3/6): 267 (1924)

Facesoffungi number: 02121; Figs 94, 95

Fig. 94

Microdochium seminicola - sexual morph (CBS 139951, ex-type) a, b Asci c Ascus ring in Melzer’s reagent; d Ascospores (redrawn from Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015b)

Fig. 95

Microdochium phragmitis – asexual morph (CBS 423.78) a, b Sporodochia c, d Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells e Conidia (redrawn from Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015b). Scale bars: a = 50 μm, b–e = 10 μm

Saprobic or pathogenic on plants. Sexual morph: Monographella-like, on natural substrate. Ascomata perithecial, immersed, subepidermal, solitary or in groups, pale brown to black, globose, subglobose to oval, with central, papillate and often acute ostiole, ostioles usually more distinctly pigmented than the perithecial body, filled with slightly clavate periphyses. Peridium brown, thin-walled, thickened and darker around the ostiole, in surface view of textura angularis-epidermoidea. Paraphyses filamentous, apically free, thin-walled. Asci unitunicate, oblong to clavate with 8 bi- to multi-seriate ascospores, apex with an amyloid, refractive, flat, funnel-shaped ring. Ascospores clavate, fusoid or oblong, hyaline to brownish, straight or curved, smooth-walled and septate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Mycelium branched and septate. Sporodochia, if present, epidermal, subepidermal to erumpent through stromata; hyaline, pseudoparenchymatic, spreading after egress. Conidiophores more or less verticillate, reduced to conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, smooth, solitary or aggregated in small sporodochia. Two kinds: with sympodial proliferation, cylindrical or slightly tapering, or clavate, denticulate with one or more apical denticles. Or with percurrent proliferation (annellidic), subcylindrical, obpyriform, ampulliform to lageniform. Conidia dry or slimy in mass, unicellular or multi-septate, hyaline, smooth, lunate, falcate, fusiform, filiform, obovoid or subpyriform, straight or curved, apex rounded, base flattened. Sometimes the conidia originate directly from hyphae. Chlamydospores terminal or intercalary, solitary, in chains or grouped in clusters, brown (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015b).

Type species: Microdochium phragmitis Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 22(3/6): 267 (1924)

Notes: Microdochium was introduced by Sydow (1924) with the type M. phragmitis Syd. for a fungus on living on discoloured leaves of Phragmites australis. To date 31 Microdochium species have been described, which includes saprotrophs, some endophytes that produce secondary metabolites and pathogens of various plants (Zhang et al. 2015). The sexual morphs of Microdochium were identified as Monographella and many of them cause plant diseases predominantly on grasses and cereals (Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2012. Since, Microdochium has more species and the name is more frequently used in the literature, Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2015b) gave priority to Microdochium over Monographella.

Other genera included

Idriella P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh., Mycologia 48: 550. 1956

Type species: Idriella lunata P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh., Mycologia 48: 550.

Selenodriella R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., Univ. Waterloo Biol. Ser. 33: 34 (1990)

Type species: Selenodriella fertilis (Piroz. & Hodges) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., Univ. Waterloo Biol. Ser. 33: 34 (1990)

Key to genera of Microdochiaceae

1. Chlamydospores absent…………..… Microdochium

1. Chlamydospores present…………..… 2

2. Conidiophores setiform, conidiogenous cells and branches are arranged in whorls along the main axis of setiform conidiophores…………..… Selenodriella

2. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells…………..… Idriella

Myelospermataceae K.D. Hyde & S.W. Wong [as ‘Myelospermaceae’], Mycol. Res. 44(1): 349 (1999)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02098

Saprobic or endophytic on palms. Sexual morph: Ascomata occurring in host tissues, in pseudostromata, appearing as weakly raised, blister-like regions on the host surface, immersed, solitary, or aggregated in a valsoid configuration, if aggregated clustered around a common central pore, subglobose to ellipsoidal, dark brown, necks mostly eccentric. Peridium comprising a thick layer of pale brown-walled compressed cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses filamentous, basal cell globose, cylindrical, septate, unbranched, tapering distally. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with a J-, or J+, refractive, subapical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, hyaline, olivaceous brown when mature, reniform to ellipsoidal, unicellular, guttulate, smooth walled and surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Myelosperma Syd. & P. Syd.; Fig. 96

Fig. 96

Myelosperma sp. (Material examined: THAILAND, Krabi Province, 3 December 2014, S. Konta, MFLU 15-0269) a, b Ascomata c Section of ascoma d Neck e Peridium f Paraphyses g +, apical ring, bluing in Melzer’s reagent h-j Asci k-n Ascospores o Germinated ascospore p Colony on culture. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 200 μm, c = 100 μm, d, h–j = 20 μm, e = 10 μm, f-g, k–o = 5 μm

Type species: Myelosperma tumidum Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 13(1): 38 (1915)

Notes: Myelospermataceae was introduced by Hyde and Wong (1999) and is typified by Myelosperma with Myelosperma tumidum as the type species. Characters include cylindrical asci, with a refractive subapical ring, and reniform, olivaceous brown ascospores (Hyde 1993; Hyde and Wong 1999). Hyde and Wong (1999) first placed this family under Diaporthales. Subsequently, Kirk et al. (2001) placement the genus in Xylariales, which seemed controversial due to lack of suitable reference taxa and sequence analysis (Eriksson 1999; Kang et al. 2002). Later, Eriksson et al. (2003) placed Myelosperma in Lasiosphaeriaceae based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of LSU and SSU data. The taxonomic placement of this genus is confused, thus further taxon sampling and multi-gene analysis is required (Smith et al. 2003). Currently, five species are recorded in Index Fungorum (2016).

We collected a new species of Myelosperma from southern Thailand, also on a palm rachis. LSU sequence data indicate the species belongs in the order Xylariales, which is in agreement with the asci having a J+, subapical ring. However, multi-gene analysis is needed to confirm Myelospermataceae is a distinct family. Our taxon comprised individual ascomata clustered in a raised pseudostroma, and may be a new species, which will be the subject of a future publication.

Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as ‘Nectriei’], Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 3: 3 (1865)

= Tuberculariaceae Fr. [as ‘Tubercularini’], Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 169 (1825)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01396

Folicolous, entomogenous, endophytic or saprobic mostly on woody plant hosts, a few species being human pathogens, in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata stromatic or non-stromatic, white, red, dark red, reddish-brown, orange, orange-red, orange-brown, umber, yellow, pale yellow, brown, greyish yellow-green, dark bluish, bluish purple, bluish black or black, solitary or aggregated in groups, perithecial, globose to subglobose, ovoid, elongate-ovoid, obpyriform, obovoid or pyriform, changing or not changing colour in KOH, surface smooth to papillate, striate, warted, verrucose or scaly, with or without setae, periphysate, ostiolar region sometimes papillate. Paraphyses present or absent. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to narrowly clavate, cylindrical or ellipsoidal, with or without apical ring, with pointed or pedicellate base. Ascospores uniseriate to biseriate or overlapping, hyaline to yellow, yellow-brown, golden-brown, pale-brown or green, fusiform, long-fusiform, ellipsoidal, oblong, biconic, pyriform, reniform or allantoid, aseptate to multi-septate or muriform, constricted at the septum or not, smooth-walled, spinulose, verruculose or striate. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous or coelomycetous. Conidiomata synnematous, sporodochial or pycnidial. Conidiophores unbranched or branched, penicillate, verticillate. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic to polyphialidic, ampulliform to lageniform, cylindrical, elongate-ampulliform or subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia globose, ovate, ellipsoidal, cylindrical to subcylindrical, fusiform, long-fusiform, filiform, allantoid or falcate, straight to slightly or strongly curved, hyaline, aseptate to multi-septate, constricted at septum or not, with or without visible abscission scars, sometimes guttulate, smooth-walled. Chlamydospores present or absent.

Type: Nectria (Fr.) Fr.

Notes: Seaver (1909a, b, 1910a, b, 1911) divided the order Hypocreales into two families (Nectriaceae and Hypocreaceae) by considering stromatic and perithecial characters. Petch (1938) also accepted Nectriaceae as a separate family in Hypocreales, while Munk (1957) and Dennis (1960) placed it in Sphaeriales. Miller (1949); Bessy (1950); Luttrell (1951); Dingley (1951a, b, 1952a, b, 1953, 1954, 1956); von Arx and Müller (1954); Müller and von Arx (1962); Gäumann (1964); Rogerson (1970); Barr (1990) placed Nectriaceae under Hypocreaceae as one family. However, Kreisel (1969); Rossman et al. (1999) accepted that Nectriaceae and Hypocreaceae are two separate families within Hypocreales. Nectriaceae was provisionally accepted as a separate family based on cladistic analyses of rRNA data (Spatafora and Blackwell 1993). Nectriaceae is characterized by uniloculate, pigmented ascomata and phialidic amerosporous to phragmosporous conidia. Ascomata are yellow, orange-red or purple and KOH+ (Rossman et al. 1999; Rossman 2000; Lombard et al. 2015). Some members of this family are weak or even virulent pathogens, while some are saprobes, fungicolous or insecticolous (Rossman et al. 1999; Rossman 2000; Chaverri et al. 2011; Schroers et al. 2011; Hyde et al. 2014). Rossman et al. (1999) restricted Nectria sensu stricto to species considered congeneric with N. cinnabarina and accepted 20 genera in Nectriaceae. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listed 26 genera under Nectriaceae, while Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) accepted 67 genera. Of these, Lombard et al. (2015) synonymized ten (Chaetopsinectria, Dialonectria, Glionectria, Heliscus, Antipodium, Viridispora, Actinostilbe, Pleonectria, Volutellonectria and Xenocalonectria) under other genera in the Nectriaceae, while four (Pseudocosmospora, Stalagmites, Pleurocolla and Pleogibberella) were excluded or not treated due to lack of molecular data, and Rodentomyces was transferred to the Hypocreales as genera incertae sedis. However, Lombard et al. (2015) did not consider ten of the genera (Allonectella, Baipadisphaeria, Chaetonectrioides, Curvicladium, Cyanochyta, Cyanophomella, Dacryoma, Persiciospora, Stachybotryna and Xenonectriella) accepted by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015), but they did include an additional five genera (Cylindrocarpostylus, Dactylonectria, Sarcopodium, Xenocylindrocladium and Xenogliocladiopsis). Lombard et al. (2015) accepted 47 genera in the family based on rDNA sequence data. The present study follows Lombard et al. (2015)

Nectria (Fr.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 387 (1849)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02122; Figs 97, 98

Fig. 97

Nectria cinnabarina (Material examined: FRANCE: Villiers en Bois, on dead twigs of Aesculus sp., Lechat, C. (CLL7152), 2008 February 13, Detr: Lechat, C. BPI 879981, epitype) a Herbarium material b Ascomata and long stipitate sporodochia on host substrate c Ascomata on host substrate d, e Transverse section through ascoma f Transverse section through peridium g Ascus h Ascus in Melzer’s reagent i-k Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 1 mm, c = 2 mm, d = 500 μm, e = 200 μm, f = 50 μm, g, h = 20 μm, i–k = 10 μm

Fig. 98

Nectria cinnabarina (Material examined: FRANCE: Villiers en Bois, on dead twigs of Aesculus sp., Lechat, C. (CLL7152), 2008 February 13, Detr: Lechat, C. BPI 879981, epitype) a Long stipitate sporodochia on host substrate b Transverse section through sporodochium c Conidiophore d Conidia. Scale bars: a = 2 mm, b = 200 μm, c = 20 μm, d = 10 μm

Saprobic on decaying wood and occurring as pathogens of trees. Sexual morph: Stromata, erumpent. Ascomata perithecial, on or nearly or completely immersed in a stroma, aggregated in groups, red to bay to sienna, turning bright red, blood red to purple in KOH, globose to subglobose, with a smooth to warted surface. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to narrowly clavate or cylindrical, apical ring inconspicuous. Ascospores 0–4-septate, ellipsoidal, oblong, fusiform, pyriform or allantoid, with rounded ends, straight to slightly curved, hyaline, smooth-walled or spinulose. Asexual morph: Conidiophores pycnidial, sporodochial, lateral phialidic pegs or acropleurogenous. Microconidia ellipsoid to fusoid or sometimes curved, aseptate, hyaline. Macroconidia 0–1-septate, ellipsoidal, oblong, cylindrical to allantoid or subglobose to ellipsoidal, straight to slightly curved, rounded at ends, hyaline, smooth-walled. Chlamydospores rare (description based on Hirooka et al. 2012; Lombard et al. 2015).

Type species: Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 388 (1849)

Notes: Fries (1849) introduced the genus Nectria based on Hypocrea sect. Nectria Fr. Since then many species have been added to the genus. Based on morphological characteristics such as structure of perithecial and asexual morphs (Hirooka et al. 2010; Rossman et al. 1999) and LSU sequence data (Rehner and Samuels 1995) Nectria sensu lato was separated into a number of genera. Rossman et al. (1999) restricted Nectria sensu stricto to species considered congeneric with the type species Nectria cinnabarina and accepted 27 species within the genus.

≡ Tubercularia vulgaris Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 1: 18 (1790)

Other genera included

Albonectria Rossman & Samuels, in Rossman et al., Stud. Mycol. 42: 105 (1999)

Type species: Albonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels, in Rossman et al., Stud. Mycol. 42: 105 (1999)

Allantonectria Earle, in Greene, Plant. Bak. 2(1): 11 (1901)

Type species: Allantonectria yuccae Earle, in Greene, Plant. Bak. 2(1): 11 (1901)

Allonectella Petr., Sydowia 4(1–6): 345 (1950)

Type species: Allonectella rubescens Petr., Sydowia 4(1–6): 345 (1950)

Aquanectria L. Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 207 (2015)

Type species: Aquanectria penicillioides (Ingold) L. Lombard & Crous, Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 207 (2015)

Atractium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 10 (1809)

Type species: Atractium stilbaster Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 10 (1809)

Bisifusarium L. Lombard, Crous & W. Gams, in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 223 (2015)

Type species: Bisifusarium dimerum (Penz.) L. Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 224 (2015)

Calonectria De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 2(3): 477 (1867)

=Cylindrocladium Morgan, Bot. Gaz. 17: 191 (1892)

Type species: Calonectria daldiniana De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 2(3): 477 (1867)

Calostilbe Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 16: 591 (1902)

= Calostilbella Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 37: 160 (1919)

Type species: Calostilbe longiasca (Möller) Sacc. & P. Syd., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 16: 591 (1902)

Campylocarpon Halleen et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 448 (2004)

Type species: Campylocarpon fasciculare Schroers et al., in Halleen et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 448 (2004)

Chaetonectrioides Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 9: 5 (1996)

Type species: Chaetonectrioides malaysiana Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 9: 5 (1996)

Chaetopsina Rambelli, Atti Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna, Cl. Sci. Fis. Rendiconti 3: 5 (1956)

= Chaetopsinectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang, Mycologia 102(4): 979 (2010)

Type species: Chaetopsina fulva Rambelli, Diagn. IV 3: 5 (1956)

Coccinonectria L.Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 218 (2015)

Type species: Coccinonectria pachysandricola (B.O. Dodge) L. Lombard & Crous. in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 218 (2015)

Corallomycetella Henn., Hedwigia 43: 245 (1904)

Type species: Corallomycetella heinsenii Henn. [as ‘heinesii’], Hedwigia 43: 245 (1904)

Corallonectria C. Herrera & P. Chaverri, Mycosystema 32(3): 539 (2013)

Type species: Corallonectria jatrophae (Möller) C. Herrera & P. Chaverri, Mycosystema 32(3): 539 (2013)

Cosmospora Rabenh., Hedwigia 2: 59 (1862)

Type species: Cosmospora coccinea Rabenh., Fungi europ. exsicc.: no. 459 (1862)

Curvicladiella Decock & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 55: 225 (2006)

Type species: Curvicladiella cignea (Decock & Crous) Decock & Crous, in Crous et al., Stud. Mycol. 55: 225 (2006)

Curvicladium Decock & Crous, Mycologia 90(2): 276 (1998)

Type species: Curvicladium cigneum Decock & Crous, Mycologia 90(2): 277 (1998)

Cyanochyta Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 124: 92 (1915)

Type species: Cyanochyta cyanogena (Speg.) Höhn., Öst. bot. Z. 68: 120 (1915)

Cyanonectria Samuels & P. Chaverri, in Samuels et al., Mycol. Progr. 8(1): 56 (2009)

Type species: Cyanonectria cyanostoma (Sacc. & Flageolet) Samuels & P. Chaverri, Mycol. Progr. 8(1): 56 (2009)

Cyanophomella Höhn., Hedwigia 60: 156 (1918)

Type species: Cyanophomella acervalis (Sacc.) Höhn., Hedwigia 60: 157 (1918)

Cylindrocarpostylus R. Kirschner & Oberw., Mycol. Res. 103: 1155. 1999.

Type species: Cylindrocarpostylus gregarius (Bres.) R. Kirschner & Oberw., Mycol. Res. 103: 1155. 1999.

Cylindrocladiella Boesew., Can. J. Bot. 60(11): 2289 (1982)

Type species: Cylindrocladiella parva (P.J. Anderson) Boesew., Can. J. Bot. 60(11): 2289 (1982)

Cylindrodendrum Bonord., Handb. Allgem. mykol. (Stuttgart): 98 (1851)

Type species: Cylindrodendrum album Bonord., Handb. Allgem. mykol. (Stuttgart): 48 (1851)

Dacryoma Samuels, Brittonia 40(3): 328 (1988)

Type species: Dacryoma album Samuels [as ‘alba’], Brittonia 40(3): 328 (1988)

Dactylonectria L. Lombard & Crous, Phytopathol. Medit. 53: 348. 2014.

Type species: Dactylonectria macrodidyma (Halleen et al.) L. Lombard & Crous, Phytopathol. Medit. 53: 352. 2014.

Dematiocladium Allegr.et al., Mycol. Res. 109(7): 836 (2005)

Type species: Dematiocladium celtidis Allegr. et al., Mycol. Res. 109(7): 836 (2005)

Fusarium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 10 (1809)

Type species: Fusarium roseum Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 10 (1809)

Fusicolla Bonord., Handb. Allgem. mykol. (Stuttgart): 150 (1851)

Type species: Fusicolla betae Bonord., Handb. Allgem. mykol. (Stuttgart): 150 (1851)

Geejayessia Schroers et al., in Schroers et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 124 (2011)

Type species: Geejayessia cicatricum (Berk.) Schroers, in Schroers et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 124 (2011)

Gliocephalotrichum J.J. Ellis & Hesselt., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 89: 21 (1962)

= Leuconectria Rossman, Samuels & Lowen, Mycologia 85(4): 686 (1993)

Type species: Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium J.J. Ellis & Hesselt., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 89: 22 (1962)

Gliocladiopsis S.B. Saksena, Mycologia 46: 662 (1954)

= Glionectria Crous & C.L. Schoch, Stud. Mycol. 45: 58 (2000)

Type species: Gliocladiopsis sagariensis S.B. Saksena, Mycologia 46: 662 (1954)

Ilyonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 69 (2011)

Type species: Ilyonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 71 (2011)

Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers, in Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 101 (2011)

Type species: Macroconia leptosphaeriae (Niessl) Gräfenhan & Schroers, in Gräfenhan et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 102 (2011)

Mariannaea G. Arnaud, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 68: 196 (1952)

Type species: Mariannaea elegans G. Arnaud, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 68: 196 (1952)

Microcera Desm., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 10: 359 (1848)

Type species: Microcera coccophila Desm., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 10: 359 (1848)

Nalanthamala Subram., J. Indian bot. Soc. 35: 478 (1956)

Type species: Nalanthamala madreeya Subram., J. Indian bot. Soc. 35: 478 (1956)

Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch, Stud. Mycol. 45: 54 (2000)

Type species: Nectricladiella camelliae (Shipton) Crous & C.L. Schoch, in Schoch et al., Stud. Mycol. 45: 54 (2000)

Neonectria Wollenw., Annls mycol. 15(1/2): 52 (1917)

Type species: Neonectria ramulariae Wollenw., Annls mycol. 15(1/2): 52 (1917)

Neocosmospora E.F. Sm., U.S.D.A. Div. Veg. Pathol. Bull. 17: 45 (1899)

Type species: Neocosmospora vasinfecta E.F. Sm., Bull. U.S. Department of Agriculture 17: 45 (1899)

Ophionectria Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 3): 323 (1878)

Type species: Ophionectria trichospora (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 3): 323 (1878)

Paracremonium L. Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 233 (2015)

Type species: Paracremonium inflatum L. Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 233 (2015)

Payosphaeria W.F. Leong, in Leong, Tan, Hyde & Jones, Bot. Mar. 33: 511 (1990)

Type species: Payosphaeria minuta H.Y.M. Leung, in Leong, Tan, Hyde & Jones, Bot. Mar. 33: 511 (1990)

Penicillifer Emden, Acta bot. neerl. 17: 54 (1968)

Type species: Penicillifer pulcher Emden, Acta bot. neerl. 17: 54 (1968)

Persiciospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 84: 133 (1982)

Type species: Persiciospora moreaui P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 84(2): 134 (1982)

Pleogibberella Sacc. ex Berl. & Voglino, in Saccardo, Syll. fung., Addit. I-IV (Abellini): 217 (1886)

Type species: Pleogibberella calamia (Cooke) Berl. & Voglino, in Saccardo, Syll. fung., Addit. I-IV (Abellini): 217 (1886)

Pleonectria Sacc., Nuovo G. bot. ital. 8(2): 178 (1876)

Type species: Pleonectria lamyi (Desm.) Sacc. [as ‘lamyii’], Michelia 1(no. 3): 325 (1878)

Pleurocolla Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 15 (1924)

Type species: Pleurocolla tiliae Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 15 (1924)

Pseudocosmospora C. Herrera & P. Chaverri, Mycologia 105: 1291 (2013)

Type species: Pseudocosmospora eutypellae C. Herrera & P. Chaverri, Mycologia 105: 1293 (2013)

Pseudonectria Seaver, Mycologia 1(2): 48 (1909)

Type species: Pseudonectria rousseliana (Mont.) Wollenw., Z. ParasitKde 3(3): 489 (1931)

Rectifusarium L. Lombard et al., in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 229 (2015)

Type species: Rectifusarium ventricosum (Appel & Wollenw.) L. Lombard & Crous., in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 229 (2015)

Rugonectria P. Chaverri & Samuels, in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 73 (2011)

Type species: Rugonectria rugulosa (Pat. & Gaillard) Samuels et al., in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 73. (2011)

Sarcopodium Ehrenb. ex Schlecht., Synop. Pl. Crypt. 2: 101. (1824).

Type species: Sarcopodium circinatum Ehrenb. ex Schlecht., Synop. Pl. Crypt. 2: 101. 1824.

Stachybotryna Tubaki & T. Yokoy., Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 12(1): 18 (1971)

Type species: Stachybotryna columaris Tubaki & T. Yokoy. [as ‘columare’], Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 12(1): 18 (1971)

Stalagmites Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(2): 189 (1914)

Type species: Stalagmites tumefaciens (Syd. & P. Syd.) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(2): 189 (1914)

Stylonectria Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 124: 52 (1915)

Type species: Stylonectria applanata Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 124: 52 (1915)

Thelonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 76 (2011)

Type species: Thelonectria discophora (Mont.) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, in Chaverri et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 76 (2011)

Thyronectria Sacc., Grevillea 4(no. 29): 21 (1875)

Type species: Thyronectria patavina Sacc., Grevillea 4(no. 29): 21 (1875)

Volutella Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 3(2): 458, 466 (1832)

Type species: Volutella ciliata (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 3(2): 467 (1832)

Xenoacremonium L. Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 234 (2015)

Type species: Xenoacremonium recifei (Leão & Lõbo) L. Lombard & Crous., in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 235 (2015)

Xenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch, Stud. Mycol. 45: 50 (2000)

Type species: Nectria serpens Decock, Hennebert & Crous, Mycol. Res. 101(7): 788 (1997)

Xenogliocladiopsis Crous & W.B. Kendr., Canad. J. Bot. 72: 63. 1994.

Type species: Xenogliocladiopsis eucalyptorum Crous & W.B. Kendr., Can. J. Bot. 72: 63. 1994.

Xenonectriella Weese, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 749 (1919)

Type species: Xenonectriella lutescens (Arnold) Weese, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 749 (1919)

Key to the genera of Nectriaceae with sexual morph

1. Ascospores always aseptate…………..… 2

1. Ascospores 1 to multi-septate or muriform, rarely aseptate…………..… 4

2. Ascomata on well-developed erumpent stromata,…………..… 3

2. Ascomata with basal stromata, superficial…………..… 5

3. Ascospores fusoid with rounded ends…………..… Calonectria

3. Ascospores allantoid to cylindrical with rounded corners…………..… Allantonectria

5. Ascomata, pale yellow to greyish yellow-green, not changing color in KOH…………..… Pseudonectria

5. Ascomata brilliant red, turning purple in KOH…………..… Gliocephalotrichum

6. Ascospores green…………..… Penicillifer

6. Ascospores hyaline or pigmented, not green…………..… 7

7. Ascomata white to pale yellow, pale brownish-yellow or greyish yellow-green, never red, black, blue or purple…………..… Albonectria

7. Ascomata yellow, red, redish orange, orange, orange-brown, black, dark blue or purple, rarely white…………..… 8

8. Ascomata stromatic, erumpent, fully or partially immersed in a slimy, pale orange sheet of hyphae over the substrate…………..… Fusicolla

8. Ascomata stromatic or not, if stromatic not immersed in a slimy sheet of hyphae…………..… 9

9. Ascospores more than 1-septate or muriform, rarely 1 septate…………..… 10

9 Ascospores always 1-septate, not muriform or multi-septate…………..… 11

10. Ascospores sometimes budding in the ascus to produce oblong to allantoid, aseptate, hyaline, ascoconidia…………..… Thyronectria

10. Ascospores do not produce ascoconidia…………..… 33

11. Ascomata seated on short red stalks…………..… Corallonectria

11. Ascomata not seated on stalks…………..… 12

12. Ascomata broadly ampulliform with a short necks, or broadly ellipsoidal, pale orange, brownish to reddish orange, bright red or black…………..… Geejayessia

12. Ascomata globose, ovoid, pyriform to obpyriform, yellow to orange-brown to red, but never black…………..… 13

13. Found only in aquatic habitats, ascomata ovate to subglobose…………..… Aquanectria

13. Mainly in terrestrial habitats, ascomata globose to subglobose…………..… 14

14. Ascomata with a rounded or broad, circular, flat disc on a venter-like neck, ascospores cylindrical to allantoid to ellipsoidal…………..… Stylonectria

14. Ascomata papillate or non-papillate, without flat disc on a venter-like neck, ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform, oblong or globose…………..… 15

15. Ascomatal wall with hyphal hairs (sometimes forming a tomentum on the ascomatal surface) or with minute brown setae, very rarely smooth, not warted, scaly or scruffy…………..… 16

15. Ascomatal wall smooth, warted, scaly or scruffy…………..… 17

16. Ascomata developing on old sporodochia, previously conidial stroma, or at the base of a synnema…………..… 35

16. Ascomata with a inconspicuous stroma, basal stroma present or absent, not associated with old sporodochia, previously conidial stroma or synnema…………..… 36

17. Ascomata with orange (rarely green) or red scales…………..… 18

17. Ascomatal surface not scaly…………..… 19

18. Ascomata with orange, rarely green scales, turning dark red in KOH, ascospores pale brown to golden-brown, coarsely striate…………..… Nalanthamala

18. Ascomata with red scales, turning purple-red in KOH, ascospores hyaline, smooth…………..… Ilyonectria

19. Ascospores aggregated in the upper third of the ascus, fusoid…………..… Xenocylindrocladium

19. Ascospores not aggregated in the upper third of the ascus, ellipsoidal, oblong, fusiform, pyriform or allantoid…………..… 20

20. Ascomata associated with reddish rhizomorphs or synnemata, changing to purple in KOH…………..… Corallomycetella

20. Ascomata not associated with reddish rhizomorphs or synnemata, changing or not changing color in KOH, if change becoming dark red, purple-red, violet or sienna…………..… 21

21. Stromata well-developed and/or byssus covering host, rarely reduced…………..… 22

21. Stromata inconspicuous, absent, or with a basal stroma,…………..… 24

22. Ascomata turning sienna in KOH, ascospores yellow-brown, coarsely striate, appearing as longitudinal furrows…………..… Calostilbe

22. Ascomata turning dark red, dark red-brown or violet in KOH, ascospores hyaline to pale yellow-brown, smooth or finely warted, sometimes becoming tuberculate when mature…………..… 23

23. Ascomata globose with a blunt papilla, orange to dark red, ascomatal surface finely roughened…………..… Microcera

23. Ascomata ampulliform to obpyriform or pyriform, dark bluish or red to red-brown, ascomatal surface smooth…………..… Cyanonectria

24. Ascomata red-brown with a dark red stromatic base…………..… Gliocladiopsis

24. Ascoamat pale yellow, orange, red to dark red or brown…………..… 25

25. Ascomata not reacting in KOH…………..… 26

25. Ascomata changing color in KOH…………..… 28

26. Asci clavate, ascospores light brown, verrucose…………..… Rectifusarium

26. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, ascospores hyaline or becoming brownish with age, smooth, spinulose or rarely striate…………..… 27

27. Ascomata globose with a flat apex, pale yellow, orange or brown…………..… Mariannaea

27. Ascomata globose, subglobose, or pyriform to elongated, red…………..… Thelonectria

28. Ascomata dark red, becoming purple-red in KOH…………..… Dactylonectria

28. Ascomata orange red or bright red, red, yellow to orange or orange-brown, becoming dark red, dark yellow to dark orange-brown…………..… 29

29. Ascomata orange-red, surface conspicuously warted, sometimes smooth…………..… 30

29. Ascomata yellow to orange-brown to red, surface generally smooth, very rarely scruffy…………..… 31

30. Ascospores initially hyaline, becoming yellow brown to reddish brown, striate…………..… Cosmospora/Dialonectria

30. Ascospores hyaline or sometimes yellow, becoming tuberculate when mature…………..… Rugonectria

31. Ascomata globose to pyriform, yellow to orange-brown…………..… Neocosmospora

31. Ascomata subglobose to obpyriform or broadly obpyriform, generally red…………..… 32

32. Ascomata non-stromatic, obpyriform, with an acute apex…………..… Chaetopsina

32. Ascomata seated on an erumpent stroma, subglobose to broadly obpyriform, rarely papillate…………..… Neonectria

33. Ascomata astromatic, or on a thin stroma or seated on a subiculum of thick-walled, minutely warted septate hyphae…………..… 34

33. Ascomata on or nearly or completely immersed in an erumpent stroma…………..… Nectria

34. Ascomata ovoid to elongate-ovoid to cylindrical, ascospores long-fusiform, often somewhat bent, vermiform…………..… Ophionectria

34. Ascomata globose to subglobose to pyriform ascospores mostly ellipsoidal…………..… Fusarium

35. Ascomata orange to orange-red to carmine red, becoming pink to purple in KOH, ascospores finely verrucose…………..… Coccinonectria

35. Ascomata red, becoming dark red in KOH, ascospores striate…………..… Sarcopodium

36. Stroma inconspicuous or absent, ascospores yellowish…………..… Macroconia

36. With or without basal stroma, ascospores hyaline…………..… 37

37. Basal stroma absent, ascospores ellipsoid to fusoid with obtuse ends…………..… Cylindrocladiella

37. Ascomata on a thin basal stromata, Ascospores fusiform to biconic…………..… Volutella

Key to the genera of Nectriaceae with asexual morph

1. Conidiophores separate or aggregated into sporodochia or synnemata…………..… 2

1. Conidiophores simple, not produce sporodochia…………..… 6

2. Conidiophores sporodochial or synnematous, consist of fertile branches and sterile vesiculate stipe extensions, generally not pathogenic to other fungi or insects…………..… 3

2. Conidiophores simple sporodochial, consist of conidiogenous ring only, sterile stipe extensions absent, generally pathogenic to other fungi or insects…………..… 5

3. Conidia (0–)1–5-septate, clavate, obovoid or gently curved, rarely ellipsoidal…………..… Atractium

3. Conidia 0–3-septate, cylindrical to fusiform…………..… 4

4. Conidia 0–3-septate, cylindrical, stipe with a verruculose, pale brown apical cell…………..… Curvicladiella

4. Conidia aseptate, cylindrical to fusiform, stipe smooth, hyaline…………..… Xenogliocladiopsis

5. Microconidia absent or present, 0–1(−2)-septate; macroconidia uniseptate to multi-septate, falcate, with or without a hooked apical cell…………..… Fusarium

5. Microconidia 0(−1)-septate, ellipsoidal and straight or allantoid, broadly lunate to reniform or curved and tapering at both ends; macroconidia (0–)1–2(−3)-septate, curved to lunate…………..… Bisifusarium

6. Conidiophores/Conidiogenous cells bearing 1 to several phialides…………..… 7

6. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic…………..… 9

7. Conidiophores arising from pseudoparenchymatous cells in a basal stroma, phialides elongate doliiform to reniform or subcylindrical…………..… Dematiocladium

7. Conidiophores as lateral phialidic pegs or arising laterally from somatic hyphae, phialides cylindrical to allantoid or narrowly flask-shaped…………..… 8

8. Phialides cylindrical or narrowly flask-shaped, macroconidia cylindrical, curved, (1–)3–4(−5)-septate, with minutely tapered, obtuse ends…………..… Campylocarpon

8. Phialides cylindrical to allantoid, conidia cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 0–3-septate, rounded at both ends…………..… Cylindrocarpostylus

9. Conidiophores elongate doliiform to reniform to obpyriform, conidia do not form slimy heads on the conidiophore…………..… Cylindrodendrum

9. Conidiophores elongate-ampulliform or subcylindrical, conidia forming slimy heads on the conidiophore…………..… 10

10. Forming sterile coils with conidiophores radiating outwards, hyphal septa inconspicuously swollen…………..… Paracremonium

10. Not forming sterile coils, hyphae inconspicuously swollen septa…………..… Xenoacremonium

Niessliaceae Kirschst., Annls mycol. 37(1/2): 89 (1939

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01126

Saprobic or parasitic on wood, leaves and stems in freshwater and terrestrial habitats, some possibly fungicolous and lichenicolous. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial or cleistothecial, yellow, brown, dark brown to black, solitary or gregarious, superficial, erumpent to immersed in a subiculum or crustose stroma, cupulate, globose to subglobose, membranaceous, tuberculate, with or without circinately coiled, lightly pigmented, brown, septate, apical setae, collabent, or collapsing laterally, or not collapsing, papilla present or lacking, when present with periphysate ostiole. Peridium thick, membranaceous, outer layer composed of yellow, light brown or brown cells of textura angularis; inner layer composed of hyaline cells of textura prismatica. Hamathecium of filiform, hyaline, septate paraphyses, or paraphyses absent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oblong to clavate, long or short pedicellate, with narrowly discoid J- apical ring or absent, evanescent at maturity. Ascospores 1–3-seriate, hyaline to brown, ellipsoid to fusiform, slightly curved, aseptate to 1-septate, striate or verrucose, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium white to light brown, superficial, effused, thick subiculum. Conidiophores thin-walled, hyaline, unbranched, aseptate, swollen, with a short and distinct collarette, teminating in a single conidium. Phialides straight, smooth. Conidia oval to ellipsoid, aseptate to 1-septate, hyaline, smooth. Coelomycetous, Conidiomata sub-immersed, globose to subglobose, dark brown. Peridium thick-walled, wall composed of brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards inner conidiogenous region. Conidiophores hyaline, subcylindrical, branched apically, 1–2-septate. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoid, straight to curved, tapering towards a subtruncate apex. Conidia oval to ellipsoid, aseptate to 2-septate, hyaline, with guttulate, smooth-walled (Descriptions based on Samuels and Barr 1997, Crous et al. 2007b).

Type: Niesslia Auersw.

Notes: The family Niessliaceae was introduced by Kirschstein (1939) based on superficial, dark, setose perithecial ascomata, and is typified by Niesslia. Barr (1990) proposed that the family be accepted in a narrow sense and removed it from the Sphaeriaceae (Müller and von Arx 1962, 1973) and Trichosphaeriaceae (Hawksworth et al. 1983; Barr 1983). Samuels and Barr (1997) referred the family to the order Hypocreales, based on the short paraphyses, periphysate ostiole, dark pigmented peridium and phialidic conidiogenesis cells. Eriksson and Hawksworth (1993) and Hawksworth et al. (1995) accepted its disposition in the Hypocreales based on morphological features. Species are generally saprobic or parasitic on wood, leaves or lichens. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) accepted 17 genera in the family. The placement of Niessliaceae in the Hypocreales is supported by molecular data with Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) showing Niesslia exilis (Alb. & Schwein.) G. Winter, grouping with Eucasphaeria capensis Crous with high support and the new genus Rosasphaeria in a sister group. Valetoniellopsis was transfered to Hypocreales genera incertae sedis (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Eighteen genera were recognized in Niessliaceae by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015).

Niesslia Auersw., in Gonnermann & Rabenhorst, Myc. Europ. Pyren. 5–6: 30 (1869)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01127; Figs 99, 100, 101

Fig. 99

Niesslia exosporioides (Material examined: GERMANY, Hainburg, Hundsheimer Kogel, Lower Danube, on dead leaves of Carex pilosa Scop. (Cyperaceae), Petrak F, May 1940, PRM 717659) a Material label b Material c, d Ascoma of the side view d Ascoma e Peridium f Septate seta g-j Ascospores. Notes: Figs e-j soaked in 3 % KOH. Scale bars: c–d = 200 μm, e-f = 10 μm, g–j = 5 μm

Fig. 100

Niesslia exosporioides (redrwn from a description by Saccardo 1882 ) a Ascoma b Ascoma in cross section c Asci. Scale bars: a–b = 100 μm, c = 10 μm

Fig. 101

Circinoniesslia nectriae (Material examined: PUERTO RICO, Caribbean National Forest, Luquillo Mts., El Verde Research Area, alt. 350 m; Bionectria sp., Samuels, G. J. Schroers, H.-J. (8028), on decaying, February, 1996, BPI 748359, holotype) a Material label b Material c Ascomata d Ascoma e Vertical section of ascoma f Peridium g–i Asci j–m Ascospores. Note: Figures h, i and k are stained in Melzer’s reagent. Scale bars: c = 500 μm, d–e = 200 μm, f = 50 μm, g–i = 20 μm, j–m = 10 μm

Saprobic on leaves in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary, superficial, cupuliform, dark brown to black, membranaceous, tuberculate, collabent when dry, surround by brown, septate setae, with spiny termination, with periphysate ostiole. Peridium thick, outer layer hard, composed of dark tissues, basal part mixed with host cells; inner layer composed of brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium of filiform, hyaline, septate paraphyses or paraphyses absent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, oblong to clavate, stipitate, apical ring present or absent, evanescent at maturity. Ascospores ellipsoid to fusiform, aseptate to 1-septate, hyaline, slightly curved, smooth, mostly with guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Niesslia chaetomium (Corda) Auersw., in Gonnermann & Rabenhorst, Myc. Europ. Pyren. 5–6: 30 (1869)

Current name:

Niesslia exosporioides (Desm.) G. Winter, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 197 (1885)

Notes: The genus Niesslia was introduced by Auerswald and includes 39 epithets according to Index Fungorum (2016). The type species, is characterized by tuberculate perithecia, surrounded by brown, septate setae, clavate asci and filiform ascospores.

