Abstract
Post-translational modifications and subcellular localizations modulate transcription factors, generating a code that is deciphered into an activity. We describe our current understanding of these processes for Ets factors, which have recently been recognized for their importance in various biological processes. We present the global picture for the family, and then focus on particular aspects related to cancer and hypoxia. The analysis of Post-translational modification and cellular localization is only beginning to enter the age of “omic,” high content, systems biology. Our snap-shots of particularly active fields point to the directions in which new techniques will be needed, in our search for a more complete description of regulatory pathways.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Buchwalter G, Gross C, Wasylyk B (2004) Ets ternary complex transcription factors. Gene 324:1–14
Oikawa T, Yamada T (2003) Molecular biology of the Ets family of transcription factors. Gene 303:11–34
Seth A, Watson DK (2005) Ets transcription factors and their emerging roles in human cancer. Eur J Cancer 41:2462–2478
Tootle TL, Rebay I (2005) Post-translational modifications influence transcription factor activity: a view from the ETS superfamily. Bioessays 27:285–298
Whitmarsh AJ, Davis RJ (2000) Regulation of transcription factor function by phosphorylation. Cell Mol Life Sci 57:1172–1183
Slawson C, Housley MP, Hart GW (2006) O-GlcNAc cycling: how a single sugar post-translational modification is changing the way we think about signaling networks. J Cell Biochem 97:71–83
Sadoul K, Boyault C, Pabion M, Khochbin S (2008) Regulation of protein turnover by acetyltransferases and deacetylases. Biochimie 90:306–312
Thompson SJ, Loftus LT, Ashley MD, Meller R (2008) Ubiquitin-proteasome system as a modulator of cell fate. Curr Opin Pharmacol 8:90–95
Lyst MJ, Stancheva I (2007) A role for SUMO modification in transcriptional repression and activation. Biochem Soc Trans 35:1389–1392
Janknecht R, Ernst WH, Pingoud V, Nordheim A (1993) Activation of ternary complex factor Elk-1 by MAP kinases. EMBO J 12:5097–5104
Gille H, Strahl T, Shaw PE (1995) Activation of ternary complex factor Elk-1 by stress-activated protein kinases. Curr Biol 5:1191–1200
Shaw PE, Saxton J (2003) Ternary complex factors: prime nuclear targets for mitogen-activated protein kinases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 35:1210–1226
Yang SH, Jaffray E, Hay RT, Sharrocks AD (2003) Dynamic interplay of the SUMO and ERK pathways in regulating ELK-1 transcription activity. Mol Cell 12:63–74
Salinas S, Briancon-Marjollet A, Bossis G, Lopez MA, Piechaczyk M, Jariel-Encontre I, Debant A, Hipskind RA (2004) SUMOylation regulates nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of Elk-1. J Cell Biol 165:767–773
Giovane A, Pintzas A, Maira SM, Sobieszczuk P, Wasylyk B (1994) Net, a new Ets transcription factor that is activated by Ras. Genes Dev 8:1502–1513
Ducret C, Maira SM, Lutz Y, Wasylyk B (2000) The ternary complex factor Net contains two distinct elements that mediate different responses to MAP kinase signalling cascades. Oncogene 19:5063–5072
Wasylyk C, Zheng H, Castell C, Debussche L, Multon MC, Wasylyk B (2008) Inhibition of the Ras-Net (Elk-3) pathway by a novel pyrazole that affects microtubules. Cancer Res 68:1275–1283
Ducret C, Maira SM, Dierich A, Wasylyk B (1999) The net repressor is regulated by nuclear export in response to anisomycin, UV, and heat shock. Mol Cell Biol 19:7076–7087
Wasylyk C, Criqui-Filipe P, Wasylyk B (2005) Sumoylation of the net inhibitory domain (NID) is stimulated by PIAS1 and has a negative effect on the transcriptional activity of Net. Oncogene 24:820–828
