Abstract
Watson, the winner of the Jeopardy! challenge, is a state-of-the-art open-domain Question Answering system that tackles the fundamental issue of answer typing by using a novel type coercion (TyCor) framework, where candidate answers are initially produced without considering type information, and subsequent stages check whether the candidate can be coerced into the expected answer type. In this paper, we provide a high-level overview of the TyCor framework and discuss how it is integrated in Watson, focusing on and evaluating three TyCor components that leverage the community built semi-structured and structured knowledge resources – DBpedia (in conjunction with the YAGO ontology), Wikipedia Categories and Lists. These resources complement each other well in terms of precision and granularity of type information, and through links to Wikipedia, provide coverage for a large set of instances.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aktolga, E., Allan, J., Smith, D.A.: Passage Reranking for Question Answering Using Syntactic Structures and Answer Types. In: Clough, P., Foley, C., Gurrin, C., Jones, G.J.F., Kraaij, W., Lee, H., Mudoch, V. (eds.) ECIR 2011. LNCS, vol. 6611, pp. 617–628. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Auer, S., Bizer, C., Kobilarov, G., Lehmann, J., Cyganiak, R., Ives, Z.G.: DBpedia: A Nucleus for a Web of Open Data. In: Aberer, K., Choi, K.-S., Noy, N., Allemang, D., Lee, K.-I., Nixon, L.J.B., Golbeck, J., Mika, P., Maynard, D., Mizoguchi, R., Schreiber, G., Cudré-Mauroux, P. (eds.) ASWC 2007 and ISWC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4825, pp. 722–735. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Buscaldi, D., Rosso, P.: Mining Knowledge from Wikipedia for the Question Answering task. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (2006)
Cucerzan, S.: Large-Scale Named Entity Disambiguation Based on Wikipedia Data. In: Proceedings of EMNLP 2007, Prague, pp. 708–716 (2007)
Ferrucci, D., Brown, E., Chu-Carroll, J., Fan, J., Gondek, D., Kalyanpur, A.A., Lally, A., William Murdock, J., Nyberg, E., Prager, J., Schlaefer, N., Welty, C.: Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project. AI Magazine (2010)
Grappy, A., Grau, B.: Answer type validation in question answering systems. In: Proceeding RIAO 2010 Adaptivity, Personalization and Fusion of Heterogeneous Information (2010)
Miller, G.A.: WordNet: A Lexical Database for English. Communications of the ACM 38(11), 39–41 (1995)
Ni, Y., Zhang, L., Qiu, Z., Wang, C.: Enhancing the Open-Domain Classification of Named Entity Using Linked Open Data. In: Patel-Schneider, P.F., Pan, Y., Hitzler, P., Mika, P., Zhang, L., Pan, J.Z., Horrocks, I., Glimm, B. (eds.) ISWC 2010, Part I. LNCS, vol. 6496, pp. 566–581. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Pinchak, C., Lin, D., Rafiei, D.: Flexible Answer Typing with Discriminative Preference Ranking. In: Proceedings of EACL 2009, pp. 666–674 (2009)
Prager, J.M., Brown, E.W., Coden, A., Radev, R.: Question-Answering by Predictive Annotation. In: Proceedings of SIGIR 2000, Athens, Greece, pp. 184–191 (2000)
Pustejovsky, J.: Type Coercion and Lexical Selection. In: Pustejovsky, J. (ed.) Semantics and the Lexicon. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1993)
Schlobach, S., Ahn, D., de Rijke, M., Jijkoun, V.: Data-driven type checking in open domain question answering. J. Applied Logic 5(1), 121–143 (2007)
Suchanek, F.M., Kasneci, G., Weikum, G.: Yago: A Core of Semantic Knowledge-Unifying WordNet and Wikipedia. In: Proceedings WWW (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kalyanpur, A., Murdock, J.W., Fan, J., Welty, C. (2011). Leveraging Community-Built Knowledge for Type Coercion in Question Answering. In: Aroyo, L., et al. The Semantic Web – ISWC 2011. ISWC 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7032. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25093-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25093-4_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-25092-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-25093-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)