Other genera included

Atronectria Etayo, in Etayo & Rosato, Biblthca Lichenol. 98: 52 (2008)

Type species: Atronectria magellanica Etayo, in Etayo & Sancho, Biblthca Lichenol. 98: 52 (2008)

Circinoniesslia Samuels & M.E. Barr, Can. J. Bot. 75(12): 2166 (1998) [1997]; Fig. 100

Type species: Circinoniesslia nectriae Samuels & M.E. Barr, Can. J. Bot. 75(12): 2166 (1998) [1997]

Cryptoniesslia Scheuer, Mycol. Res. 97(5): 543 (1993)

Type species: Cryptoniesslia setulosa Scheuer, Mycol. Res. 97(5): 543 (1993)

Eucasphaeria Crous, in Crous et al., Fungal Divers 25: 21 (2007b)

Type species: Eucasphaeria capensis Crous, in Crous et al., Fungal Divers 25: 21 (2007b)

Hyaloseta A.W. Ramaley, Mycotaxon 79: 269 (2001)

Type species: Hyaloseta nolinae A.W. Ramaley, Mycotaxon 79: 269 (2001)

Malmeomyces Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska Vetensk Akad. Handl., Afd. 3 25(no. 1): 32 (1899)

Type species: Malmeomyces pulchellus Starbäck [as ‘pulchella’], Bih. K. svenska Vetensk Akad. Handl., Afd. 3 25(no. 1): 32 (1899)

Melanopsamma Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 14: 200 (1876)

Type species: Melanopsamma pomiformis (Pers.) Sacc., Michelia 1(no. 3): 347 (1878)

Melchioria Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(9–10): 399 (1897)

Type species: Melchioria leucomelaena Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(9–10): 399 (1897)

Miyakeomyces Hara, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 27(no. 317): (248) (1913)

Type species: Miyakeomyces bambusae Hara [as ‘Miyakeamyces’], Bot. Mag., Tokyo 27(no. 317): (248) (1913)

Myrmaeciella Lindau, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Teil. I (Leipzig) 1: 478 (1897)

Type species: Myrmaeciella endoleuca (Sacc.) Lindau, in Engler et al., Teil. I (Leipzig) 1(1): 478 (1897)

Paraniesslia K.M. Tsui et al., Mycologia 93(5): 1002 (2001)

Type species: Paraniesslia tuberculata K.M. Tsui et al., Mycologia 93(5): 1002 (2001)

Pseudonectriella Petr., Sydowia 13(1–6): 127 (1959)

Type species: Pseudonectriella ahmadii Petr., Sydowia 13(1–6): 128 (1959)

Pseudorhynchia Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1206 [50 repr.] (1909)

Type species: Pseudorhynchia polyrhyncha (Penz. & Sacc.) Höhn. [as ‘Pseudorhynchia polyrrhyncha’], (1909)

Rosasphaeria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Fungal Diversity 52(1): 93 (2012)

Type species: Rosasphaeria moravica (Petr.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Fungal Divers 52(1): 93 (2012)

Taiwanascus Sivan. & H.S. Chang, Mycol. Res. 101(2): 176 (1997)

Type species: Taiwanascus tetrasporus Sivan. & H.S. Chang, Mycol. Res. 101(2): 176 (1997)

Trichosphaerella E. Bommer et al., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 9: 604 (1891)

Type species: Trichosphaerella decipiens E. Bommer et al., in Saccardo, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 9: 604 (1891)

Valetoniella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1499 [39 repr.] (1909)

Type species: Valetoniella crucipila Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1500 [40 repr.] (1909)

Key to genera of Niessliaceae

1. Lichenicolous…………..… Atronectria

1. Not lichenicolous…………..… 2

2. Fungicolous…………..… Circinoniesslia

2. Saprobic or parasitic on wood, leaves or stems…………..… 3

3. Ascomata sitting on a subiculum…………..… 4

3. Ascomata sitting on the substrate…………..… 7

4. Ascomata sitting on a thick subiculum,…………..… 5

4. Ascomata sitting on a thin subiculum…………..… 6

5. Bambusicolous, ascomata sitting on a black subiculum…………..… Miyakeomyces

5. Saprobic on stems, palm midribs, wood, ascomata sitting on white to brown hyphal subiculum, with hyphomycetous asexual morph…………..… Trichosphaerella

6. Ascomata sitting on the hyaline hyphal subiculum, asexual morph Monocillium…………..… Hyaloseta

6. Ascomata sitting on light brown hyphal subiculum, asexul morph undetermined…………..… Pseudorhynchia

7. Bambusicolous…………..… Malmeomyces

7. Saprobic or parasitic on wood, leaves and stems…………..… 8

8. Ascomata on wood submerged in freshwater habitats…………..… Paraniesslia

8. Ascomata on wood, leaves and stems in terrestrial habitats…………..… 9

9. Ascomata carbonaceous…………..… Melchioria

9. Ascomata not carbonaceous…………..… 10

10. Parasitic on leaves…………..… Eucasphaeria

10. Saprobic on wood…………..… 12

10. Saprobic on leaves…………..… 11

11. Ascomata immersed…………..… Cryptoniesslia

11. Ascomata superficial, setae elongate…………..… Niesslia

12. Ascomata erumpent, yellow, papillate orange to black…………..… Myrmaeciella

12. Ascomata superficial…………..… 13

12. Ascomata immersed, with hyphomycetous asexual morphs…………..… Rosasphaeria

13. Ascomata without setae…………..… 14

13. Ascomata with setae…………..… 15

14. Ascomata globose, smooth or bearing conidiophores…………..… Melanopsamma

14. Ascostroma cupulate…………..… Pseudonectriella

15. Ascomata cleistothecial…………..… Taiwanascus

15. Ascomata perithecial…………..… Valetoniella

Nitschkiaceae Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 56 (1932

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01399

Saprobic or parasitic on wood, leaves or lichens, in freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, dark brown to black, gregarious, superficial to erumpent, sitting on or in a subiculum or absent, cupuliform, globose to subglobose, carbonaceous, coriaceous or membranaceous, rough, tuberculate, smooth or with short spines, with or without an ostiole, the apex collapsing when dry or shallowly cupulate when moist, periphyses inside of the ostiole or absent. Subiculum thin or thick, numerous or scanty, brown to dark brown, septate, branched hyphae, with spiny termination. Peridium thick (20–150 μm), munk pores present or absent, composed of three layers, outer layer comprising dark tissues, thin, carbonaceous; middle layer comprising dark brown to brown cells of textura angularis, thick, membranaceous, while the inner layer has hyaline cells of textura prismatica, thin, and membranaceous. Hamathecium with or without hyaline paraphyses, septate, simple or branched. Asci 4- to multi-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate to cylindrical, long or short pedicellate or sessile, blunt. Ascospores 2–3-seriate or irregularly arranged, hyaline or brown, fusiform, allantoid or subcylindrical, slightly curved, 0–4-aseptate, concolourous, smooth-walled, sheath and appendages present or absent, with or without guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Nitschkia G.H. Otth ex P. Karst.

Notes: The family Nitschkiaceae (Coronophorales) was introduced by Nannfeldt (1932) based on erumpent, black, rough ascomata and clavate asci, with hyaline allantoid ascospores, and is typified by Nitschkia fuckelii G.H. Otth ex P. Karst. (Karsten 1873, based on Coelosphaeria fuckelii). Nannfeldt (1975) concluded that Nitschkiaceae comprised three separate groups, but the differences between them were not sufficient to place them in separate families. He accepted five genera in this family and provided a detailed morphology description. Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) accepted twelve genera based on a multi-gene dataset and a morphological study (Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010). The monotypic genera Neochaetosphaerella and Tortulomyces were introduced based on morphological observations (Vasilyeva et al. 2012, 2013). In our study, 14 genera are included in this family. Most taxa assigned to the family need to be evaluated at the molecular level.

Nitschkia G.H. Otth ex P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 13 (1873)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02123; Fig. 102

Fig. 102

Nitschkia cupularis (Material examined: on the branches of Prunus mahaleb L. (Rosaceae) and Carpinus betulus L. (Betulaceae), BR 5020096960571) a Material label b Material c Ascomata d Munk pores e Ascomata in cross section f Peridium g Paraphyses h–k Asci l–o Ascospores. Notes: Figs e-g. i-o are stained in KOH. Scale bars: c = 500 μm, e = 100 μm, f = 40 μm, g = 30 μm, d. h–k = 10 μm, l–o = 5 μm

Saprobic on wood in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, black, gregarious, superficial or erumpent, sitting on or in a subiculum or absent, globose to subglobose, carbonaceous or membranaceous, rough, with a short ostiole, the apex collapsing when dry, shallowly cupulate when moist or not collabent. Ostiole lined with hyaline periphyses. Subiculum thin or thick, numerous or scanty, brown to dark brown, septate, branched hyphae, with spiny termination. Peridium (20–70 μm), munk pores present, composed of three layers, outer layer comprising dark tissues, thin, carbonaceous; middle layer comprising dark brown to brown cells of textura angularis, thick, membranaceous; the inner layer has hyaline cells of textura prismatica, thin, membranaceous. Hamathecium comprising septate, simple paraphyses,. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, long pedicellate, apex blunt. Ascospores 2–3-seriate or irregularly arranged, hyaline, allantoid or subcylindrical, slightly curved, aseptate, smooth-walled, with or without guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Nitschkia cupularis (Pers.) P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 81 (1873)

Notes: The taxonomy of the genus Nitschkia introduced by G.H. Otth ex Karsten (1873) is confused, and currently includes 65 epithets (Index Fungorum 2016). The name Nitschkia fuckelii was first introduced by Fuckel (1870), but Saccardo (1873) suggested Coelosphaeria to replace Nitschkia, because the spelling of “Nitschkia” was similar to the generic name for a diatom. Fitzpatrick (1923) reviewed the nomenclature of Coelosphaeria and the name was rejected. Confusion as to the type species arises because Fuckel (1870) introduced the type species N. fuckelii based on Sphaeria cupularis Fr. These two taxa, N. fuckelii and N. cupularis, differ morphologically with respect to the production of a definite pseudoparenchymatous stroma/ subiculum, respectively. Neither taxon has been sequenced, and molecular analysis is based on Nitschhia calyculus (Mont.) Kuntze, N. grevillei (Rehm) Nannf., N. meniscoidea Huhndorf et al. and N. tetraspora Nannf. (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).

Other genera included

Acanthonitschkea Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires, Ser. 3 17(10): 116 (1908)

Type species: Acanthonitschkea argentinensis Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires, Ser. 3 17(10): 116 (1908)

Biciliosporina Subram. & Sekar, Kavaka 18(1–2): 69 (1993) [1990]

Type species: Biciliosporina karwarensis Subram. & Sekar, Kavaka 18(1–2): 69 (1993) [1990]

Botryola Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, in Batista et al., Publicações Inst. Micol. Recife 431: 11 (1964)

Type species: Botryola tetrasperma Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, in Batista et al., Publicações Inst. Micol. Recife 431: 13 (1964)

Fracchiaea Sacc., Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. 2: 163 (1873)

Type species: Fracchiaea heterogenea Sacc., Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. 2: 163 (1873)

Groenhiella Jørg. Koch et al., Bot. Mar. 26(6): 265 (1983)

Type species: Groenhiella bivestia Jørg. Koch et al., Bot. Mar. 26(6): 265 (1983)

Janannfeldtia Subram. & Sekar, Kavaka 18(1–2): 69 (1993) [1990]

Type species: Janannfeldtia karwarensis Subram. & Sekar, Kavaka 18(1–2): 70 (1993) [1990]

Lasiosphaeriopsis D. Hawksw. & Sivan., in Hawksworth, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 74(2): 371 (1980)

Type species: Lasiosphaeriopsis salisburyi D. Hawksw. & Sivan., in Hawksworth, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 74(2): 373 (1980)

Loranitschkia Lar. N. Vassiljeva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 24(3): 207 (1990)

Type species: Loranitschkia viticola Lar. N. Vassiljeva [as ‘Loranitschki’], Mikol. Fitopatol. 24(3): 207 (1990)

Neochaetosphaerella Lar. N. Vassiljeva et al., in Vasilyeva et al., Fungal Diversity 52(1): 192 (2012)

Type species: Neochaetosphaerella thaxteriospora Lar. N. Vassiljeva et al., in Vasilyeva et al., Fungal Diversity 52(1): 192 (2012)

Neotrotteria Sacc., Bulletino dell’orto Botanico della R. Universitá di Napoli 6: 45 (1921)

Type species: Neotrotteria pulchella Sacc., Bulletino dell’orto Botanico della R. Universitá di Napoli 6: 45 (1918)

Rhagadostoma Körb., Parerga lichenol. (Breslau) 5: 472 (1865)

Type species: Rhagadostoma corrugatum Körb., Parerga lichenol. (Breslau) 5: 473 (1865)

Rhagadostomella Etayo, Biblthca Lichenol. 84: 109 (2002)

Type species: Rhagadostoma corrugatum Körb., Parerga lichenol. (Breslau) 5: 473 (1865)

Tortulomyces Lar. N. Vassiljeva et al., Mycoscience 54(1): 110–115 (2013)

Type species: Tortulomyces thailandicus Lar. N. Vassiljeva et al., Mycoscience 54(1): 110–115 (2013)

Key to genera of Nitschkiaceae

1. In marine environments…………..… 2

1. In freshwater and terrestrial environments…………..… 3

2. Ascospores hyaline…………..… Botryola

2. Ascospores light brown with sheath…………..… Groenhiella

3. Lichenicolous…………..… 4

3. Saprobic on wood…………..… 5

4. Ascomata superficial, ascospores cylindrical…………..… Rhagadostomella

4. Ascomata sub-immersed, ascospores allantoid, slightly curved…………..… Rhagadostoma

5. Ascospores brown…………..… 6

5. Ascospores hyaline…………..… 7

6. Lichenicolous, ascomata superficial…………..… Lasiosphaeriopsis

6. Corticolous, ascomata sub-immersed…………..… 8

7. Ascomata with setae…………..… 9

7. Ascomata without setae…………..… 11

8. Ascomata ostiolate, with spiny septate setae…………..… Neochaetosphaerella

8. Ascomata lacking ostiole, with tubercules…………..… Tortulomyces

9. Asci multi-spored…………..… 10

9. Asci more than 8-spored…………..… Acanthonitschkea

10. Quellkörper absent…………..… Fracchiaea

10. Quellkörper present…………..… Neotrotteria

11. Ascomata immersed and erumpent through the bark…………..… 12

11. Ascomata superficial…………..… Loranitschkia

12. Quellkörper absent…………..… Nitschkia

12. Quellkörper present…………..… 13

13. Asci 8-spored, irregularly uniseriate or overlapping biseriate…………..… Biciliosporina

13. Asci more than 8-spored, not regularly arranged…………..… Janannfeldtia

Ophioceraceae Klaubauf et al., Studies in Mycology 79: 85–120 (2014).

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01254

Saprobic on wood and other plant material, commonly isolated in aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary or in small groups, immersed or semi-immersed, dark brown to black, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, ostiolate. Ostiole a long neck, lined with periphyses. Hamathecium comprising numerous, septate, tapering, hyphae-like, thin-walled, filamentous, branched paraphyses, intermingled among asci. Peridium outwardly comprising small angular dark brown cells, inwardly comprising several layers of dark brown to pale brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, subcylindrical to narrowly fusoid, apedicellate, with thimble-shaped, J-, apical ring. Ascospores fasciculate, hyaline, yellowish in mass, filiform, bluntly rounded at the apices, 3–or multi-septate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Ophioceras Sacc.

Notes: The family Ophioceraceae was introduced as a monotypic family by Klaubauf et al. (2014) in the order Magnaporthales to accommodate Ophioceras. Previously, Ophioceras was placed in Magnaporthaceae following the phylogenetic analysis of Chen et al. (1999) and Inderbitzin and Berbee (2001). However, based on combined LSU and RPB1 analysis, it was found that Ophioceras clusters separately from Magnaporthaceae within the order Magnaporthales (Thongkantha et al. 2009) and hence a new monotypic family Ophioceraceae was introduced to accommodate Ophioceras (Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Ophioceras Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 358 (1883); Fig. 103

Fig. 103

Ophioceras sp. (Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Tham Luang Nang Non Cave, on submerged wood, 25 November 2014, Jing Yang, YJ-11 (MFLU 15–0378) a Substrate b Colonies c Fruiting body d Section of ascoma e Peridium f Paraphyses g–l Asci m–o Ascospores p Apical ring of ascus q Germinating ascospore r–s Colonies on PDA (S from below). Scale bars: b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d = 100 μm, e = 15 μm, f, j–l, q = 30 μm, g–I, m–p = 25 μm

Type species: Ophioceras dolichostomum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 358 (1883)

Notes: Saccardo (1883) introduced Ophioceras based on O. dolichostomum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., characterized by black ascomata with long necks, cylindrical asci with small, refractive, apical rings and filiform ascospores (Teng 1934; Conway and Barr 1977; Shearer et al. 1999; Tsui et al. 2001; Thongkantha et al. 2009; Klaubauf et al. 2014). Ophioceras species are commonly encountered on decaying woody substrates in freshwater habitats all over the world (Hyde 1992; Hyde and Goh 1998; Shearer et al. 1999; Tsui et al. 2001; Thongkantha et al. 2009). Currently 39 records of Ophioceras are listed in Index Fungorum (2016).

Morphologically Ophioceras is reminiscent of Gaeumannomyces, however, the two genera can be distinguished easily by the differences in their habitats. Ophioceras is usually associated with wood and herbaceous material in aquatic habits, while Gaeumannomyces species are plant pathogens (Chen et al. 1999; Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Ophiocordycipitaceae G.H. Sung et al., in Sung et al., Stud. Mycol. 57: 35 (2007)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01315

Parasitic on arthropods, protozoans, rotifers, nematodes, humans, animals and fungi worldwide. Sexual morph: Stromata or subiculum darkly pigmented or rarely brightly coloured, tough, fibrous, pliant to wiry, rarely fleshy, often with aperithecial apices or lateral pads. Ascomata superficial to completely immersed, ordinal or oblique in arrangement. Asci unitunicate, cylindrical, rarely fusoid to ellipsoid, usually with thickened and almost bulbous ascus apex. Ascospores fasciculate, usually filiform, hyaline, multi-septate, disarticulating into part-spores or non-disarticulating. Asexual morph: see notes.

Type: Ophiocordyceps Petch

Notes: The family Ophiocordycipitaceae was introduced by Sung et al. (2007) based on phylogenetic analyses and later emended by Quandt et al. (2014). Quandt et al. (2014) included Ophiocordyceps plus six genera within Ophiocordycipitaceae based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Spatafora et al. (2015) confirmed this classification system and introduced necessary species combinations into four genera of this family, including Drechmeria, Harposporium, Ophiocordyceps and Purpureocillium. Most species in this family produce dark pigmented, tough to pliant stromata, that often possess aperithecial apices (Sung et al. 2007). The main distinguishing characters of this genus are that the ascospores do not break into part-spores at maturity and asci have thin apical caps (Petch 1931a, b). The type species is Ophiocordyceps blattae (Petch) Petch. This taxon was collected from Sri Lanka with only one collection and without cultural or molecular data. Asexual generic names associated with Ophiocordyceps include Sorosporella (Sorokin 1888), Hirsutella (Doassans and Patouillard 1892; Gams and Zare 2003), Hymenostilbe (Petch 1931b), Stilbella (Seifert 1985), Syngliocladium (Petch 1932b), and Paraisaria (Samson and Brady 1983). Based on the morphology and sequence data, Ophiocordyceps was protected and other names suppressed in accordance with “one fungus one name” (Quandt et al. 2014).

Asexual morphs of the family are Tolypocladium sensu Gams (1971), Chaunopycnis sensu Gams (1980), or verticillium-like (Quandt et al. 2014). Many asexual morphs are associated with this family, some of which are restricted in their phylogenetic distribution, while others are often found in disparate lineages (Quandt et al. 2014). For example, Verticillium is a common asexual morph of many species in several hypocrealean families, including Ophiocordycipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae and Clavicipitaceae (see Zare et al. 2000; Sung et al. 2001, 2007; Gams and Zare 2001). Ophiocordycipitaceae are also associated with Hymenostilbe and Hirsutella asexual morphs (Kepler et al. 2013).

Tolypocladium was proposed by Quandt et al. (2014) for protection over Elaphocordyceps (Sung et al. 2007) and Chaunopycnis (Gams 1980). This genus forms a single monophyletic clade that includes truffle parasites, several insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens, mycoparasitic fungi, and general soil-inhabitants (Quandt et al. 2014). This genus is characterized by robust stipitate stroma with clavate to capitate to highly reduced stroma, comprising rhizomorphs and aggregated ascomata, which may be immersed and produced on highly reduced stromatic pads (Quandt et al. 2014). Quandt et al. (2014) list 26 new combinations within this genus.

Purpureocillium was described as a genus by Luangsa-ard et al. (2011) for the medically important Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson. There are only two species in this genus: P. lilacinum (Thom) Samson (Luangsa-ard et al. 2011) and P. lavendulum (Thom) Samson (Perdomo et al. 2013a).

According to phylogenetic analyses, the nematophagous clade separated in two clades; one containing Harposporium (Lohde 1874) and Podocrella (Seaver 1928a), and the other comprising Drechmeria (Gams and Jansson 1985), Haptocillium (Gams and Zare 2001), and Cordyceps gunnii (Berk.) Berk (Quandt et al. 2014). Harposporium was recorded as the asexual morph of Podocrella based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses (Chaverri et al. 2005). Harposporium is an older name, and the morphology of at least somewhat crescent-shaped conidia is a shared character for this clade (Quandt et al. 2014). Harposporium was protected over Podocrella as the earlier genus name. For the other clade, Drechmeria is an older name than Haptocillium. Drechmeria was protected as the genus name, which includes Cordyceps gunni (Berk.) Berk (Quandt et al. 2014).

Polycephalomyces was introduced by Kobayasi (1941), accepted as circumscribed by Seifert (1985) and emended by Kepler et al. (2013). Polycephalomyces is an incertae sedis genus currently within Hypocreales, as its placement has lacked support in previous phylogenetic studies (Kepler et al. 2013). Many morphological characters are shared between Ophiocordycipitaceae and Polycephalomyces as numerous species produce hirsutella-like anamorphs with conidia often borne in a slimy mass (Seifert 1985), sexual spores of Polycephalomyces often possess a wiry, tough, carbonaceous stipe, which is a common morphology of Ophiocordyceps (Kepler et al. 2013). The asexual morph includes acremonium-like, hirsutella-like and Polycephalomyces species (Kepler et al. 2013).

Ophiocordyceps Petch, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.16(1): 73 (1931)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01318; Fig. 104

Fig. 104

Ophiocordyceps nutans (Material examined: CHINA. Province of Jiang-Xi, on dead stinkbug. 18 June 2014, Yuan-Pin Xiao JGS 2014061810 (MFU 15-3201). a Stromata growing out from leaf litter b Overview of stromata and the host. c The infected host d Cross sections showing the complete stromata and perithecia e, f Sections of ascomata g Part of perithecia h-i Asci n Part of ascospore. j-n Asci stained in methylene blue o Asci with apical cap p Asci stained in methylene blue with apical cap q Part spores r Part spores in methylene blue. Scale Bars: e = 2 mm, f, h–l, n = 1 mm, g = 20 μm, m = 500 μm, o–r = 10 μm

Parasitic on arthropods, worldwide. Sexual morph: Stromata or subiculum darkly pigmented or rarely brightly coloured, tough, fibrous, pliant to wiry, rarely fleshy, often with aperithecial apices or lateral pads. Ascomata superficial to completely immersed, ordinal or oblique in arrangement. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored, rarely fusoid to ellipsoid, usually with thickened ascus apex. Ascospores fasciculate, hyaline usually cylindrical, multi-septate, disarticulating into part-spores or non-disarticulating.

Type species: Ophiocordyceps blattae (Petch) Petch, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.16(1): 74 (1931)

Notes: This genus was introduced by Petch (1931a) and used by Sung et al. (2007) as the type genus of Ophiocordycipitaceae. Quandt et al. (2014) emended this genus based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. According to phylogenetic analyses, the oldest name in Ophiocordycipitaceae clade is Sorosporella, a synonym of Syngliocladium. Sorosporella was suppressed (Quandt et al. 2014) while Syngliocladium was previously treated with respect to the second oldest name Hirsutella (Evans and Samson 1982). According to morphological analyses and economic value of the genus, Ophiocordyceps should be protected over the other names.

Other genera included

Drechmeria W. Gams & H.-B. Jansson, Mycotaxon 22(1): 36 (1985)

Type species: Drechmeria coniospora (Drechsler) W. Gams & H.-B. Jansson, Mycotaxon 22(1): 37 (1985)

Harposporium Lohde, Tagbl. Versamml. Ges. Deutsch. Naturf. 47: 206 (1874)

Type species: Harposporiuman guillulae Lohde, Tagebl. Versamm dt. naturf. Ärzte (Breslau) 47: 203–206 (1874)

Polycephalomyces Kobayasi, Sci. Rep. Tokyo Bunrika Daig., Sect. B 5: 245 (1941)

Type species: Polycephalomyces formosus Kobayasi, Sci. Rep. Tokyo Bunrika Daig., Sect. B 5: 245 (1941)

Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard et al., in Luangsa-ard et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 321(2): 144 (2011)

Type species: Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard et al., in Luangsa-ard et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 321(2): 144 (2011)

Tolypocladium W. Gams, Persoonia 6(2): 185 (1971)

Type species: Tolypocladiumin flatum W. Gams, Persoonia 6(2): 185 (1971)

Key to genera of Ophiocordycipitaceae

1. Sexual morph…………..… 2

1. Asexual morph…………..… 6

2. Ascospores breaking into part spores…………..… 3

2. Ascospores not breaking into part spores…………..… Ophiocordyceps

3. Ascospores breaking into many small part spores…………..… 4

3. Ascospores breaking into two lanceolate multi-septate part spores…………..… Harposporium

4. Stromata multi-furcate, stromata apex infertile…………..… Polycephalomyces

4. Stromata with single stalk, apex fertile…………..… 5

5. Stromata with perithecial apices or lateral pads…………..… Ophiocordyceps

5. Stromata with a highly reduced stromatic pad…………..… Tolypocladium

6. Conidia straight to slightly curved or ellipsoidal to fusiform, host arthropod or vertebrate…………..… Purpureocillium

6. Conidia crescent-shaped, helical, host protozoan…………..… Drechmeria

Ophiostomataceae Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 30 (1932)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01807

Saprobic or parasitic on woody plants, occasionally on herbaceous plants. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, perithecial or cleistothecial, globose to subglobose, with external hairs, pale-brown, dark-brown or black, with long ostiolar neck or sometimes lacking ostioles. Ostiolar neck long and slender, brown to dark brown at the base, pale-brown to hyaline at the apex, comprising parallel hyphae with pigmented cell walls, and numerous, filamentous, septate, pale-brown to hyaline ostiolar hyphae. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, the outer wall layers composed of angular cells with thickened, pigmented walls, and lined by thin-walled, hyaline, cells of textura angularis. Asci 8–spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, fusiform, globose to subglobose, oblong to clavate, deliquescent. Ascospores bi- to multi-seriate, variable in shape, frequently asymmetrical, oval, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, reniform, or falcate, aseptate or 1-septate, hyaline or appearing yellowish in mass, some with sheath-like structure, a hyaline outer layer of wall. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores synnematous or mononematous, simple, branched, bearing a brush-like apical, branching structure, erect, hyaline or dark brown to black. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic phialides, some proliferating at or somewhat below the apex and giving rise to another series of denticles or conidiogenous cells. Conidia solitary or aggregated, fusiform, obovate to oblong, cylindrical, hyaline to pale reddish-brown, aseptate, some forming in a viscid head.

Type: Ophiostoma Syd. & P. Syd.

Notes: The family Ophiostomataceae was introduced by Nannfeldt (1932). Prior to 1980, this family was treated in the order Plectascales (Nannfeldt 1932), Microascales (Luttrell 1951), Sphaeriales (Ainsworth and Bisby 1954; von Arx 1978), or as a synonym of the Endomycetaceae in the Endomycetales (Redhead and Malloch 1977). Later, the order Ophiostomatales, was introduced by Benny and Kimbrough (1980) to accommodate the family Ophiostomataceae.

The members of this family are mostly saprobes on sapwood. These fungi are specialized with sticky spores to facilitate insect dispersal. Many bark beetles act as vectors of ophiostomatoid fungi, especially species of Ophiostoma, Leptographium and Ceratocytiopsis (Upadhyay 1981; Jacobs and Wingfield 2001; Zipfel et al. 2006). Many species of ophiostomatoid fungi cause sap stain or blue stain fungi on freshly cut logs and affect timber quality (Seifert 1993), and several species are important pathogens of Protea spp., Pinus spp., Larix spp., Tsuga spp. and Pistacia spp. (Wingfield et al. 1988; Jacobs and Wingfield 2001; Roets et al. 2013).

This family was originally described with three genera including Ophiostoma, Ceratostomella and Endoconidiophora (Nannfeldt 1932). Recently, De Beer et al. (2013) accepted Ceratocystiopsis, Fragosphaeria, Graphium, Leptographium, Ophiostoma and Raffaelea based on phylogenetic inference. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) provided an updated outline of the family Ophiostomataceae with 12 genera, which included sexual (Subbaromyces, Klasterskya, Fragosphaeria, Ophiostoma, Ceratocystiopsis and Spumatoria) and asexual (Leptographium, Pesotum, Phialographium, Raffaelea, Hyalobelemnospora and Hyalorhinocladiella) morph genera. In phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence data, Ophiostomataceae formed a well-supported sister clade to Ophioceraceae (Magnaporthales) and Annulatascaceae (Annulatascales). It was also confirmed that Ceratocystiopsis, Fragosphaeria, Ophiostoma and Raffaelea belong in the family Ophiostomataceae (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Ophiostoma Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 17(1): 43 (1919)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01808; Fig. 105

Fig. 105

Ophiostoma pilifera a Ascomata b Ostiolar region with ostiolar hyphae c Ascospores d Conidiophores and conidia of the Raffaelea state e Conidiophores and conidia of the Hyalorhinocladiella state (redrawn from Osorio 1985)

Saprobic or weak parasites on decaying woody substrates. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, perithecial, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, with long ostiolar neck. Ostiole occasionally comprising two or three necks, long, becoming pale brown to hyaline at the apex, including ostiolar hyphae, hyphae pale brown to hyaline, filamentous, septate, with an outer layer of thin-walled, dark cells. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous, comprising hyaline to pale-brown, cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, pear-shaped, evanescent. Ascospores bi- to multi-seriate, allantoidal in side view, elliptical in face view and circular in end view, surrounded by a thick, hyaline sheath, in end view apparently triangular, aseptate. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores synnematous or mononematous, erect, dark brown to black at the base, becoming light brown or subhyaline towards the apex. Conidiogenous cells annellidic, cylindrical, hyaline. Conidia unicellular, oblong or clavate to obovate, hyaline.

Type species: Ophiostoma pilifera (Fr.) C. Moreau, Revue Mycol., Paris 17 (Suppl. Colon. no. 1): 22 (1952)

Notes: The genus Ophiostoma was introduced by Sydow and Sydow (1919), with Ophiostoma piliferum (Fr.) Sydow & Sydow (1919) as the type species. De Beer et al. (2013) accepted 134 species in the genus. Some species are important tree pathogens. The best known examples are Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Melin & Nannf and O. novo-ulmi Brasier, the causal agents of Dutch elm disease, which are effectively transmitted by elm bark beetles (Webber and Gibbs 1989; Brasier 1991).

Other genera included

Ceratocystiopsis H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr., Mycologia 67(4): 799 (1975)

Type species: Ceratocystiopsis minuta (Siemaszko) H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr., Mycologia 67(4): 800 (1975)

Equicapillimyces S.S.Y. Wong et al., Veterinary Microbiology 115(2–4): 406 (2012)

Type species: Equicapillimyces hongkongensis S.S.Y. Wong et al., Veterinary Microbiology 115(2–4): 406 (2012)

Fragosphaeria Shear, Mycologia 15(3): 124 (1923)

Type species: Fragosphaeria purpurea Shear, Mycologia 15(3): 124 (1923)

Hyalobelemnospora Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 7: 54 (1993)

Type species: Hyalobelemnospora amazonica Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 7: 54 (1993)

Hyalorhinocladiella H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr., Mycologia 67(4): 800 (1975)

Type species: Hyalorhinocladiella minuta–bicolor (R.W. Davidson) H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr., Mycologia 67(4): 800 (1975)

Klasterskya Petr., Annls mycol. 38(2/4): 225 (1940)

Type species: Klasterskya acuum (Mouton) Petr., Annls mycol. 38(2/4): 227 (1940)

Leptographium Lagerb. & Melin, in Lagerberg et al., Svensk Skogsvårdsförening Tidskr. 25: 257 (1927)

Type species: Leptographium lundbergii Lagerb. & Melin, in Lagerberg et al., Svensk Skogsvårdsförening Tidskr. 25: 248 (1927)

Pesotum J.L. Crane & Schokn., Am. J. Bot. 60: 347 (1973)

Type species: Pesotum ulmi (M.B. Schwarz) J.L. Crane & Schokn., Am. J. Bot., Suppl. 60(4): 348 (1973)

Phialographium H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr., Mycologia 66(1): 183 (1974)

Type species: Phialographium sagmatosporae H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr., Mycologia 66(1): 183 (1974)

Raffaelea Arx & Hennebert, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 25: 310 (1965)

Type species: Raffaelea ambrosiae Arx & Hennebert, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 25: 310 (1965)

Spumatoria Massee & E.S. Salmon, Ann. Bot., Lond. 15: 350 (1901)

Type species: Spumatoria longicollis Massee & E.S. Salmon, Ann. Bot., Lond. 15: 350 (1901)

Subbaromyces Hesselt., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 80: 511 (1953)

Type species: Subbaromyces splendens Hesselt., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 80: 511 (1953)

Key to the sexual genera of Ophiostomataceae

1. Ascospores with septate…………..… 2

1. Ascospores aseptate…………..… 3

2. Ascospores 1-septate…………..… 4

2. Ascospores more than 1-septate…………..… Equicapillimyces

3. Ascomata perithecial…………..… 5

3. Ascomata cleistothecial…………..… Fragosphaeria

4. Perithecium forming a disc or collar-like structure…………..… Subbaromyces

4. Perithecium not forming a disc or collar-like structure…………..… Klasterskya

5. Asci fusiform to clavate…………..… 6

5. Asci pear-shaped…………..… Ophiostoma

6. Ascospores falcate, with sheath…………..… Ceratocystiopsis

6. Ascospores obovoid, without sheath…………..… Spumatoria

Key to the asexual genera of Ophiostomataceae

1. Conidiophores mononematous…………..… 2

1. Conidiophores synnematous…………..… 3

2. Conidiophores hyaline, with simple branching…………..… 4

2. Conidiophores dark, bearing a brush-like apical branching structure…………..… Leptographium

3. Conidia formed in a viscid head…………..… Pesotum

3. Conidia not formed in a viscid…………..… Phialographium

4. Conidiophores aggregated…………..… 5

4. Conidiophores single…………..… Raffaelea

5. Conidia aggregated…………..… Hyalorhinocladiella

5. Conidia solitary…………..… Hyalobelemnospora

Papulosaceae Winka & O.E. Erikss., Mycoscience 41 (2): 102 (2000)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01284

Saprobic in freshwater or marine habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata occurring singly, immersed or semi-immersed, black to dark brown, globose to ellipsoidal, coriaceous, ostiolate. Necks long, periphysate. Peridium thick, composed of cells of textura angularis or brown-walled compressed cells. Hamathecium comprising tapering, simple or branched, septate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, with a J-, refractive, bipartite or discoid, apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline or brown, ellipsoidal or fusiform, unicellular to 3-septate, smooth or verruculose, with or without cup-like, bipolar appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Papulosa Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Notes: Papulosaceae is a monotypic family introduced by Winka and Eriksson (2000) based on morphology and SSU rDNA sequence data. Winka and Eriksson (2000) concluded that the exact phylogenetic position of the genus Papulosa could not be established, due to the small number of SSU sequences available for unitunicate pyrenomycetes at that time. Papulosa seemed to be closely related to Diaporthales, Ophiostomatales, Phyllachorales and Sordariales based on molecular data, thus the genus was accommodated in the subclass Sordariomycetidae. Phylogenetic analyses of Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) placed Papulosaceae as a sister clade to Coniochaetaceae and the order Annulatascales. The genera Brunneosporella and Fluminicola are predominantly found in freshwater habitats and resemble other genera in Annulatascaceae with cylindrical asci and a large bipartite apical ring and were placed in family Annulatascaceae by Ranghoo et al. (2001); Wong et al. (1999); Zelski et al. 2011. Brunneosporella differs from Fluminicola in having brown, 1-septate, smooth ascospores, whereas Fluminicola has hyaline, 3-septate ascospores with cup-like, bipolar appendages. Abdel-Wahab et al. (2011) analyzed only LSU sequence data and found that Brunneosporella and Fluminicola clustered with Papulosa amerospora and Cataractispora receptaculorum W.H. Ho, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss. A similar clustering was seen in phylogenetic analyses carried out by Réblová et al. (2013) using LSU, SSU, rpb-2 sequence data, wherein both Brunneosporella and Fluminicola appear in the same clade as that of Papulosa and Pleurophragmium parvisporum (Preuss) Hol.-Jech. and were marked as Papulosaceae. In LSU and SSU sequence analyses carried out by Boonyuen et al. (2012), Brunneosporella (as Ascobrunneispora aquatica Ranghoo, K.D. Hyde & E.C.Y. Liew) clustered with Papulosa. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) placed Brunneosporella and Fluminicola in Papulosaceae. The phylogenetic tree prepared by Boonyuen et al. (2012) shows that many annulatascaceous genera, which were previously placed in Annulatascaceae, are scattered and do not cluster with the familial type, Annulatascus velatispora K.D. Hyde. These genera were placed in Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis. Thus a molecular phylogenetic approach is needed to resolve the position of these genera in Annulatascaceae and confirm the composition of Annulatascaceae sensu stricto.

Papulosa Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascom. 11(2): 96 (1993)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01285; Figs 106, 107

Fig. 106

Papulosa amerospora (Material examined: USA, North Carolina, Carteret County, Broad Creek, on dead standing culms of Juncus roemerianus Scheele (Juncaceae), 20 December 1992, J. Kohlmeyer 5491 (NY 01348450, holotype) a–b Herbarium packet c Squash mount of ascoma d Vertical section through ostiole e Immature ascus f–h Developing asci with paraphyses. Scale bars: c = 100 μm; d, f = 50 μm; e, g, h = 20 μm

Fig. 107

Papulosa amerospora (redrawn from Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1993) a Asci at different stages of development b, c Ascospores in surface view and optical section d Apex of ascus, showing apical ring e Paraphyses (left) and hairs on ascomata (right). Scale bars: a, e = 20 μm; b, c, d = 5 μm

Saprobic on culms of saltmarsh plant Juncus roemerianus Scheele in marine habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata occurring singly, dark brown, immersed, subglobose, ostiolate, with a long periphysate neck. Peridium composed of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising tapering, simple, septate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, pedicellate, with a bipartite, IKI positive, apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, unicellular, hyaline, ellipsoidal, verruculose, without appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Papulosa amerospora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascom. 11(2): 96 (1993)

Notes: The monotypic genus Papulosa was established by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1993) and occurs on Juncus roemerianus in salt marshes in the USA.