Gross C, Buchwalter G, Dubois-Pot H, Cler E, Zheng H, Wasylyk B (2007) The ternary complex factor net is downregulated by hypoxia and regulates hypoxia-responsive genes. Mol Cell Biol 27:4133–4141
Strahl T, Gille H, Shaw PE (1996) Selective response of ternary complex factor Sap1a to different mitogen-activated protein kinase subgroups. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11563–11568
Maki K, Arai H, Waga K, Sasaki K, Nakamura F, Imai Y, Kurokawa M, Hirai H, Mitani K (2004) Leukemia-related transcription factor TEL is negatively regulated through extracellular signal-regulated kinase-induced phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 24:3227–3237
Arai H, Maki K, Waga K, Sasaki K, Nakamura Y, Imai Y, Kurokawa M, Hirai H, Mitani K (2002) Functional regulation of TEL by p38-induced phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 299:116–125
Hanson CA, Wood LD, Hiebert SW (2008) Cellular stress triggers TEL nuclear export via two genetically separable pathways. J Cell Biochem 104:488–498
Roukens MG, Alloul-Ramdhani M, Vertegaal AC, Anvarian Z, Balog CI, Deelder AM, Hensbergen PJ, Baker DA (2008) Identification of a new site of sumoylation on Tel (ETV6) uncovers a PIAS-dependent mode of regulating Tel function. Mol Cell Biol 28:2342–2357
Roukens MG, Alloul-Ramdhani M, Moghadasi S, Op den Brouw M, Baker DA (2008) Downregulation of vertebrate Tel (ETV6) and Drosophila Yan is facilitated by an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of F-box-mediated ubiquitination. Mol Cell Biol 28:4394–4406
Yang BS, Hauser CA, Henkel G, Colman MS, Van Beveren C, Stacey KJ, Hume DA, Maki RA, Ostrowski MC (1996) Ras-mediated phosphorylation of a conserved thronine residue enhances the transactivation activities of c-Ets1 and c-Ets2. Mol Cell Biol 16:538–547
Wasylyk C, Bradford AP, Gutierrez-Hartmann A, Wasylyk B (1997) Conserved mechanisms of Ras regulation of evolutionary related transcription factors, Ets2 and Pointed P2. Oncogene 14:899–913
Lindemann RK, Braig M, Ballschmieter P, Guise TA, Nordheim A, Dittmer J (2003) Protein kinase Calpha regulates Ets1 transcriptional activity in invasive breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 22:799–805
Cowley DO, Graves BJ (2000) Phosphorylation represses Ets-1 DNA binding by reinforcing autoinhibition. Genes Dev 14:366–376
Liu H, Grundstrom T (2002) Calcium regulation of GM-CSF by calmodulin-dependent kinase II phosphorylation of Ets1. Mol Biol Cell 13:4497–4507
Czuwara-Ladykowska J, Sementchenko VI, Watson DK, Trojanowska M (2002) Ets1 is an effector of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-geta) signaling pathway and an antagonist of the profibrotic effects of TGF-beta. J Biol Chem 277:20399–20408
Ji Z, Degerny C, Vintonenko N, Deheuninck J, Foveau B, Leroy C, Coll J, Tulasne D, Baert JL, Fafeur V (2007) Regulation of the Ets-1 transcription factor by sumoylation and ubiquitinylation. Oncogene 26:395–406
Fujiwara S, Fisher RJ, Bhat NK, Diaz de la Espina SM, Papas TS (1988) A short-lived nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the human Ets-2 proto-oncogene is stabilized by activation of protein kinase C. Mol Cell Biol 8:4700–4706
O’Hagan RC, Tozer RG, Symons M, McCormick F, Hassell JA (1996) The activity of the Ets transcription factor PEA3 is regulated by two distinct MAPK cascades. Oncogene 13:1323–1333
Bojovic BB, Hassell JA (2008) The transactivation function of the Pea3 subfamily Ets transcription factors is regulated by sumoylation. DNA Cell Biol 27:289–305
