Abstract
The haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium (strain Kr3) isolated from material scraped off the deteriorating marble of the Moscow Kremlin masonry has been found to be able to utilize methanol, methylamine, trimethylamine, and fructose as carbon and energy sources. Its cells are gram-negative motile rods multiplying by binary fission. Spores are not produced. The isolate is strictly aerobic and requires vitamin B12 and Na+ ions for growth. It is oxidase- and catalase-positive and reduces nitrates to nitrites. Growth occurs at temperatures between 0 and 40°C (with the optimum temperatures being 20–32°C), pH values between 6 and 11 (with the optimum at 8–9), and NaCl concentrations between 0.05 and 3 M (with the optimum at 0.5–1.5 M). The dominant cellular phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. The major cellular fatty acids are palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), and octadecenoic (C18:1) acids. The major ubiquinone is Q8. It accumulates ectoine and glutamate, as well as a certain amount of sucrose, to function as osmoprotectants and synthesizes an exopolysaccharide composed of carbohydrate and protein components. It is resistant to heating at 70°C, freezing, and drying; utilizes methanol, with the resulting production of formic acid, which is responsible for the marble-degrading activity of the isolate; and implements the 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate variant of the ribulose monophosphate pathway. The G+C content of its DNA is 44.6 mol %. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and DNA-DNA homology levels (23–41%) with neutrophilic and alkaliphilic methylobacteria from the genus Methylophaga, the isolate has been identified as a new species, Methylophaga murata (VKM B-2303T = NCIMB 13993T).
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
REFERENCES
Bock, E. and Sand, W., The Microbiology of Masonry Biodeterioration, J. Appl. Bacteriol., 1993, vol. 74, no.3, pp. 503–514.
Gorbushina, A.A., Lyalikova, N.N., Vlasov, D.Yu., and Khizhnyak, T.V., Microbial Communities on the Monuments of Moscow and St. Petersburg: Biodiversity and Trophic Relations, Mikrobiologiya, 2002, vol. 71, no.3, pp. 409–417.
Janiver, M., Frehel, C., Grimont, F., and Gasser, F., Methylophaga marina gen. nov., sp. nov. and Methylophaga thalassica sp. nov., Marine Methylotrophs, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1985, vol. 35, pp. 131–139.
Zwart de, J.M.M., Nelisse, P.N., and Kuenen, J.G., Isolation and Characterization of Methylophaga sulfidovorans sp. nov.: An Obligately Methylotrophic, Aerobic, Dimethylsulfide-oxidizing Bacterium from a Microbial Mat, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 1996, vol. 20, pp. 261–270.
Doronina, N.V., Darmaeva, T.D., and Trotsenko, Y.A., Methylophaga alcalica sp. nov., a New Alkaliphilic and Moderately Halophilic, Obligately Methylotrophic Bacterium from the East Mongolian Soda Lake, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2003, vol. 53, pp. 223–229.
Doronina, N.V., Darmaeva, T.D., and Trotsenko, Y.A., Methylophaga natronica sp. nov., a New Alkaliphilic and Moderately Halophilic, Restricted Facultatively Methylotrophic Bacterium from Soda Lake of the Southern Transbaikal Region, Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 2003, vol. 26, pp. 382–389.
Doronina, N.V., Trotsenko, Y.A., and Tourova, T.P., Methylarcula marina gen. nov., sp. nov. and Methylarcula terricola sp. nov.: Novel Aerobic, Moderately Halophilic, Facultatively Methylotrophic Bacteria from Coastal Saline Environments, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2000, vol. 50, pp. 1849–1859.
Gordon, S.A. and Weber, R.P., Colorimetric Estimation of Indole Acetic Acid, Plant Physiol., 1951, vol. 26, pp. 192–195.
Collins, M.D, in Methods in Microbiology, Gottschalk, G., Ed., New York: Academic, 1985, pp. 329–366.
Khmelenina, V.N., Kalyuzhnaya, M.G., Sakharovsky, V.G., Suzina, N.E., Trotsenko, Y.A., and Gottschalk, G., Osmoadaptation in Halophilic and Alkaliphilic Methanotrophs, Arch. Microbiol., 1999, vol. 172, pp. 321–329.
Doronina, N.V., Braus-Stromeyer, S.A., Leisinger, T., and Trotsenko, Y.A., Isolation and Characterization of a New Facultatively Methylotrophic Bacterium: Description of Methylorhabdus multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 1995, vol. 18, pp. 92–98.
Kimura, T., Sogahara, I., Hayashi, K., Kobayashi, M., and Ozeki, M., Primary Metabolic Pathway of Methylamine in Methylophaga sp. AA-30, Agric. Biol. Chem., 1990, vol. 54, pp. 2819–2826.
Marmur, J., A Procedure for the Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Microorganisms, J. Mol. Biol., 1961, vol. 3, pp. 208–214.
Doronina, N.V., Govorukhina, N.I., Lysenko, A.M., and Trotsenko, Yu.A., Analysis of DNA-DNA Homology in Obligate Methylotrophic Bacteria, Mikrobiologiya, 1988, vol. 57, no.4, pp. 629–633.
Van de Peer, Y. and De Watcher, R., TREECON for Windows: A Software Package for the Construction and Drawing of Evolutionary Trees for the Microsoft Windows Environment, Comput. Appl. Biosci., 1994, vol. 10, pp. 596–570.
Kussmaul, M., Wilimzig, M., and Bock, E., Methanotrophs and Methanogens in Masonry, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 64, pp. 4530–4532.
Trotsenko, Yu.A. and Khmelenina, V.N., The Biology and Osmoadaptation of Haloalkaliphilic Methanotrophs, Mikrobiologiya, 2002, vol. 71, no.2, pp. 149–159.
MacDonald, R.C. and Fall, R., Detection of Substantial Emissions of Methanol from Plants to the Atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 1993, vol. 27A, pp. 1709–1713.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
__________
Translated from Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 74, No. 4, 2005, pp. 511–519.
Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Doronina, Lee, Ivanova, Trotsenko.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Doronina, N.V., Lee, T.D., Ivanova, E.G. et al. Methylophaga murata sp. nov.: a Haloalkaliphilic Aerobic Methylotroph from Deteriorating Marble. Microbiology 74, 440–447 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11021-005-0086-8
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11021-005-0086-8