Other genera included

Brunneosporella Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 105(5): 625 (2001)

Type species: Brunneosporella aquatica Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde, in Ranghoo et al., Mycol. Res. 105(5): 625 (2001)

Fluminicola S.W. Wong et al., Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 2: 190 (1999)

Type species: Fluminicola bipolaris S.W. Wong et al., Fungal Diversity 2: 190 (1999)

Key to the genera of Papulosaceae

1. Ascospores smooth-walled, brown; asci with discoid apical ring…………..… Brunneosporella

1. Ascospores verruculose, hyaline; asci with bipartite apical ring…………..… 2

2. Ascospores 1-celled, without appendages…………..… Papulosa

2. Ascospores 3-septate, with cup-like, bipolar appendages…………..… Fluminicola

Pestalotiopsidaceae Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al., Fungal Divers 73: 107 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 0666

Saprobic or pathogenic on plants. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered, solitary or in small groups, immersed, apex short erumpent. Ostiole subglobose, papillate ostiolar canal periphysate. Peridium comprising several layers of dark brown to blackish, compressed cells. Hamathecium comprising tapering paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short to long pedicellate, with a J+, or J-, apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, brown, ovoid to elliptic, straight or inequilateral, 2–3-septate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata acervular or pycnidial, subglobose, globose, clavate, solitary or aggregated, dark brown to black, immersed to erumpent, unilocular or irregularly pluri-loculate. Peridium comprising 2–3 strata of textura angularis, outer layer of pale brown, thick-walled cells, becoming hyaline in the inner layer. Conidiophores indistinct, often reduced to conidiogenous cells, when present peripheral, hyaline, branched or unbranched, cylindrical or lageniform. Conidiogenous cells discrete, holoblastic, annellidic, indeterminate, integrated, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth. Conidia ellipsoid to clavate, or fusiform, straight or curved, 3–4-euseptate, hyaline, pale olivaceous or brown, bearing cellular, filiform or attenuated appendages.

Type: Pestalotiopsis Steyaert

Notes: Pestalotiopsidaceae is a recently introduced family that possesses pestalotiopsis-like asexual morphs (Senanayake et al. 2015). The other genera belonging to Pestalotiopsidaceae are Ciliochorella, Lepteutypa, Monochaetia, Neopestalotiopsis, Pseudopestalotiopsis and Seiridium. Previously, all these genera were assigned to Amphisphaeriaceae. Members of the Pestalotiopsidaceae are common phytopathogens that cause a variety of diseases in plants or are often isolated as saprobes or endophytes and are widely distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions (Guba 1961; Barr 1975; Nag Raj 1993; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). The sexual morph of Pestalotiopsis is Pestalosphaeria (Barr 1975) and Seiridium has a Lepteutypa sexual morph (Nag Raj 1985).

Pestalotiopsis Steyaert, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux. 19: 300 (1949)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02124; Figs 108, 109

Fig. 108

Pestalotiopsis trachicarpicola – sexual morph (Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming, Kunming Botanical Gardens, on leaf spots on living leaves of Trachycarpus fortunei Beccari (Arecaceae), March 2011, K.D. Hyde OP068 (IFRD 9026, holotype) a Conidiomata on living leaves b Peridium with five cell layers c Section of ascomata d Asci and paraphyses e-f Mature and immature unitunicate asci g Asci in Melzer’s reagent, note the distinct J+ apical ring h Ascospores. Scale Bars: a = 200 μm, d, e–g = 20 μm, c = 50 μm, h = 10 μm

Fig. 109

Pestalotiopsis clavata – asexual morph (Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming, Kunming Botanical Garden, living leaf of Buxus sp., 19 March 2002, Wenping Wu KBG26-5 (MFLUCC 12-0268, ex-type) a Conidiomata sporulating on PDA b–c Conidiogenous cells d–f Conidia. Scale bars = 20 μm

Saprobic or pathogenic on plants. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered or gregarious, immersed, subglobose to globose, with central black irregular ostioles. Peridium comprising 3–5 layers of brown, relatively thick-walled cells of textura angularis, inner cells flattened and thin-walled. Paraphyses with few septa, base relatively wide and tapering to free ends. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, pedicel short, with a distinct J+, amyloid apical ring in ascus apex. Ascospores uniseriate, or 1-seriate in the upper part and 2-seriate at the base, oblong to ellipsoidal or fusiform, smooth or verrucose, pale yellowish brown. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular or pycnidial, subglobose, globose, clavate, solitary or aggregated, dark brown to black, immersed to erumpent, unilocular to pluri-loculate. Conidiophores branded and septate, occasionally reduced to conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells discrete, cylindrical, ampulliform to lageniform, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled; conidiogenesis initially holoblastic, percurrent proliferations to produce additional conidia at slightly higher levels. Conidia fusoid, ellipsoid, subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate, slightly constricted at septa; basal cell conical to cylindric with a truncate base; three median cells doliiform, concolourous, light brown to olivaceous, wall rugose to verruculose; apical cell conic to cylindrical, thin- and smooth-walled; with tubular apical appendages, one to many, filiform or attenuated, flexuous, branched or unbranched, with or without spatulate tips; basal appendage single, tubular, centric.

Type species: Pestalotiopsis maculans (Corda) Nag Raj, Mycotaxon 22(1): 47 (1985)

Notes: Based on the conidial forms, Steyaert (1949) split Pestalotia into three genera, namely Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis and Truncatella. Pestalotiopsis was introduced for species with 5-celled conidia and P. maculans is regarded as the type species. The sexual morph of Pestalotiopsis is Pestalosphaeria and only 13 species are known as compared to the asexual morph (295 species names). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2011) pointed out that the common Pestalotiopsis name should be applied to both morphs. Pestalotiopsis species have often been isolated as endophytes and due to their ability to switch life-modes, many pathogens or endophytes may persist as saprobes (Zhang et al. 2012a,b; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014).

Other genera included

Ciliochorella Syd., in Sydow & Mitter, Annls mycol. 33(1/2): 62 (1935)

Type species: Ciliochorella mangiferae Syd., Annls mycol. 33(1/2): 63 (1935)

Lepteutypa Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 276 (1923)

Type species: Lepteutypa fuckelii (Nitschke) Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 276 (1923)

Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch., Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1(7): 665 (1902) [1903]

Type species: Monochaetia monochaeta (Desm.) Allesch., Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1(7): 667 (1902) [1903]

Neopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al., in Maharachchikumbura et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 135 (2014)

Type species: Neopestalotiopsis protearum (Crous & L. Swart) Maharachch. et al., in Maharachchikumbura et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 147 (2014)

Pseudopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al., in Maharachchikumbura et. al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 180 (2014)

Type species: Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Maharachch. et al. in Maharachchikumbura et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 183 (2014)

Seiridium Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 22 (1816) [1816–17]

Type species: Seiridium marginatum Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 23 (1816) [1816–17]

Key to asexual genera of Pestalotiopsidaceae

1. Conidia 3-septate…………..… Ciliochorella

1. Conidia more than 3-septate…………..… 2

2. Conidia 4-septate…………..… 3

2. Conidia 5-septate…………..… Seiridium

3. Conidia with 1 apical appendage…………..… Monochaetia

3. Conidia with 1 to many apical appendage…………..… 4

4. Conidia concolourous …………..… 5

4. Conidia versicolourous…………..… Neopestalotiopsis

5. Conidia light concolourous…………..… Pestalotiopsis

5. Conidia dark concolourous…………..… Pseudopestalotiopsis

Phaeochoraceae K.D. Hyde et al., in Hyde et al., Syst. Ascom. 15(1–2): 118 (1997)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01910

Saprotrophic or biotrophic on leaves of palms. Sexual morph: Stromata scattered as blackened regions on the host, rarely inconspicuous, usually raising the substrate surface, 1– to multi-loculate, ostiole conspicuous or not. Ascomata ellipsoidal to subglobose, dark brown, clustered or solitary, if solitary single ostiolate, when clustered ostiolar necks together to form a multi-ostiolate cavity. Ostioles conspicuous or inconspicuous. Peridium several layered, composed of flattened, brown to dark brown-walled cells, thinner at the base. Interascal tissue present only in some taxa, composed of paraphyses-like hyphae, wide, septate, tapered, thin-walled, guttulate, evanescent at maturity. Asci 6–8-spored, unitunicate, fusiform or saccate, very thin-walled, long or short pedicellate, usually without apical structures, deliquescing early. Ascospores uniseriate to biseriate, yellow to olivaceous or various shades of brown, aseptate, ellipsoidal, fusiform or cylindrical, thick-walled, sometimes with one flattened face, sometimes delicately striate, with or without appendages. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiogenous cells narrowly conical, usually proliferating percurrently, but occasionally sympodially, periclinal thickening visible, without a collarette. Conidia aseptate, narrowly fusiform to bacillar, hyaline, thin-walled (Hyde et al. 1997; Hyde and Cannon 1999; Taylor and Hyde 2003).

Type: Phaeochora Höhn.

Notes: The family Phaeochoraceae was introduced by Hyde et al. (1997) to accommodate Phaeochora and two other genera (Serenomyces, Cocoicola) previously placed in the Phyllachoraceae. Later, Phaeochoropsis was also included in this family based on morphology (Hyde and Cannon 1999). Although Hyde et al. (1997) tentatively placed this family in the order Phyllachorales, no molecular data are available to confirm its phylogenetic placement and assign it to any order. This family is characterized by ascomata developing in a pseudostromata aseptate brown ascospores, and clavate to saccate evanescent asci Hyde et al. 1997; Hyde and Cannon 1997). The description above is a combination of characters from Hyde et al. (1997), Hyde and Cannon (1999) and Taylor and Hyde (2003).

Phaeochora Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1513 [53 repr; in clave] (1909)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02125; Fig. 110

Fig. 110

Phaeochora calamigena (Material examined: SRI LANKA, Peradeniya, on leaves of Calamus rudentum Lour. (Arecaceae), G.H.K. Thwaites 442 (ex herb. M.J. Berkeley), January 1868 (K(M) 35077, holotype) a Herbarium material with label b Stromata on host substrate c Transverse section through stroma showing ascoma d Immature asci e Ascus in Melzer’s reagent f, g Immature and mature ascospores. Scale bars: b, c = 200 μm, d, e = 20 μm, f, g = 10 μm

Saprotrophic or biotrophic on leaves of palms. Sexual morph: Stromata scattered as blackened regions, shiny black, conspicuous on upper and lower leaf surfaces, rarely coalescing, uniloculate to multi-loculate, composed of brown cells of textura globosa and crystalline granules. Ostiole inconspicuous. Ascomata oblate to subglobose, dark brown. Peridium several layered, composed of strongly flattened, brown-walled cells, thinner at the base. Periphyses and interascal tissue lacking. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, saccate, short pedicellate, without an apical ring, evanescent. Ascospores biseriate, triseriate to multi-seriate or irregular. golden to mid-brown, aseptate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, with one flattened face, thick-walled, smooth or minutely verruculose, with globose, hyaline appendages near the apices of the flattened surface. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Peridium single layered, composed of brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiogenous cells narrowly conical, usually proliferating percurrently, occasionally sympodially, periclinal thickenings visible, without collarette. Conidia aseptate, narrowly fusiform to bacillar, hyaline, thin-walled.

Type species: Phaeochora chamaeropis (Cooke) Höhn. [as ‘chamaeropsidis’], Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1513 [53 repr; in clave] (1909)

Notes: von Höhnel (1909) introduced the genus Phaeochora to accommodate Auerswaldia chamaeropis (Cooke) Sacc. (Syn. Dothidea chamaeropis Cooke). It was recognized by ‘phyllachoroid’ stromata embedded in the epidermis and parenchyma, and not disrupting the covering epidermal layer. Hohnel consider A. chamaeropis as the type and introduced another species, A. densa E. Bormmer & M. Rousseau to the genus. However A. densa was transferred to Sphaerodothis (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Shear by Shear (1909), but its identity remains unclear. Study by Joly (1961) only provide a short description to the Sphaerodothis and the host species was not recorded by the original authors, the fungaus has described simply as occurring on Coriaceous leaves in Costa Rica. Müller (1965) clarified the earliar name of the type species of Phaeochora as Sphaeria steinhelii Mont. and transferred it as Phaeochora steinhelii Mont. E. Mull. Phaeochora is superficially similar to Sphaerodothis, and the two genera were treated as synonyms by von Arx & Müller (1954) and Joly (1961). However, the Genus Phaeochora is characterized by oblate to subglobose ascomata and golden to mid-brown, aseptate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, ascospores with appendages near the apices of the flattened surface (Hyde et al. 1997).

Other genera included

Cocoicola K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 60(3–4): 600 (1995)

Type species: Cocoicola cylindrospora (C. Booth & D.E. Shaw) K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 60(3–4): 600 (1995)

Phaeochoropsis K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 175: 30 (1999)

Type species: Phaeochoropsis neowashingtoniae (Shear) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 175: 33 (1999)

Serenomyces Petr., Sydowia 6(1–4): 296 (1952)

Type species: Serenomyces shearii Petr., Sydowia 6(1–4): 296 (1952)

Key to the genera of Phaeochoraceae

1. Ascospores asymmetrical…………..… 2

1. Ascospores symmetrical…………..… 3

2. Ascospores, striate, surrounded by mucilage when young, without polar appendages…………..… Phaeochoropsis

2. Ascospores smooth or verrucose, not surrounded by mucilage, with polar appendages…………..… Phaeochora

3. Ascospores light brown…………..… Serenomyces

3. Ascospores yellow or olivaceous…………..… Cocoicola

Phlogicylindriaceae Senan. & K.D. Hyde, in Senanayake et al., Fungal Diversity 73: 35 (2015)

Facesoffunginumber: FoF 00681

Saprobic on leaves, twigs and branches, presently known only from dicotyledons. Sexual morph: Pseudostroma scattered, solitary, immersed, black, thick around papilla, thinner towards the base. Ascomata forming under pseudostroma, scattered, solitary, globose, coriaceous, brown to black, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla short, narrow. Peridium comprising outer, brown to light brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising septate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, rounded at apex, with J+ discoid subapical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, hyaline, fusiform, rounded at ends, equally 1-septate, slightly constricted at septa. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata slimy, erect tufts of hyaline conidial masses, synnematous, indeterminate, turning brown with age. Conidiophores consisting of an intricate network of brown, smooth, branched cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, annellidic, smooth, becoming pale brown with age, ampulliform with elongated necks, with percurrent proliferations. Conidia formed apically, hyaline, cylindrical with obtusely rounded apex, aseptate to 1-septate.

Type: Phlogicylindrium Crous et al.

Notes: The family Phlogicylindriaceae was introduced by Senanayake et al. (2015) to accommodate the genus Phlogicylindrium Crous et al. (Summerell et al. 2006) and Ciferriascosea Senan. et al. The type species, Phlogicylindrium eucalypti Crous et al. has no known sexual morph and was reported occurring in association with a Mycosphaerella species causing lesions on living leaves of Eucalyptus. Phlogicylindrium has unique characteritics that include slimy conidiomata, with erect tufts of hyaline conidial masses, and hyaline, unicellular to 1-septate, cylindrical conidia, with obtusely rounded apices (Summerell et al. 2006). The genus Ciferriascosea, which had sexual characteristics, showed a close affinity to the species of Phlogicylindrium based on their phylogeny, and was placed in this family by Senanayake et al. (2015). The genus comprises two species, the type C. rectamurum Senan. et al. (illustrated) and C. fluctamurum Senan. et al., both of which occured on Spartium junceum, in Italy. The description and illustration provided of the asexual morph, is based on Summerell et al. (2006).

Phlogicylindrium Crous et al., in Summerell et al., Fungal Diversity 23: 340 (2006); Fig. 111

Fig. 111

Phlogicylindrium eucalypti (CBS H-19749, redrawn from Summerell et al. 2006). a Colony sporulating on MEA b–d Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells e–g Conidiogenous cells h–k Conidia. Scale bars: d, g = 20 μm

Type species: Phlogicylindrium eucalypti Crous et al., in Summerell et al., Fungal Diversity 23: 340 (2006)

Notes: The genus comprises three species, the type P. eucalypti Crous, Summerb. & Summerell, P. eucalyptorum Crous and P. uniforme Crous & Summerell all occuring on species of Eucalyptus, from Australia (Farr and Rossman 2016; Index Fungorum 2016).

Other genera included

Ciferriascosea Senan.et al., in Senanayake et al., Fungal Divers 73: 35 (2015); Fig. 112

Fig. 112

Ciferriascosea rectamurum (Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Santa Sofia, Castellaccio di Corniolino, on branches of Spartium junceum L. (Fabaceae), 29 December 2012, Erio Camporesi, IT 986, MFLU 15-0726). a, b Ascomata on host c Section of ascoma d Peridium e Paraphyses f–h Asci with ascospores j–l Ascospores. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm, c, = 100 μm, d = 20 μm, e–h = 50 μm, j–l = 25 μm, i = 20 μm

Type species: Ciferriascosea rectamurum Senan. et al., in Senanayake et al., Fungal Diversity 73: 107 (2015)

Phyllachoraceae Theiss. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 168 (1915)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01329

Parasitic on plants in terrestrial and rarely aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Leaf spots on host black, abundant, scattered, raised, mostly rounded to oblong or elongated, sometimes parallel with leaf venation, surrounded by light brown necrotic region. Ascomata flattened, globose, with thin walls, lying in leaf tissues or in a stroma and maturing in living leaves, ostiolate, ostiolar canal conical, wide, lacking periphyses. Peridium clypeate, thickest adjacent to ostiolar canal, composed of a deeply melanized, brown-black, amorphous layer of host cuticle and epidermal cells, often merging with a lighter pigmented region of brownish, distorted parenchyma cells infiltrated with fungal hyphae, beneath the clypeus. Lower and lateral peridium composed of two layers; an outer region comprising several layers of dark brown, flattened, thin-walled fungal cells, which merge inwardly with several layers of hyaline, flattened, thin-walled fungal cells. Lateral peridium fuses outwardly with an irregular, narrow region of distorted host parenchyma infiltrated by fungal cells. The basal peridium merges outwardly with either a narrow zone of infiltrated and distorted host parenchyma and occasionally lower epidermal cells, or integrates directly with a lower clypeus, similar in construction to that basal peridium. Paraphyses numerous, persistent, filiform, branched or unbranched, septate, slightly longer than asci. Asci 8-spored, persistent, cylindrical to fusiform, short pedicellate, with walls uniform in thickness, not especially thickened at apex, apical ring often present rarely absent, J-, or J+ Ascospores 1–3 seriate, fusiform to narrowly oval, usually hyaline, aseptate or rarely septate, often with a mucilaginous sheath, with or without an attenuated base, sometimes with pad like appendages. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous, with conidia in locules within a stroma, spermatial or disseminative. Conidiomata similar to ascomata, immersed, subcuticular, strongly raising the host surface, occasionally pycnidial, occupying the region between the cuticle and epidermis, ostiolate. Conidiogenous cells arising from the basal and lateral walls, cylindrical, phialidic, aseptate, hyaline, forming conidia singly at the apex. Conidia hyaline, filiform, aseptate.

Type: Phyllachora Nitschke

Notes: Phyllachoraceae was introduced by Theissen and Sydow (1915) and has been included in several orders, including Dothideales (Horst 1990), Sphaeriales (Nannfeldt 1932; Miller 1949; Müller and von Arx 1962; Wehmeyer 1975), Xylariales (Luttrell 1951; Barr 1990), Glomerellales (Chadefaud 1960; Locquin 1984), Phyllachorales (Barr 1976a, b, 1983), Polystigmatales (Eriksson 1982; Hawksworth et al. 1983), and Diaporthales (Cannon 1988). Members of Phyllachoraceae are characterised by ascohymenial development with paraphyses, thin-walled asci, which may have an apical ring, that does not stain blue in iodine (J-) and ascospores that are often hyaline and 1-celled (Cannon 1991). Asexual morphs are coelomycetes, spermatial or disseminative (Hawksworth et al. 1995). Munk (1957) and Barr (1990) had a different concept of the family, including genera with J+, apical rings, in the ascus. The number of genera recognized within the family varies according to the authority. Hawksworth (1985) recognized 23 genera of Phyllachoraceae, whereas Barr (1990), who provided a key to genera of Phyllachoraceae, included only 12 genera. Eriksson and Hawksworth (1993) recognized 39 genera and Hawksworth et al. (1995) accepted 42 genera. In a recent study based on available molecular data, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) listed 58 genera in the family Phyllachoraceae.

Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 216 (Fuckel 1870) [1869–70]

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02126; Fig. 113

Fig. 113

Phyllachora nigeriensis (Material examined: AFRICA, West Tropical Africa, Nigeria, on leaf surface of Calamus sp., 1977 September, E.U. Okpala, IMI 216890, holotype) a Herbarium specimen b Ascomata on host c Section through ascoma d Peridium e Paraphyses f-i Asci j-m Ascospores. Scale bars: c, d = 100 μm, e–m = 50 μm

Parasitic on plants. Sexual morph: Leaf spots on host black, abundant, scattered, raised, mostly rounded to oblong or elongated, sometimes parallel with leaf venation, surrounded by light brown necrotic region. Ascomata flattened, globose, with thin walls, lying in leaf tissues or in a stroma and maturing in living leaves, ostiolate and sometimes with a clypeus formed by the lateral proliferation of ostiolar hyphae. Peridium clypeate, thickest adjacent to ostiolar canal, composed of a deeply melanized, brown-black, amorphous layer of host cuticle and epidermal cells, often merging with a lighter pigmented region of brownish, distorted parenchyma cells infiltrated with fungal hyphae, beneath the clypeus. Lower and lateral peridium composed of two layers; an outer region comprising several layers of dark brown, flattened, thin-walled fungal cells, which merge inwardly with several layers of hyaline, flattened, thin-walled fungal cells. Lateral peridium fuses outwardly with an irregular, narrow region of distorted host parenchyma infiltrated by fungal cells. The basal peridium merges outwardly with either a narrow zone of infiltrated and distorted host parenchyma and occasionally lower epidermal cells, or integrates directly with a lower clypeus, similar in construction to that of basal peridium. Paraphyses numerous, persistent, filiform, branched, slightly longer than asci. Asci 8-spored, persistent, cylindrical to fusiform, short pedicellate, with walls fairly uniform in thickness, not specially thickened at apex, apical ring often present rarely absent, J-, or J+. Ascospores 1–3 seriate, fusiform to narrowly oval, hyaline, with or without attenuated base, sometimes with pad like appendages. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous, with conidia in locules within a stroma. Conidiomata similar to ascomata, immersed, subcuticular, strongly raising the host surface, occasionally pycnidial, occupying the region between the cuticle and epidermis, ostiolate. Conidiophores cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, formed directly from the strongly contorted cells of the lower wall Conidiogenous cells arising from the basal and lateral walls, cylindrical, phialidic, aseptate, hyaline, forming conidia singly at the apex. Conidia hyaline, clavate, aseptate.

Type species: Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 216 (1870) [1869–70]

Notes: Phyllachora is a large genus with about 1500 species currently recognized (Index Fungorum 2016). This large number of species is a result of naming species on the basis of host association (Cannon 1988). There have been several morphological studies of Phyllachora on various groups of host plants. For example, Phyllachora species causing leaf tar spot diseases on Leguminosae (Cannon 1991), on Duranta spp. in the tropics (Hanlin and Tortolero 1991), small scabby leafspots or “lixa-pequena” on coconut palms in Brazil (Subileau et al. 1993), and leaf-spots on grasses and sedges in northern regions (Seaver 1928b), on plants of family Asclepiadaceae, tar spots on grasses in Australia (Sivanesan and Shivas 2002). Phyllachora retains its uniqueness from most other members of the family by the development of ascomata embedded between a clypeus and epidermis (Cannon 1991). However, differences in depth of ascomata can be influenced by the consistency of the host tissue (Cannon 1991), therefore, this is not a reliable character on which to distinguish genera.

Other genera included

Acerviclypeatus Hanlin, Mycotaxon 37: 380 (1990)

Type species: Acerviclypeatus poriformans Hanlin, Mycotaxon 37: 381 (1990)

Apiosphaeria Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1218 [62 repr.] (1909)

Type species: Apiosphaeria guaranitica (Speg.) Höhn. [as ‘guarantica’], Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1218 [62 repr.] (1909)

Ascovaginospora Fallah et al., Mycologia 89(5): 813 (1997)

Type species: Ascovaginospora stellipala Fallah et al., Mycologia 89(5): 813 (1997)

Brobdingnagia K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 175: 47 (1999)

Type species: Brobdingnagia nigeriensis (Sivan. & Okpala) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 175: 47 (1999)

Camarotella Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 370 (1915)

Type species: Camarotella astrocaryae (Rehm) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 370 (1915)

Coccodiella Hara, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 25: 224 (1910)

Type species: Coccodiella arundinariae Hara, Bot. Mag., Tokyo 24: 224 (1910)

Cyclodomus Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1527 [67 repr.] (1909)

Type species: Cyclodomus umbellulariae Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1528 [2 repr.] (1909)

Deshpandiella Kamat & Ullasa, in Ullasa & Rao, Bull. Torrey bot. Club 100: 41 (1973)

Type species: Deshpandiella jambolana (T.S. Ramakr. et al.) Kamat & Ullasa, in Ullasa & Rao, Bull. Torrey bot. Club 100: 42 (1973)

Diachora Müll. Arg., Jb. wiss. Bot. 25: 623 (1893)

= Diachorella Höhn., Hedwigia 60: 192 (1918).

Type species: Diachora onobrychidis (DC.) Jul. Müll. [as ‘onobrychis’], Jb. wiss. Bot. 25: 693 (1893)

Diatractium Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 18(4/6): 183 (1921) [1920]

Type species: Diatractium cordiae (F. Stevens) Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 18(4/6): 183 (1921) [1920]

Erikssonia Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(11–12): 526 (1898) [1897]

Type species: Erikssonia pulchella Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(11–12): 526 (1898) [1897]

Fremitomyces P.F. Cannon & H.C. Evans, Mycol. Res. 103(5): 585 (1999)

Type species: Fremitomyces punctatus P.F. Cannon & H.C. Evans, Mycol. Res. 103(5): 587 (1999)

Geminispora Pat., in Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 9: 151 (1893)

Type species: Geminispora mimosae Pat., in Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 9: 151 (1893)

Gibellina Pass., in Roumeguère, Revue mycol., Toulouse 8: 177 (1886)

Type species: Gibellina cerealis (Pass.) Pass., Revue mycol., Toulouse 8: 177 (1886)

Imazekia Tak. Kobay. & Y. Kawabe, Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 36(3): 201 (1992)

Type species: Imazekia ryukyuensis Tak. Kobay. & Y. Kawabe, Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 36(3): 201 (1992)

Isothea Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 421 (1849)

Type species: Isothea rhytismoides (Bab.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 421 (1849)

Lichenochora Hafellner, Nova Hedwigia 48(3–4): 358 (1989)

Type species: Lichenochora thallina (Cooke) Hafellner, Nova Hedwigia 48(3–4): 363 (1989)

Lindauella Rehm, Hedwigia 39: 82 (1900)

Type species: Lindauella pyrenocarpoidea Rehm, Hedwigia 39: 82 (1900)

Linochora Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 638 [22 repr.] (1910)

Type species: Linochora leptospermi (Cooke) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 639 [23 repr.] (1910)

Lohwagia Petr., Bot. Arch. 43: 205 (1942) [1941]

Type species: Lohwagia intermedia (Speg.) Petr., Bot. Arch. 43: 205 (1942) [1941]

Maculatifrondes K.D. Hyde [as ‘Maculatifrondis’], Mycol. Res. 100(12): 1509 (1996)

Type species: Maculatifrondes aequatoriensis K.D. Hyde, in Hyde et al., Mycol. Res. 100(12): 1509 (1996)

Malthomyces K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 175: 69 (1999)

Type species: Malthomyces calamigena (Berk. & Broome) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 175: 70 (1999)

Muelleromyces Kamat & Anahosur, in Anahosur, Experientia 24: 849 (1968)

Type species: Muelleromyces indicus Kamat & Anahosur, Experientia 24: 849 (1968)

Mycohypallage B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 88: 4 (1963)

Type species: Mycohypallage congesta (Berk. & Broome) B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 88: 5 (1963)

Neoflageoletia J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot.44: 450 (1966)

Type species: Neoflageoletia bambusina (Syd.) J. Reid & C. Booth 1966

Ophiodothis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 652 (1883)

Type species: Ophiodothis vorax (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 652 (1883)

Ophiodothella Henn., Hedwigia 43: 258 (1904)

Type species: Ophiodothella atromaculans (Henn.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 940 [64 repr.] (1910)

Orphnodactylis Malloch & A. Mallik, Can. J. Bot.76(7): 1267 (1998)

Type species: Orphnodactylis kalmiae Malloch & A. Mallik, Can. J. Bot. 76(7): 1267 (1998)

Oswaldina Rangel, Archivos da Escola Superior de Agricultura e Medicina Veterinaria, Nictheroy, Rio de Janeiro 5: 37 (1921)

Type species: Oswaldina icarahyensis Rangel, Archivos da Escola Superior de Agricultura e Medicina Veterinaria, Nictheroy, Rio de Janeiro 5: 37 (1921)

Oxodeora K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 175: 75 (1999)

Type species: Oxodeora petrakii (Cif.) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 175: 75 (1999)

Parberya C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 6: 90 (2001)

Type species: Parberya kosciuskoa C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 6: 91 (2001)

Petrakiella Syd., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 230 (1924)

Type species: Petrakiella insignis Syd., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 230 (1924)

Phaeochorella Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 405 (1915)

Type species: Phaeochorella parinarii (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 405 (1915)

Phycomelaina Kohlm., Phytopath. Z. 63: 350 (1968)

Type species: Phycomelaina laminariae (Rostr.) Kohlm., Phytopath. Z. 63: 350 (1968)

Phylleutypa Petr., Annls mycol. 32(5/6): 429 (1934)

Type species: Phylleutypa dioscoreae (Wakef.) Petr., Annls mycol. 32(5/6): 429 (1934)

Phyllocrea Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 38 (1918)

Type species: Phyllocrea quitensis (Pat.) Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 38 (1918)

Polystigma DC., in de Candolle & Lamarck, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 6: 164 (1815)

= Polystigmina Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 3: 622 (1884)

Type species: Polystigma rubrum (Pers.) DC., in de Candolle & Lamarck, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 6: 164 (1815)

Pseudothiella Petr., Hedwigia 68(5): 257 (1928)

Type species: Pseudothiella hirtellae (Henn.) Petr., Hedwigia 68(5): 257 (1928)

Pseudothiopsella Petr., Hedwigia 68(5): 259 (1928)

Type species: Pseudothiopsella hirtellae Petr., Hedwigia 68(5): 259 (1928)

Pterosporidium W.H. Ho & K.D. Hyde, Can. J. Bot.74(11): 1826 (1996)

Type species: Pterosporidium rhizophorae (Vizioli) W.H. Ho & K.D. Hyde, Can. J. Bot. 74(11): 1828 (1996)

Rehmiodothis Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(2): 192 (1914)

Type species: Rehmiodothis osbeckiae (Berk. & Broome) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(2): 192 (1914)

Retroa P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 163: 201 (1991)

Type species: Retroa dimorphandrae (F. Stevens) P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 163: 202 (1991)

Rhodosticta Woron., Izv. Imp. St.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 11: 13 (1911)

Type species: Rhodosticta caraganae Woron., Consp. System. Corticiac. (Tartu) 11: 13 (1911

Rikatlia P.F. Cannon, Syst. Ascom. 11(2): 83 (1993)

Type species: Rikatlia lungusaensis (Henn.) P.F. Cannon, Syst. Ascom. 11(2): 84 (1993)

Schizochora Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 11(3): 265 (1913)

Type species: Schizochora elmeri Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 11(3): 265 (1913)

Sphaerodothella C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 6: 85 (2001)

Type species: Sphaerodothella danthoniae (McAlpine) C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 6: 86 (2001)

Sphaerodothis (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Shear, Mycologia 1(4): 162 (1909)

Type species: Sphaerodothis arengae (Racib.) Shear ex Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(5/6): 577 (1915)

Stigmatula (Sacc.) Syd. & P. Syd., Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2 sér. 1: 77 (1901)

Type species: Stigmatula sutherlandiae (Kalchbr. & Cooke) Syd. & P. Syd., Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2 sér. 1: 78 (1901)

Stigmochora Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(3): 272 (1914)

Type species: Stigmochora controversa (Starbäck) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 12(3): 272 (1914)

Stromaster (Pat.) Höhn., in Weese, Mitt. bot. Inst. tech. Hochsch. Wien 7(3): 93 (1930)

Type species: Stromaster tuberculatus (Pat.) Höhn., in Weese, Mitt. bot. Inst. tech. Hochsch. Wien 7(3): 93 (1930)

Telimena Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java’s (Jakarta) 1: 18 (1900)

Type species: Telimena erythrinae Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java’s (Jakarta) 1: 18 (1900)

Telimenella Petr., in Rechinger et al., Annln K. K. naturh. Hofmus. Wien 50: 468 (1940) [1939]

Type species: Telimenella persica Petr., Annln K. K. naturh. Hofmus. Wien 50: 469 (1940) [1939]

Telimenochora Sivan., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 88(4): 474 (1987)

Type species: Telimenochora abortiva (F. Stevens) Sivan., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 88(4): 474 (1987)

Trabutia Sacc. & Roum., Revue mycol., Toulouse 3(no. 9): 27 (1881)

Type species: Trabutia quercina (F. Rudolphi ex Fr.) Sacc. & Roum., Revue mycol., Toulouse 3(no. 9): 27 (1881)

Tribulatia Joanne E. Taylor et al., in Taylor & K.D.Hyde, Fungal Divers. Res. Ser. 12: 189 (2003)

Type species: Tribulatia appendicospora Joanne E. Taylor et al., in Taylor & Hyde, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 12: 191 (2003)

Uropolystigma Maubl., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 36: 36 (1920)

Type species: Uropolystigma atrotestaceum Maubl., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 36: 36 (1920)

Vitreostroma P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 163: 206 (1991)

Type species: Vitreostroma desmodii (Henn.) P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Pap. 163: 207 (1991)

Zimmermanniella Henn., Hedwigia 41: 142 (1902)

Type species: Zimmermanniella trispora Henn., Hedwigia 41: 142 (1902)

Key to genera of Phyllachoraceae

1. Ascomycete…………..… 2

1. Coelomycete…………..… 35

2. Ascospores aseptate…………..… 3

2. Ascospores 1- multi-septate…………..… 9

3. Ascospores hyaline…………..… 4

3. Ascospores pigmented…………..… 28

4. Ascospores with appendages and/or sheaths…………..… 5

4. Ascospores without appendages or sheaths…………..… 26

5. Ascospores with appendages and sheath…………..… Apiosphaeria

5. Ascospores without appendages but, with sheaths…………..… 6

6. Ascospores flattened on one side, with a narrow oblong longitudinal depression in the middle…………..… Sphaerodothis

6. Ascospores not as above…………..… 7

7. Paraphyses persistent…………..… Ascovaginospora

7. Paraphyses absent…………..… 8

8. Apical ring absent…………..… Maculatifrondes

8. Apical ring conspicuous, not amyloid…………..… Trabutia

9. Ascospores mostly filiform…………..… Ophiodothis

9. Ascospores cylindrical, obovoid or fusiform…………..… 10

10. Paraphyses present…………..… 11

10. Paraphyses absent…………..… 14

11. Ascospores pigmented…………..… 12

11. Ascospores hyaline…………..… 19

12. Immature ascospores hyaline, becoming brown when mature…………..… 13

12. Ascospores brown at all stages…………..… Deshpandiella

13. Ascomata flask-shaped, with black, protruding beaks…………..… Gibellina

13. Ascomata globose without a beak…………..… Telimenochora

14. Ascomata with well-developed clypeus…………..… 15

14. Ascomata with poorly developed clypeus or without clypeus…………..… 17

15. Asci readily gelatinizing at maturity, with thick apical canal…………..… Muelleromyces

15. Asci cylindric-clavate at maturity…………..… 16

16. Asci bulbous at immature stage…………..… Phycomelaina

16. Asci not as above…………..… Stigmochora , Rehmiodothis

17. Ascospores apiosporous…………..… Imazekia

17. Ascospores non-apiosporous…………..… 18

18. Ascospores hyaline…………..… Phyllocrea

18. Ascospores pigmented…………..… Malthomyces

19. Paraphyses branched…………..… 20

19. Paraphyses unbranched…………..… 23

20. Persistent periphysoids present…………..… 22

20. Periphysoids absent…………..… 21

21. Stroma pseudostromatic,…………..… Phyllachora

21. Stroma eustromatic…………..… Coccodiella

22. Ascospores asymmetrically 3-septate, often constricted in the middle…………..… Telimena

22. Ascospores 2-septate, not constricted at the septa…………..… Telimenella

23. Ascospores with appendages…………..… Schizochora

23. Ascospores without appendages…………..… 24

24. Ascomata with well-developed clypeus…………..… Diatractium

24. Ascomata with poorly developed clypeus or without clypeus…………..… 25

25. Ascospores 3-septate…………..… Petrakiella

25. Ascospores uni septate…………..… Rikatlia

26. Ascospores ovoid to globose or cylindrical-ellipsoid to ellipsoid or fusiform…………..… 27

26. Ascospores filiform…………..… Linochora, Ophiodothella

27. Paraphyses inconspicuous…………..… 28

27. Paraphyses well-developed…………..… 29

28. Ascomata usually clearly distinguishable from the surface even in old colonies, from the surface usually strongly domed, ostiole inconspicuous…………..… Isothea

28. Ascomata immersed in host mesophyll between vascular bundles, often occupying the entire leaf thickness, globose to irregularly shaped, occasionally almost stellate, with a central to slightly off-centre, ostiolate with conical ostiolar canal…………..… Sphaerodothella

29. Ascomata with well-developed clypeus…………..… Brobdingnagia

29. Ascomata with poorly develop/without clypeus…………..… 30

30. Leaf spots cream buff to deep olive buff…………..… Erikssonia

30. Leaf spots dark grey or brown to black…………..… 31

31. Ascomata flask shaped…………..… 32

31. Ascomata globose to sub-globose…………..… 33

32. Paraphyses filamentous, septate, disintegrating at maturity to form a dense amorphous matrix…………..… Orphnodactylis

32. Paraphyses longer than the asci, thin-walled, slightly tapered…………..… Fremitomyces

33. Ascomata embedded in a stroma…………..… 34

33. Ascomata not embedded in a stroma…………..… Lindauella

34. Stromata unilocular…………..… Camarotella

34. Stromata bi- to multi-loculate…………..… 35

35. Stromata epiphyllous…………..… Lohwagia, Polystigma, Phylleutypa , Pseudothiella , Retroa , Rhodosticta , Vitreostroma

35. Stromata hypophyllous…………..… Zimmermanniella

36. Present only one type of conidia…………..… 37

36. Present macro and micro conidia…………..… Phaeochorella

37. Conidia with appendages…………..… 40

37. Conidia without appendages…………..… 38

38. Conidiophores present…………..… 39

38. Conidiophores absent…………..… Cyclodomus

39. Conidiogenous cells slender, tapering towards the apex…………..… Acerviclypeatus

39. Conidiogenous cells lageniform to cylindrical…………..… Oswaldina

40. Conidia with apical and basal appendages…………..… Mycohypallage

40. Conidia with an apical appendage…………..… Pseudothiopsella

Note: Some of genera are kept together under one character and some genera are not included in the tree due to lack of data to further separate them.