Baert JL, Beaudoin C, Coutte L, de Launoit Y (2002) ERM transactivation is up-regulated by the repression of DNA binding after the PKA phosphorylation of a consensus site at the edge of the ETS domain. J Biol Chem 277:1002–1012
Janknecht R, Monte D, Baert JL, de Launoit Y (1996) The ETS-related transcription factor ERM is a nuclear target of signaling cascades involving MAPK and PKA. Oncogene 13:1745–1754
Degerny C, de Launoit Y, Baert JL (2008) ERM transcription factor contains an inhibitory domain which functions in sumoylation-dependent manner. Biochim Biophys Acta 1779:183–194
Baert JL, Beaudoin C, Monte D, Degerny C, Mauen S, de Launoit Y (2007) The 26S proteasome system degrades the ERM transcription factor and regulates its transcription-enhancing activity. Oncogene 26:415–424
Wu J, Janknecht R (2002) Regulation of the ETS transcription factor ER81 by the 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase 1 and protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 277:42669–42679
Janknecht R (2003) Regulation of the ER81 transcription factor and its coactivators by mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1). Oncogene 22:746–755
Janknecht R (2001) Cell type-specific inhibition of the ETS transcription factor ER81 by mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2. J Biol Chem 276:41856–41861
Goel A, Janknecht R (2003) Acetylation-mediated transcriptional activation of the ETS protein ER81 by p300, P/CAF, and HER2/Neu. Mol Cell Biol 23:6243–6254
Juang YT, Solomou EE, Rellahan B, Tsokos GC (2002) Phosphorylation and O-linked glycosylation of Elf-1 leads to its translocation to the nucleus and binding to the promoter of the TCRι-chain. J Immunol 168:2865–2871
Miyazaki Y, Boccuni P, Mao S, Zhang J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Kiyokawa H, Nimer SD (2001) Cyclin A-dependent phosphorylation of the ETS-related protein, MEF, restricts its activity to the G1 phase of the cell cycle. J Biol Chem 276:40528–40536
Liu Y, Hedvat CV, Mao S, Zhu XH, Yao J, Nguyen H, Koff A, Nimer SD (2006) The ETS protein MEF is regulated by phosphorylation-dependent proteolysis via the protein-ubiquitin ligase SCFSkp2. Mol Cell Biol 26:3114–3123
Suico MA, Nakamura H, Lu Z, Saitoh H, Shuto T, Nakao M, Kai H (2006) SUMO down-regulates the activity of Elf4/myeloid Elf-1-like factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 348:880–888
Zhang XK, Watson DK (2005) The FLI-1 transcription factor is a short-lived phosphoprotein in T cells. J Biochem 137:297–302
van den Akker E, Ano S, Shih HM, Wang LC, Pironin M, Palvimo JJ, Kotaja N, Kirsh O, Dejean A, Ghysdael J (2005) FLI-1 functionally interacts with PIASxα a member of the PIAS E3 SUMO ligase family. J Biol Chem 280:38035–38046
Murakami K, Mavrothalassitis G, Bhat NK, Fisher RJ, Papas TS (1993) Human ERG-2 protein is a phosphorylated DNA-binding protein-a distinct member of the Ets family. Oncogene 8:1559–1566
Pongubala JM, Van Beveren C, Nagulapalli S, Klemsz MJ, McKercher SR, Maki RA, Atchison ML (1993) Effect of PU.1 phosphorylation on interaction with NF-EM5 and transcriptional activation. Science 259:1622–1625
Wang JM, Lai MZ, Yang-Yen HF (2003) Interleukin-3 stimulation of mcl-1 gene transcription involves activation of the PU.1 transcription factor through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. Mol Cell Biol 23:1896–1909
Mao C, Ray-Gallet D, Tavitian A, Moreau-Gachelin F (1996) Differential phosphorylations of Spi-B and Spi-1 transcription factors. Oncogene 12:863–873
Ray-Gallet D, Moreau-Gachelin F (1999) Phosphorylation of the Spi-B transcription factor reduces its intrinsic stability. FEBS Lett 464:164–168
Sgouras DN, Athanasiou MA, Beal GJ Jr, Fisher RJ, Blair DG, Mavrothalassitis GJ (1995) ERF: an ETS domain protein with strong transcriptional repressor activity, can suppress Ets-associated tumorigenesis and is regulated by phosphorylation during cell cycle and mitogenic stimulation. EMBO J 14:4781–4793
Le Gallic L, Sgouras D, Beal G Jr, Mavrothalassitis G (1999) Transcriptional repressor ERF is a Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase target that regulates cellular proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 19:4121–4133
Le Gallic L, Virgilio L, Cohen P, Biteau B, Mavrothalassitis G (2004) ERF nuclear shuttling, a continuous monitor of ERK activity that links it to cell cycle progression. Mol Cell Biol 24:1206–1218
Hoffmeyer A, Avots A, Flory E, Weber CK, Serfling E, Rapp UR (1998) The GABP-responsive element of the interleukin-2 enhancer is regulated by JNK/SAPK-activating pathways in T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 273:10112–10119
Sunesen M, Huchet-Dymanus M, Christensen MO, Changeux JP (2003) Phosphorylation-elicited quaternary changes of GA binding protein in transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol 23:8008–8018
Rosmarin AG, Resendes KK, Yang Z, McMillan JN, Fleming SL (2004) GA-binding protein transcription factor: a review of GABP as an integrator of intracellular signaling and protein–protein interactions. Blood Cells Mol Dis 32:143–154
Chakrabarti SR, Sood R, Nandi S, Nucifora G (2000) Post-translational modification of TEL and TEL/AML1 by SUMO-1 and cell-cycle-dependent assembly into nuclear bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:13281–13285
Sumarsono SH, Wilson TJ, Tymms MJ, Venter DJ, Corrick CM, Kola R, Lahoud MH, Papas TS, Seth A, Kola I (1996) Down’s syndrome-like skeletal abnormalities in Ets2 transgenic mice. Nature 379:534–537
Papas TS, Watson DK, Sacchi N, Fujiwara S, Seth AK, Fisher RJ, Bhat NK, Mavrothalassitis G, Koizumi S, Jorcyk CL et al (1990) ETS family of genes in leukemia and Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet Suppl 7:251–261
Dooley S, Herlitzka I, Hanselmann R, Ermis A, Henn W, Remberger K, Hopf T, Welter C (1996) Constitutive expression of c-fos and c-jun, overexpression of Ets-2, and reduced expression of metastasis suppressor gene mm23-H1 in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 55:298–304
Tsokos GC, Nambiar MP, Juang YT (2003) Activation of the Ets transcription factor Elf-1 requires phosphorylation and glycosylation: defective expression of activated Elf-1 is involved in the decreased TCR zeta chain gene expression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 987:240–245
Muller JM, Krauss B, Kaltschmidt C, Baeuerle PA, Rupec RA (1997) Hypoxia induces c-fos transcription via a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 272:23435–23439
Valjent E, Pages C, Rogard M, Besson MJ, Maldonado R, Caboche J (2001) Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced MAPK/ERK and Elk-1 activation in vivo depends on dopaminergic transmission. Eur J Neurosci 14:342–352
Valjent E, Corvol JC, Pages C, Besson MJ, Maldonado R, Caboche J (2000) Involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade for cocaine-rewarding properties. J Neurosci 20:8701–8709
van Riggelen J, Buchwalter G, Soto U, De-Castro Arce J, Hausen HZ, Wasylyk B, Rosl F (2005) Loss of net as repressor leads to constitutive increased c-fos transcription in cervical cancer cells. J Biol Chem 280:3286–3294
Zheng H, Wasylyk C, Ayadi A, Abecassis J, Schalken JA, Rogatsch H, Wernert N, Maira SM, Multon MC, Wasylyk B (2003) The transcription factor Net regulates the angiogenic switch. Genes Dev 17:2283–2297
Hsu T, Trojanowska M, Watson DK (2004) Ets proteins in biological control and cancer. J Cell Biochem 91:896–903