Pisorisporiaceae Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 43 (2015).

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01286

Saprobic on submerged, woody substrates, in freshwater habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, astromatic, solitary or occurring in small groups, subhyaline to pale brown to black, immersed to superficial, papillate or with a long, hyaline or black, upright or obliquely lying neck, ostiolate, periphysate. Peridium leathery to fragile, comprising two layers, partly carbonaceous in the outer layers. Hamathecium comprising abundant, persistent, cylindrical, septate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical-clavate, pedicellate, persistently attached to the ascogenous hyphae at maturity, with a pronounced J+, or J-, apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline, fusiform, cylindrical to cymbiform, transversely multi-septate, lacking a mucilaginous sheath or appendages, with or without guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type genus: Pisorisporium Réblová & J. Fourn.

Notes: The family Pisorisporiaceae was introduced by Réblová et al. (2015) based on morphology and analysis of combined LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data and presently includes the genera Achroceratosphaeria and Pisorisporium. Pisorisporiaceae shows a sister relationship with the orders Koralionastetales and Lulworthiales, but is weakly supported by Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses. Although currently placed in Hypocreomycetidae, Réblová et al. (2015) suggested it represents a new lineage of aquatic fungi and that the three orders might represent a novel sub-class. The taxa in this family are found in Europe and Asia. Réblová et al. (2010) introduced the genus Achroceratosphaeria based on analysis of combined LSU and SSU sequence data. Achroceratosphaeria formed a sister clade to Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales, both orders being predominantly marine. In Réblová et al. (2015), Achroceratosphaeria lies as a sister clade to Pisorisporium in the family Pisorisporiaceae. Achroceratosphaeria has hyaline to pale brown ascomata, membranous ascomata, and asci with J- apical ring as compared to black, carbonaceous ascomata with J+ apical ring in Pisorisporium.

Pisorisporium Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 45 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02127; Fig. 114

Fig. 114

Pisorisporium cymbiforme (redrawn from Réblová et al. 2015) a Ascomata b Peridium c Paraphyses d Asci e Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 200 μm, b = 20 μm, c–e = 10 μm

Saprobic on submerged wood in freshwater habitats. Ascomata immersed, gradually becoming superficial, solitary or in groups, glabrous, subglobose to conical, with short periphysate neck. Peridium carbonaceous, 2-layered. Hamathecium comprising of persistent, hyaline, septate paraphyses. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate, short-stipitate, with a pronounced thimble-shaped J+ apical ring. Ascospores fusiform, cylindrical to cymbiform, sometimes falcate, hyaline, transversely multi-septate, smooth-walled, with numerous guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Pisorisporium cymbiforme Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 45 (2015)

Other genus included

Achroceratosphaeria Réblová, et al., Fungal Diversity 43: 79 (2010)

Type species: Achroceratosphaeria potamia Réblová et al., Fungal Diversity 43: 79 (2010)

Key to genera of Pisorisporiaceae

1. Ascomata hyaline, membranous; apical ring J-……………………………………Achroceratosphaeria

1. Ascomata black, carbonaceous; apical ring J+…………………………………….…Pisorisporium

Plectosphaerellaceae W. Gams et al., Nova Hedwigia 85(3–4): 476 (2007)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01334

Saprobic on dead plant material, in soil or pathogenic on plants causing root and collar rots. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial or cleistothecial, superficial, dark brown, subglobose to pyriform or globose, with elongate neck. Peridium multi-layered, composed of dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses conspicuous in young ascomata or absent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate or saccate, without an apical ring. Ascospores irregularly arranged, hyaline or pale brown, fusiform or ellipsoidal or ovoid, 1-celled or 2-celled, wall asperulate or smooth. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores vegetative hyphae, hyaline or centrally pale brown or pale olivaceous. Conidiophores cells phialidic, hyaline, some become orange-brown or olivaceous-brown, partly melanized or single. Conidia aggregated in slimy heads, hyaline to pale olive, shapes variable, ranging from subglobose to oval or cylindrical, slightly curved, or fusiform with pointed ends, 1–2-celled, smooth-walled (Description based on Uecker 1993 and Zare et al. 2007)

Type: Plectosphaerella Kleb.

Notes: The family Plectosphaerellaceae was introduced by Zare et al. (2007), typified by Plectosphaerella (Kirk et al. 2008; Zare et al. 2007). In a phylogenetic analysis based on combined LSU SSU and RPB2 sequence data, Réblová et al. (2011) included Stachylidium in the family Plectosphaerellaceae. Based on analysis of ITS and GAPDH sequence data, Cannon et al. (2012b) reported that Lectera belongs in the family Plectosphaerellaceae rather than the order Hypocreales. Grum-Grzhimaylo et al. (2013) introduced Sodiomyces as the second holomorphic, alkaliphilic genus within the Plectosphaerellaceae based on a multi-locus phylogeny (ITS, LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF). Grum-Grzhimaylo et al. (2016) established a new genus Chordomyces with a single species Chordomyces antarcticum Bilanenko et al. in the Plectosphaerellaceae. Currently, nine genera are recognized in the Plectosphaerellaceae including two holomorphic genera viz. Plectosphaerella and Sodiomyces. Only the asexual morphs are known for the remaining genera viz. Acrostalagmus, Chordomyces, Gibellulopsis, Lectera, Musicillium, Stachylidium and Verticillium (Kirk et al. 2008; Zare et al. 2007; Réblová et al. 2011; Cannon et al. 2012a; Wijayawardene et al. 2012; Grum-Grzhimaylo et al. 2013; Hirooka et al. 2014; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; Grum-Grzhimaylo et al. 2016). The family is referred to the order Glomerellales.

Plectosphaerella Kleb., Phytopath. Z. 1: 43 (1929)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01335, Figs 114, 115, 116

Fig. 115

Plectosphaerella cucumeris (redrawn from the Uecker 1993) a Ascomata b Section of ascomata c-g Asci h-l Ascospores. Scale bars: a, b = 50 μm, c–g = 10 μm, h–l = 5 μm

Fig. 116

Plectosphaerella cucumeris (redrawn from Carlucci 2012, Pascoe 1984 and Palm 1995) a Conidiophore b, d Phialides c Hyphal coil with phialides e-j Conidia. Scale bars: a, c = 10 μm, b, d–j = 5 μm

Saprobic on dead plant material, in soil or pathogenic on plants causing root and collar rots. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, superficial, pale brown or dark brown, subglobose to pyriform, thin-walled, with elongated neck. Peridium multi-layered, composed of dark brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses conspicuous in young stages or absent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, without an apical ring, J⁻. Ascospores irregularly arranged, hyaline, fusiform, both ends rounded, 1–2-celled, wall asperulate. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores vegetative hyphae, hyaline or centrally pale brown or pale olivaceous, solitary, sometimes branched, apical or lateral with verticillate or single conidiogenous. Conidiophores cells phialidic, determinate, discrete, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth. Conidia aggregated in slimy heads, hyaline, bilaterally symmetric, oblong-ellipsoidal, slightly curved, 0–1-celled, smooth-walled.

Type species: Plectosphaerella cucumeris Kleb., Phytopath. Z. 1: 43 (1929)

Notes: Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Lindfors) W. Gams is a holomorphic fungus (Zare et al. 2007; Carlucci et al. 2012; Arzanlou et al. 2013a, b). The sexual morph Plectosphaerella was described first by Klebahn in 1929 (Palm et al. 1995). Elbakyan (1970) considered P. cucumeris conspecific with Venturia cucumerina Lindf. (Carlucci et al. 2012). It was regarded as a member of the Hypocreales, until Uecker (1993) suggested to place it in Sordariaceae (Uecker 1993; Palm et al. 1995; Liu et al. 2013; Arzanlou et al. 2013a, b; Carlucci et al. 2012). Palm et al. (1995) firstly linked Plectosphaerella to the hyphomycetous genus Plectosporium. Zare et al. (2007) introduced a new family Plectosphaerellaceae based on Plectosphaerella. Plectosphaerella has been suggested as the accepted generic name because it was published earlier than Plectosporium (Carlucci et al. 2012). Plectosphaerella is characterized by off-white to pale yellow, or pale gray-brown colonies, 1–2-celled, ellipsoidal conidia and determinate phialides (Carlucci et al. 2012).

Other genera included

Acrostalagmus Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 2: 15 (1838)

Type species: Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 2: 15 (1838)

Chordomyces E.N. Bilanenko et al., Fungal Diversity 76: 31 (2015)

Type species: Chordomyces antarcticum E.N. Bilanenko et al., Fungal Diversity 76: 31 (2015)

Gibellulopsis Bat. & H. Maia, Anais Soc. Biol. Pernambuco 16(1): 153 (1959)

Type species: Gibellulopsis piscis Bat. & H. Maia, Anais Soc. Biol. Pernambuco 16(1): 154 (1959)

Lectera P.F. Cannon, in Cannon et al., MycoKeys 3: 28 (2012)

Type species: Lectera colletotrichoides (J.E. Chilton) P.F. Cannon, in Cannon et al., MycoKeys 3: 28 (2012)

Musicillium Zare & W. Gams, in Zare et al., Nova Hedwigia 85(3–4): 482 (2007)

Type species: Musicillium theobromae (Turconi) Zare & W. Gams, Nova Hedwigia 85(3–4): 482 (2007)

Sodiomyces A.A. Grum-Grzhimaylo et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 31: 154 (2013)

Type species: Sodiomyces alkalinus (Bilanenko & M. Ivanova) A.A. Grum-Grzhimaylo et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 31: 157 (2013)

Stachylidium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 15 (1809)

Type species: Stachylidium bicolor Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 15 (1809)

Verticillium Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 57 (1816) [1816–17]

Type species: Verticillium dahliae Kleb., Mykol. Zentbl. 3: 66 (1913)

Key to genera of Plectosphaerellaceae

1. Ascomycete…………..… 2

1. Hyphomycete…………..… 3

2. Ascomata perithecial…………..… Plectosphaerella

2. Ascomata cleistothecial…………..… Sodiomyces

3. Conidiophores basitonously verticillate…………..… 4

3. Conidiophores dichotomous or multi-branched verticillate…………..… 5

4. Conidiogenous cell narrowly ellipsoidal…………..… Stachylidium

4.Conidiogenous cell tapering towards the apex…………..… Sodiomyces

5. Conidiogenous cell cylindrical…………..… Lectera

5. Conidiogenous cell phialidic…………..… 6

6. Conidiogenous 4–5 whorled branches at a node, separate with warty tips…………..… Acrostalagmus

6. Conidiogenous tapering to the apex…………..… 7

7. Phialides, tapering to the apex with collarette…………..… 8

7. Phialides, tapering to the apex without collarette…………..… Verticillium

8. Collarette with a sinuous apex, conidia bilaterally symmetric, appear slightly curved in side view…………..… Plectosphaerella

8. Collarettes inconspicuous, conidia ellipsoidal to cylindrical…………..… 9

9. Phialides, in whorl of 3–6, slender aculeate and hardly tapering towards the tip…………..… Musicillium

9. Phialides, in whorl of 1–3…………..… 10

10. Phialides 28–30 μm, often proliferating sympodially, tapering from 2.5–3 μm near the base to 0.8–1 μm at the tip…………..… Chordomyces

10. Phialides 23–50 μm, aculeate, tapering from 1–2 μm near the base to 0.5–1 μm at the apex…………..… Gibellulopsis

Pleurostomataceae Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 50: 540 (2004)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01136

Saprobic on wood in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, black, gregarious or scattered, immersed to superficial, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, smooth, without setae, papillate. Peridium thick (30–100 μm), composed of two to four layers, outer layer comprising of brown cells of textura intricata or epidermoidea, thick, coriaceous; inner layer comprising of hyaline cells of textura prismatica or angularis, thin, membranaceous; sometimes middle layers comprised of two types of cells, forming thin-walled and brown cells of textura epidermoidea to in the outer part, merging with thin-walled and dark brown cells of textura angularis in the inner part, thick, coriaceous. Hamathecium composed of numerous, hyaline, filamentous paraphyses or paraphyses absent, with hyaline spicate ascogenous hyphae in clusters. Asci multi-spored, unitunicate, reniform to oblong, with short pedicel or sessile, apical ring lacking. Ascospores crowded, hyaline, oblong to allantoid, curved, aseptate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium composed of branched, septate, hyaline or brown hyphae. Conidiophores single, from aerial or submerged hyphae, hyaline, straight or flexuous, aseptate to 2-septate, tuberculate or smooth. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic or polyphialidic, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia aggregated in round, hyaline, aseptate, oblong to allantoid, curved or straight, smooth, with or without guttules.

Type: Pleurostoma Tul. & C. Tul.

Notes: The monotypic family Pleurostomataceae was introduced by Réblová (2004). It was placed in Calosphaeriales based on allantoid ascospores, ascogenous hyphae and other characteristics similar to Calosphaeriaceae, as well as SSU nrDNA and LSU nrDNA sequence data, based on Pleurostoma ootheca (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) M.E. Barr (Réblová et al. 2004). Berlese (1900) introduced Neoarcangelia via N. ootheca (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl., based on upright papillae on the ascomata, but Barr (1985) maintained there were insufficient features to separate the species from Pleurostoma candollei Tul. & C. Tul. Neoarcangelia was accepted as the synonym of Pleurostoma (von Höhnel 1918; Barr 1985). Shear (1937) reexamined Sphaeria ootheca, the synonym of P. ootheca from Virginia, and decided that the species was similar with P. candollei. However, P. ootheca was included as the second species, and Pleurostomophora was accepted as the asexual morph of Pleurostoma based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses (Réblová et al. 2004; Vijaykrishna et al. 2004; Najwa et al. 2012).

Pleurostoma Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 247 (1863); Figs 117, 118

Fig. 117

Pleurostoma candollei (Material examined: FRANCE, Chaville, on dead wood of Quercus sp., 8 March 1859, PC PC0167640). a Material label b Herbarium material c Ascomata d-e Ascoma cross section f Peridium g Outer layer cross section h Middle and inner layers cross section i-l Asci m-q Ascospores. Notes: Figs f-q soaked in 3 % KOH. Scale bars: c = 200 μm, d–e = 100 μm, f = 20 μm, g–h = 10 μm, i–l = 5 μm, m–q = 1 μm

Fig. 118

Pleurostomophora anamorph of Pleurostroma ootheca (From Vijaykrishna et al. 2004). Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm

= Pleurostomophora Vijaykr.et al.

Type species: Pleurostoma candollei Tul. & C. Tul. [as ‘candollii’], Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 247 (1863)

Notes: Tulasne and Tulasne (1863a) introduced the type species, Pleurostoma candollei. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015), based on a multi-gene dataset, showed that Pleurostoma and Pleurostomophora formed a highly supported clade in the Pleurostomataceae.

Pseudomassariaceae Senanayake et al., in Senanayake et al., Fungal Diversity 73: 132 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00843

Saprobic on recently dead twigs attached to the trees, appearing as black dots, below small raised areas of bark, opening through long fissures. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, solitary or aggregated, immersed, depressed globose to ellipsoid, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Ostiolar papilla short, cylindrical, wide at the apex, periphysate. Peridium comprising strongly compressed, narrow, light to medium brown, thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, apically narrow, basally wide, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to fusoid, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with J+, or J– apical ring. Ascospores biseriate or partially uniseriate, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, oblong or narrowly clavate, mostly apiosporous, with a rounded to subconical, small, lower cell or equally uniseptate, straight or curved, thick-walled, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, Setae erect, dark brown, straight to flexuous, arising from superficial hyphae, branched at base, subcylindrical, tapering to obtuse apex, 3–7-septate, basal cell slightly swollen. Conidiophores subcylindrical to setiform, with radially lobed basal cells, pale brown, smooth, arising from superficial mycelium, straight to flexuous, 1–10-septate. Conidiogenous cells terminal or lateral, polyblastic, subcylindrical to somewhat clavate, pale brown, smooth, with 1–4 denticulate loci. Conidia lageniform, distal end free, truncate, rostrate at proximal end, pale brown, with a subhyaline transverse band at equatorial zone, smooth, guttulate, aseptate.

Type: Pseudomassaria Jacz.

Notes: Single gene sequence analyses of ITS and LSU regions by Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) indicate a separate taxonomic clade grouping for Pseudomassaria and Leiosphaerella. However, they did not formally establish this family. Leiosphaerella also shows molecular and morphological similarities with Pseudomassaria (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012). Pseudomassariaceae was introduced by Senanayake et al. (2015) to accommodate Pseudomassaria and Leiosphaerella. This family is typified by Pseudomassaria Jacz.

Pseudomassaria Jacz., Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 663 (1894)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00843; Fig. 119

Fig. 119

Pseudomassaria chondrospora (Material examined: ITALY, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Premilcuore, Fiumicello, on branch of Tilia cordata Mill. (Tiliaceae), 24 April 2013, Erio Camporesi, IT 1200 MFLU 15-0729, reference specimen). a Appearance of ascomata on host substrate b Cross section of ascoma c Peridium. d Paraphyses e–h Asci i–o Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b = 100 μm, c, e–p = 10 μm

Saprobic on dead twigs attached to trees, appearing as black dots, below small bumps on the bark. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, solitary or aggregated, immersed, depressed globose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Ostiolar papilla short, cylindrical, wide at the apex, even with the bark surface, periphysate. Peridium comprising narrow, compressed, light brown, thin-walled, cells of textura angularis at the base and thick-walled, light brown to hyaline, isodiametric cells around the ostiole. Hamathecium comprising numerous, apically narrow, basally wide, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to fusoid, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with a J+ or J– apical ring. Ascospores biseriate or partially uniseriate, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, oblong or narrowly clavate, apiosporous with a rounded to subconical small lower cell, straight or curved, thick-walled, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, Setae erect, dark brown, straight to flexuous, arising from superficial hyphae, branched at base, subcylindrical, tapering to obtuse apex, 3–7-septate, basal cell slightly swollen. Conidiophores subcylindrical to setiform, with radially lobed basal cells, pale brown, smooth, arising from superficial mycelium, straight to flexuous, 1–10-septate. Conidiogenous cells terminal or lateral, polyblastic, subcylindrical to somewhat clavate, pale brown, smooth, with 1–4 denticulate loci. Conidia pale brown, lageniform to rhomboid, distal end free, proximal end rostrate, with a subhyaline transverse band at equatorial zone, smooth-walled, guttulate, aseptate.

Type species: Pseudomassaria chondrospora (Ces.) Jacz., Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 663 (1894)

Notes: Pseudomassaria was introduced by Jaczewski (1894) to place Sphaeria chondrospora. This genus was assigned to the family Hyponectriaceae and introduced a new species P. huwerae (Hyde et al. 1998). This was followed by Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). Combined gene analysis by Senanayake et al. (2015), shows the taxonomic placement of Pseudomassaria as different from Hyponectriaceae. This result confirms the taxonomic placement suggested by Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012).

Other genus included

Leiosphaerella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 579 (1919)

Type species: Leiosphaerella praeclara (Rehm) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 579 (1919)

Key to genera of Pseudomassariaceae

1. Ascospores apiosporous…………..… Pseudomassaria

1. Ascospores elongate, bicelled…………..… Leiosphaerella

Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al. [as ‘Pseudoplagiostomaceae’], in Cheewangkoon et al., Fungal Diversity 44: 95 (2010)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01403

Pathogen on leaves, forming spots. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, scattered, immersed, slanted to horizontal on host tissue, globose or elliptical, black, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla short, internally covered with hyaline, filamentous, periphyses. Peridium comprising a few layers of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium lacking paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, sessile, with J-, subapical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoid, 1-septate, with terminal, elongate, hyaline appendages. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata acervular or pycnidial, brown. Peridium comprising small, brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to ampulliform, enteroblastic, percurrently proliferating with periclinal thickening and collarette. Conidia holoblastic, hyaline to brown, ellipsoid, unicellular, subglobose to broadly-allantoid, with obtuse apex and a flat protruding scar at the base.

Type: Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew. et al.

Notes: The family Pseudoplagiostomataceae was introduced by Cheewangkoon et al. (2010) to accommodate the type species, P. eucalypti Cheew.et al. and two other new species (P. oldii Cheew. et al. and P. variabile Cheew. et al.) isolated from Eucalyptus leaf spots. This monotypic family comprises foliar pathogens and has been recorded only from Eucalyptus. Ascospore morphology, in particular, is distinct and morphologically this family differs from other families in the order in having astromatic, slanted to horizontal, globose ascomata with an aparaphysate hamathecium and ascospores with terminal, elongate, hyaline appendages. A maximum parsimony analysis of LSU sequence data of the order Diaporthales, showed the distinct placement of Pseudoplagiostomaceae (Cheewangkoon et al. 2010).

Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew. et al., in Cheewangkoon et al., Fungal Diversity 44: 96 (2010)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02128; Fig. 120

Fig. 120

Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti (Material examined: VENEZUELA, on living leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake (Myrtaceae), October 2006, M.J. Wingfield, CBS H-20303, holotype). a Leaf spot b, c Ascomata d Ascomatal wall e Cross section though ascomata f Ostiole g Asci h, i Young asci j Mature ascus k, l Asci strained in Melzer’s reagent, showing non-amyloid subapical ring m, n Ascospores o Conidiomata p Cross section though conidiomata q, r Conidia attached to conidiogenous cells with percurrent proliferation s Conidia t Colony on MEA u, v Conidia and conidiogenous cells w, y Microcyclic conidiation. Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b = 1 mm, c, e = 50 μm, d = 5 μm, f–j = 30 μm, k, s–u = 20 μm, o = 200 μm, p = 70 μm, q–s, w–y = 15 μm

Pathogenic on leaves, forming spots. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, immersed in host tissues, slanted to horizontal, globose to elliptical, coriaceous, brown to black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla erumpent, internal wall lined by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising a few layers of thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium lacking paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, subcylindrical to long obovoid, sessile, apex blunt, with wedge-shaped, J-, subapical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoid, tapering towards the rounded ends, 1-septate, with terminal, elongate, hyaline appendages. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata acervular to pycnidial, subcuticular to subepidermal. Peridium comprising small, brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to ampulliform, enteroblastic, proliferating with periclinal thickening. Conidia holoblastic, hyaline to brown, ellipsoid, unicellular, with obtuse apex and a flat protruding scar at the base.

Type species: Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti Cheew.et al., in Cheewangkoon et al., Fungal Diversity 44: 98 (2010)

Notes: The genus Pseudoplagiostoma was introduced to accommodate a distinct foliar pathogen from Eucalyptus that has astromatic, slanted to horizontal, globose perithecia without paraphyses, ascospores with terminal, elongate, hyaline appendages and a cryptosporiopsis-like asexual morph. The generic type of Cryptosporiopsis, C. nigra (Dermateaceae, Helotiales) is not closely related and Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti falls within Diaporthales in the phylogenetic analyses. Hence Pseudoplagiostoma was introduced to accommodate this taxon. Combined gene analysis of ITS and TUB gene sequence data resolved the species within Pseudoplagiostoma (Cheewangkoon et al. 2010).

Pseudovalsaceae M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 151 (1978)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01404

Saprobic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Stromata solitary, erumpent, comprising pseudoparenchymatous cells. Ectostromatic disc well or poorly developed, brown to black, comprising small cells of textura prismatica. Ascomata perithecial, immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown to black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla upright, central, broad, sometimes converging. Peridium comprising outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and inner, thick-walled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising broad, cellular, septate paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid to cylindrical, thin-walled, pedicellate, apex rounded with a J-, apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, initially hyaline, brown at maturity, ellipsoid, fusoid or elongate, one to several septate, often distoseptate, end cells light brown or hyaline, straight or curved. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata acervular, solitary, erumpent through the outer periderm layers of host or immersed, scattered, surface tissues above slightly domed. Conidiomatal wall composed of thin-walled, vertically arranged dark brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores branched at the base or not, cylindrical to globose, septate or aseptate, hyaline or hyaline at the top, pale brown at the base. Conidiogenous cells formed from the apical cells of the conidiophores, hyaline, annellidic, cylindrical, sometimes with setulose apical appendages. Conidia hyaline to dark brown, curved, globose, broadly fusiform to cylindrical or clavate, smooth-walled, unicellular to distoseptate, with 4–6 septa, sometimes the apical and basal cell darker than other cells with hyaline apex in apical cell or hyaline, apical apiculus.

Type: Coryneum Nees

Notes: The family Pseudovalsaceae was introduced by Barr (1978) to include diaporthalean taxa having upright, erumpent ascomata with central necks. However, many genera previously included in Pseudovalsaceae have been placed in other families (Castlebury et al. 2002) and the only genus remaining in the family Pseudovalsaceae was Coryneum. This genus is based on the type species C. lanciformis (Fr.) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch. Coryneum species are reported to be the asexual morphs of Pseudovalsa (Rossman et al. 2015). Coryneum species commonly occur on temperate hardwood trees. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) also listed Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee under Pseudovalsaceae.

Coryneum Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 34 (1816) [1816–17]

= Murogenella Goos & E.F. Morris, Mycologia 57(5): 776 (1965)

= Pseudovalsa Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 206 (1863)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02129; Figs 121, 122

Fig. 121

Coryneum lanciformis - sexual morph (Material examined: USA, Maryland, Beltsville, Narragansett Parkway, on stem of Betula sp., 7 June 2002, L. Vasilyeva BPI 871006A) a Herbarium packet b Herbarium specimen c Stromata on substrate d Transverse section of stroma e Longitudinal section of stroma f Longitudinal section of ascoma g Peridium h–j Asci k Paraphyses l-o Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 200 μm, e, f = 100 μm, g = 20 μm, h–j = 20 μm, k–o = 10 μm

Fig. 122

Coryneum longipes - asexual morph (UK England, Devon, Slapton, near Kingsbridge, Slapton Ley National Nature Reserve, site J1, on twigs of Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. (Fagaceae), 11 May 1994, B.C. Sutton, IMI 362542) a, b Herbarium packet c, d Conidiomata on substrate e Cross section of conidioma f Conidia attached to conidiophores g-i Conidia. Scale bars: c = 1 mm, d = 500 μm, e = 100 μm, f–j = 10 μm

Saprobic or rarely pathogenic on dead wood. Sexual morph: Stromata solitary, erumpent, comprising pseudoparenchymatous cells. Ectostromatic disc well or poorly developed, brown to black, comprising small cells of textura prismatica. Ascomata perithecial, immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, brown to black, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla upright, central, broad, sometimes converging. Peridium comprising outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis and inner, thick-walled, hyaline, compressed cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising broad, cellular, septate paraphyses. Asci 8–spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid to cylindrical, thin-walled, pedicellate, apex rounded, with J-, apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, initially hyaline, brown at maturity, ellipsoid, fusoid or elongate, one to several septate, often distoseptate, end cells light brown or hyaline, straight or curved. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, solitary, erumpent through the outer periderm layers of host, scattered, surface tissues above slightly domed. Conidiomatal wall comprising thin-walled, vertically arranged, dark brown, cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores branched at the base, cylindrical, septate, hyaline at the apex, pale brown at the base. Conidiogenous cells formed from the apical cell of the conidiophore, hyaline, annellidic, cylindrical. Conidia dark brown, curved, broadly fusiform to cylindrical or clavate, smooth-walled, distoseptate with 4–6 septa, the apical and basal cell darker than other cells, apical cell hyaline.

Type species: Coryneum umbonatum Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 34 (1816) [1816–17]

Basionym: Sphaeria lanciformis Fr., Observ. Mycol. (Havniae) 2: 324 (1818)

Notes: Coryneum was introduced and typified by C. umbonatum Nees. Type species of Coryneum, C. umbonatum has been linked to the type species of Pseudovalsa, P. lanciformis (Rossman et al. 2015) and Coryneum (1816) has been conserved over Pseudovalsa (1863) giving priority to the older name (Rossman et al. 2015). Both sexual and asexual morphs of Coryneum cause plant disease, such as Coryneum-blight on leaves, twigs and buds of cherry, stone fruits, peach and apricot. Index Fungorum (2016) lists 41 epithets under Pseudovalsa within the family Pseudovalsaceae and 159 epithets are listed under Coryneum (Index Fungorum 2016).

Other genus included

Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee, Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 239 (2004)

Type species: Apoharknessia insueta (B. Sutton) Crous & S.J. Lee, in Lee et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 240 (2004)

Key to genera of Pseudovalsaceae

1. Conidiomata immersed and globose, unicellular conidia with a hyaline, apical apiculus…………..… Apoharknessia

1. Conidiomata erumpent and broadly fusiform to cylindrical or clavate conidia, with 4–6 distosepta, apical cell hyaline…………..… Coryneum

Pyriculariaceae Klaubauf et al., Studies in Mycology 79: 85–120 (2014)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01801

Pathogenic or saprobic on various plant hosts, commonly on monocotyledons. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, immersed in plant tissue, solitary, scattered or gregarious, black, surface smooth, coriaceous, brittle, with long cylindrical necks, covered in setae. Peridium comprising of several layers of brown textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising septate, hyaline, paraphyses intermingled among asci. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, subcylindrical, short pedicellate, with a large, J+, apical ring. Ascospores ellipsoid to obclavate, fusiform, often with median cells pigmented, with 3–septa, pale-brown, lacking a sheath. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores solitary or in fascicles, subcylindrical, erect, olivaceous, pale brown or brown, in some genera branched (Pseudopyricularia and Xenopyricularia) or unbranched (Bambusicularia, Barretomyces, Deightoniella, Macgarvieomyces, Neocordana, Neopyricularia, Proxipyricularia and Pyricularia). Conidiogenous cells integrated, pigmented, denticulate. Conidia hyaline to brown, 1–5-transversely septate, some genera (Neopyricularia, Proxipyricularia and Pyricularia) have apical mucoid appendages.

Type: Pyricularia Sacc.

Notes: The family Pyriculariaceae was introduced by Klaubauf et al. (2014), as a sister family to the Ophioceraceae, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. All member of this family cause diseases on monocotyledons plants. Klaubauf et al. (2014) accepted nine genera, of which seven were new genera (Bambusicularia, Barretomyces, Macgarvieomyces, Neopyricularia, Proxipyricularia, Pseudopyricularia and Xenopyricularia) into Pyriculariaceae based on morphology and molecular analysis of the combined ACT, ITS and RPB1 genes (Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Klaubauf et al. (2014) re-evaluated generic and species concepts within Pyriculariaceae, and novelties was proposed based on morphological and phylogenetic data. The taxonomic relationships among magnaporthe-like or pyricularia-like species were clarified using phylogenetic analyses of isolates representing a wide range of host plants by using partial DNA sequences of multiple genes (LSU, ITS, RPB1, Actin and Calmodulin).

Pyricularia Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 20 (1880)

Faces of fungi number: FoF 01802; Fig. 123

Fig. 123

Pyricularia grisea a, b, c Conidiophores and conidia d Conidia with apical marginal frill, which is a remnant of the apical mucoid cap. e Microconidia. Scale bars: a–e = 10 μm (redrawn from Klaubauf et al. 2014)

Pathogenic on plants Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, immersed in host tissue, solitary and gregarious, subsphaerical, brown to black, with long neck protruding above host surface. Peridium comprising several layers of textura angularis. Paraphyses intermingled among asci, unbranched, septate. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, subcylindrical to clavate, short-stipitate, with prominent, with a large, J+, apical ring. Ascospores bi- to multi-seriate, hyaline, fusiform, curved, with rounded ends, transversely 3-septate, slightly constricted at septa, guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous, Conidiophores solitary or in fascicles, hyaline to pale brown, sub cylindrical, smooth, rarely branched, with sympodial proliferation. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, pale brown, with denticulate conidiogenous loci and rhexolytic secession. Conidia solitary, pyriform to obclavate, 2-septate, narrowed toward tip, rounded at the base, hyaline to pale brown, with a distinct basal hilum, sometimes with marginal frill

Type species: Pyricularia grisea Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 20 (1880)

Notes: The genus Pyricularia was established by Saccardo (1880) with Pyricularia grisea Sacc. (synonym: Magnaporthe grisea) as the type species. The name of the type genus Pyricularia, refers to the pyriform shape of the conidia, which is a specific character of this genus (Bussaban et al. 2005). Klaubauf et al. (2014) synonymized M. grisea under P. grisea, by clarify the taxonomic relationships among species that are magnaporthe- or pyricularia-like using molecular phylogeny (LSU, ITS, RPB1, Actin and Calmodulin).

This genus includes species that are pathogenic on a wide range of monocotyledonous plants (Klaubauf et al. 2014), and of these P. oryzae Cavara (1892) (synonym: Magnaporthe oryzae) is responsible for the foliar disease of wheat and millet as well as the cause of the major rice blast disease, which is highly destructive and causes up to 30 % yield loss worldwide (Skamnioti and Gurr 2009). Pyricularia grisea is responsible for a foliar disease of Digitaria (Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Other genera included

Bambusicularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 104 (2014)

Type species: Bambusicularia brunnea Klaubauf et al. Stud. Mycol. 79: 104 (2014)

Barretomyces Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 104 (2014)

Type species: Barretomyces calatheae (D.J. Soares et al.) Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 104 (2014)

Deightoniella S. Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 48: 27 (1952)

Type species: Deightoniella africana S. Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 48: 27 (1952)

Macgarvieomyces Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 106 (2014)

Type species: Macgarvieomyces borealis (de Hoog & Oorschot) Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 107 (2014)

Neocordana Hern.-Restr. & Crous, in Hernández-Restrepo et al., Phytotaxa 205(4): 233 (2015)

Type species: Neocordana musae (Zimm.) M. Hern.-Rest. & Crous, in Hernández-Restrepo et al., Phytotaxa 205(4): 234 (2015)

Neopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 108 (2014)

Type species: Neopyricularia commelinicola (M.J. Park & H.D. Shin) Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 108 (2014)

Proxipyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 109 (2014)

Type species: Proxipyricularia zingiberis (Y. Nisik.) Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 109 (2014)

Pseudopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 109 (2014)

Type species: Pseudopyricularia kyllingae Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 109 (2014)

Xenopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 116 (2014)

Type species: Xenopyricularia zizaniicola (Hashioka) Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 116 (2014)

Key to genera of Pyriculariaceae

1. Conidiophores branched…………..… 2

1. Conidiophores unbranched…………..… 3

2. Conidia obclavate, finely roughened…………..… Pseudopyricularia

2. Conidia obovoid, narrowed toward apex…………..… Xenopyricularia

3. Conidia with 2(−5)-septa…………..… 4

3. Conidia with 1-septa…………..… 5

4. Conidia 4(−5)-septate…………..… Barretomyces

4. Conidia 2-septate…………..… 6

5. Conidia pale brown…………..… 7

5. Conidia hyaline (narrowly obclavate)…………..… Macgarvieomyces

6. Conidia ellipsoid to obclavate, finely roughened…………..… Bambusicularia

6. Conidia pyriform to obclavate, narrowed toward tip, rounded at the base…………..… 8

7. Conidia ellipsoid, thin-walled…………..… Deightoniella

7. Conidia obclavate, thick-walled…………..… Neocordana

8. Conidiogenous loci slightly darkened…………..… Neopyricularia

8. Conidiogenous loci not darkened…………..… 9

9. Conidiophores olivaceous to brown…………..… Proxipyricularia

9. Conidiophores pale brown to yellow…………..… Pyricularia

Reticulascaceae Réblová & W. Gams, in Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 180 (2011)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01311

Saprobic on terrestrial tree branches, wood and bark. Sexual morph: Stromata minute, sometimes present. Ascomata superficial, gregarious to solitary, brown to black, subglobose to conical, base flattened, slightly verruculose, glabrous with minute papilla, ostiole periphysate. Peridium 26–39 μm wide, fragile, 2-layered, the whole wall heavily sclerotized in the upper part, poorly developed towards the rim, absent at the base. Hamathecium composed of copious, 1–2 μm wide, filiform, sparsely septate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, short-pedicellate, apex truncate to broadly rounded, with inamyloid, apical ring. Ascospores uni to bi-seriate, hyaline or dark brown, septate, mostly 2-celled, with a delayed formation of the 2 additional septa, smooth-walled, ellipsoidal to fusiform, sometimes with end pores. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Cylindrotrichum: Setae straight, cylindrical, septate, dark brown, paler towards the apex. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary, erect, unbranched, 2-layered. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, collarette hyaline to subhyaline, disappearing early. Conidia cylindrical, rounded at the apex, 1-septate, not constricted at the septum, smooth-walled, hyaline. Kylindria: Conidiophores setiform, solitary, erect, sometimes curved, branched, gregarious, scattered, septate, thick-walled, dark brown, becoming paler towards the apex, smooth-walled. Conidia blastic-phialidic, 1-several-septate, oblong-ellipsoid, apex rounded, tapering towards the truncate base, hyaline, smooth-walled. Sporoschismopsis: Conidiophores erect, straight to slightly flexuous, un-branched, brown, septate, thick-walled, terminating in a cylindrical to slightly flask-shaped monophialide, collarette funnel-shaped, which encloses not more than one conidium. Conidia clavate, cuneiform, obovate, pyriform to subcylindrical-clavate, distal end bluntly rounded, basal end truncate, septate, uniformly brown or with paler distal and/or basal cells, sometimes the septa are obscured by a darker band, without or with conspicuous pores at the septa.

Type: Cylindrotrichum Bonord., Handb. Allgem. mykol. (Stuttgart): 88 (1851)

Notes: The family Reticulascaceae was introduced to accommodate two holomorphic genera Reticulascus and Porosphaerellopsis Samuels & E. Müll., supported by analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data. Even though the characters and ontogeny of these genera differ, the centrum and interthecial tissues are quite similar (Réblová et al. 2011). The asexual dematiaceous hyphomycete genera Cylindrotrichum, Kylindria and Sporoschismopsis are linked with the family (Réblová et al. 2011; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). The sexual-asexual link between Porosphaerellopsis and Sporoschismopsis has been established by Réblová (2014) who synonymized the sexual genus Porosphaerellopsis under the asexual genus Sporoschismopsis. The link between Reticulascus and Cylindrotrichum has also been established by Réblová and Gams (1999) and Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) recommended the use of Cylindrotrichum over Reticulascus, which is followed in this paper.

Kylindria has oblong, longer, wider, 1-several-sepatate, often asymmetrical conidia that are in contrast to Cylindrotrichum that has cylindrical, narrower, 1-septate, symmetrical conidia. Therefore, we follow Réblová (2012) and keep these two genera separate, even though very Little information is available on the genus Kylindria.