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000) The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57–70
Sementchenko VI, Watson DK (2000) Ets target genes: past, present and future. Oncogene 19:6533–6548
Nakayama T, Ito M, Ohtsuru A, Naito S, Nakashima M, Sekine I (1999) Expression of the Ets-1 proto-oncogene in human thyroid tumor. Mod Pathol 12:61–68
He J, Pan Y, Hu J, Albarracin C, Wu Y, Dai JL (2007) Profile of Ets gene expression in human breast carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 6:76–82
Stanbridge EJ, Flandermeyer RR, Daniels DW, Nelson-Rees WA (1981) Specific chromosome loss associated with the expression of tumorigenicity in human cell hybrids. Somatic Cell Genet 7:699–712
Milde-Langosch K (2005) The Fos family of transcription factors and their role in tumourigenesis. Eur J Cancer 41:2449–2461
Li B, Ni P, Zhu Q, Cao H, Xu H, Zhang S, Au C, Zhang Y (2008) Growth inhibitory effect of the ternary complex factor Net on human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. Tohoku J Exp Med 216:139–147
Bos JL (1989) ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Res 49:4682–4689
Treisman R (1994) Ternary complex factors: growth factor regulated transcriptional activators. Curr Opin Genet Dev 4:96–101
Tsujimoto H, Nishizuka S, Redpath JL, Stanbridge EJ (1999) Differential gene expression in tumorigenic and nontumorigenic HeLa × normal human fibroblast hybrid cells. Mol Carcinog 26:298–304
Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Webber MM, Waalkes MP (2007) Mechanisms of acquired androgen independence during arsenic-induced malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells. Environ Health Perspect 115:243–247
Libermann TA, Zerbini LF (2006) Targeting transcription factors for cancer gene therapy. Curr Gene Ther 6:17–33
Nakae K, Nakajima K, Inazawa J, Kitaoka T, Hirano T (1995) ERM, a PEA3 subfamily of Ets transcription factors, can cooperate with c-Jun. J Biol Chem 270:23795–23800
Oikawa T (2004) ETS transcription factors: possible targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Sci 95:626–633
Span PN, Manders P, Heuvel JJ, Thomas CM, Bosch RR, Beex LV, Sweep CG (2002) Expression of the transcription factor Ets-1 is an independent prognostic marker for relapse-free survival in breast cancer. Oncogene 21:8506–8509
Ying TH, Hsieh YH, Hsieh YS, Liu JY (2008) Antisense oligonucleotide Elk-1 suppresses the tumorigenicity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell Biol Int 32:210–216
Brahimi-Horn C, Pouyssegur J (2006) The role of the hypoxia-inducible factor in tumor metabolism growth and invasion. Bull Cancer 93:73–80
Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ (2003) Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia: role of the HIF system. Nat Med 9:677–684
Schofield CJ, Ratcliffe PJ (2004) Oxygen sensing by HIF hydroxylases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:343–354
Oikawa M, Abe M, Kurosawa H, Hida W, Shirato K, Sato Y (2001) Hypoxia induces transcription factor Ets-1 via the activity of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 289:39–43
Manalo DJ, Rowan A, Lavoie T, Natarajan L, Kelly BD, Ye SQ, Garcia JG, Semenza GL (2005) Transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial cell responses to hypoxia by HIF-1. Blood 105:659–669
Miyoshi A, Kitajima Y, Ide T, Ohtaka K, Nagasawa H, Uto Y, Hori H, Miyazaki K (2006) Hypoxia accelerates cancer invasion of hepatoma cells by upregulating MMP expression in an HIF-1-alpha-independent manner. Int J Oncol 29:1533–1539
Christensen RA, Fujikawa K, Madore R, Oettgen P, Varticovski L (2002) NERF2, a member of the Ets family of transcription factors, is increased in response to hypoxia and angiopoietin-1: a potential mechanism for Tie2 regulation during hypoxia. J Cell Biochem 85:505–515
Hu CJ, Sataur A, Wang L, Chen H, Simon MC (2007) The N-terminal transactivation domain confers target gene specificity of hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Mol Biol Cell 18:4528–4542
Aprelikova O, Wood M, Tackett S, Chandramouli GV, Barrett JC (2006) Role of Ets transcription factors in the hypoxia-inducible factor-2 target gene selection. Cancer Res 66:5641–5647
Elvert G, Kappel A, Heidenreich R, Englmeier U, Lanz S, Acker T, Rauter M, Plate K, Sieweke M, Breier G, Flamme I (2003) Cooperative interaction of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) and Ets-1 in the transcriptional activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (Flk-1). J Biol Chem 278:7520–7530
Ohradanova A, Gradin K, Barathova M, Zatovicova M, Holotnakova T, Kopacek J, Parkkila S, Poellinger L, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J (2008) Hypoxia upregulates expression of human endosialin gene via hypoxia-inducible factor 2. Br J Cancer 99:1348–1356
Le Bras A, Lionneton F, Mattot V, Lelievre E, Caetano B, Spruyt N, Soncin F (2007) HIF-2α specifically activates the VE-cadherin promoter independently of hypoxia and in synergy with Ets-1 through two essential Ets-binding sites. Oncogene 26:7480–7489
Dutta D, Ray S, Vivian JL, Paul S (2008) Activation of the VEGFR1 chromatin domain. J Biol Chem 283:25404–25413
Salnikow K, Aprelikova O, Ivanov S, Tackett S, Kaczmarek M, Karaczyn A, Yee H, Kasprzak KS, Niederhuber J (2008) Regulation of hypoxia-inducible genes by Ets1 transcription factor. Carcinogenesis 29:1493–1499
Ke Q, Costa M (2006) Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Mol Pharmacol 70:1469–1480
Yan SF, Lu J, Zou YS, Soh-Won J, Cohen DM, Buttrick PM, Cooper DR, Steinberg SF, Mackman N, Pinsky DJ, Stern DM (1999) Hypoxia-associated induction of early growth response-1 gene expression. J Biol Chem 274:15030–15040
Gross C, Dubois-Pot H, Wasylyk B (2008) The ternary complex factor Net/Elk-3 participates in the transcriptional response to hypoxia and regulates HIF-1α. Oncogene 27:1333–1341
Man AK, Young LJ, Tynan JA, Lesperance J, Egeblad M, Werb Z, Hauser CA, Muller WJ, Cardiff RD, Oshima RG (2003) Ets2-dependent stromal regulation of mouse mammary tumors. Mol Cell Biol 23:8614–8625
Ilagan R, Pottratz J, Le K, Zhang L, Wong SG, Ayala R, Iyer M, Wu L, Gambhir SS, Carey M (2006) Imaging mitogen-activated protein kinase function in xenograft models of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 66:10778–10785
Wei G, Guo J, Doseff AI, Kusewitt DF, Man AK, Oshima RG, Ostrowski MC (2004) Activated Ets2 is required for persistent inflammatory responses in the motheaten viable model. J Immunol 173:1374–1379
Sgambato V, Vanhoutte P, Pages C, Rogard M, Hipskind R, Besson MJ, Caboche J (1998) In vivo expression and regulation of Elk-1, a target of the extracellular-regulated kinase signaling pathway, in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci 18:214–226
Vanhoutte P, Barnier JV, Guibert B, Pages C, Besson MJ, Hipskind RA, Caboche J (1999) Glutamate induces phosphorylation of Elk-1 and CREB, along with c-fos activation, via an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent pathway in brain slices. Mol Cell Biol 19:136–146
Choe ES, Wang JQ (2001) Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activation increases phosphorylation of c-AMP responses element-binding protein, Elk-1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases in rat dorsal striatum. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 94:75–84