Cylindrotrichum Bonord., Handb. Allgem. mykol. (Stuttgart): 88 (1851) Fig. 124, 125

Fig. 124

Reticulascus tulasneorum (CZECH REPUBLIC, South-western Bohemia, Javornická, Hornatina Mts, Strašín, near Sušice, on dead branch of Sambucus nigra L. (Adoxaceae), 21 October 1997, M. Svrček, (PRM 842978, holotype), Median, longitudinal section of ascomata of Reticulascus tulasneorum redrawn from Réblová and Gams (1999) a Ascomata on the host b Ascomata with conidiophores of the asexual morph on the host c Cells of peridium d Median, longitudinal section of ascomata with sclerotized lateral wall e Interthecial filaments f Asci with ascospores g Immature hyaline ascus h–i Matured, hyaline asci j–n Hyaline 1–4 septate ascospores. Scale bars: a–b = 100 μm, c–d = 50 μm, g–I = 25 μm, e–f, j–n = 10 μm

Fig. 125

Different hyphomycetous asexual morphs of Reticulascaceae asexual morph of Reticulascus tulasneorum redrawn from Réblová and Gams (1999), asexual morph Kylindria trisepta redrawn from DiCosmo et al. (1983) a Conidiophores and hyaline conidia of Reticulascus tulasneorum b Conidiophores and conidia of Kylindria trisepta c Conidiogenous cell and conidia of K. trisepta Scale bars: b = 50 μm, a, c = 20 μm

Synonym: Reticulascus Réblová & W. Gams, in Réblová et al. Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 180 (2011)

Type species: Cylindrotrichum oligospermum (Corda) Bonord., Handb. Allgem. mykol. (Stuttgart): 88 (1851)

Notes: The genus Reticulascus was introduced by Réblová et al. (2011) for the two holomorphic species, namely R. tulasneorum Réblová & W. Gams with the asexual morph Cylindrotrichum oligospermum (Corda) Bonord and Reticulascus clavatus Réblová & J. Fourn. with the asexual morph Cylindrotrichum clavatum W. Gams. The asexual morph of Reticulascus generally resembles the dematiaceous, phialidic hyphomycete, linked with Chaetosphaeria, but differs in having cylindrical, 1–septate conidia (Réblová et al. 2004; Réblová et al. 2011). Cylindrotrichum hennebertii W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. was synonymized under C. oligospermum due to their identical ITS sequences (Réblová et al. 2011). Reticulascus tulasneorum produces minute, black, astromatic ascomata, growing on decaying wood. Reticulascus clavatus is common on submerged wood. It differs from Reticulascus tulasneorum and its asexual morph by having verruculose, mature ascospores and in the absence of setae among the conidiophores. Physical separation of the conidiogenous cells and setae makes Cylindrotrichum setosum Seifert unique in the genus. Microconidia have also been reported only from C. setosum. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) recommended that Cylindrotrichum and Reticulascus should be treated as congeneric and as the Cylindrotrichum is the older name, Reticulascus should be synonymized under this genus, which is followed in this paper.

Other genus included

Kylindria DiCosmo, S.M. Berch & W.B. Kendr., Mycologia 75(6): 970 (1983)

Type species: Kylindria triseptata (Matsush.) DiCosmo, S.M. Berch & W.B. Kendr., Mycologia 75(6): 971 (1983)

Sporoschismopsis Hol.-Jech. & Hennebert, Bull. Jard. Bot. natn. Belg. 42(4): 385 (1972)

Synonym: Porosphaerellopsis Samuels & E. Müll., in Müller & Samuels, Sydowia 35: 143 (1982)

Type species: Sporoschismopsis moravica Hol.-Jech. & Hennebert, Bull. Jard. Bot. natn. Belg. 42(4): 387 (1972)

Key to genera of Reticulascaceae

1. Conidiophores often seta-like, with a terminal monophialide at the apex…………..… 2

1. Setae straight, sterile, septate, dark brown…………..… Cylindrotrichum

2. Conidia hyaline, 1-several septate, oblong-ellipsoidal…………..… Kylindria

2. Conidia, uniformly brown or with paler distal and/or basal cells, 3-septate, clavate-sub-cylindrical clavate…………..… Sporoschismopsis

Robillardaceae Crous, in Crous et al., IMA Fungus 6: 184 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01912

Saprobic or pathogenic on plants in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial to pycnidioid or indeterminate, immersed to partially erumpent, unilocular to convoluted, dehiscing by an ostiole or by an irregular split in the apical wall and overlying host tissue; wall thick of textura angularis to textura prismatica. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the cavity of the locule. Conidiogenous cells discrete, ampulliform to lageniform, hyaline, smooth; proliferating sympodially. Conidia composed of a conidium body and a separate apical cell modified into a branched appendage; conidium body ellipsoid or fusiform, 1-euseptate, wall smooth, hyaline to pale brown; apical cell dividing into appendages.

Type: Robillarda Sacc.

Notes: This is a recently introduced monotypic family based on ITS sequence data supplemented with HIS sequence data. Robillarda showed a distinct lineage from other taxa in Xylariales and therefore Crous et al. (2015a) introduced a monotypic family Robillardaceae with the Robillarda as the type genus.

Robillarda Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 8 (1880)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02130; Fig. 126

Fig. 126

Robillarda sessilis (CBS 114312, epitype) (redrawn from Crous et al. 2015a) a–d Conidiogenous cells e Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm

Saprobic or pathogenic on plants. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial to pycnidioid, scattered to gregarious, occasionally confluent, immersed to partly erumpent, unilocular to variably loculate with the locule often convoluted, glabrous; wall thick of textura angularis to textura prismatica. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or with 1–2 supporting cells lining the cavity of the locule. Conidiogenous cells discrete, ampulliform to lageniform, hyaline, smooth; proliferating sympodially or percurrently near apex. Conidia composed of a conidium body and a separate apical cell modified into a branched appendage; conidium body ellipsoid or fusiform, 1-euseptate, wall smooth and occasionally constricted at the septum, hyaline to pale brown, often guttulate; apical cell short-cylindrical at base, then dividing into 2–5 branches, branches thin-walled, tubular, ends pointed or swollen, flexuous, divergent, smooth, hyaline, devoid of contents.

Type species: Robillarda sessilis (Sacc.) Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 8 (1880)

Notes: There are 38 names referred to Robillarda Sacc. (Index Fungorum 2016). However, many of them are still without critical reappraisal and need to be transferred to Chaetoconis Hyalotiella, Neottiospora, Pestalotiopsis and Pseudorobillarda (Crous et al. 2015a). The type of Robillarda, R. sessilis was isolated from wilted leaves of Rubus caesius in Italy. Crous et al. (2015a) designated an epitype collected from soil dust in Germany.

Savoryellaceae Jaklitsch & Réblová, Index Fungorum 209: 1 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01283

Saprobic on submerged wood in freshwater, marine and brackish habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, brown to black, immersed or superficial, globose to pyriform, coriaceous, periphysate, ostiolate, papillate. Papilla central, or eccentric when lying horizontally to the host. Peridium membranous, comprising several layers of brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis, hyaline inwardly. Hamathecium comprising hypha-like, numerous or sparse, septate paraphyses. Asci 2–8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, pedicellate, persistent, with a small or relatively large, J-, apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate or overlapping biseriate, versicolorous with brown middle cells and hyaline end cells, ellipsoid, fusiform, 3 to many septate, smooth, thick-walled, with or without polar mucilaginous pads or appendages. Asexual morph: hyphomycetous. Hyphae septate, branched, white to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells absent, if present erect, smooth and thick-walled, cylindrical, flask-shaped. Conidia solitary, dry, smooth, applanate or rounded, globose to subglobose or obovate to oval, holoblastic, with 3–6 longitudinal septa and 4–6 transverse septa or 1–4 transverse septa, slightly constricted at the septa, with a pale brown small basal cell, olive green to brown or blackish brown to black, with prominent scar at the point of secession from the conidiogenous cell.

Type: Savoryella E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton

Notes: Savoryella has been placed in the order Sphaeriales family incertae sedis by Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer (1979), ascomycetes incertae sedis by Kohlmeyer (1986), Eriksson and Hawksworth (1986), Amphisphaeriaceae Eriksson and Hawksworth (1987) and Sordariales (Jones and Hyde 1992). Barr (1990) transferred this genus to the order Halosphaeriales (now Microascales) based on morphology (the catenophyses-like paraphyses) and ultrastructural observations. Vijaykrishna et al. (2006) and Cai et al. (2006a) referred Savoryella elongata and S. longispora to the order Hypocreales, subclass Hypocreomycetidae, based on a phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA data, although with weak statistical support. Jones et al. (2009b) referred the genus to the Sordariales genera incertae sedis based on morphological observations. Boonyuen et al. (2011) introduced the new order Savoryellales to accommodate the genera Ascotaiwania, Ascothailandia (and its asexual morph, Canalisporium) and Savoryella based on multi-gene dataset. The genus Ascothailandia was introduced to accommodate a sexual morph that grouped with the asexual morph Canalisporium, forming a sister clade to Savoryella and Ascotaiwania. Subsequently, Jaklitsch (2015) erected the family Savoryellaceae and this was accepted by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) and Jones et al. (2015).

Savoryella E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 52(1): 161 (1969)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02131; Fig. 127, 128, 129

Fig. 127

Savoryella lignicola (Material examined: UK, Flintshire, Connahis Quay, Test block, 1966, IMI 129784, IMI 129785, holotype) a Herbarium specimen b, c Ascomata on host d, e Ascomata f Paraphyses g–i Asci j–n Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 200 μm, d–e = 100 μm, g–i = 50 μm, j–n = 20 μm

Fig. 128

Savoryella lignicola (Material examined: MALAYSIA, Tioman island, Mangrove, on dead mangrove wood, 12 July 2010, K. L. Pang) a Immersed ascoma b Peridium composed of a few layers of angular cells forming textura angularis c Cylindrical asci d–e Ascospores with brown central and hyaline end cells. Scale bars: a, c = 30 μm, b, d–e = 10 μm

Fig. 129

Canalisporium caribense (Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, stream flowing in Tham Luang Nang Non Cave, on submerged wood, 25 November 2014, J. Yang, MFLU 15-3581, holotype) a Substrate b–d Sporodochia on wood e–f Squash mount of a sporodochium g Conidiophores h–i Vesiculate conidiogenous cell j Germinated conidium on nature substrate k Germinated conidium on PDA medium l–o Conidia. Scale bars: b = 500 μm, c–d = 50 μm, e, i–k = 20 μm, f = 30 μm, g–h = 15 μm, l–o = 10 μm

Saprobic on submerged wood in cooling towers, rivers, streams and marine environments. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecioid, globose, subglobose or ellipsoidal, immersed, partly immersed or superficial, ostiolate, papillate, membranous, and pale to dark brown, long necked, brown coloured, periphysate. Peridium brown, composed of several layers of thick-walled angular cells forming textura angularis. Paraphyses present, but sparse. Asci 2–8-spored, cylindrical or clavate, short-stalked, unitunicate, persistent, with an apical truncate non-amyloid apical thickening containing a pore. Ascospores uni- or biseriate, ellipsoidal, 3-septate, not markedly constricted at the septa, central cells brown, apical cells smaller and hyaline. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Savoryella lignicola E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 52(1): 162 (1969)

Notes: Jones and Eaton (1969) established the genus Savoryella with S. lignicola as the type species. Savoryella has been placed in the order Sphaeriales family incertae sedis by Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer (1979), ascomycetes incertae sedis by Kohlmeyer (1986),

Other genera included

Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang, Mycol. Res. 96(6): 481 (1992)

Type species: Ascotaiwania lignicola Sivan. & H.S. Chang, Mycol. Res. 96(6): 481 (1992)

Canalisporium Nawawi & Kuthubutheen, Mycotaxon 34(2): 477 (1989); Fig. 128

= Ascothailandia Sri-indr. et al., Mycoscience 51(6): 414 (2010)

Saprobic on submerged wood. Sexual morph: Ascomata immersed to semi-immersed or superficial, perithecial, globose to sub-globose, dark brown to black, solitary, scattered, long neck, ostiolate. Ostiole mostly central but if ascomata are lying horizontal to the host surface, then at one end and curving upwards, long or short, mostly brown or black, periphysate. Paraphyses hypha like, numerous, tapering distally, not embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, long cylindrical, pedunculate, unitunicate, apically truncate, with a refractive, J-apical ring, cylindrical, persistent. Ascospores uniseriate or overlapping uniseriate, fusiform, straight or curved, 3-euseptate and versicolurus (Modified description of Sri-indrasutdhi et al. 2010). Asexual morph: Colonies sporodochial, punctiform, scattered, glistening, white to yellow when young, dark brown to black when mature. Mycelium immersed, consisting of branched, septate, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline to pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores semi-macronematous, unbranched, septate, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, becoming vesiculate and disintegrating as conidia mature. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, oblong or often becoming swollen, hyaline or pale brown. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, brown or pale olive brown, smooth, thick-walled, broadly ellipsoidal to obovoid in surface view, cylindrical to clavate in lateral view, muriform, with ordered arrangement of a single, straight or slightly curved column vertical septum and 2–6 rows transverse septa, slightly constricted at the septa; septa becoming darker progressively with conidial maturity; basal cell pale brown, cuneiform, Conidial secession rhexolytic. Modified description of Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1989).

Type species: Canalisporium caribense (Hol.-Jech. & Mercado) Nawawi & Kuthubutheen, Mycotaxon 34 (2): 479 (1989)

Notes: Canalisporium species are saprobes on rotten wood and have a pantropical distribution (Goh et al. 1998). The genus has been recorded in Cuba (Holubová-Jechová and Sierra 1984), India (Rao and de Hoog 1986), Kenya (Kirk 1985), Malaysia (Nawawi and Kuthubutheen 1989), Taiwan (Matsushima 1987), and Uganda (Matsushima 1987). The genus Canalisporium Nawawi & Kuthubutheen (1989) was first introduced to accommodate Berkleasmium caribense Hol.-Jech. & Mercado, Berklea smiumpulchrum Hol.-Jech. & Mercado (Holubová-Jechová and Sierra 1984), and a new species, Canalisporium elegans Nawawi & Kuthubutheen (1989). Canalisporium species are characterized by having scattered, punctiform, pulvinate, granular, black, glistening sporodochia that contain acrogenous, holoblastic conidia developing in a hyaline gelatinous sheath (Goh et al. 1998). At present, 12 species are included under this genus including the recently introduced Canalisporium microsporum G.Z. Zhao (Zhao et al. 2012). Canalisporium grenadoidia has borne on ascospore isolates of Ascothailandia on the culture (Sri-indrasutdhi et al. 2010). Combined analysis of SSU, LSU and ITS showed that seven Canalisporium species forms a highly supported monophyletic clade in the Hypocreomycetidae (Sordariomycetes) together with Ascothailandia. Thus Ascothailandia, which is a recent name, becomes a synonym of Canalisporium (Sri-indrasutdhi et al. 2010, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Monotosporella S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 786 (1958)

Type species: Monotosporella setosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 787 (1958)

Taxonomic position in the family needs verification

Helicoon Morgan, J. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 15: 49 (1892)

Type species: Helicoon sessile Morgan, J. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 15: 50 (1892)

Key to genera of Savoryellaceae

1. Sexual morph perithecioid…………..… 4

1. Asexual morph hyphomycetous…………..… 2

2. Conidia applanate or helicoid…………..… 3

2. Conidia obovate to oval…………..… Monotosporella

3. Conidia applanate…………..… Canalisporium

3. Conidia helicoid…………..… Helicoon

4. Asci with massive, refractive, apical ring; ascospores fusiform, with pointed end cells…………..… Ascotaiwania

4. Asci with small, discoid, apical pore/ring; ascospores ellipsoid, with rounded end cells…………..… Savoryella

Schizoparmaceae Rossman, Mycoscience 48 (3): 137 (2007)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01405

Saprobic, parasitic or pathogenic on woody, herbaceous plants. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary, scattered, subepidermal, erumpent to superficial, globose, coriaceous, brown to black, short-papillate, ostiolate, with hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium lacking paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid to fusiform, sessile, with a J-, apical ring. Ascospores bi-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal, aseptate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata pycnidial, subepidermal, erumpent, globose, slightly depressed globose to subglobose. Conidiomata wall comprising thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores densely aggregated, slender, subulate, simple or branched, 0–3-septate. Conidiogenous cells annellidic, simple, smooth, with prominent periclinal thickening. Conidia hyaline or hyaline when young, becoming medium brown to dark brown at maturity, broad or narrowly ellipsoidal, with tapering apices, with or without a longitudinal germ slit.

Type: Pilidiella Petr. & Syd.

Notes: The family Schizoparmaceae was introduced to accommodate the genus Schizoparme and the asexual-morph genera Coniella and Pilidiella. (Castlebury et al. 2002; van Niekerk et al. 2004). Some species in this family are plant pathogens that cause leaf, stem and root diseases on a wide variety of hosts (van Niekerk et al. 2004). Schizoparme has been synonymized under Pilidiella giving priority to the older name Pilidiella (Maas et al. 1979; Rossman et al. 2015). Sutton (1980) and Nag Raj (1993) treated Pilidiella as a synonym of Coniella but recent phylogenetic analyses showed that these genera have distinct phylogenetic lineages in Schizoparmeaceae (van Niekerk et al. 2004; Wijayawardene et al. 2016). Coniella has dark brown conidia while Pilidiella having hyaline to pale brown conidia (Wijayawardene et al. 2016). However, Pilidiella eucalyptorum Crous & M.J. Wingf.and P. tibouchinae B.E.C. Miranda et al. have dark brown conidia which resemble Coniella (van Niekerk et al. 2004; Miranda et al. 2012; Wijayawardene et al. 2016). Nevertheless, Miranda et al. (2012) and Wijayawardene et al. (2016) showed that these both species cluster in Pilidiella sensu stricto in their phylogenetic analyses.

Pilidiella Petr. & Syd., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg. 42(1): 462 (1927)

Basionym: Macroplodia quercicola Oudem., Ned. kruidk. Archf, 3 sér. 2(3): 752 (1902)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01569; Fig. 130

Fig. 130

Pilidiella quercicola a Ascomata on host substrate b Cross section of ascoma (redrawn from Rossman et al. 2007) Pilidiella destruens c Asci d Ascospores (redrawn from Van Niekerk et al. 2004) Pilidiella castenicola (CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Huaxi, on Acer buergerianum Miq. (Sapindaceae) leaves, 28 September 2013, N.N. Wijayawardene G0928-2 (HGUP502, MFLU 13-0006); living culture GDUP N77, ICMP 19810, MFLUCC 13-0299) e Disease symptoms on host tissues f Conidiomata on host substrate g Cross section of conidioma h Peridium i Conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells j Conidia. Scale Bars: a, d, e, h = 10 μm, b, g = 100 μm, c, i, j = 20 μm, f = 500 μm

Saprobic, parasitic or pathogenic on woody, herbaceous plants. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, solitary, scattered, subepidermal, erumpent to superficial, globose, coriaceous, brown to black, warty structures forming around the erumpent parts, short papillate, ostiolate. Papilla wide, short, internally lined by hyaline periphyses. Peridium comprising thick-walled, brown, cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium lacking paraphyses. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid to fusiform, sessile, apex wide and blunt, with thick-walled, J-, apical ring. Ascospores bi-seriate, ellipsoidal, hyaline, aseptate, thick-walled, granulate, with or without terminal mucous caps. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata pycnidia, subepidermal, erumpent, globose, slightly depressed globose to subglobose, sometimes tapering slightly towards the ostiole, smooth, initially hyaline, becoming medium to dark brown. Ostiole central, comprising 3–6 layers of dark brown cells of textura angularis and central cushion of hyaline cells at the base, giving rise to conidiophores. Conidiophores densely aggregated, slender, simple or branched, 0–3-septate, surrounded by a mucous coating. Conidiogenous cells simple, slender, hyaline, smooth, with prominent periclinal thickening. Conidia hyaline when immature hyaline to medium brown at maturity, inequilateral, smooth-walled, frequently with a hyaline, lateral appendage, narrowly ellipsoidal, apices tapering, subobtusely rounded, acutely rounded bases subtruncate, guttulate, with a longitudinal germ slit, straight to slightly curved.

Type species: Pilidiella quercicola (Oudem.) Petr., Beih. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg. 42(1): 462 (1927) [1926]

Notes: Pilidiella was introduced and typified by Pilidiella quercicola (Oudem.) Petr., and currently comprises twenty two epithets (Index Fungorum 2016). Pilidiella species are commonly associated with a wide variety of woody and herbaceous hosts (Van Niekerk et al. 2004). Type species of Pilidiella, P. quercicola and Type species of Schizoparme, S. straminea are congeneric and Pilidiella proposed to use over Schizoparme (Rossman et al. 2015). Miranda et al. (2012) was introduced a new species Pilidiella tibouchinae B.E.C. Miranda et al. which has brown conidia. Crous et al. (2015c) was introduced sexual morph of Pilidiella eucalyptigena Crous & M.J. Wingf from Eucalyptus.

Other genus included

Coniella Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 36: 316 (1918)

Type species: Coniella pulchella Höhn., Ber. dt.bot. Ges. 36: 316 (1918)

Key to genera of Schizoparmaceae

1. Conidia hyaline to pale brown, narrowly ellipsoidal, with acutely rounded apices…………..… Pilidiella

1. Conidia dark brown, ellipsoidal, with narrowly, obtusely rounded apices…………..… Coniella

Scortechiniaceae Huhndorf et al., in Huhndorf et al., Mycol. Res. 108(12): 1387 (2004)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01123

Saprobic on woody substrates in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, scattered or gregarious, superficial, sub-immersed or immersed on host, sitting on or in a subiculum or subiculum absent, globose, obpyriform or ovoid, dark brown to black, coriaceous to membranous, turbinate or tuberculate or smooth, with or without brown branched setae, collabent or not collapsing. Subiculum thin or thick, brown to dark brown, septate, crisp when dry, branched or unbranched hyphae, with spiny termination or smooth. Peridium thick (20–80 μm), munk pores present or absent, outer layer composed of black to brown cells of textura angularis, thick-walled; inner layer composed of hyaline cells of textura prismatica, thin-walled. Hamathecium quellkörper present, conical, wide at the base, paraphyses absent or indistinct, filiform, hyaline. Asci 8- to multi-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, long or short pedicellate, apical ring indistinct or absent, evanescent. Ascospores 2-seriate to irregularly arranged, hyaline or light brown, allantoid, ellipsoid to oval, straight to slightly curved, aseptate, with or without appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Scortechinia Sacc.

Notes: The family Scortechiniaceae was introduced by Huhndorf et al. (2004b) based on superficial, black, turbinate ascomata with a quellkörper (this structure is made by a mucilaginous mass of thick-walled cells within the ascoma and is normally conical). Kirk et al. (2008) considers this characteristic as inducing rupture of the ascoma. Asci are clavate with hyaline ascospores. The genus is typified by Scortechinia (Saccardo 1891). Huhndorf et al. (2004b) introduced this family based on LSU sequence data and morphological observations. The quellkörper was accepted as a main structure of this family, and the family is based on this character. Euacanthe, Neofracchiae and Scortechinia were included in the family (Huhndorf et al. 2004b). Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) included Biciliospora, Coronophorella, Cryptosphaerella, Scortechiniella, Scortechiniellopsis and Tympanopsis in the family based on multi-gene analyses.

Scortechinia Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 9: 604 (1891)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01124, Figs 131, 132

Fig. 131

Scortechinia culcitella (Material examined: USA, on the old trunk of Ostrya sp., PC MNHN-PC-PC0121050) a Material label b Specimen c-d Ascomata on substrate sub-immersed in thick subiculum e Ascomata in cross section f Section through perithecium g–h Spinulose subicular hyphae j–l Ascospores Notes: Figs k-l stained in Melzer’s reagent. Scale bars: c–e = 200 μm, f–g = 50 μm, h = 20 μm, i–l = 5 μm

Fig. 132

Scortechinia culcitella (Based on the description by Saccardo 1891) a Section through perithecium with quellkörper (arrowhead) b Asci with ascospores c Munk pores between cells of the ascoma wall (arrowhead). Scale bars: a = 100 μm, b = 20 μm

Saprobic on woody substrates in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, scattered or gregarious, superficial on host, immersed or sub-immersed in the thick subiculum, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous or membranous, turbinate or tuberculate, with or without brown branched setae, collabent or not collapsing. Subiculum thin or thick, brown to dark brown, septate, crisp when dry, branched or unbranched hyphae, with spiny termination. Peridium thick (20–30 μm), munk pores present or absent, outer layer composed of black to brown cells of textura angularis, thick-walled; inner layer composed of hyaline cells of textura prismatica, thin-walled. Hamathecium quellkörper present, conical, wide at the base, paraphyses absent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, long or short stipitate, apex rounded, apical ring indistinct or absent, evanescent. Ascospores 2-seriate to irregularly arranged, hyaline, allantoid, ellipsoid to oval, straight to slightly curved, aseptate, smooth-walled, without appendages, sometimes with guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Scortechinia culcitella (Berk. & Ravenel) Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 26(1): 29 (1888)

Basionym: Sphaeria culcitella Berk. & Ravenel, in Berkeley & Curtis 1860

Notes: The genus Scortechinia was introduced by Saccardo (1891) and includes nine epithets according to Index Fungorum (2016). The type species Scortechinia culcitella, is characterized by tuberculate ascomata with a quellkörper, clavate asci and hyaline ascospores (Huhndorf et al. 2004b).

Other genera included

Biciliospora Petr., Sydowia 6(5–6): 429 (1952)

Type species: Biciliospora velutina Petr., Sydowia 6(5–6): 429 (1952)

Coronophorella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 1507 [47 repr.] (1909)

Type species: Coronophorella chaetomioides (Penz. & Sacc.) Höhn. 1909

Cryptosphaerella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 186 (1882)

Type species: Cryptosphaerella nitschkei (Auersw.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 186 (1882)

Euacanthe Theiss., Annls mycol. 15(3/4): 272 (1917)

Type species: Euacanthe usambarensis (Rehm) Theiss., Annls mycol. 15(3/4): 272 (1917)

Neofracchiaea Teng, Sinensia, Shanghai 9: 255 (1938)

Type species: Neofracchiaea callista (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Teng, Sinensia, Shanghai 9: 255 (1938)

Scortechiniella von Arx & E. Müll., Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11(no. 1): 382 (1954)

Type species: Scortechiniella similis (Bres.) von Arx & E. Müll., Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11(no. 1): 383 (1954)

Scortechiniellopsis Sivan., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 62(1): 36 (1974)

Type species: Scortechiniellopsis leonensis Sivan., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 62(1): 37 (1974)

Tympanopsis Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska Vetensk Akad. Handl., Afd. 3 19(no. 3): 24 (1894)

Type species: Tympanopsis euomphala (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska Vetensk Akad. Handl., Afd. 3 19(no. 3): 24 (1894)

Key to genera of Scortechiniaceae

1. Ascomata immersed and becoming erumpent in the bark of host…………..… Cryptosphaerella

1. Ascomata superficial on host…………..… 2

2. Ascospores with appendage at the ends…………..… 3

2. Ascospores without appendages…………..… 4

3. Asci more than 8-spores…………..… Biciliospora

3. Asci multi-spored…………..… Scortechiniella

4. Ascomata with setae…………..… Euacanthe

4. Ascomata without setae…………..… 5

5. Ascomata with curved tomentum…………..… Neofracchiaea

5. Ascomata smooth…………..… 6

6. Asci 8-spored…………..… 7

6. Asci more than 8-spores…………..… Scortechiniellspsis

7. Ascospores allantoid…………..… Coronophorella

7. Ascospores ellipsoid to globose…………..… 8

8. Ascomata on thick subiculum, hyphae with spiny termination…………..… Scortechinia

8. Ascomata on smooth subiculum…………..… Tympanopsis

Sordariaceae G. Winter [as ‘Sordarieae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 162 (1885)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01148

Saprobic on wood, rotting vegetation and dung in terrestrial habitats, also associated with food. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial or cleistothecial, brown to black, gregarious or scattered, solitary, superficial, erumpent or immersed, globose, subglobose to ovoid, carbonaceous, coriaceous or membranaceous, tuberculate or smooth, with setae or hairs, papillate or indistinct or absent, ostiole, with hyaline periphyses or absent. Peridium thick (5–60 μm), comprising brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis, globulosa or prismatica, carbonaceous, coriaceous or membranaceous. Hamathecium comprising numerous, septate, branched or unbranched, filiform or cylindrical paraphyses or paraphyses absent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, cylindrical to clavate, pedicellate, not amyloid. Ascospores hyaline, yellowish, brown or black, stellate, oval or ellipsoid, 0–1-septate, concolourous or versicolorous, with uneven thickness giving a striate to reticulate pattern, or with a sheath, with or without germ pores, appendages present or absent, with or without guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Sordaria Ces. & De Not

Notes: The family Sordariaceae was introduced by Winter (1885) based on brown to black ascomata and cylindrical asci with brown to black ascospores, and is typified by Sordaria. This family is closely related to Lasiosphaeriaceae (Lundqvist 1972; Huhndorf et al. 2004a). Species in this family have been used as model organisms in various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies (Randall and Metzenberg 1995; Nelson 1996; Coppin et al. 1997; Dettman et al. 2003; Jacobson et al. 2004; Cai et al. 2006c). Most species in this family are coprophilous. They can be heterothallic, homothallic or pseudo-homothallic (Cai et al. 2006c). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) accepted eight genera in this family.

Sordaria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 225 (1863)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01149, Fig. 133

Fig. 133

Sordaria fimicola (Material examined: ITALY, on decaying Vitis sp., 22 March 1930, BPI 580866) a Material label b Ascoma c Ascomata d Vertical section of ascoma e Peridium f-i Asci immature to mature j–l Ascospores Note: Figures f, i and j are stained in Melzer’s reagent, Figure h is stained in cotton blue. Scale bars: b–c = 500 μm, d = 100 μm, e = 25 μm, f–h = 50 μm, i–k = 10 μm

Saprobic on wood, on dung and rotting vegetation in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, brown to black, gregarious or scattered, solitary, superficial or sub-immersed, subglobose to ovoid, membranaceous, or tuberculate, with setae or hairs, papillate or ostiole or indistinct, with hyaline periphyses or periphyses absent. Peridium thick (10–30 μm), comprising brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis, globulosa or prismatica, membranaceous. Hamathecium comprising numerous, septate, filiform pseudoparaphyses or pseudoparaphyses absent. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, cylindrical to clavate, pedicellate, with apical ring or apical ring instinct, not amyloid. Ascospores hyaline, brown or dark brown, oval to ellipsoid, 0–1-septate, concolourous, smooth-walled, with reticulate pattern or with sheath, with or without germ pores, appendages present or absent, with or without guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined

Type species: Sordaria fimicola (Roberge ex Desm.) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 226 (1863)

Notes: The genus Sordaria was introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863), to accommodate the type species S. fimicola and 109 epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (2016). This genus was included in Sordariaceae, in the Sordariales based on its smooth-walled ascospores with a pore and sheath (Barr 1990). Sordaria is characterized by dark ascomata, cylindrical asci and brown ascospores, with gelatinous sheath or appendages.

Other genera included

Copromyces N. Lundq., Ark. Bot. 6: 327 (1967)

Type species: Copromyces bisporus N. Lundq., Ark. Bot. 6: 328 (1967)

Effetia Bartoli et al., Mycotaxon 19: 517 (1984)

Type species: Effetia craspedoconidica Bartoli et al., Mycotaxon 19: 517 (1984)

Gelasinospora Dowding, Can. J. of Res., Section C 9: 294 (1933)

Type species: Gelasinospora tetrasperma Dowding, Can. J. of Res., Section C 9: 294 (1933)

Guilliermondia Boud., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 20: 19 (1904)

Type species: Guilliermondia saccoboloides Boud., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 20: 20 (1904)

Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge, J. Agric. Res., Washington 34: 1025 (1927)

Type species: Neurospora sitophila Shear & B.O. Dodge, J. Agric. Res., Washington 34: 1026 (1927)

Pseudoneurospora Dania García et al., Mycol. Res. 108(10): 1139 (2004)

Type species: Pseudoneurospora amorphoporcata (Udagawa) Dania García et al., in García et al., Mycol. Res. 108(10): 1139 (2004)

Stellatospora Tad. Ito & Nakagiri, Mycoscience 35(4): 413 (1994)

Type species: Stellatospora terricola Tad. Ito & Nakagiri, Mycoscience 35(4): 413 (1994)

Key to genera of Sordariaceae

1. Ascomata cleistothecial…………..… Copromyces

1. Ascomata perithecial…………..… 2

2. Ascospores oval to ellipsoid…………..… 3

2. Ascospores stellate, with germ pore…………..… Stellatospora

3. Paraphyses absent…………..… 4

3. Paraphyses present, filiform…………..… 6

4. Ascospores with gelatinous sheath…………..… Sordaria

4. Ascospores lacking gelatinous sheath…………..… 5

5. Ascomata without hairs, asci without ring at apex…………..… Effetia

5. Ascomata with hairs, asci with ring at apex…………..… Gelasinospora

6. Paraphyses branched…………..… Guilliermondia

6. Paraphyses unbranched, evanescent…………..… 7

7. Ascospore ornamentation unevenly thickened, giving a striate to reticulate pattern…………..… Neurospora

7. Ascospore ornamentation irregular, rounded, crest pattern…………..… Pseudoneurospora

Spathulosporaceae Kohlm., Mycologia 65(3): 615 (1973)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01798

Parasitic on marine algae. Sexual morph: Ascomata subglobose, ovoid, pyriform, subiculate, coriaceous or leathery, dark brown, sterile hairs enclosing ascoma, ostiolate, ostiolar canal filled surrounded by tube-like projection extending into the ascomatal cavity, papillate or epapillate, lacking paraphyses. Asci clavate to subglobose, thin-walled, unitunicate, without apical ring, deliquescing early. Ascospores hyaline, fusiform, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, 0–3-septate, with an appendage at each end. Reproductive structures: Antheridial. Spermatia ellipsoidal to fusiform, without appendages. Trichogynes simple or branched, septate, arising from the margin of young ascoma.

Type: Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson

Notes: The family Spathulosporaceae was introduced by Kohlmeyer (1973) and currently comprises the genera Spathulospora and Retrostium. Members of this family are characterized by crustose, dark thalli, peg-like penetrating cells, intracellular crusts and stromata, antheridia with spermatia and trichogynes, ostiolate ascomata without paraphyses, deliquescing asci, and 1-celled, appendaged ascospores. Kohlmeyer (1973) placed this family in the order Spathulosporales. Later, Inderbitzin et al. (2004); Campbell et al. (2005); Jones et al. (2009b) placed it in the order Lulworthiales. However, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) confirmed the placement of Spathulosporaceae in the order Spathulosporales by molecular analysis using available sequence data from GenBank.

Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson, Mycologia 57(6): 927 (1965)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02133; Fig. 134

Fig. 134

Spathulospora phycophila (Material examined: AUSTRALIA, Warrnambool, Victoria, on Ballia callitricha C. Agardh (Balliaceae), April 1959, Norris L. R. E, NY 01350180, NY 01350182 NY 01350186, NY 01350185, NY 01350187, NY 01350178, NY 01350183, slides from the holotype); Ibid. BPI 580727, holotype). a Herbarium specimen b Ascomata on host surface c Hairs d, e Section through ascoma f Peridium g Young asci h Young ascospores showing equatorial cytoplasmic bands i Mature ascospores. Scale bars: c–d = 100 μm. e–f = 50 μm. g–h = 25 μm

Parasitic on red algae. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial to immersed, globose to subsphaerical, carbonaceous or subcarbonaceous, brown or black, ostiolate. Ostiole conical, papillate. Peridium composed of several cell layers of sscleroplectenchymatous cells. Asci 8-spored, overlapping, unitunicate, deliquescent. Ascospores elongate, straight or curved, aseptate, with an equatorial, cytoplasmic band, ends spatulate, provided with a gelatinous, lateral, appressed appendage. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Spathulospora phycophila A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson, Mycologia 57(6): 927 (1965)

Notes: Spathulospora is a marine genus on seaweed with Spathulospora phycophila A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson as the type species. It was introduced by Cavaliere and Johnson (1965) and referred variously to the Spathulosporomycetes, Spathulosporomycetidae (Locquin 1984), Spathulosporales (Kohlmeyer 1973), Spathulosporaceae (Kohlmeyer 1973) based on morphological observations. However, two Spathulospora species (S. antarctica Kohlm., S. adelpha Kohlm.), have shown a relationship to the order Lulworthiales with weak support (Inderbitzin et al. 2004; Campbell et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2009b). Further collections, isolation and sequencing are required to determine the phylogenetic placement of this genus in the Ascomycota, especially as the type species is yet to be sequenced.

Other genus included

Retrostium Nakagiri & Tad. Ito, Mycologia 89(3): 485 (1997)

Type species: Retrostium amphiroae Nakagiri & Tad. Ito, Mycologia 89(3): 485 (1997)

Key to genera of Spathulosporaceae

1. Ascospores elongate, with spatulate ends, with a gelatinous, lateral, appressed appendage…………..… Spathulospora

1. Ascospores oblong to ellipsoidal, with one mucilaginous appendage at each end…………..… Retrostium

Sporocadaceae Corda (as ‘Sporocadeae’), Icon. Fungorum (Prague) 5: 34. 1842

= Discosiaceae Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde

Saprobic or pathogenic on leaves of flowering plants and gymnosperms. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered, immersed to erumpent. Ostiole circular, papillate. Peridium comprising several layers of cells of textura prismatica, brown at the base, dark brown outwardly. Hamathecium comprising numerous, hypha-like, flexuose, paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, obclavate to cylindrical, with a discoid, J+ subapical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate or biseriate, obovoid to ellipsoid, transversally septate, longitudinal septum in mid cells, with or without vertical septa, hyaline. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata stromatic, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal or subepidermal in origin, immersed to erumpent. Peridium composed of 3–4 layers of cells of textura angularis, outer 1–2-layers brown and inner 1–2 layers hyaline or pale brown. Conidiophores arising from the inner layer cells of basal stroma, absent or reduced to conidiogenous cells, when present long, septate and branched. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, cylindrical or lageniform, hyaline. Conidia cylindrical to clavate, or fusiform, straight or curved, 2–4-euseptate, hyaline, pale olivaceous, or brown, bearing cellular, filiform or attenuated appendages.

Type: Seimatosporium Corda

= Sporocadus Corda

Notes: Members of the family Sporocadaceae are saprobes, endophytes, or foliar pathogens in tropical and temperate regions (Nag Raj 1993; Tanaka et al. 2011). The genus Sporocadus was synonymized under Seimatosporium. The genera Adisciso, Discosia, Discostroma, Sarcostroma and the type genus Seimatosporium are placed in Sporocadaceae following the studies by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) and Senanayake et al. (2015). In addition, the genus Strickeria was included into the family by Jaklitsch et al. (2016) based on morphology and phylogeny.

Seimatosporium Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(13): 79 (1833)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02134; Figs 135, 136

Fig. 135

Discostroma fuscellum (Material examined: ITALY. Province of Forlì-Cesena [FC], Poggio Baldo - Predappio Alta, on dead stem of Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae), 3 March 2013, E. Camporesi, IT 1093 (MFLU 15-0750)) a-b Ascomata on host surface c Section of ascoma d Peridium e Paraphyses. f–h Immature asci i Mature ascus j Ring-like apical ring of ascus in Congo red k-o ascospore. Scale bars: b, f–i = 200 μm, c = 100 μm, d–e, j = 50 μm, f–I = 20 μm, k–o = 30 mm

Fig. 136

Seimatosporium rosae (Material examined: RUSSIA, Rostov Region, Krasnosulinsky District, Donskoye Forestry, edge of ravine forest, on dying and dead branches of Rosa kalmiussica, 21 May 2014, T. Bulgakov T−056, MFLU 14-0771, epitype) a Habit in wood b, c Fruiting bodies on host substrate d Cross section of fruiting body e, f Peridium g Conidiogenous cells h-j Conidia Scale bars: c = 200 μm; d = 300 μm; e, f, = 20 μm; h–j = 10 μm

Saprobic on leaves, stem and bark of various plants, pathogenic on leaves of Eucalyptus spp. Sexual morph: Discostroma-like. Asexual morph: Conidiomata acervular, solitary to gregarious, superficial to immersed, unilocular, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black. Peridium composed of brown thin or thick-walled textura angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical, filiform, septate, branched, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, annellidic, integrated or discrete, hyaline, determinate. Conidia variable, cylindrical, fusiform or clavate or obovoid, (2 −)3(−5)-septate, eguttulate, medium cells brown, basal cell hyaline, with or without basal appendage, or with the apical cell provided with a single, cellular, simple or branched appendage, basal cell truncate, continuous or occasionally constricted at the septa.

Type species: Seimatosporium rosae Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (Pilze Deutschl.) 3(13): 79 (1833)

Notes: The genus Seimatosporium was introduced by Corda (1833) based on the type S. rosae. von Arx (1981) treated Bartalinia, Bartaliniopsis, Bleptosporium, Doliomyces and Hyalotia as synonyms of Seimatosporium. This was not accepted by Nag Raj (1993) and furthermore is not supported by molecular data (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Seimatosporium species have been linked to Discostroma sexual morphs through molecular data (Tanaka et al. 2011), however the type of Discostroma lacks molecular data to confirm this. Therefore both names have been retained until further studies based on fresh collections and molecular data are conducted (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Other genera included

Adisciso Kaz. Tanaka et al., in Tanaka et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 26: 90 (2011)

Type species: Adisciso yakushimense Kaz. Tanaka et al., in Tanaka et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 26: 92 (2011)

Discosia Lib., Pl. crypt. Arduenna, fasc. (Liège) 4: no. 346 (1837)

Type species: Discosia artocreas (Tode) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 423 (1849)

Discostroma Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 50 (1909)

Type species: Discostroma rehmii (Schnabl) Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 1–227 (1909)

Sarcostroma Cooke, Journal of the Quekett microsc. Club 2: 267 (1871)

Type species: Sarcostroma berkeleyi Cooke, Journal of the Quekett microsc. Club 2: 267 (1871)

Strickeria Körb., Parerga lichenol. (Breslau) 5: 400 (1865)

Type species: Strickeria kochii Körb., Parerga lichenol. (Breslau) 5: 400 (1865)

Key to the sexual genera of Sporocadaceae

1. Ascospores arranged biseriately…………..… Adisciso

1. Ascospores arranged uniseriately…………..… 2

2. Ascospores hyaline…………..… Discostroma

2. Ascospores brown, end cells subhyaline…………..… Strickeria

Key to the asexual genera of Sporocadaceae

1. Conidiomata not stromatic, immersed, conidia subhyaline to pale brown…………..… Discosia

1. Conidiomata stromatic, semi-immersed to erumpent, conidia brown…………..… 2

3. Conidiophores unbranched or irregularly branched, conidiogenous cells with minute periclinal thickenings, conidia fusiform, 3–5-septate, occasionally 7-septate…………..… Sarcostroma

3. Conidiophores branched, conidiogenous cells without minute periclinal thickenings, conidia ellipsoid to clavate, 2–4-septate, occasionally 5-, 6-septate…………..… Seimatosporium

Stachybotriaceae L. Lombard & Crous, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 32: 283 (2014)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01245

Saprobic or pathogenic on plants and commonly isolated from soil. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial or immersed, solitary or scattered, sometimes fused, globose to subglobose, bright to dark yellow or black, sometimes covered with intertwined hyphae. Papilla central, short, black, without periphyses. Ostiole conical, thin, black. Peridium composed of several layers of dark brown, thin walled cells of textura angularis (Stachybotrys), or textura intricata (Scopinella); or outwardly composed of thick-walled textura angularis and inwardly with textura prismatica (Peethambara). Hamathecium comprising moniliform or filiform, hyaline, septate or aseptate paraphyses, intermingled with asci. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, apex rounded to nearly truncate, deliquescent at maturity, lacking an apical ring. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, hyaline or brown to dark-brown, ellipsoidal to fusiform or broadly reniform, 0–1-septate, with or lacking a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores single, sporodochial or synnematous, if conidiophore simple, macronematous, mononematous, solitary or gregarious, clavate to broadly reniform phialides with conspicuous collarettes, simple or irregularly branched, hyaline or pale brown, smooth-walled; if conidiophores sporodochial and synnematous scattered, amphigenous, pulvinate, gelatinous, hyaline to dark green, with or without setae, with irregularly penicillate, bi- or triverticillately branched conidiogenous ring. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, monophialidic, discrete, cylindrical, ellipsoidal or clavate, proliferating percurrently, with terminal phialides, clavate to broadly reniform, initially hyaline becoming pale brown at maturity. Conidia arising from the apices of the phialides, elongate, cylindrical or fusiform or ellipsoidal, 1–3-septate or aseptate, smooth-walled, sometimes striate or roughened, hyaline or brown to dark brown, aggregated in slimy, dark green to black masses.

Type: Stachybotrys Corda

Notes: Stachybotriaceae was introduced by Crous et al. (2014b) as a new family in the order Hypocreales to accommodate the genera Myrothecium, Peethambara and Stachybotrys. Previously, Castlebury et al. (2004) based on combined SSU and LSU gene analysis, classified these three genera in Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, which were distinct from other families in the order Hypocreales. Summerbell et al. (2011) refrained from introducing a new family to accommodate these taxa, considering that more sexual morphs belonging to these genera are needed to be studied. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) provided an updated outline of the family Stachybotriaceae with seven genera, which included both sexual and asexual morphs.

Stachybotrys Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 21 (1837)

Faces of fungi number: FoF 01246; Figs 137, 138

Fig. 137

Stachybotrys palmicola – sexual morph (Material examined: ECUADOR, Oriente, Reserva de Produccion Faunistica Cuyabeno (Cuyabeno Reserve), Rio Cayabeno, forest near the Laguna Grande, Canangucho, Path A, on dead rachis of a palm, Aug. 1993, K. D. Hyde (HKU(M) 2684, holotype). a Herbarium packet and specimen b Ascomata on the surface of material c Ascomata d Section of ascoma e Papilla f The base of the ascoma illustrating the stromatic tissue which firmly anchors it to the substrate g, h Peridium i Intertwined hyphae j Paraphyses k-q Ascospores r Ascospores with verrucose wall and a large mucilaginous sheath. Scale Bars: d = 100 um, f, i = 50 um, e, h, j = 20 um, g, k–r = 10 um

Fig. 138

Stachybotrys chartarum - asexual morph (Material examined: JAPAN, from coal, 1952, Y. Sasaki, PDD 40007). a Herbarium packet and material b, c Conidiophores on the surface of material d, e Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells f Phialides with conidia formation redrawn from Jong and Davis (1976). G–j Conidia. Scale bars: b = 1 mm, c = 200 μm, d and e = 40 μm, f = 10 μm, g = 20 μm, h–j = 10 μm

Saprobic on plant material and pathogens on human and animals in indoor environments. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, globose, sunken when dry, black, coriaceous, lacking or covered with numerous setae, papillate. Papilla short, or a neck, black, shiny, with or without periphyses. Peridium thin-walled, comprising 4–8 layers of dark brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising filiform, septate or aseptate paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate, pedicellate, lacking an apical ring, deliquescent at maturity. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal, 1-septate, verrucose, with or lacking a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores macronematous, simple or cymosely branched, with clusters of several ellipsoidal or subclavate phialides at the apex formed in succession. Phialides terminal, clavate to broadly reniform, hyaline becoming pale brown. Conidia 1-celled, ellipsoidal, cylindrical, reniform or fusiform, ornamented or smooth-walled, pigmented or hyaline, held together in slimy drops or chains.

Type species: Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes, Canad. J. Bot. 36: 812. 1958.

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01247

Notes: The genus Stachybotrys was introduced by Corda (1837) with S. chartarum as the type species, and was isolated from the walls of a bedroom in Prague. Stachybotrys is characterized by macronematous, mononematous, single or branched conidiophores, with discrete, phialidic conidiogenous cells, producing aseptate conidia, in a usually dark colored slimy mass (Jong and Davis 1976; Mercado-Sierra et al. 1997). Stachybotrys was earlier classified in Hypocreales genera incertae sedis based on sequence data (SSU and LSU) (Castlebury et al. 2004). Crous et al. (2014b) transferred it to the newly established family Stachybotriaceae based on analysis of ITS and LSU sequence data. Wang et al. (2015) discussed and accepted 74 species in Stachybotrys. Stachybotrys, is known as ‘black mold’ or’toxic mold’, due to its ability to produce some rather potent mycotoxins that cause stachybotrytoxicosis and its association with long-term water-damaged surfaces on buildings (Wang et al. 2015)

Stachybotrys albipes (Berk. & Broome) S.C. Jong & Davis, has been linked to the sexual morph reported as Melanopsamma pomiformis (Pers.) Sacc. (type), based on combined LSU, SSU, EF1, ATP6 and RPB1 gene analysis, with strong support (Castlebury et al. 2004). The phylogenetic analysis by Wang et al. (2015) based on ITS sequence data also supported the opinion that Melanopsamma is the sexual morph of Stachybotrys. The name Stachybotrys was accepted over Melanopsamma based on phylogenetic analysis (ITS gene) (Wang et al. 2015).

Other genera included

Albosynnema E.F. Morris, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 33: 179 (1967)

Type species: Albosynnema elegans E.F. Morris, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 33: 179 (1967)

Myrothecium Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 1: 25 (1790)

Type species: Myrothecium inundatum Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 1: 25 (1790)

Parasarcopodium Melnik et al., Mycol. Progr. 3(1): 22 (2004)

Type species: Parasarcopodium ceratocaryi Melnik et al., in Mel’nik et al., Mycol. Progr. 3(1): 24 (2004)

Peethambara Subram. & Bhat, Revue Mycol., Paris 42(1): 52 (1978)

Type species: Peethambara sundara Subram. & Bhat, Revue Mycol., Paris 42(1): 53 (1978)

Sarcopodium Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol. (Berlin): 12, 23 (1818)

Type species: Sarcopodium circinatum Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol. (Berlin): 23 (1818)

Scopinella Lév., in Orbigny, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. 8: 493 (1846)

Type species: Scopinella pleiospora (J. Schröt.) Sacc. [as ‘plejospora’], Syll. fung. (Abellini) 9: 953 (1891)

Key to the sexual genera of Stachybotryaceae

1. Ascospores unicellular, barrel-shaped…………..… Scopinella

1. Ascospores didymosporous…………..… 2

2. Ascomata superficial; ascospores surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath…………..… Stachybotrys

2. Ascomata immersed or semi-immersed; ascospores lacking sheath…………..… Peethambara

Key to the asexual genera of Stachybotryaceae

1. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous…………..… 2

1. Conidiophores micronematous or synnematous…………..… 5

2. Stroma with setae always present…………..… 3

2. Stroma without setae…………..… 4

3. Conidia aggregated in brown to dark brown in slimy masses…………..… Sarcopodium

3. Conidia aggregated in dark green or black in slimy masses…………..… Myrothecium

4. Conidia with amorphous mucoid appendages at both ends…………..… Parasarcopodium

4. Conidia without appendages…………..… Stachybotrys

5. Conidia 3-septate…………..… Albosynnema

5. Conidia 1-septate…………..… Peethambara

Stilbosporaceae Link [as ‘Stilbosporei’], Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1824: 180. 1826, emend.

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01411

Saprobic on bark of trees and shrubs. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata inconspicuous, immersed. Ectostromatic disc absent or present, if present inconspicuous, light brown, rarely dark brown. Entostroma prosenchymatous, pale-coloured, slightly differentiated from the surrounding bark tissue. Ascomata loosely arranged as valsoid groups in a single layer, immersed, aggregated, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, papillate. Ostiole not obvious, convergent in groups. Hamathecium comprising filiform, aseptate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, initially attached to the base, later floating in centrum, with J- refractive, apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, brown, ellipsoid to oblong, distoseptate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata acervular, with paraphyses. Conidiophores cylindrical, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells annellidic. Conidia brown, cylindrical, clavate to pyriform, eu- or distoseptate, with or without oblique or longitudinal septa.

Type: Stilbospora Pers.

Notes: The family Stilbosporaceae was introduced by Link (1826) to accommodate Prosthecium and its asexual morph. However, it was not a phylogenetically well-supported family. Hence Stilbosporaceae was synonymized under several families. Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014) resurrected the family Stilbosporaceae in Diaporthales based on phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequence data and accommodated the genera Stegonsporium and Stilbospora within the family synonymizing Prosthecium under Stilbospora.

Stilbospora Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 93 (1794)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02135; Fig. 139

Fig. 139

Stilbospora macrosperma (Material examined: AUSTRIA, Niederösterreich, Rekawinkel, grid square 7862/1, on a trunk of Carpinus betulus L. (Betulaceae), 20 October 2001, W. Jaklitsch, W.J. 1840, D25 WU 24708, epitype) a, b Herbarium packet and specimen c Appearance of ascomata on substrate d Horizontal section of ascomata e, f Vertical sections of ascomata g Peridium h Paraphyses i–l Asci m–q Ascospores r Conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells s Conidia. Notes: s and r based on Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014). Scale bars: c, e, f = 200 μm, d = 500 μm, g = 50 μm, h = 10 μm, i–r = 20 μm

Saprobic on decaying wood. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata not distinct, immersed in substrate, causing cracks. Ectostroma not obvious, rarely erumpent, limited to a light grey, orange to brown disc of a gel matrix, containing numerous, tightly packed periphyses, extending from the ostioles. Entostroma a loose network of hyaline to brownish hyphae, circular groups of tightly packed ascomata, filling the entostromatic area, or arranged as a valsoid ring. Ascomata arranged in a single layer, immersed, aggregated, depressed globose to lenticular, brownish black, coriaceous, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla not obvious, cylindrical, convergent, with pale brownish walls, ostiolar openings appearing as subhyaline to brownish circles. Peridium comprising dark brown cells of textura angularis. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, ellipsoid to fusoid, short pedicellate, apex blunt, without a refractive ring. Ascospores uni- or biseriate, brown, ellipsoid to oblong, 3-euseptate, with a gelatinous appendage at each end. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata immersed, acervular, circular, appearing as dark brown to black spots, containing simple, septate, hyaline paraphyses. Conidiophores hyaline, unbranched cylindrical. Conidiogenous cells annellidic. Conidia brown, ellipsoid or oblong, slightly curved, truncate at the base, 3-euseptate, with a hyaline sheath.

Notes: The type species of Stilbospora, S. macrosperma Pers., has been linked to its asexual morph Prosthecium ellipsosporum Fresen., the generic type of Prosthecium (Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2008). This genus comprises opportunistic or moderately phytopathogenic fungal species that cause branch dieback or twig blight of various plants.

Type species: Stilbospora macrosperma Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 1: 96 (1801)

= Prosthecium ellipsosporum Fresen., Beitr. Mykol. 2: 62 (1852)

Other genus included

Crinitospora B. Sutton & Alcorn, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 84(3): 437 (1985)

Type species: Crinitospora pulchra B. Sutton & Alcorn, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 84(3): 439 (1985)

Natarajania Pratibha & Bhat, Kavaka 33: 129 (2006) [2005]

Type species: Natarajania indica Pratibha & Bhat, Kavaka 33: 130 (2006) [2005]

Stegonsporium Corda, in Opiz, Naturalientausch 11: 458. 1827.

Type species: Stegonsporium pyriforme (Hoffm.) Corda, Icon. Fungorum (Prague) 3: 23. 1839.

Key to genera of Stilbosporaceae

1. Coelomycetous…………..… 2

1. Hyphomycetous…………..… Natarajania

2. Conidia hyaline with several tubular, unbranched, filiform apical appendages…………..… Crinitospora

2. Conidia brown without any appendages…………..… 3

3. Ascospores and conidia with three transverse eusepta, ellipsoid to oblong; asci without a refractive canal in the apex…………..… Stilbospora

3. Ascospores and conidia with more than three transverse distosepta, ascospores sometimes and conidia always with additional longitudinal distosepta, ascospores ellipsoid to oblong, conidia mostly pyriform; asci with a cylindrical, slightly refractive canal in the apex…………..… Stegonsporium

Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Pirenomits. Lokuloaskomits. Severa Dal’nego Vostoka (Leningrad): 210 (1987)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01412

Saprobic or parasitic on plant matter. Sexual morph: Stromata present or absent, if present, scattered, immersed to erumpent, appear as an aggregation of ostioles, rounded or elliptic in shape, dark brown to black, composed of compact pseudoparenchymatous tissues, several ascomata in a stromata, some species give red colour with 5 % KOH. Ascomata solitary or aggregated, immersed or erumpent, globose to sub-globose, coriaceous, central or asymmetrically located ostiolar canal opens through an individual or combined ostiole, internally covered by filamentous, hyaline periphyses, sometime ostiolar opening wider than canal, black to brown. Peridium comprising few layers of brown, thick-walled, textura angularis cells. Hamathecium comprising cellular, septate, branched, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to sub-globose, short pedicellate, apex blunt with J– apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate to multi-seriate, filamentous, ellipsoid or long fusoid-cylindric, 1–11 septa, hyaline, light brown to dark brown, sometime with apical and basal appendages, wall smooth. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidia, superficial, aggregated 3–5 in one group, globose, orange to brown, Conidiomatal wall comprising thick-walled, orange, 5–10 cell layers of cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores branched, hyaline, short, few conidiogenous cells arising from one conidiophore, attached to conidiomatal wall. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical, hyaline, bottle-shaped, ends pointed, phialidic. Conidia ellipsoid, one-celled, hyaline, smooth-walled.

Type: Sydowiella Petr.

Notes: The family Sydowiellaceae was established to accommodate the genus Sydowiella, which is typified by S. fenestrans and a collection of several fungal taxa that appear to have somewhat variable morphological characters. Initially, most genera and species in this family were placed in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Rossman et al. 2006). However, molecular analysis of different gene regions of taxa in family Sydowiellaceae proved it to be a well-supported family (Rossman et al. 2007, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Sydowiellaceae includes the genera Chapeckia, Hapalocystis, Rossmania, Stegophora, and Sillia. In addition, a few species in family Gnomoniaceae (e.g., Gnomonia rostellata) show an affinity to the Sydowiellaceae. Members of this family occur on herbaceous plants, dicotyledonous and hardwood trees as saprobes, parasites and pathogens.

Sydowiella Petr., Annls mycol. 21(1/2): 30 (1923)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02136; Fig. 140

Fig. 140

Sydowiella fenestrans (Material examined: GERMANY, Hessen, Wiesenwald pr. Oestrich (Nassau), on Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub. (Onagraceae) 1894, F109251, holotype) a, b Herbarium packets c Herbarium specimen d, e Appearance of ascomata on host surface f Cross section of ascoma g Peridium h-k Asci l-n Ascospores. Scale bars: d–e = 200 μm, f = 100 μm, g–k = 20 μm, l–n = 10 μm

Saprobic on dead plant matter. Sexual morph: Ascomata solitary, scattered, erumpent to immersed, globose, brown, short and wide papillate, ostiolate. Peridium comprising inner, thin-walled, hyaline cells of textura angularis and outer, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis, papilla comprising brown, elongated cells. Hamathecium comprising cellular, septate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apex blunt with J– apical ring. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate, oval to ellipsoid, one median septate, not constricted at the septum, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Sydowiella fenestrans (Duby) Petr., Annls mycol. 21(1/2): 30 (1923)

Notes: Sydowiella was introduced and typified by Sydowiella fenestrans. This genus is characterized by the solitary, erumpent perithecia without stromatic tissue, a Melanconis-like hamathecium, and the didymosporous ascospores (Kobayashi 1970). Molecular studies have placed the genus in Sydowiellaceae (Rossman et al. 2007; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Other genera included

Cainiella E. Müll., Sydowia 10(1–6): 120 (1957) [1956]

Type species: Cainiella johansonii (Rehm) E. Müll., Sydowia 10(1–6): 121 (1957) [1956]

Calosporella J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien (Breslau) 3.2(4): 442 (1897) [1908]

Type species: Calosporella platanoidis (Pers.) Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 35: 631 (1917)

Chapeckia M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 164 (1978)

Type species: Chapeckia nigrospora (Peck) M.E. Barr, Mycol. Mem. 7: 165 (1978)

Hapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel, Fungi rhenani exsic., fasc. 6: no. 585 (1863)

Type species: Hapalocystis berkeleyi Auersw. ex Fuckel, Fungi rhenani exsic., fasc. 6: no. 585 (1863)

Lambro Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java’s (Jakarta) 2: 13 (1900)

Type species: Lambro insignis Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java’s (Jakarta) 2: 10 (1900)

Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mycoscience 42(4): 401 (2001)

Type species: Rossmania ukurunduensis Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mycoscience 42(4): 401 (2001)

Sillia P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 20, 159, 251 (1873)

Type species: Sillia ferruginea (Pers.) P. Karst., Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 23: 159 (1873)

Stegophora Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 14(5): 364 (1916)

Type species: Stegophora ulmea (Fr.) Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 14(5): 364 (1916)

Uleoporthe Petr., Annls mycol. 39(4/6): 279 (1941)

Type species: Uleoporthe orbiculata (Syd. & P. Syd.) Petr., Annls mycol. 39(4/6): 280 (1941)

Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 1: 34 (1891 )

Type species: Winterella tuberculifera (Ellis & Everh.) Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 1(3): 94 (1893)

Key to genera of Sydowiellaceae

1. Stromata absent; ascomata located in host substrate…………..… 2

1. Stromata present; ascomata located in stromatic tissues…………..… 3

2. Ascospores long fusoid-cylindrical, 5–11 septate…………..… Rossmania

2. Ascospores ellipsoid, 1-septate…………..… 4

3. Ascospores apiosporous…………..… 5

3. Ascospores non-apiosporous…………..… 6

4. Stromata well developed,…………..… Lambro

4. Stromata poorly developed,…………..… Stegophora

5. Ascospores oval to fusoid, not constricted at the septa..……….……………..….Cainiella

5. Ascospores fusoid, constricted at the septa…………..… Sydowiella

6. Ascospores with appendages…………..… 7

6. Ascospores without appendages…………..… 8

7. Ascospores ellipsoidal with broadly rounded ends, 1–3 septate, constricted at the septa…………..… Hapalocystis

7. Ascospores, fusoid to oblong, 3–4 eusepta, not constricted at the septa…………..… Calosporella

8. Stromata erumpent, circular, with branched splits, yellowish brown…………..… Uleoporthe

8. Stromata immersed, round or elliptic, dark brown to black…………..… 9

9. Perithecia valsoid, stromatic tissues not colouring with 10 % KOH…………..… 10

9. Perithecia diatrypoid, stromatic tissues become dull red with 10 % KOH…………..… Sillia

10. Ascospores oval to fusoid-oval,…………..… Chapeckia

10. Ascospores cylindrical to fusoid-cylindrical,…………..… Winterella

Thyridiaceae J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss., Syst. Ascom. 6(2): 233 (1987)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01913

Saprobic or hemibiotrophic in woody substrates. Sexual morph: Stromata immersed, becoming erumpent to superficial, soft-textured, reddish brown to brightly pigmented. Ascomata immersed in stromata, globose, medium-sized, ostiolate. Ostioles periphysate, with short or long papilla or necks, sometimes convergent necks merging into one ostiole. Peridium composed of compressed rows of cells, externally brown, internally hyaline. Paraphyses filamentous, septate hyaline. Asci unitunicate, usually 8-spored, oblong cylindric, with shallow J-, apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, shades of brown, ellipsoid or biconoid, symmetric, 1-septate or muriform. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata stromatic, multi-loculate. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic phialidic. Conidia small, hyaline. Holoblastic sympodial conidia also produced from hyphae (Barr 1990).

Type: Thyridium Nitschke

Notes: The family Thyridiaceae was introduced by Yue and Eriksson (1987) with Thyridium vestitum (Fr.) Fuckel as the type species. Thyridium and Sinosphaeria were included in this family (Yue and Eriksson 1987). Later, Thyridium was expanded to include Bivonella and Sinosphaeria (Eriksson and Yue 1989). The family Thyridiaceae was placed in Hypocreales and synonymised under Hypocreaceae by considering the bright pigmentation of stromatic tissues (in some genera like Sinosphaeria, pigments are soluble in alcohol and 5 % KOH) and the presence of both paraphyses and periphysoids (Eriksson and Yue 1989). Barr (1990) observed that bright pigments are not a unique character in Hypocreales and believed Thyridium (including Sinosphaeria and Bivonella) is different from Hypocreales and further maintained this as a separate family Thyridiaceae under Xylariales. Considering the morphological similarities to Thyridium, Barr (1990) included Valsaria and Valsonectria in Thyridiaceae. Valsaria is currently placed in Diaporthales and Valsonectria in Hypocreales (Kirk et al. 2008; Jaklitsch et al. 2015). Rossman et al. (1999) placed Balzania, Mattirolia and Thyronectroidea in Thyridiaceae. Checa et al. (2013) examined the type species of Balzania, Mattirolia, Thyridium and Thyronectroidea, and accepted only Mattirolia and Thyridium within Thyridiaceae. They recognized Balzania and Thyronectroidea as synonyms of Mattirolia (Checa et al. 2013). Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2014) revised Mattirolia and synonymised under Thyronectria. Thyronectroidea was considered as a synonym of Thyronectria, whereas Thyronectria is distantly related with Thyridiaceae (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2014; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). According to the molecular analysis, Thyridiaceae is considered as a member of subclass Sordariomycetidae (Spatafora et al. 2006; Réblová 2013; Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2014). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) placed Thyridiaceae in the newly introduced subclass Diaporthomycetidae, the phylogenetic placement of which is still uncertain within the subclass (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Thyridium Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 1: 110 (1867)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02137; Fig. 141

Fig. 141

Thyridium vestitum (redrawn from Leuchtmann and Müller 1986). a Section through the host tissue and stromata b Ascus with ascospores c Apical part of an ascus d Ascospores e Germinated ascospore with primary conidia

Saprobic or hemibiotrophic in woody substrates. Sexual morph: Stromata immersed or erumpent, formed by interwoven yellowish brownish to black hyphae and cells of the substrate, KOH +/−. Ascomata perithecial, globose, immersed in stromata, with short or long necks with convergent or separate ostioles. Ostioles periphysate. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, with a J-, apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, muriform, ellipsoid or biconoid, symmetric, pale brown to dark brown, or with thickened and pigmented septa. Asexual morph: Undetermined (Checa et al. 2013).

Type species: Thyridium vestitum (Fr.) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 195 (1870) [1869–70]

Notes: The genus Thyridium was introduced by Nitschke (1867) to accommodate species with uniseriate, muriform, dark coloured ascospores, 8-spored asci and filiform paraphyses (Nitschke 1867). Later, Thyridium was emended to incorporate Bivonella and Sinosphaeria as synonyms by Eriksson and Yue (1989). However, Barr (1990) did not accept Bivonella as a synonym of Thyridium since the type species of Bivonella (= Sinosphaeria) has periphysoids, which are not seen in the type species of Thyridium (Checa et al. 2013).

Other genera included

Mattirolia Berl. & Bres., Microm. Trid.: 55 (1889)

Type species: Mattirolia roseovirens Berl. & Bres., Microm. Trid.: 55 (1889)

Pleurocytospora Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 256 (1923)

Type species: Pleurocytospora vestita Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 256 (1923); Fig. 142

Fig. 142

Pleurocytospora vestita (redrawn from Leuchtmann and Müller 1986) a Section through the host tissue and stroma b Conidiophores and conidia c Conidia forming mycelium and conidia of 10 days old culture d Conidiophores and conidia of the stroma in culture

Key to sexual genera of Thyridiaceae

1. Stromata with short or long necks with convergent or separate ostioles, ascospores very pale brown to dark brown, or with thickened and pigmented septa…………..… Thyridium

1. Stromata without convergent ostioles, ascospores hyaline to greenish yellow when mature…………..… Mattirolia

Tilachlidiaceae L. Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol. 80: 237 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01280

Saprobic or parasitic on dead or living entomogenous or foliicolous fungi. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse or punctiform, white. Conidiophores acremonium-like, basitonously verticillate or synnematous. Synnemata when present, simple or branched, cylindrical, narrowing towards the apex, consisting of parallel, longitudinal bundles. Conidiogenous cells phialidic. Phialides scattered, cymbiform to cylindrical or allantoid, gradually narrowing towards the apex, hyaline to yellow, smooth or becoming verrucose, arranged in groups of 1–4 at the terminal part of synnema, with obvious collarette, sometimes integrated in septate branches. Conidia hyaline to yellow, cylindrical, fusiform or ellipsoid to oblong, 0–7 septate, smooth or verrucose to roughened, with distinct hilum at both ends, with or without a mucoid sheath, formed in chains or aggregating into large sphaerical or irregular white masses (description modified from Lombard et al. 2015).

Type: Tilachlidium Preuss

Notes: The family Tilachlidiaceae was introduced by Lombard et al. (2015) based on molecular analysis to accommodate the asexual genera Septofusidium and Tilachlidium. Gams (1971) classified Septofusidium in Nectriaceae, while Tilachlidium was classified as genus incertae sedis in the order Hypocreales (Gams 1971).

Tilachlidium Preuss, Linnaea 24: 126 (1851)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02138; Fig. 143

Fig. 143

Tilachlidium brachiatum (redrawn from CBS 505.67; Lombard et al. 2015) a Phialides terminating on hyphae of synnema b Lateral phialides extending from synnema c Conidia. Scale bars: a–c = 10 μm

Saprobic on dead fungi or hyperparasitic on living entomogenous fungi. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiophores synnematous. Synnemata simple or branched, cylindrical, narrowing towards the apex, consisting of bundles of parallel, longitudinally arranged, usually closely compacted hyphae. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, scattered, subulate, gradually narrowing to an acute apex, hyaline, terminating hyphal cells of the synnema, or as lateral cells of the hyphae, arrange singly or in groups. Conidia ellipsoidal to oblong, hyaline, aseptate, smooth, covered by a mucoid sheath, aggregating into large sphaerical or irregular masses (description modified from Lombard et al. 2015).

Type species: Tilachlidium brachiatum (Batsch) Petch, Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc. 21: 66. 1937

Notes: Tilachlidium was described by Preuss (1851) based on Tilachlidium pinnatum Preuss reported on dried fungi, chiefly as Agaricus galericulatus (Mains 1951). There are 19 epithets in Index Fungorum (2016).

Other genus included

Septofusidium W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 147 (1971)

Type species: Septofusidium elegantulum (Pidopl.) W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 147 (1971)

Key to genera of Tilachlidiaceae

1. Conidia with mucoid sheath, aggregating into large sphaerical or irregular masses………………………………………………………………………….Tilachlidium

1. Conidia without mucoid sheath, arranged in chains…………..… Septofusidium

Tirisporellaceae Suetrong et al., in Suetrong et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 36(3): 323 (2015)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01413

Saprobic on decaying submerged petioles of the mangrove palm (Nypa fruticans). Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered, solitary or gregarious, semi-immersed to superficial, globose to subglobose, coriaceous to carbonaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate. Neck short or very long, central, cylindrical, with short hyaline periphyses, black. Peridium comprising inner, hyaline, few layers of cells of textura angularis, middle, brown, many layers of cells of textura intricata and outer, small, black to brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising deliquescent, irregular in width, septate, hyaline, paraphyses tapering towards apices and embedded in a mucilaginous matrix. Asci 4–8 spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, thick-walled, indistinct pedicellate, apex blunt, J- subapical ring comprising a canal and pore. Ascospores overlapping bi-seriate to triseriate, fusoid, falcate to lunate, straight or curved, hyaline to brown, basal cell present or absent, if present pointed, hyaline to pale brown, 1–7-septate, smooth or verrucose-walled, with or without 4–5 large guttules, with or lacking appendages. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium comprising spreading, septate, superficial, smooth, pale brown, branched hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or if present macronematous, mononematous, erect, brown, paler toward the apex, straight or flexuous, smooth. Conidiogenous cells intercalary, enteroblastic, monophialidic, integrated on hyphae, terminal, sometime erect on hyphae, pale brown, subcylindrical, narrowly ellipsoid, ampulliform to doliiform. Conidia solitary, smooth, clavate, fusoid-ellipsoid, obovoid or ellipsoid, apex obtuse or broadly rounded, tapering to a truncate base, hyaline to pale brown, unicellular or 1-septate. Chlamydospores intercalary, pale brown to brown, smooth, globose to narrowly ellipsoid, 0–1-septate.

Type: Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones et al.

Notes: Tirisporellaceae was introduced and typified by Tirisporella beccariana and this family comprises marine and freshwater fungal species. The family is referred to the order Tirisporellales (Jones et al. 2015). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) showed that the family grouped in the Diaporthales along with a freshwater fungus Thailandiomyces bisetulosus. Suetrong et al. (2015) and Jones et al. (2015) introduced the order Tirisporellales to accommodate three aquatic ascomycetes, which formed a sister group to the Diaporthales.

Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 74(9): 1489 (1996)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02139; Fig. 144

Fig. 144

Morphological features of marine Tirisporellaceae: Tirisporella beccariana and Bacusphaeria nypenthi (Material examined: THAILAND, Trat Province, Ao Salak Phet, Mu Ko Chang National Park, on frond base of N. fruticans, 29 June 2008, Satinee Suetrong, BCC32339) a-c Partially immersed to superficial ascomata of T. beccariana on the lower base of fronds of Nypa fruticans d Cylindrical ascus e Cylindrical ascus of Bacusphaeria nypenthi f Ascus tip of Tirisporella beccariana g Ascus tip of Bacusphaeria nypenthi h, i Ascospores with apical appendage of Tirisporella beccariana (arrowed) j Ellipsoidal ascospores of Bacusphaeria nypenthi Scale bars: a, b = 1000 μm, c = 500 μm, d–h = 25 μm, I, j = 10 μm

Saprobic on decaying submerged mangrove petioles. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered, solitary or gregarious, initially immersed becoming to superficial, globose to subglobose, coriaceous becoming carbonaceous, black, papillate, ostiolate. Neck short, central, cylindrical, with short hyaline periphyses, black. Peridium comprising inner, hyaline, thin-walled, few layers of cells of textura angularis, middle, light brown, many layers of cells of textura intricata and outer, small, thick-walled, black to brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising deliquescent, irregular in width, septate, hyaline, unbranched paraphyses tapering towards apices and embedded in a mucilaginous matrix. Asci 8 spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, thick-walled, indistinct pedicellate, apex flattened, J- subapical ring comprising with canal and pore. Ascospores biseriate to triseriate, falcate to lunate, straight or curved, brown, basal cell pointed, hyaline to pale brown, 4–7-septate, verrucose, appendages only at the apical end. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium comprising spreading, septate, smooth, branched, pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells intercalary monophialidic, integrated on hyphae, pale brown, subcylindrical, ampulliform, doliiform to narrowly ellipsoid. Conidia solitary, clavate to fusoid-ellipsoid, apex obtuse, tapering to a truncate base, unicellular to one septate, hyaline to pale brown, smooth. Chlamydospores intercalary, globose to narrowly ellipsoid, unicellular to one septate, pale brown to brown, smooth.

Type species: Tirisporella beccariana (Ces.) E.B.G. Jones et al., in Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 74(9): 1490 (1996)

Basionym: Sphaeria beccariana Ces., Atti Accad. Sci. fis. mat. Napoli 8(no. 3): 20 (1879)

Notes: Tirisporella was introduced by Jones et al. (1996) and placed in Dothideomycetes incertae sedis because of the thick ascus wall recognized as two walls. This monotypic genus consists of only the type species Tirisporella beccariana. The most obvious characters of this genus are the first basal septum delimiting a hyaline to light-coloured basal cell and verrucose cell wall, and the apical ascospore appendage.

Other genera included

Bacusphaeria Norlailatul et al., Phytotaxa. In press;

Type species: Bacusphaeria nypenthi Norlailatul et al., Phytotaxa. In press

Thailandiomyces Pinruan et al., Fungal Diversity 29: 91 (2008)

Type species: Thailandiomyces bisetulosus Pinruan et al., Fungal Diversity 29: 91 (2008)

Key to genera of Tirisporellaceae

1. Ascomata, laterally spread on substrate, with long neck; ascospores fusoid, hyaline,………………………………………………………………………….Thailandiomyces

1. Ascomata, erect, ascospores falcate to lunate, brown with pointed, hyaline to pale brown basal cell………………………………………………………………………….2

2. Ascospores 4–7 septate ………………………………………………………………………….Tirisporella

2. Ascospores predominantly 1–3 septate………………………………………………………………………….Bacusphaeria

Togniniaceae Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 50: 540 (2004)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01414

Saprobic on plants, or pathogenic on human and animals, or soil fungi. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, aggregated or solitary, superficial, erumpent to immersed, astromatic, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, necks long with periphyses. Peridium comprising three layers, outer layer of a few dark brown to black, compressed cell layers, middle of brown to dark brown, smaller, rounded or brick-like cells of textura angularis, textura prismatica to textura epidermoidea, and inner layer of hyaline to pale brown, flattened cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising abundant, paraphyses. Asci arising in acropetal succession, 8-spored, unitunicate, sessile, with broadly rounded to obtuse, thick-walled apex. Ascospores uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline, unicellular, allantoid, reniform, cylindrical or oblong-ellipsoidal or subglobose to ellipsoid, 0–1-septate. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores branched or unbranched, erect, cylindrical or slightly tapering, pale brown, with one integrated terminal phialide. Conidiogenous cells mostly monophialidic, discrete or integrated, terminal or lateral, with an inconspicuous funnel-shaped collarette. Conidia aggregated into globose, slimy heads at the apices of phialides, hyaline, aseptate.

Type: Phaeoacremonium W. Gams, Crous & M.J. Wingf.

Notes: Togniniaceae was introduced by Réblová et al. (2004) based on Togninia minima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Berl., and later Togninia was synonymised under Phaeoacremonium (Gramaje et al. 2015). The family comprises the genera Conidiotheca and Phaeoacremonium (Réblová and Mostert 2007) based on phylogenetic and morphological distinctiveness. Mostert et al. (2003) placed Togniniaceae in Calosphaeriales based on its unique morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis. Subsequently, Mostert et al. (2006) placed this family in Diaporthales based on combined gene analysis of SSU and LSU sequence data. The morphological characters of Togniniaceae are quite different from other families in Diaporthales. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) showed the placement of Togniniaceae to be between Diaporthales and Calosphaeriales based on combined gene analysis of LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence data. They introduced this clade as Togniniales to accommodate Togniniaceae.

Phaeoacremonium W. Gams, Crous & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 88: 789 (1996)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02140; Figs 145, 146

Fig. 145

Phaeoacremonium minima - sexual morph (Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape Province, Wellington and Paarl respectively, stems of Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae), 2001, L. Mostert, LM 463 CBS H 6580, epitype) a, b Herbarium packet and specimen c–e Ascomata on substrate f Cross section of ascoma g Three-layered peridium h–j Asci forming on ascogenous hyphae k Ascogenous hyphae l Ascospores. Scale bars: c-d = 200 μm, e = 500 μm, f–g = 100 μm, h–l = 10 μm

Fig. 146

Phaeoacremonium minima - asexual morph (CBS 110703, ex-epitype) a–e Conidiophores with attached conidia f Conidia. Scale bars: a–f = 10 μm

Saprobic on plants, or pathogenic on human and animals or soil fungi. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, aggregated or solitary, superficial, erumpent to immersed, astromatic, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, black, ostiolate, with longnecks. Neck straight or curved, internally lined by periphyses. Peridium comprising two layers, outer layer of brown to dark brown, small, rounded cells of textura angularis, inner layer of hyaline to pale brown, flattened cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising abundant, cellular, branched, septate, hyaline paraphyses, slightly constricted at the septa and tapering towards the apex. Ascogenous hyphae hyaline, branched, elongate during ascus formation, with remnant bases from which single ascus arises. Asci arising in acropetal succession, 8-spored, unitunicate, sessile, apically thickened, base bluntly obtuse. Ascospores biseriate to uniseriate, hyaline, allantoid, reniform, cylindrical or oblong-ellipsoidal, unicellular. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium branched, septate, with single or bundled hyphae, light brown, are as near to conidia formation becoming pale brown to hyaline, smooth, verruculose or verrucose. Conidiophores branched or unbranched, arising from aerial or submerged hyphae, erect, cylindrical or slightly tapering, straight or curved, up to 7-septate, pale brown, paler towards the apex, small warts or verruculose ornamentation at the base, with one integrated terminal phialide and sometimes one or two additional, discrete phialides at the upper most septum. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, discrete or integrated, terminal or lateral, mostly monophialidic, sometimes polyphialidic, warted, verruculose or smooth, pale brown to hyaline, with an inconspicuous funnel-shaped collarette. Conidia hyaline, aggregated into globose, slimy heads at the apices of phialides, oblong-ellipsoidal to obovate, cylindrical, allantoid or reniform, uncommonly fusiform-ellipsoidal or globose, aseptate, smooth-walled.

Type species: Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (Ajello et al.) W. Gams et al., in Crous et al., Mycologia 88(5): 794 (1996).

Basionym: Phialophora parasitica Ajello, Georg & C.J.K. Wang, Mycologia 66(3): 493 (1974)

Note: Togninia was introduced and typified by T. minima. Togninia species reported as the sexual morph of Phaeoacremonium. Phaeoacremonium comprises 44 species (Réblová et al. 2015). The type species of Phaeoacremonium was linked to the type species of Togninia, and sexual-asexual relationships between Togninia and Phaeoacremonium have been confirmed by mating experiments in culture and molecular sequence data (Mostert et al. 2003). The generic name Phaeoacremonium (1996) was accepted over Togninia (1900). Togninia presently comprises 26 epithets and 13 are not sufficiently reported and described. Nine Togninia species are already linked to Phaeoacremonium species. Phaeoacremonium has recently been monographed, and comprises 46 species; all they are known from culture and have been subjected to DNA sequence analysis. The genus name Phaeoacremonium is preferred by plant pathologists and medical mycologists, and it is the more common name used in recent publications (Gramaje and Di Marco 2015).

Other genus included

Conidiotheca Réblová & L. Mostert, Mycol. Res. 111(3): 305 (2007)

Type species: Conidiotheca tympanoides (M.E. Barr) Réblová & L. Mostert, Mycol. Res. 111(3): 305 (2007)

Key to genera of Togniniaceae

1. Ascomata subglobose to broadly conical, ascospores subglobose to ellipsoid, 0–1-septate.………………………………………………………………………….Conidiotheca

1. Ascomata globose to subglobose, ascospores allantoid, unicellular………………………………………………………………………….Phaeoacremonium

Torpedosporaceae E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, in Jones et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 135 (2014)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01099

Saprobic on intertidal or mangrove wood and roots, bark and leaves, in marine habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, hyaline, immersed or superficial, subglobose, ostiolate, papillate, subcarbonaceous to coriaceous. Paraphyses narrow, irregular, persistent or early deliquescing. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate to ellipsoidal, short pedicellate, lacking an apical ring, early deliquescing. Ascospores fasciculate, hyaline, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 3–5-septate, with several radiating appendages at one or both ends. Asexual morph: Hyphae septate, branched, hyaline. Conidiophores present or obsolete, cylindrical, clavate, septate or aseptate, acrogenous or laterally on the hyphae, hyaline to light brown. Conidia holoblastic, irregularly helicoid, muriform, cells of the conidia tightly fused, more or less similar in size and colour, acrogenous, solitary, constricted at the septa, yellow to brown. Conidial cells up to 50 in number.

Type: Torpedospora Meyers

Notes: Torpedosporaceae was introduced by Jones et al. (2014) with two Torpedospora species and Glomerulispora mangrovis Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. (asexual morph), based on molecular analysis of partial sequences of the nuclear SSU and LSU sequence data. Jones et al. (2014) showed that four strains of Torpedospora radiata formed a monophyletic clade with Glomerulispora mangrovis, while Torpedospora ambispinosa Kohlm. was placed in a lower sub-clade. Sexual morphs of the family Torpedosporaceae produce perithecial ascomata and ascospores that possess 3–5 radiating appendages at one or both ends, while G. mangrovis produces helicoid conidia. The family groups in Hypocreomycetidae, order incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2014) and this was followed by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). Subsequently, Jones et al. (2015) have referred the family to a new order Torpedosporales.

Torpedospora Meyers, Mycologia 49: 496 (1957)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02141; Fig. 147

Fig. 147

Torpedospora radiata (Material examined: TAIWAN, Keelung City, Chaojing Park, rocky shore, on driftwood, 03 October 2014, K.L. Pang) a Section of immersed ascoma b Clavate ascus c Cylindrical ascospore with unipolar appendages and three septa d, e Ascospore showing four appendages at one end. Scale bars: a = 20 μm, b–e = 5 μm

Saprobic on wood and roots, bark and leaves. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, superficial to immersed, hyaline, membranous, collapsing on drying, subglobose to globose, ostiole central, papillate. Peridium 2-layered, with an outer layer of cells of textura angularis, and inner layer of elongated cells. Paraphyses present. Asci 8-spored, elongate-clavate, short pedicellate, with an apical ring, thin walled, early deliquescent. Ascospores fasciculate, hyaline, elongate, tapering, 3–5-septate, with radiating appendages at one or both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Torpedospora radiata Meyers, Mycologia 49: 496 (1957)

Notes: The genus Torpedospora was introduced by Meyers (1957) and is distinguished from other genera with appendaged spores by the characteristic torpedo-like shape of the ascospores, together with the radiating appendages at one or both ends. Ascospores of T. radiata (type species), possess 3–5, radiating, sub-terminal appendages at one end, that appear to be fibrillar (Jones and Moss 1978), whereas T. ambispinosa has sub-terminal appendages at both ends, that are rigid, straight or curved. Ascospores of T. ambispinosa in mass are bright orange, but are hyaline in T. radiata. Molecular studies showed that they group in the same clade with high bootstrap support, which suggest that they are congeneric (Sakayaroj et al. 2005; Schoch et al. 2007). Schoch et al. (2007) suggested that the monophyly of the genus Torpedospora should be further evaluated with a wider range of taxa. The marine hyphomycete Glomerulispora mangrovis, with irregularly helicoid conidia with muriform spores, groups with Torpedospora radiata with variable support (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010; Jones et al. 2014). Depending on molecular and morphological data, Jones et al. (2014) included the genera Torpedospora and Glomerulispora in a new family Torpedosporaceae. However, it remains unresolved whether Glomerulispora mangrovis is the asexual morph of T. radiata (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). The genus Torpedospora is worldwide in distribution and T. radiata a common species.

Other genus included

Glomerulispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah., in Abdel-Wahab et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 552 (2010)

Type species: Glomerulispora mangrovis Abdel-Wahab & Nagah., in Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 553 (2010)

Key to the genera of Torpedosporaceae

1. Hyphomycete with irregularly helicoid, muriform, yellow to brown conidia with tightly fused conidial cells, more or less similar in size and colour, constricted at the septa………………………………………………………………………….Glomerulispora

1. Ascomycete, perithecioid, with fasciculate, hyaline, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 3–5-septate ascospores with several radiating appendages at one or both ends………………………………………………………………………….Torpedospora

Trichosphaeriaceae G. Winter [as ‘Trichosphaerieae’], Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 191 (1885)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01809

Saprobic or pathogenic on plant materials, commonly isolated from herbivore dung. Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, immersed or semi-immersed, ostiolate, subglobose to pyriform, dark brown to black. Ostiole situated in a small papilla, with bristles, in most genera setose-like hairs present. Peridium carbonaceous or sub-carbonaceous, coriaceous or membranaceous, brown to dark brown, cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising simple, hyaline, guttulate, septate, thin-walled, paraphyses. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical-clavate, gradually tapering below into a short pedicel, with rounded apex, sometimes curved, rounded above, some genera have a distinct apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate-overlapping uniseriate, ellipsoidal-fusiform, hyaline or brown-dark brown, aseptate or 1–3-sepate, some genera (Trichosphaeria) with rounded apices, smooth-walled, guttulate. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores macronematous or some genera (Fluviostroma) synnematous, unbranched or infrequently branched, flexuous and often circinate, septate or aseptate, dematiaceous, hyaline to brown-yellow. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, each immediately subtending a septum, forming a chain, terminal, cylindrical or subcylindrical, solitary, hyaline. Conidia ellipsoid to oblong, cylindrical to filiform, subglobose, hyaline, brown, aseptate or 1–3-septate, some genera (Koorchaloma) producing aggregated conidia in slimy masses, with mucoid appendages at both ends.

Type: Trichosphaeria Fuckel

Notes: The family Trichosphaeriaceae was established invalidly by Winter (1885) to accommodate the type Trichosphaeria pilosa (Pers.) Fuckel. Barr (1983) introduced the order Trichosphaeriales to accommodate the family Trichosphaeriaceae. In the multi-gene (LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2) phylogenetic analysis by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) Trichosphaeriaceae has affinities with Papulosporaceae and Thyridiaceae. However, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) maintained Trichosphaeriaceae as a separate family until fresh collections and molecular data become available. Certain species in this family are coprophilous, while other members are known as saprobic or pathogenic on plant materials including Chrysopogon zizanioides L., Arenga engleri Becc. and Ulmus minor Mill. (Hudson 1963; Calatayud and Aguirre-Hudson 2001).

Trichosphaeria Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 144 (1870) [1869–70]

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01810; Fig. 148

Fig. 148

Trichosphaeria pilosa (Material examined: SWITZERLAND, Kt. Graubunden: S of Schiers, Furna, on Alnus (Betulaceae), 3 Sept. 1971, R.F. Cain, TRTC 48286) a, b Herbarium packets c Ascomata on substrate d Ascoma e Cross section of ascoma f Peridium g, h, i, j Asci k Paraphyses l, m, n, o Ascospores. Scale Bars: c = 400 μm, d, e = 50 μm, f–k = 10 μm, l–o = 5 μm

Saprobic or pathogenic on plant materials. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, small, globose to subglobose with a flattened base, superficial, amphigenous, dark brown, setose, aggregated in to groups, scattered. Setae numerous, pale brown, septate, smooth, up to 600 μm long and 7 μm wide, giving a star-like appearance to the ascoma. Peridium comprising a single layer of thick-walled, polygonal to angular, dark brown, cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising simple, hyaline, guttulate, septate, thin-walled, paraphyses. Asci 4–8 spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, with a non-amyloid apical ring. Ascospores obliquely uniseriate to biseriate, ellipsoidal, narrowly elliptical to fusiform, hyaline, aseptate, smooth, sometimes slightly curved, lacking germ pores. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Trichosphaeria pilosa (Pers.) Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 145 (1870) [1869–70]

Notes: The genus Trichosphaeria was introduced by Fuckel (1870) with T. pilosa (Pers.) Fuckel as the type species on rotten wood from Germany. Trichosphaeria is characterized with superficial, small, setose perithecia sitting in a subiculum with cylindrical to oblong, 8-spored asci bearing hyaline, aseptate, rarely appendiculate ascospores (von Arx and Müller 1954; Réblová and Seifert 2004). Sivanesan and Shivas (2002) accepted 25 species of Trichosphaeria, which were isolated mostly from woody substrates. There are 62 epithets for Trichosphaeria recorded in Index Fungorum (2016).

Other genera included

Acanthosphaeria Kirschst., Annls mycol. 37(1/2): 91 (1939)

Type species: Kirschstein gave no clue for the choice of a type species

Brachysporium Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 4: 423 (1886)

Type species: Brachysporium obovatum (Berk.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 4: 427 (1886)

Collematospora Jeng & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 54(21): 2429 (1976)

Type species: Collematospora venezuelensis Jeng & Cain, Can. J. Bot. 54(21): 2430 (1976)

Coniobrevicolla Réblová, Mycotaxon 70: 422 (1999)

Type species: Coniobrevicolla larsenii Réblová, Mycotaxon 70: 424 (1999)

Cresporhaphis M.B. Aguirre, in Tibell, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., Bot. 21(2): 146 (1991)

Type species: Cresporhaphis wienkampii (J. Lahm ex Hazsl.) M.B. Aguirre, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., Bot. 21(2): 154 (1991)

Cryptadelphia Réblová & Seifert, Mycologia 96(2): 348 (2004)

Type species: Cryptadelphia groenendalensis (Sacc. et al.) Réblová & Seifert, Mycologia 96(2): 352 (2004)

Eriosphaeria Sacc., Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat., Padova, Sér. 4 4: 86 (1875)

Type species: Eriosphaeria vermicularia (Nees) Sacc., Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat., Padova, Sér. 4 4: 86 (1875)

Fluviostroma Samuels & E. Müll., Sydowia 33: 283 (1980)

Type species: Fluviostroma wrightii Samuels & E. Müll., Sydowia 33: 284 (1980)

Kananascus Nag Raj, Mycotaxon 19: 201 (1984)

Type species: Kananascus verrucisporus Nag Raj, Mycotaxon 19: 207 (1984)

Khuskia H.J. Huds., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 46(3): 358 (1963)

Type species: Khuskia oryzae H.J. Huds., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 46(3): 358 (1963)

Koorchaloma Subram., J. Indian bot. Soc. 32: 124 (1953)

Type species: Koorchaloma madreeya Subram., J. Indian bot. Soc. 32: 124 (1953)

Neorehmia Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 111: 988 [2 repr.] (1902)

Type species: Neorehmia ceratophora Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 111: 988 [2 repr.] (1902)

Oplothecium Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 21(1/2): 97 (1923)

Type species: Oplothecium arecae Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 21(1/2): 97 (1923)

Rizalia Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 12(6): 546 (1914)

Type species: Rizalia fasciculata Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 12(6): 546 (1914)

Schweinitziella Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 26(1): 45 (1888)

Type species: Schweinitziella styracum Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 26(1): 45 (1888)

Setocampanula Sivan. & W.H. Hsieh, Mycol. Res. 93(1): 87 (1989)

Type species: Setocampanula taiwanensis Sivan. & W.H. Hsieh, Mycol. Res. 93(1): 88 (1989)

Unisetosphaeria Pinnoi et al., in Pinnoi et al., Mycoscience 44(5): 377 (2003)

Type species: Unisetosphaeria penguinoides Pinnoi et al., Mycoscience 44(5): 378 (2003)

Key to the sexual genera of Trichosphaeriaceae

1. Ascomata aggregated………………………………………………………………………….2

1. Ascomata solitary………………………………………………………………………….3

2. Ascospores uniseriate, fusiform, 3–5-septa…………………………………………………………………………. Fluviostroma

2. Ascospores biseriate, granulose, curved, aseptate………………………………………………………………………….Khuskia

3. Ascomata superficial or semi-immersed with/without multi-setae………………………………………………………………………….4

3. Ascomata immersed or semi-immersed, with a single long seta arising from the ostiole………………………………………………………………………….Unisetosphaeria

4. Ascomata carbonaceous or sub-carbonaceous………………………………………………………………………….5

4. Ascomata coriaceous or membranaceous………………………………………………………………………….6

5. Asci cylindrical………………………………………………………………………….7

5. Asci clavate………………………………………………………………………….Schweinitziella

6. Asci cylindrical………………………………………………………………………….8

6. Asci clavate………………………………………………………………………….9

7. Ascomata superficial………………………………………………………………………….Cryptadelphia

7. Ascomata semi-immersed, with hispid setae………………………………………………………………………….Eriosphaeria

8. Ascospores septate………………………………………………………………………….10

8. Ascospores aseptate………………………………………………………………………….11

9. Perithecial setae with an apical cell………………………………………………………………………….12

9. Perithecial setae without an apical cell………………………………………………………………………….Cresporhaphis

10. Ascospores ellipsoidal, narrowly rounded ends, 3-septate………………………………………………………………………….Coniobrevicolla

10. Ascospores oblong, 0–1-septate………………………………………………………………………….Setocampanula

11. Ascospores not fused………………………………………………………………………….13

11. Ascospores fusing vertically in groups of two to four ascospores………………………………………………………………………….Collematospora

12. Ascospores fusiform………………………………………………………………………….Kananascus

12. Ascospores elongate………………………………………………………………………….Rizalia

13. Ascospores broadly ellipsoidal………………………………………………………………………….Acanthosphaeria

13. Ascospores narrowly ellipsoidal to fusiform………………………………………………………………………….Trichosphaeria

Key to the asexual genera of Trichosphaeriaceae

1. Conidiomata macronematous or synnematous………………………………………………………………………….2

1. Conidiomata pycnidial………………………………………………………………………….Cresporhaphis

2. Conidiomata macronematous………………………………………………………………………….3

2. Conidiomata synnematous………………………………………………………………………….Fluviostroma

3. Conidia aseptate………………………………………………………………………….4

3. Conidia with 1–3 septa………………………………………………………………………….Brachysporium

4. Conidia fusiform with narrow apex, hyaline, with mucoid appendages at both ends………………………………………………………………………….Koorchaloma

4. Conidia egg-shaped to flattened-spherical, black, without mucoid appendages………………………………………………………………………….Khuskia

Valsaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as ‘Valsarum’], Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 1: 180 (1861)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01415

Pathogenic or saprobic on plant tissues. Sexual morph: Stromata present or absent. If present, Ectostroma circular or irregular, usually well developed in the upper regions. Entostroma normally limited to the region near the perithecial walls. Ascomata perithecia, immersed to erumpent, solitary or 6–10 ascomata aggregated together in valsoid configuration, globose to oblong, coriaceous, black to brown, with or without long neck which is swollen at the tip, ostiolate. Ostiole periphysate, open through the neck. Peridium thin, comprising outer, dark brown, thick-walled, 4–6 textura angularis cells and inner, small, hyaline, thin-walled, 5–7 textura angularis cells. Hamathecium comprising few, hyaline paraphyses. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, clavate, short-stalked, apex round, with apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate to biseriate, 0–1-septate, allantoid, fusiform or ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Stromata uniloculate, black, circular in shape. Locule composed of numerous interconnecting chambers arranged radially or irregularly within a continuous mass of ectostromatic tissue, one conidiomata per locule. Conidiomata pyriform in section, brown, divided into compartments by bending of peridium. Peridium consists of brown, 5–7 layers of textura angularis cells. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells arising from conidiomatal wall, phialidic, simple or branched, hyaline, cylindrical. Conidia unicellular, allantoid, hyaline, smooth-walled.

Type: Cytospora Fr. (=Valsa Fr.)

Notes: The family Valsaceae was introduced by Tulasne and Tulasne (1861). This family comprises both phytopathogenic species and saprobes. The type genus Cytospora was typified by Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr. and Cytospora species have been reported as the asexual morph of most taxa in Valsaceae. Currently this family comprises 13 genera: Amphicytostroma, Chadefaudiomyces, Cryptascoma, Cytospora, Ditopellina, Durispora, Harpostroma, Hypospilina, Kapooria, Leptosillia, Maculatipalma, Pachytrype and Paravalsa (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Cytospora Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol. (Berlin): 2 (1818)

= Valsa Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 410 (1849)

= Valsella Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 203 (1870) [1869–70]

= Leucostoma (Nitschke) Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 35: 637 (1917)

= Valseutypella Höhn., Annls mycol. 16(3/6): 224 (1919) [1918]

Facesoffungi number: FoFxxxxx; Figs 148, 149, 150

Fig. 149

Cytospora chrysosperma – sexual morph (Material examined: SOUTHERN MORAVIA, near Lednice, Dolniles, 48.8000736N, 16.8445072E, on twigs of Tilia sp., 16 October 1912, H. Zimmermann, PRM: 163781, neotype) a, b Herbarium specimen c, d Ascomata on substrate e Cross section of ascomata f Peridium g–j Asci k-p Ascospores. Scale bars: c, d = 500 μm, e = 100 μm, f–j = 20 μm, k–p = 10 μm

Fig. 150

Cytospora chrysosperma – asexual morph (Material examined: SOUTHERN MORAVIA, near Lednice, Dolniles, 48.8000736N, 16.8445072E, on twigs of Tilia sp., 16 October 1912, H. Zimmermann, PRM: 163781, neotype) a Conidiomata on substrate b Cross section of conidiomata c Peridium d-h Conidiophore with conidia i Conidia. Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b = 100 μm, c = 50 μm, d–h = 10 μm, i = 5 μm

Pathogenic or saprobic on plant tissues. Sexual morph: Ectostroma circular or irregular, usually well developed in the upper regions. Entostroma normally limited to the region near the perithecial walls. Ascomata perithecia, immersed, aggregated 6–10 ascomata together in valsoid configuration, globose to oblong, coriaceous, black, with long neck swollen at the tip, ostiolate. Ostiole periphysate, open through the neck. Peridium thin, consist of outer, dark brown, thick-walled, 4–6 textura angularis cells and inner, small, hyaline, thin-walled, 5–7 textura angularis cells. Hamathecium comprising few paraphyses occurring only in young stage. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, clavate, short-stalked, apex round, with apical ring. Ascospores biseriate, unicellular, allantoid or ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Stromata one locule in a stroma, black, circular in shape. Locule composed of numerous interconnecting chambers arranged radially or irregularly within a continuous mass of ectostromatic tissue, one conidiomata per locule. Conidiomata pyriform in section, brown, divided into compartments by bending of peridium. Peridium consists of brown, 5–7 layers of textura angularis cells. Conidiophore reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cell arising from conidiomatal wall, phialidic, simple or branched, hyaline, cylindrical. Conidia unicellular, allantoid, hyaline, smooth-walled.

Notes: The genus Cytospora was introduced in 1818, typified by Cytospora chrysosperma. (Adams et al. 2006) Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) and Rossman et al. (2015) proposed to conserve the older name Cytospora suppressing Leucostoma (Nitschke) Höhn., Valsa Fr., Valsella Fuckel, and Valseutypella Höhn. Cytospora is a plant pathogen forming diseases on various tree species and recently Liu et al. (2015) and Ariyawansa et al. (2015) introduced few new Cytospora species from Russia.

Type species: Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 2(2): 542 (1823)

Other genera included

Amphicytostroma Petr., Annls mycol. 19(1/2): 63 (1921)

Type species: Amphicytostroma tiliae (Sacc.) Petr., Annls mycol. 19(1/2): 63 (1921)

Chadefaudiomyces Kamat et al., in Ullasa et al., Revue Mycol., Paris 38(1–2): 19 (1974) [1973]

Type species: Chadefaudiomyces indicus Kamat et al., Revue Mycol., Paris 38(1–2): 20 (1974) [1973]

Cryptascoma Ananthap., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(3): 479 (1988)

Type species: Cryptascoma bisetula Ananthap., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 90(3): 479 (1988)

Ditopellina J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 45: 1481 (1967)

Type species: Ditopellina saccardiana (Traverso & Spessa) J. Reid & C. Booth [as ‘Ditopellina saccardoana’], (1967), Can. J. Bot. 45: 1481 (1967)

Durispora K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 46(2): 315 (1994)

Type species: Durispora elaeidicola K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 46(2): 316 (1994)

Harpostroma Höhn., in Weese, Mitt. bot. Inst. tech. Hochsch. Wien 5: 112 (1928)

Type species: Harpostroma notha (Sacc.) Höhn., in Weese, Mitt. bot. Inst. tech. Hochsch. Wien 5: 112 (1928)

Hypospilina (Sacc.) Traverso, Fl. ital. crypt., Pyrenomycetae (Florence): 495 (1913)

Type species: Hypospilina bifrons (DC.) Traverso, Fl. ital. crypt. (Florence) 1: 495 (1913)

Kapooria J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 898 (1989)

Type species: Kapooria musarum (J.N. Kapoor) J. Reid & C. Booth, Can. J. Bot. 67(3): 898 (1989)

Leptosillia Höhn., Mitt. bot. Inst. tech. Hochsch. Wien 5: 111 (1928)

Type species: Leptosillia notha Höhn., Mitt. bot. Inst. tech. Hochsch. Wien 5: 111 (1928)

Maculatipalma J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 99(6): 727 (1995)

Type species: Maculatipalma frondicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde [as ‘fronsicola’], Mycol. Res. 99(6): 727 (1995)

Pachytrype Berl. ex M.E. Barr et al., Mycotaxon 48: 530 (1993)

Type species: Pachytrype princeps (Penz. & Sacc.) M.E. Barr et al., Mycotaxon 48: 530 (1993)

Paravalsa Ananthap., Mycol. Res. 94(2): 275 (1990)

Type species: Paravalsa indica Ananthap., Mycol. Res. 94(2): 275 (1990)

Key to genera of Valsaceae

1. Asexual morph common in nature; sexual morph undetermined………………………………………………………………………….Amphicytostroma

1. Asexual morph not common in nature………………………………………………………………………….2

2. Stromata absent ………………………………………………………………………….3

2. Stromata present ………………………………………………………………………….7

3. Ascospores apiosporous………………………………………………………………………….4

3. Ascospores not apiosporous………………………………………………………………………….5

4. Perithecia erect………………………………………………………………………….Maculatipalma

4. Perithecia horizontal………………………………………………………………………….Chadefaudiomyces

5. Ascospores fusiform, with polar spines or appendages………………………………………………………………………….6

5. Ascospores allantoid, without polar spines………………………………………………………………………….Paravalsa

6. Ascospores with apical and basal appendages ………………………………………………………………………….Durispora

6. Ascospores without apical and basal appendages ………………………………………………………………………….Cryptascoma

7. Stromatic capsules pustuliform (composed of 1, rarely 2 ascomata)………………………………………………………………………….Hypospilina

7. Stromatic capsules non-pustuliform (composed of more than 2 ascomata)………………………………………………………………………….8

8. Stromata prosenchymatous………………………………………………………………………….9

8. Stromata pseudoparenchymatous………………………………………………………………………….10

9. Ascospores apiosporous………………………………………………………………………….Harpostroma

9. Ascospores not apiosporous………………………………………………………………………….Leptosillia

10. Ascospores ellipsoid to more or less allantoid………………………………………………………………………….11

10. Ascospores fusoid but with sharply pointed ends………………………………………………………………………….Kapooria

11. Perithecia in groups with convergent beaks; asci clavate to fusoid………………………………………………………………………….Cytospora

11. Perithecia in groups with non-convergent beaks; asci more or less rectangular………………………………………………………………………….Pachytrype

Vialaeaceae P.F. Cannon, Mycol. Res. 99(3): 368 (1995)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01914

Parasitic, endophytic or saprobic on dead plant matter. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata appear as ellipsoidal, black, slightly raised dots on substrate. Ascomata perithecial, solitary or aggregated, immersed, globose, sub-globose to ellipsoidal, coriaceous, black to brown, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla long, straight or curved, periphysate. Periphyses hyaline, filamentous. Peridium thick, composed of outer, dark brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis and inner, hyaline, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising filiform, rarely branched, septate paraphyses, sometimes apex slightly swollen. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, sometimes tapering towards the apex or base, sessile, thin-walled except at the apex, apex obtuse or truncate, with subconical or subapical, J+ apical ring. Ascospores biseriate, triseriate to fasciculate, sometimes weakly helically coiled, strongly isthmoid, ends fusiform to rhombic, apical portion sometimes slightly larger than the basal part, 1–3-septate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata pycnidia, superficial, solitary, scattered, globose, with slimy, shining spore mass and basal mycelium forming thick, black strands. Conidiophores erect, branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, discrete or in small whorls, lageniform to cylindrical, hyaline. Conidia oblong to ellipsoidal, one-celled, hyaline, smooth, with truncate abscission scar.

Type genus: Vialaea Sacc.

Notes: Vialaeaceae was formally established by Cannon (1995). Vialaea is the type genus of this family and is typified by Vialaea insculpta (Fr.) Sacc. The phylogenetic placement of this monotypic family was confirmed by LSU sequence data (Shoemaker et al. 2013), combined LSU and ITS sequence data (Senanayake et al. 2014) and combined LSU, SSU, TEF1 and RPB2 sequence data (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Vialaea Sacc., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 12: 66 (1896)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 000011; Figs 151, 152

Fig. 151

Vialaea insculpta (Material examined: GERMANY, North Rhine-Westphalia, Westfalen, Bottrop, at the zerzogstrasse, on twigs of Ilex aquifolium L. (Aquifoliaceae), 2 August 1922, H. Rupprecht, S-F121733). a Herbarium packet b, c Pseudostroma on host d Vertical section of ascoma e Peridium f Periphyses in ostiolar canal g, h Asci i Apical ring bluing in Melzer’s reagent j-l Ascospores m Ascospores in cotton blue reagent. Scale bars: b = 1 cm, c = 500 μm, d, f = 100 μm, e = 20 μm, g–I = 50 μm, j–m = 20 μm

Fig. 152

Asexual morph of Vialaea mangiferae (Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Muang District, near Bandu, Baan Khuakhae, at 31 M. 17, (19° 59′ 52.05″ N; 99° 49′ 25.15″ E), on twigs of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), 15 November 2012, K.D. Hyde, CHUNI001, MFLU13-0342, holotype). a Culture from above b, c Culture from below d-f Conidiomata forming on water agar g Conidia forming on phialides attached to conidiophores h, i Conidia attached to lageniform intercalary cells j Conidia. Note: Conidia, conidiogenous cells, conidiophores are arrowed in g from up to down. Scale bars: d = 1 mm, e–f = 500 μm, g–j =10 μm

Parasitic, endophytic or saprobic on twigs of trees. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata (pseudoclypeus) absent or if present, immersed in host tissues, with brown to black tissues around immersed neck, containing 1–9 ascomata. Ascomata perithecial, immersed solitary or aggregated in circular groups, with ostioles converging in their center, globose or subglobose, coriaceous, black to brown, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla elongate, dark brown to black, internal wall covered by periphyses. Peridium comprising several layers of slightly flattened, strongly melanized, thick-walled cells of textura globulosa or textura angularis with peridial pores between cells. Hamathecium comprising poorly developed, thin-walled, septate or aseptate, sparse paraphyses, sometimes deliquescent at maturity, much shorter than the asci. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, sometimes tapering towards the apex or base, short pedicellate or sessile, thin-walled except at the apex, apex obtuse or truncate, with subconical or subapical, J+ apical ring. Ascospores biseriate, triseriate to fasciculate, sometimes weakly helically coiled, strongly isthmoid, ends fusiform to rhombic, apical portion sometimes slightly larger than the basal part, 1–3-septate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata pycnidial, superficial, solitary, globose. Conidiophores erect, branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells proliferating percurrently conidia. Conidia oblong to fusiform, one-celled, hyaline, smooth-walled.

Type species: Vialaea insculpta (Fr.) Sacc., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 12: 66 (1896).

Notes: Vialaea is typified by Vialaea insculpta (Fr.) Sacc. (Saccardo 1896) and was placed in Amphisphaeriaceae (Xylariales) based on the J+ apical ring, and Cannon (1995) placed the genus in Vialaeaceae. LSU sequence analysis showed that Vialaeaceae is a distinct monotypic family in the order Xylariales (Shoemaker et al. 2013). A new species, Vialaea mangiferae Senan. & K. D. Hyde was introduced in the genus by Senanayake et al. (2014).

Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as ‘Xylariei’], Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 3 (1863)

= Graphostromataceae M.E. Barr et al., Mycotaxon 48: 533 (1993)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00070

Saprobic, pathogenic, or endophytic in wood, leaves and fruits, dung inhabitants or associated with insect vectors, in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Stromata if present extremely variable in size, shape and colour, erect or applanate or effuse-pulvinate or sometimes rudimentary, arising singly or aggregated, with 1 to many ascomata, ostiolate, with or without extractable stromatal pigments, bipartite or unipartite. Ascomata variable in size and shape, globose-pyriform, embedded in the stroma, single or multi-layered. Hamathecium comprising hyphoid, filamentous, septate paraphyses, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, pedicellate, apically rounded, with or without a J+, or J–, apical ring, or with apical thickenings. Ascospores uniseriate-biseriate (except for the genera Phylacia and Pyrenomyxa which are produced in spherical or oval clusters), brown to black, rarely hyaline, 1–2-celled, variously-shaped, mostly with a germ slit. Perispore dehiscent or lacking, smooth or with patterns. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Two major types of asexual morph reported are nodulisporium-like and geniculosporium-like as defined by Bitzer et al. (2008), featuring hyaline to light brown, smooth, branched conidiophores, bearing hyaline, roughened or smooth, ellipsoidal conidia. Several other hyphomycetous and coelomycetous genera have been linked to Xylariaceae (Stadler et al. 2013, Senanayake et al. 2015).

Type: Xylaria Hill ex Schrank

Notes: The family Xylariaceae was introduced by Tulasne and Tulasne (1863b) using the term “Xylariei” and the rank of the name was not certain as it did not address the family concept (Stadler et al. 2013). Even though the exact number of currently accepted taxa varies, according to different authors, the recent outline of Xylariaceae (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015) accepted 85 genera. The segregation of Xylariaceae into the subfamilies Hypoxyloideae and Xylarioideae has been supported by molecular data (Stadler et al. 2013; Daranagama et al. 2015; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Xylariaceous members are well-known for their secondary metabolite production (Stadler 2011). Several studies have been carried out to determine the chemical composition of these secondary metabolites (Whalley and Edwards 1995; Mühlbauer et al. 2002; Quang et al. 2002, 2004, 2006; Hellwig et al. 2005). Chemotaxonomic data also play an important role in the identification and characterization of these stromatic Xylariaceae (Whalley and Edwards 1995; Stadler et al. 2001; Bitzer et al. 2008; Kuhnert et al. 2014). For example, Stadler et al. (2014a) used a polyphasic taxonomic approach in their world monograph of Daldinia.

Based on the asexual morphs and their characters, Xylariaceae has been traditionally classified into two subfamilies (Chesters and Greenhalgh 1964; Ju and Rogers 1996; Bitzer et al. 2008; Stadler et al. 2010). However this grouping of taxa with geniculosporium-like (Xylarioideae) and nodulisporium-like (Hypoxyloideae) conidiophores, was not formerly introduced by the authors. Most subsequent studies based on phylogenetic analyses have strongly supported this separation of subfamilies within the Xylariaceae.

Pirozynski (1974) found that Sphaeria platystoma Schwein. resembled Diatrype stigma (Hoffm.) Fr. and placed it in a new monotypic genus Graphostroma. Graphostroma platystomum (Schwein.) Piroz. 1974 was associated with a nodulisporium-like asexual morph, which was identical to most of the hypoxyloid Xylariaceae. Therefore, Pirozynski (1974) placed Graphostroma platystomum in Xylariaceae. Later, Barr et al. (1993) introduced a new monotypic family Graphostromataceae to accommodate the genus Graphostroma. This segregation was based on the combination of its nodulisporium-like conidial morph and a sexual morph similar to that of the Diatrypaceae, in having allantoid ascospores (Barr et al. 1993). Phylogenetic studies (Stadler et al. 2013; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015) placed Graphostromataceae close to Xylariaceae, while in Daranagama et al. (2015) and Senanayake et al. (2015) Graphostroma platystomum clusters with xylariaceous genera with bipartite stromata, such as Biscogniauxia and Camillea within the Xylariaceae clade. Thus the position of the Graphostromataceae as a separate family has been shown to be doubtful with the available molecular data. Considering these molecular studies, as well as the morphological characters, especially the asexual morph which is nodulisporium-like, we believe that Graphostroma should be considered as a genus in Xylariaceae. Therefore, we have synonymized Graphostromataceae and consider Graphostroma as a genus of Xylariaceae.

Fassia was introduced by Dennis (1964) with Fassia scabrosa Dennis as the type species. This monotypic genus is characterized by superficial stromata with long, slender, protruding, ostiolar necks (Dennis 1964). According to Dennis (1964), Müller observed part of the type species collection and suggested a relationship with Wawelia. Læssøe (1994), however, suggested that Fassia scabrosa should be placed in Diatrypaceae, based on its morphological similarity to Echinomyces, which is accepted in Diatrypaceae. Rappaz (1987) had not compared Echinomyces with Fassia when describing the new genus. The clavate asci with allantoid ascospores are characters of diatrypaceous taxa, rather than xylariaceous taxa, therefore we prefer to exclude Fassia from Xylariaceae and place it in Xylariales genera incertae sedis until the phylogenetic position is established by fresh collections and molecular data.

The genus Muscodor was introduced by Worapong et al. (2001) for an endophytic fungus, Muscodor albus Worapong et al., which produces volatile antibiotics. Since then 16 species of Muscodor have been described by various authors (Kirk et al. 2008), based on the differences in their chemical profiles of volatile compounds. However, when describing this genus, Worapong et al. (2001) used only a few reference DNA sequences representing only four genera of Xylariaceae, which were not derived from type species strains. Furthermore, they did not compare the morphology when discussing the current status of Muscodor and presented arguments as to why it cannot be recognized as a typical Xylariaceae member. The concept of this genus is incongruent with other concepts of Xylariaceae, thus in this study Muscodor is placed in Xylariales genera incertae sedis, until it can be studied in relation to xylarioid Xylariaceae with molecular data.

Xylaria Hill ex Schrank, Baier. Fl. (München) 1: 200 (1789)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 00696; Figs 153, 154

Fig. 153

Xylaria hypoxylon (SWEDEN, Uppland, Stockholm, Vällingby, Grimsta Nature Reserve, near Lake Mälaren, on Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rosaceae), 21 October 2007, A.-L. & A. Anderberg G07-1 (S-F72430, epitype) a Herbarium packet b Stromata c Furrowed stromatal surface d Black ostioles in stromatal surface e Cross section of stromata showing perithecia encased in stromatal tissue f Asci with J+, apical ring, bluing in Melzer’s reagent g Cluster of asci and paraphyses h, i Mature asci j–m Ascospores. Scale bars: c = 5 mm d = 150 μm, e = 0.5 mm, f, g, h = 20 μm, g = 30 μm, j–m = 10 μm

Fig. 154

Xylaria sp. with geniculosporium–like asexual morph a Macroscopic features on natural habitat b, c Conidiophores d, e Conidiophores with spores f Conidia g Conidiogenous cells at the apex of conidiophores. Scale bars: b–e, g = 10 μm, e = 5 μm

Saprobic on deciduous dead wood or endophytes of various plants. Sexual morph: Stromata extremely variable in size and shape, simple to branched from the base, nearly sessile or arising from long rooting stipes, always with flattened to mucronate sterile apices, whitish when immature, gradually turning silvery grey and eventually black, longitudinally furrowed delimiting narrow strips, perithecial contours most often inconspicuous in well-developed stromata; leathery, black, homogeneous, white to cream, with a slightly darker core, stipes cylindrical to strap-like, longitudinally puckered, black, with a hairy-tomentose, broadened base. Perithecia subglobose, immersed to slightly exposed. Ostioles if present raised-discoid, grey brown to black, with a low conical papilla at the center. Asci (6–)8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, long-pedicellate, with tubular, apical ring, bluing in Melzer’s reagent. Paraphyses sparse, hypha-like, hyaline, septate. Ascospores overlapping uniseriate in the ascus, medium brown, most often ellipsoid-inequilateral, with narrow to broadly rounded ends, smooth-walled, with a fugacious cellular appendage, usually disappearing at maturity, containing two large guttules, with a conspicuous straight germ slit, 1/2–4/5 spore-length on the flattened side. Atypical ascospores may have acute ends, slightly oblique or sinuous germ slits located next to one end, or on the convex side. Asexual morph: Where known geniculosporium–like, hyaline–light brown, smooth, branched conidiophores bearing hyaline, roughened or smooth, ellipsoidal conidia (Ju and Rogers 1996; Stadler et al. 2014b).

Type species: Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev., Fl. Edin.: 355 (1824)

Notes: Xylaria is the type genus in the family Xylariaceae with more than 700 epithets listed in Index Fungorum (2016). Many Xylaria species possess massive stromata, which can vary in colour, shape and size, cylindrical asci, a J+ apical ring and ellipsoidal, dark ascospores, as well as geniculosporium-like asexual morphs (Ju and Rogers 1996; Stadler et al. 2013, 2014b). Most Xylaria species are saprobic, growing on moist, decayed dicotyledonous wood, less on monocotyledons, fruits, seeds and fallen leaves. Interestingly the subgenus Pseudoxylaria, which is associated with termite nests (Visser et al. 2009; Hsieh et al. 2010) are also commonly endophytes mainly from tropical plants (Petrini and Petrini 1985; Bills et al. 2012).

Other genera included

Amphirosellinia Y.M. Ju et al., Mycologia 96(6): 1393 (2004)

Type species: Amphirosellinia nigrospora Y.M. Ju et al., Mycologia 96(6): 1397 (2004)

Annulohypoxylon Y.M. Ju et al., in Hsieh et al., Mycologia 97(4): 855 (2005)

Type species: Annulohypoxylon truncatum (Schwein.) Y.M. Ju et al. Mycologia 97(4): 861 (2005)

Anthocanallis Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity 73:203–238 (2015)

Type species: Anthocanalis sparti Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity 73:203–238 (2015)

Anthostomella Sacc., Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat., Padova, Sér. 4 4: 84 (1875)

Type species: Anthostomella tomicoides Sacc., Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat., Padova, Sér. 4 4: 101 (1875)

Appendixia B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 4: 224 (2000)

Type species: Appendixia closterium (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 4: 225 (2000)

Areolospora S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis, Norw. Jl Bot. 21(1): 28 (1974)

Type species: Areolospora terrophila S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis, Norw. Jl Bot. 21(1): 28 (1974)

Arthroxylaria Seifert & W. Gams, in Seifert, Gams & Louis-Seize, Czech Mycol. 53(4): 299 (2002)

Type species: Arthroxylaria elegans Seifert & W. Gams, in Seifert, Gams & Louis-Seize, Czech Mycol. 53(4): 299 (2002)

Ascotricha Berk., Ann. nat. Hist., Mag. Zool. Bot. Geol. 1: 257 (1838)

Type species: Ascotricha chartarum Berk., Ann. nat. Hist., Mag. Zool. Bot. Geol. 1: 257 (1838)

Astrocystis Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14(no. 74): 123 (1873) [1875]

Type species: Astrocystis mirabilis Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14(no. 74): 123 (1873) [1875]

Barrmaelia Rappaz, Mycol. helv. 7(1): 130 (1995)

Type species: Barrmaelia rhamnicola Rappaz, Mycol. helv. 7(1): 130 (1995)

Biscogniauxia Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 398 (1891)

Type species: Biscogniauxia nummularia (Bull.) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 398 (1891)

Brunneiperidium Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity 73:203–238 (2015)

Type species: Brunneiperidium gracilentum Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity 73:203–238 (2015)

Calceomyces Udagawa & S. Ueda, Mycotaxon 32: 448 (1988)

Type species: Calceomyces lacunosus Udagawa & S. Ueda, Mycotaxon 32(1): 448 (1988)

Camillea Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 382 (1849)

Type species: Camillea leprieurii (Mont.) Mont., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 382 (1849)

Cannonia Joanne E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 103(11): 1398 (1999)

Type species: Cannonia australis (Speg.) Joanne E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 103(11): 1398 (1999)

Chaenocarpus Rebent., Prodr. fl. neomarch. (Berolini): 350 (1804)

Type species: Chaenocarpus setosus (Roth) Rebent., Prodr. fl. neomarch. (Berolini): 350, tab. 3:12a-b (1804)

Chlorostroma A.N. Mill. et al., Sydowia 59(1): 142 (2007)

Type species: Chlorostroma subcubisporum A.N. Mill et al., Sydowia 59(1): 142 (2007)

Collodiscula I. Hino & Katum., Bull. Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University 6: 55 (1955)

Type species: Collodiscula japonica I. Hino & Katum., Bull. Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University 6: 55 (1955)

Coniolariella Dania García et al., in García et al., Mycol. Res. 110(11): 1285 (2006)

Type species: Coniolariella gamsii (Asgari & Zare) Dania García et al., in García et al., Mycol. Res. 110(11): 1285 (2006)

Creosphaeria Theiss., Beih. bot. Zbl., Abt. 2 27: 396 (1910)

Type species: Creosphaeria sassafras (Schwein.) Y.M. Ju et al. Mycotaxon 47: 223 (1993)

Cyanopulvis J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 3: 308 (2000)

Type species: Cyanopulvis australiensis J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 3: 308 (2000)

Daldinia Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 197 (1863)

Type species: Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 197 (1863)

Durotheca Læssøe et al. IMA Fungus 4(1): 62 (2013)

Type species: Durotheca depressa Læssøe & Srikitik., IMA Fungus 4(1): 62 (2013)

Emarcea Duong et al. Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 255 (2004)

Type species: Emarcea castanopsidicola Duong et al., in Duong et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(1): 255 (2004)

Engleromyces Henn., Bot. Jb. 28(3): 327 (1900)

Type species: Engleromyces goetzei Henn., Bot. Jb. 28(3): 327 (1900)

Entoleuca Syd., Annls mycol. 20(3/4): 186 (1922)

Type species: Entoleuca callimorpha Syd., in Sydow & Petrak, Annls mycol. 20(3/4): 186 (1922)

Entonaema A. Möller, Bot. Mitt. Trop. 9: 306. (1901) emend. in Stadler et al. Mycol Prog 7:53–73 (2008)

Type species: Entonaema liquescens Möller, Bot. Mitt. Trop. 9: 307 (1901)

Euepixylon Füisting, Bot. Ztg. 25(no. 39): 309 (1867)

Type species: Euepixylon udum (Pers.) Füisting, Bot. Ztg. 25(no. 39): 305, 309 (1867)

Fasciatispora K.D. Hyde, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 32(2): 265 (1991)

Type species: Fasciatispora nypae K.D. Hyde, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 32(2): 267 (1991)

Gigantospora B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 76(1–2): 202 (2003)

Type species: Gigantospora gigaspora B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 76(1–2): 202 (2003)

Graphostroma Piroz., Can. J. Bot. 52(10): 2131 (1974)

Type species: Graphostroma platystoma (Schwein.) Piroz., Can. J. Bot. 52(10): 2131 (1974)

Guestia G.J.D. Sm. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 7: 107 (2001)

Type species: Guestia gonetropospora G.J.D. Sm. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 7: 109 (2001)

Halorosellinia Whalley et al., in Whalley et al., Mycol. Res. 104(3): 368 (2000)

Type species: Halorosellinia oceanica (S. Schatz) Whalley et al., Mycol. Res. 104(3): 370 (2000)

Helicogermslita Lodha & D. Hawksw., in Hawksworth & Lodha, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 81(1): 91 (1983)

Type species: Helicogermslita celastri (S.B. Kale & S.V.S. Kale) Lodha & D. Hawksw., in Hawksworth & Lodha, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 81(1): 91 (1983)

Hypocopra (Fr.) J. Kickx f., Fl. Crypt. Flandres (Paris) 1: 362 (1867)

Type species: Hypocopra merdaria (Fr.) J. Kickx f., Fl. Crypt. Flandres (Paris) 1: 362 (1867)

Hypocreodendron Henn., Hedwigia 36: 223 (1897)

Type species: Hypocreodendron sanguineum Henn., Hedwigia 36(4): 223 (1897)

Hypoxylon Bull., Hist. Champ. Fr. (Paris) 1: 168 (1791); Fig. 155

Fig. 155

Hypoxylon fendleri with nodulisporium–like asexual morph (Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Doi Mae Saloung on dead bamboo clumps, 12 December 2012, D. A. Daranagama and K. D. Hyde, AXL 055 (MFLU 12-0823, living cultures, MFLUCC 13-0104, ICMP). asexual morph a Culture from above b From below c Conidia d-f Conidiophores with spores. Scale bars: c = 20 μm, d–f = 40 μm

Type species: Hypoxylon fragiforme (Pers.) J. Kickx f., FI. crypt. Louvain (Bruxelles): 116 (1835)

Induratia Samuels et al. Mycotaxon 28(2): 482 (1987)

Type species: Induratia apiospora Samuels et al., Mycotaxon 28(2): 484 (1987)

*Jumillera J.D. Rogers et al. Mycotaxon 64: 41 (1997)

Type species: Jumillera mexicana J.D. Rogers et al., Mycotaxon 64: 46 (1997)

Kretzschmaria Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 409 (1849)

Type species: Kretzschmaria clavus (Fr.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: XXIX (1883)

Kretzschmariella Viégas, Bragantia 4(1–6): 105 (1944)

Type species: Kretzschmariella culmorum (Cooke) Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon 51: 242 (1994)

Leprieuria Læssøe et al., Mycol. Res. 93(2): 152 (1989)

Type species: Leprieuria bacillum (Mont.) Læssøe et al., Mycol. Res. 93(2): 152 (1989)

Leptomassaria Petr., Annls mycol. 12(5): 474 (1914)

Type species: Leptomassaria simplex (Nitschke ex G.H. Otth) Petr., Annls mycol. 12(5): 474 (1914)

Libertella Desm., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 1 19: 275 (1830)

Type species: Libertella betulina Desm., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 1 19: 276 (1830)

Lunatiannulus Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity 73:203–238 (2015)

Type species: Lunatiannulus irregularis Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity 73:203–238 (2015)

Myconeesia Kirschst., Annls mycol. 34(3): 200 (1936)

Type species: Myconeesia formosa (Kirschst.) Kirschst., Annls mycol. 34(3): 200 (1936)

Nemania Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 508, 516 (1821)

Type species: Nemania serpens (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 508, 516 (1821)

Nipicola K.D. Hyde, Cryptog. bot. 2(4): 330 (1992)

Type species: Nipicola carbospora K.D. Hyde, Cryptog. bot. 2(4): 330 (1992)

Nodulisporium Preuss, in Rabenhorst, Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol.: no. 1272 (1849)

Type species: Nodulisporium ochraceum Preuss [as ‘ocheraceum’], Klotzschii Herb. Viv. Mycol.: no. 1272 (1849)

Obolarina Pouzar, Česká Mykol. 40(1): 7 (1986)

Type species: Obolarina dryophila (Tul. & C. Tul.) Pouzar, Česká Mykol. 40(1): 7 (1986)

Occultitheca J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju, Sydowia 55(2): 359 (2003)

Type species: Occultitheca costaricensis J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju, Sydowia 55(2): 360 (2003)

Ophiorosellinia J.D. Rogers et al., in Rogers et al., Mycologia 96(1): 172 (2004)

Type species: Ophiorosellinia costaricensis J.D. Rogers et al., in Rogers et al., Mycologia 96(1): 172 (2004)

Pandanicola K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 46(1): 35 (1994)

Type species: Pandanicola calocarpa (Syd. & P. Syd.) K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 46(1): 36 (1994)

Paramphisphaeria F.A. Fernández et al., Mycologia 96(1): 175 (2004)

Type species: Paramphisphaeria costaricensis F.A. Fernández et al., Mycologia 96(1): 175 (2004)

Paucithecium Lloyd, Mycol. Notes (Cincinnati) 7(4): 1200 (1923)

Type species: Paucithecium rickii Lloyd, Mycol. Notes (Cincinnati) 7(4): 1200 (1923)

Phylacia Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 3: 61 (1845)

Type species: Phylacia globosa Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 3: 61 (1845)

Pidoplitchkoviell a Kiril., Mikrobiol. Zh. 37(5): 603 (1975)

Type species: Pidoplitchkoviella terricola Kiril., Mikrobiol. Zh. 37(5): 603 (1975)

Podosordaria Ellis & Holw., Bot. Gaz. 24: 37 (1897)

Type species: Podosordaria mexicana Ellis & Holw., Bot. Gaz. 24: 37 (1897)

Poroleprieuria M.C. González et al. Aguirre, Mycologia 96(3): 676 (2004)

Type species: Poroleprieuria rogersii M.C. González et al., Mycologia 96(3): 676 (2004)

Poronia Willd., Fl. berol. prodr.: 400 (1787)

Type species: Poronia gleditschii Willd., Fl. berol. prodr.: 400 (1787)

Pyrenomyxa Morgan, J. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 18: 42 (1895)

Type species: Pyrenomyxa invocans Morgan, J. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 18: 42 (1895)

Pyriformiascoma Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity 73:203–238 (2015)

Type species: Pyriformiascoma trilobatum Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity 73:203–238 (2015)

Rhopalostroma D. Hawksw., Kew Bull. 31(3): 422 (1977)

Type species: Rhopalostroma indicum D. Hawksw. & Muthappa, in Hawksworth, Kew Bull. 31(3): 426 (1977)

Rosellinia De Not., G. bot. ital. 1(1): 334 (1844)

Type species: Rosellinia aquila (Fr.) Ces. & De Not., G. bot. ital. 1(1): 334 (1844)

Rostrohypoxylon J. Fourn. et al. Fungal Diversity 40: 24 (2010)

Type species: Rostrohypoxylon terebratum J. Fourn. & M. Stadler, in Fournier, Stadler, Hyde & Duong, Fungal Diversity 40: 24 (2009)

Ruwenzoria J. Fourn. et al., in Stadler et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(2): 171 (2010)

Type species: Ruwenzoria pseudoannulata J. Fourn. et al., in Stadler et al., Mycol. Progr. 9(2): 171 (2010)

Sabalicol a K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 60(3–4): 596 (1995)

Type species: Sabalicola sabalensioides (Ellis & G. Martin) K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 60(3–4): 597 (1995)

Sarcoxylon Cooke, Grevillea 12(no. 62): 50 (1883)

Type species: Sarcoxylon compunctum (Jungh.) Cooke, Grevillea 13(no. 68): 107 (1885)

Seynesia Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 668 (1883)

Type species: Seynesia nobilis (Welw. & Curr.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 668 (1883)

Spirodecospora B.S. Lu et al., Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 1: 170 (1998)

Type species: Spirodecospora bambusicola B.S. Lu et al., Fungal Diversity 1: 172 (1998)

Squamotubera Henn., Hedwigia 42(Beibl.): (308) (1903)

Type species: Squamotubera le-ratii Henn., Hedwigia 42(Beibl.): (308) (1903)

Steganopycnis Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 14(5): 370 (1916)

Type species: Steganopycnis oncospermatis Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 14(5): 337 (1916)

Stereosphaeria Kirschst., Annls mycol. 37(1/2): 96 (1939)

Type species: Stereosphaeria phloeophila Kirschst., Annls mycol. 37(1/2): 96 (1939)

Stilbohypoxylon Henn., Hedwigia 41: 16 (1902)

Type species: Stilbohypoxylon moelleri Henn., Hedwigia 41: 16 (1902)

Striatodecospora D.Q. Zhou et al., Mycotaxon 76: 142 (2000)

Type species: Striatodecospora bambusae D.Q. Zhou et al., Mycotaxon 76: 143 (2000)

Stromatoneurospora S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis, Mycologia 65(2): 459 (1973)

Type species: Stromatoneurospora phoenix (Kunze) S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis, Mycologia 65(2): 459 (1973)

Thamnomyces Ehrenb., in Nees von Esenbeck (ed.), Horae Phys. Berol.: 79 (1820)

Type species: Thamnomyces chamissonis Ehrenb., in Nees von Esenbeck (ed.), Horae Phys. Berol.: 79 (1820)

Theissenia Maubl., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 30(1): 52 (1914)

Type species: Theissenia pyrenocrata (Theiss.) Maubl., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 30(1): 52 (1914)

Thuemenella Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(11–12): 518 (1898) [1897]

Type species: Thuemenella javanica Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(11–12): 518 (1898) [1897]

Versiomyces Whalley & Watling, Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 45(2): 401 (1989) [1988]

Type species: Versiomyces cahuchucosus Whalley & Watling, Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 45(2): 401 (1989) [1988]

Virgaria Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 54 (1816) [1816–17]

Type species: Virgaria nigra (Link) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 553 (1817) [1816–17]

Vivantia J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Cand., Mycol. Res. 100(6): 672 (1996)

Type species: Vivantia guadalupensis J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Cand., Mycol. Res. 100(6): 672 (1996)

Wawelia Namysł., Bull. int. Acad. Sci. Lett. Cracovie, Cl. sci. math. nat. Sér. B, sci. nat. 2: 602 (1908)

Type species: Wawelia regia Namysł., Bull. int. Acad. Sci. Lett. Cracovie, Cl. sci. math. nat. Sér. B, sci. nat. 2: 597 (1908)

*Whalleya J.D. Rogers et al. Mycotaxon 64: 48 (1997)

Type species: Whalleya microplaca (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) J.D. Rogers et al. Mycotaxon 64: 48 (1997)

Xylotumulus J.D. Rogers et al. Sydowia 58(2): 291 (2006)

Type species: Xylotumulus gibbisporus J.D. Rogers et al. Sydowia 58(2): 291 (2006)

Xylocrea Möller, Bot. Mitt. Trop. 9: 397 (1901)

Type species: Xylocrea piriformis Möller, Bot. Mitt. Trop. 9: 397 (1901)

* Jumillera J.D. Rogers et al. and Whalleya J.D. Rogers et al. were introduced to encompass taxa removed from Biscogniauxia, based on morphological differences of their asexual morphs (Rogers et al. 1997). Both Jumillera and Whalleya have xylariaceous sexual morphs with conspicuous, bipartite stromata and asci with an amyloid apical ring, containing dark, ellipsoidal ascospores (Rogers et al. 1997). However, both genera produce scolecosporous conidia, which is a characteristic feature of Lopadostomataceae. Some Jumillera species produce libertella-like asexual morphs and species such as J. cinerea (Ellis & Everh.) J.D. Rogers et al. produce geniculosporium-like synanamorphs in culture (Rogers et al. 1997). Whalleya microplaca (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) J.D. Rogers et al. produced a similar asexual morph to Lopadostoma pouzarii Granmo & L.E. Petrini (Granmo and Petrini 1996). Based on these facts Jumillera and Whalleya have similarities with both Xylariaceae and Lopadostomataceae. Therefore their phylogenetic placement remains to be established as fresh material and molecular data become available.

Key for asexual genera in Xylariaceae

1. Producing single, asexual morph in culture 2

1. Producing multiple, distinct, asexual morphs in culture………………………………………………………………………….Arthroxylaria

2. Conidiogenous cells produced in digitate configurations or false whorls, proliferating percurrently………………………………………………………………………….Hypocreodendron

2. Conidiogenous cells sympodial, with apically aggregated scars………………………………………………………………………….3

3. Conidia hyaline………………………………………………………………………….Nodulisporium

3. Conidia brown Virgaria

Key to sexual genera of Xylariaceae

1. With nodulisporium-like asexual morphs………………………………………………………………………….Section A

1. With geniculosporium-like asexual morphs………………………………………………………………………….Section B

1. With libertella-like or other unnamed asexual morphs………………………………………………………………………….Section C

Section A – Hypoxyloideae group

1. Stromata reduced or absent………………………………………………………………………….2

1. Stromata present and well-developed………………………………………………………………………….3

2. Ascospores “shoe”- shaped, tapered in side view, brown, reticulate with irregular ridges and shallow depressions………………………………………………………………………….Calceomyces

2. Ascospores ellipsoidal, olivaceous green, with hyaline appendage at one end………………………………………………………………………….Anthocanalis

3. Stromata bipartite………………………………………………………………………….4

3. Stromata unipartite………………………………………………………………………….9

4. Stromata in vertical position………………………………………………………………………….Camellia

4. Stromata in horizontal position………………………………………………………………………….5

5. Apical ring present………………………………………………………………………….6

5. Apical ring lacking………………………………………………………………………….8

6. Germ slit present………………………………………………………………………….7

6. Germ slit lacking………………………………………………………………………….Vivantia

7. Ascospores unicellular………………………………………………………………………….8

7. Ascospores 2-celled………………………………………………………………………….Biscogniauxia

8. Ascospores sub-allantoid and hyaline………………………………………………………………………….Graphostroma

8. Ascospores ellipsoidal and brown………………………………………………………………………….Obolarina

9. Ascospores thick-walled, oblong to allantoid ………………………………………………………………………….Durotheca

9. Ascospores thin-walled, subglobose to ellipsoidal ………………………………………………………………………….Thisseina

10. Apical ring present………………………………………………………………………….11

10. Apical ring lacking………………………………………………………………………….15

11. Stromata erumpent, in upright position………………………………………………………………………….12

11. Stromata effuse-pulvinate, spreading parallel to the host surface………………………………………………………………………….13

12. Stromata hemisphaerical with hard, woody interior, with concentric zones………………………………………………………………………….Daldinia

12. Stromata hemisphaerical with gelatinous, soft, leathery interior, without concentric zones………………………………………………………………………….Entonaema

13. Stromata uniperitheciate………………………………………………………………………….Induratia

13. Stromata multi-peritheciate………………………………………………………………………….14

14. Ostioles with truncatum-type disc, with carbonaceous tissue encasing each individual perithecium, perispore with a thickened area, visible at the position of ca. 1/3 ascospore length………………………………………………………………………….Annulohypoxylon

14. Ostioles with bovei-type disc, with carbonaceous tissue, beneath surface and between perithecia, perispore without a thickened area………………………………………………………………………….Hypoxylon

15. Stromata in upright position to the substrate………………………………………………………………………….16

15. Stromata in parallel position to the substrate………………………………………………………………………….18

16. With KOH-extractable pigments………………………………………………………………………….17

16. Lacking KOH-extractable pigments………………………………………………………………………….20

17. Stromata hemisphaerical to peltate, sessile, with annulate disks surrounding the ostioles………………………………………………………………………….Ruwenzoria

17. Stromata stipitate, head part subglobose to clavate, without conspicuous disks surrounding the ostioles………………………………………………………………………….Rhopalostroma

18. Asci globose to subglobose………………………………………………………………………….Pyrenomyxa

18. Asci cylindrical to clavate………………………………………………………………………….19

19. Stromata pulvinate, with stout ostiolar necks and deep cylindrical holes………………………………………………………………………….Rostrohypoxylon

19. Stromata subglobose to cushion-like, with stromatal tissues with green tints………………………………………………………………………….Thumnella

20. Ascospores with germ slit………………………………………………………………………….Thamnomyces

20. Ascospores lacking germ slit………………………………………………………………………….Phylacia

Section B – Xylarioideae group

1. Stromata reduced or absent, immersed in substratum………………………………………………………………………….2

1. Stromata erumpent or superficial………………………………………………………………………….8

2. Stromata associated with dung………………………………………………………………………….Hypocopra

2. Stromata associated with substrates other than dung 3

3. Apical ring present in asci………………………………………………………………………….4

3. Apical ring lacking in asci………………………………………………………………………….6

4. Apical ring cylindrical to barrel-shaped (length>width) ………………………………………………………………………….5

4. Apical ring discoid (length<width)………………………………………………………………………….Euepixylon

5. Ascospores brown, unicellular………………………………………………………………………….Halorosellinia

5. Ascospores hyaline, 2-celled………………………………………………………………………….Emarcea

6. Ascomatal surface with dark brown to black hairs………………………………………………………………………….Ascotricha

6. Ascomatal surface not hairy………………………………………………………………………….7

7. Ascospores with longitudinal germ slit………………………………………………………………………….Coniolariella

7. Ascospores with helical germ slit………………………………………………………………………….Helicogermslita

8. Stromata erect, usually several times higher than broad 9

8. Stromata effuse, pulvinate, conical, always broader than high………………………………………………………………………….13

9. Apical ring present………………………………………………………………………….10

9. Apical ring lacking………………………………………………………………………….11

10. Stromata reaching 3.5 cm, apex begins to expand into a disc-shaped head, associated with dung………………………………………………………………………….Poronia

10. Stromata with clavate-globose heads, associated with various substrates………………………………………………………………………….Xylaria

11. Ascospores reniform, with prominent germ slit………………………………………………………………………….Leprieuria

11. Ascospores reniform, with prominent terminal germ pores………………………………………………………………………….Poroleprieuria

12. Amyloid apical ring present………………………………………………………………………….13

12. Inamyloid apical ring present………………………………………………………………………….Xylotumulus

13. Ascospores with germ slit………………………………………………………………………….15

13. Ascospores lacking germ slit………………………………………………………………………….14

14. Ascospores scolecosporous with 6–7 septa………………………………………………………………………….Ophiorosellinia

14. Ascospores inequilaterally fusoid with one median slightly constricted septum…………………………………………………………………………..Collodiscula

15. Stromata multi-peritheciate………………………………………………………………………….16

15. Stromata uniperitheciate………………………………………………………………………….19

16. Stromata effused-pulvinate, attached to the substrate by entire base………………………………………………………………………….17

16. Stromata pulvinate, attached to the substrate by simple or branched stipes by narrow connectives………………………………………………………………………….18

17. Stromata with coarsely papillate ostioles, containing few perithecia………………………………………………………………………….Entoleuca

17. Stromata with finely papillate ostioles, containing several perithecia………………………………………………………………………….Nemania

18. Stromata associated with dung………………………………………………………………………….Podosordaria

18. Stromata associated with wood………………………………………………………………………….Kretzschmaria

19. Mature stromata completely surrounded or covered by epidermal host tissue…………………………………………………………………………..Amphirosellinia

19. Mature stromata loosely covered by epidermal tissue and mostly epidermal tissue residues at base of stromata………………………………………………………………………….20

20. Stromata associated with ochraceous, short peg-like protuberances………………………………………………………………………….Stilbohypoxylon

20. Stromata lacking protuberances………………………………………………………………………….21

21. Stromata usually surrounded by a subiculum, superficial, never splitting, asci with long stipes………………………………………………………………………….Rosellinia

21. Stromata not associated with subiculum, often splitting into an outer stromatic layer, developing beneath host epidermis, asci with short stipes………………………………………………………………………….Astrocystis

Section C: Genera with libertella-like or unnamed asexual morphs

1. Stromata greatly reduced and immersed in substratum 2

1. Stromata erumpent or superficial………………………………………………………………………….18

2. Apical ring amyloid………………………………………………………………………….3

2. Apical ring not amyloid………………………………………………………………………….14

3. Ascospores with germ slits or germ pores………………………………………………………………………….4

3. Ascospores lacking germ slits or germ pores………………………………………………………………………….9

4. Germ slit straight………………………………………………………………………….5

4. Germ slit spiral………………………………………………………………………….Leptomassaria

5. Mucilaginous sheath present and surrounding entire ascospores………………………………………………………………………….6

5. Mucilaginous sheath lacking or restricted to ends, becoming appendages………………………………………………………………………….8

6. Ascospores usually with a hyaline dwarf cell………………………………………………………………………….Anthostomella

6. Ascospores lacking dwarf cells………………………………………………………………………….7

7. Stromata multi-peritheciate………………………………………………………………………….Kretzschmariella

7. Stromata uni-peritheciate………………………………………………………………………….Brunneiperidium

8. Ascospores with polar, pad-like appendages………………………………………………………………………….Gigantospora

8. Ascospores with a hyaline, cellular appendage………………………………………………………………………….Occultitheca

9. Ascospores with polar appendages………………………………………………………………………….10

9. Ascospores lacking polar appendages………………………………………………………………………….12

10. Ascospores with central pallid band………………………………………………………………………….Fasciatispora

10. Ascospores lacking central pallid band………………………………………………………………………….11

11. Ascospores brown………………………………………………………………………….Appendixia

11. Ascospores hyaline to yellowish………………………………………………………………………….Sabalicola

12. Ascospores with conspicuous, spirally arranged warts………………………………………………………………………….Spirodecospora

12. Ascospores with striate ornamentations………………………………………………………………………….Striatodecospora

13. Ascospores with hyaline dwarf cells………………………………………………………………………….14

13. Ascospores lacking hyaline dwarf cells………………………………………………………………………….15

14. Ascospores with straight germ slit………………………………………………………………………….Myconeesia

14. Ascospores lacking germ slit………………………………………………………………………….Pyriformiascoma

15. Asci clavate, with ascospores always aggregated at the apex………………………………………………………………………….Lunatiannulus

15. Asci broadly cylindrical, with ascospores uniseriately arranged………………………………………………………………………….16

16. Ascospores lunate, black, with straight germ slit………………………………………………………………………….Nipicola

16. Ascospores elliptic-fusiform, at first hyaline, becoming yellowish brown, with polar germ pores ………………………………………………………………………….Pandanicola

17. Apical ring present………………………………………………………………………….18

17. Apical ring lacking………………………………………………………………………….32

18. Apical ring amyloid………………………………………………………………………….19

18. Apical ring not amyloid 27

19. Stromata erect, several times higher than broad………………………………………………………………………….Squamotubera

19. Stromata pulvinate, hemisphaerical, globose, broader than high………………………………………………………………………….20

20. Stromata hemisphaerical, soft interior, interior and exterior mostly light coloured………………………………………………………………………….21

20. Stromata pulvinate, effuse, woody to hard, bright coloured to black………………………………………………………………………….22

21. Perithecia with long ostiolar necks; Ostioles brown, punctuate scattered at the stromatal surface………………………………………………………………………….Engleromyces

21. Perithecia with gelatinous zones beneath perithecial layer, covering with a whitish membrane, without long necks or visible ostioles………………………………………………………………………….Sarcoxylon

22. Apical ring higher than wide………………………………………………………………………….23

22. Apical ring wider than high………………………………………………………………………….24

23. Ascomata with papillate ostioles, protruding through star-like cracks on host surface, hemisphaerical, with wart-like ornamentations………………………………………………………………………….Guestia

23. Ascospores with a central papillate ostiole, often covered with fine blue powder………………………………………………………………………….Cyanopulvis

24. Ascospores unicellular………………………………………………………………………….25

24. Ascospores 2-celled………………………………………………………………………….Steganopycnis

25. Ascospores smooth-walled………………………………………………………………………….26

25. Ascospores roughened by small nodular-like or irregular warts………………………………………………………………………….Areolospora

26. Ascospores with mucilaginous sheath………………………………………………………………………….Jumillera

26. Ascospores lacking mucilaginous sheath………………………………………………………………………….Whalleya

27. Stromata dark coloured, lacking KOH extractable pigments………………………………………………………………………….28

27. Stromata green, with KOH extractable pigments………………………………………………………………………….Chlorostroma

28. Stromata thread-like………………………………………………………………………….Wawelia

28. Stromata effuse………………………………………………………………………….29

29. Ascospores lacking germ slit………………………………………………………………………….30

29. Ascospores with germ slit………………………………………………………………………….Paucithecium

30. Ascospores elongated fusiform, with longitudinal, parallel to convergent ridges on the wall………………………………………………………………………….Stromatoneurospora

30. Ascospores not fusiform, with smooth walls………………………………………………………………………….31

31. Ascospores unicellular………………………………………………………………………….Barrmaelia

31. Ascospores bi-celled………………………………………………………………………….Paramphisphaeria

32. Ascospores ellipsoidal………………………………………………………………………….33

32. Ascospores cylindrical………………………………………………………………………….Chaenocarpus

33. Ascomata embedded in host tissue with long cylindrical, slender necks erumpent from substrate surface………………………………………………………………………….Cannonia

33. Ascomata immersed in more or less solid, but gelatinous stromata, with short necks………………………………………………………………………….Xylocrea

Excluded, doubtful and rejected families

Obryzaceae Körb. [as ‘Obryzeae’], Syst. lich. germ. (Breslau): 427 (1855)

Lichenicolous with green algae on rocks or bark, rarely on mosses or parasitic on cyanobacterial lichens, in temperate regions. Sexual morph: Ascomata astromatic, perithecial, immersed, pyriform, ostiolate, with a periphysate ostiolar region. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, narrowly ellipsoid to ovoid, thin-walled, short- pedicellate, apical ring not apparent, evanescence. Ascospores aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, lacking appendages, without a gelatinous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type: Obryzum Wallr.

Notes: This is a poorly studied, monotypic family, for which no molecular data are available. Obryzaceae is coincident with Gnomoniaceae G. Winter, which is considered to be a well-known family name in plant pathology, while Obryzaceae was only recently reported in lichenological studies (McNeill et al. 2006). Hawksworth and Eriksson (1988) proposed that the name Obryzaceae should be rejected to conserve Gnomoniaceae and the proposal was accepted (McNeill et al. 2006). Obryzaceae was listed in Sordariomycetes, families incertae sedis by Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and this was followed in Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) and Index Fungorum (2016), indicative of the problems in picking up obscure literature.

It is obvious that Obryzaceae is distinct from Gnomoniaceae by their mode of life and morphological characters. Species of Gnomoniaceae are found in herbaceous plant material, in leaves, twigs or stems, and sometimes in bark or wood (Sogonov et al. 2008), have solitary, immersed astromatic ascomata, or ascomata aggregated with a rudimentary stroma and small, mostly less than 25 μm long, mainly aseptate to 1-septate, rarely multi-septate ascospores (Sogonov et al. 2008).

Type: Obryzum Wallr., Naturgesch. Flecht. 1: 253 (1825); Fig. 156

Fig. 156

Obryzum corniculatum (Material examined: PC 002061) a Herbarium specimen with the label b, c Appearance of ascomata on host substrate (see arrows, c in 5 % KOH). d Transverse section through ascoma e Transverse section through ostiole f Peridium g, h Mature asci i–k Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 500 μm, c = 1 mm, d = 100 μm, e–h = 20 μm, i–k = 10 μm

Lichenicolous on rocks or bark, rarely on mosses or parasitic on cyanobacterial lichens of the genus Leptogium. Sexual morph: Ascomata astromatic, perithecial, immersed, pyriform, ostiolate. Ostiole periphysate. Peridium colourless, but sometimes the ostiolar region lightly brown. Asci 4–8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, narrowly ellipsoid to ovoid, thin-walled, short-pedicellate, without an apical ring, evanescent. Ascospores aseptate, fusiform to limoniform or ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth-walled, lacking appendages, without a gelatinous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Type species: Obryzum corniculatum (Hoffm.) Wallr., Naturgesch. Flecht. 1: 253 (1825)

Notes: This genus is poorly studied and lacks molecular data in GenBank. Six epithets are currently listed under Obryzum (Index Fungorum 2016).

Pleurotremataceae Walt. Watson, New Phytol. 28: 113 (1929)

= Dyfrolomycetaceae K.D. Hyde et al., in Pang et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 34(3): 227 (2013)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 01911

Saprobic on wood in terrestrial and aquatic habitat. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, gregarious or solitary, immersed or erumpent through bark of host, black, ovoid to subglobose, carbonaceous to membranaceous, smooth, with ostioles. Peridium thick (60–120 μm), comprising of dark cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of numerous, hyaline, septate, branched paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, short pedicellate, apical ring present, non-amyloid. Ascospores uni-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, septate, smooth-walled, mostly with guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Pleurotrema Müll. Arg.

Notes: The family Pleurotremataceae was introduced by Watson (1929) based on Pleurotrema polysemum (Nyl.) Mull. Arg., the sole species. It is characterized by black ascomata and cylindrical asci, with septate, hyaline ascospores. This family was introduced as lichenized with bitunicate asci (Eriksson 1981). Eriksson and Hawksworth (1993) suspected Pleurotremataceae to be synonym of Pyrenulaceae. Pleurotrema was synonymized under Lithothelium as a member of Pyrenulaceae by Aptroot (1991). Later, Harris re-examined the isotype of P. polysemum, determined that it is closely related to Melomastia and Saccardoella (Barr 1994), and this species was not lichenized and with unitunicate asci (Barr 1994). However, Barr (1994) transferred Pleurotremataceae to Xylariales based on its cylindrical asci, with a non amyloid apical ring and hyaline, distoseptate ascospores. Five genera, Phomatospora, Melomastia, Pleurotrema, Saccardoella, Daruvedia, were included in Pleurotremaceae on account of their non-fissitunicate asci (Barr 1994). Hawksworth et al. (1995) disagreed with this justification and retained Pleurotrema in the order Pyrenulales. Saccardoella and Melomastia were placed in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis (Kirk et al. 2001; Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010), but there are no phylogenic datasets. Phomatospora was found in freshwater and marine habitats and positioned in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis based on phylogenic analysis (Vijaykrishna et al. 2006). Pleurotremataceae was accepted as monotypic via Pleurotrema and placed under Chaetosphaeriales without giving a reasons (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).

Pleurotrema Müll. Arg., Bot. Jb. 6: 388 (1885); Fig. 157

Fig. 157

Pleurotrema polysemum (Material examined: COLOMBIA, Nov. Granada, on dead wood, Lindig A, S L1236, isotype). a Material label b Material c Ascomata d Ascoma cross section e Peridium f Paraphyses g–j Asci (j. ascus with ejected spores) k Apical part of ascus l–o Ascospores. Notes: Figs f-o soaked in 3 % KOH. Scale bars: c = 500 μm, d = 100 μm, g–j = 20 μm, e–f, k = 10 μm, l–o = 3 μm

Type species: Pleurotrema polysemum (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Bot. Jb. 6: 389 (1885)

We re-examined the isotype from S of Pleurotrema polysemum. It has what appears to be unitunicate asci, and septate ascospores and is similar to species of Saccardoella and Dyfrolomyces (Hyde et al. 2013). Thus this is an earlier family name for Dyfrolomycetaceae (Dothideomycetes). Fresh collections are needed to substantiate this.