Choe ES, Parelkar NK, Kim JY, Cho HW, Kang HS, Mao L, Wang JQ (2004) The protein phosphatase 1/2A inhibitor odakaic acid increases CREB and Elk-1 phosphorylation and c-fos expression in the rat striatum in vivo. J Neurochem 89:383–390
Choe ES, Wang JQ (2002) CREB and Elk-1 phosphorylation by metabotropic glutamate receptors in striatal neurons. Int J Mol Med 9:3–10
Nuutinen S, Barik J, Jones IW, Wonnacott S (2007) Differential effects of acute and chronic nicotine on Elk-1 in rat hippocampus. NeuroReport 18:121–126
Berman DE, Hazvi S, Rosenblum K, Seger R, Dudai Y (1998) Specific and differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades by unfamiliar taste in the insular cortex of the behaving rat. J Neurosci 18:10037–10044
Hsu T, Schulz RA (2000) Sequence and functional properties of Ets genes in the model organism Drosophila. Oncogene 19:6409–6416
Rebay I, Rubin GM (1995) Yan functions as a general inhibitor of differentiation and is negatively regulated by activation of the Ras1/MAPK pathway. Cell 81:857–866
Baker DA, Mille-Baker B, Wainwright SM, Ish-Horowicz D, Dibb NJ (2001) Mae mediates MAP kinase phosphorylation of Ets transcription factors in Drosophila. Nature 411:330–334
Brunner D, Ducker K, Oellers N, Hafen E, Scholz H, Klambt C (1994) The Ets domain protein pointed-P2 is a target of MAP kinase in the sevenless signal transduction pathway. Nature 370:386–389
Hart AH, Reventar R, Bernstein A (2000) Genetic analysis of Ets genes in C. elegans. Oncogene 19:6400–6408
Beitel GJ, Tuck S, Greenwald I, Horvitz HR (1995) The Caenorhabditis elegans gene lin-1 encodes an Ets-domain protein and defines a branch of the vulval induction pathway. Genes Dev 9:3149–3162
Tan PB, Lackner MR, Kim SK (1998) MAP kinase signaling specificity mediated by the LIN_1 Ets/LIN-31 WH transcription factor complex during C. elegans vulval induction. Cell 93:569–580
Tiensuu T, Larsen MK, Vernersson E, Tuck S (2005) Lin-1 has both positive and negative functions in specifying multiple cell fates induced by Ras/MAP kinase signaling in C. elegans. Dev Biol 286:338–351
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Christophe Bleunven, Jan Brants, and Catherine Fromental for critical reading of the review. We would like to thank, for fellowships: INCa (DKFZ-CGE project) for Céline Charlot; the Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche for Hélène Dubois-Pot; the Région Alsace (DKFZ-CGE project) for Tsvetan Serchov; and AICR (05-390) and PRIMA (#504587) for Yves Tourrette. We would like to thank for financial support the Ligue Nationale Française contre le Cancer, the Ligue Régionale (Bas-Rhin) contre le Cancer and the Ligue Régionale (Haut-Rhin) contre le Cancer, the Association pour la Recherche contre le Cancer, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, the EU (FP6 Prima project #504587), INCa (the Axe IV and DKFZ-CGE projects), and AICR (05-390).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Charlot, C., Dubois-Pot, H., Serchov, T., Tourrette, Y., Wasylyk, B. (2010). A Review of Post-translational Modifications and Subcellular Localization of Ets Transcription Factors: Possible Connection with Cancer and Involvement in the Hypoxic Response. In: Higgins, P. (eds) Transcription Factors. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 647. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-738-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-738-9_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-737-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-738-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols