Abstract
Radiation risks based on biology and physics have been covered in previous chapters and are, of course, also valid for children. In the same way, clinical approaches to dose optimization and reduction are similar in paediatric and adult CT examinations (Huda et al. 2000). This chapter will not repeat what has been said but concentrate on the fact that children are not just adults with smaller dimensions, thus it will rather point out what is different in children.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- Compute Tomography
- Radiation Exposure
- Compute Tomography Examination
- Dose Modulation
- Compute Tomography Dose
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
American College of Radiology ACR (2006) Appropriateness criteria topic list. Available online at http://www.acr.org/s_acr/sec.asp?CID=1847&DID=16052 (24 October 2006)
Beaconsfield T, Nicholson R, Thornton A, Al-Kutoubi A (1998) Would thyroid and breast shielding be beneficial in CT of the head? Eur Radiol 8:664–667
Boone JM, Geraghty EM, Seibert JA, Wootton-Gorges SL (2003) Dose reduction in pediatric CT: a rational approach. Radiology 228:352–360
Brenner DJ (2002) Estimating cancer risks from pediatric CT: going from the qualitative to the quantitative. Pediatr Radiol 32:228–231
Brenner DJ, Elliston CD, Hall EJ, Berdon WE (2001) Estimated risks of radiation — induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176:289–296
Brenner DJ, Doll R, Goodhead DT, Hall EJ, Land CE, Little JB, Lubin JH, Preston DL, Preston RJ, Puskin JS, Ron E, Sachs RK, Samet JM, Setlow RB, Zaider M (2003) Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:13761–13766
Brnic Z, Vekic B, Hebrang A, Anic P (2003) Efficacy of breast shielding during CT of the head. Eur Radiol 13:2436–2440
Campbell J, Kaira MK, Rizzo S, Maher MM, Shepard JA (2005) Scanning beyond anatomic limits of the thorax in chest CT: findings, radiation dose, and automatic tube current modulation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:1525–1530
Chapple CL, Willis S, Frame J (2002) Effective dose in paediatric computed tomography. Phys Med Biol 47:107–115
Cody DD, Moxley DM, Krugh KT, O’Daniel JC, Wagner LK, Eftekhari F (2004) Strategies for formulating appropriate MDCT techniques when imaging the chest, abdomen, and pelvis in pediatric patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182:849–859
Donnelly LF, Emery KH, Brody AS, Laor T, Gylys-Morin VM, Anton GA, Thomas SR, Frush DP (2001) Minimizing radiation dose for pediatric body applications of single-detector helical CT: strategies at a large children’s hospital. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176:303–306
European Commission (2000a) European guidelines on quality criteria for computed tomography, EUR 16262EN. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Available online at http://www.drs.dk/guidelines/ct/quality/index.htm (24 October 2006)
European Commission (2000b) Referral guidelines for imaging, EUR Radiation protection 118. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Available online at http://www.ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/radioprotection/publication/118_en.htm (24 October 2006)
Fishman EK (2006) Pediatric spiral CT scanning protocol. Available online at http://www.ctisus.org/mdct16ped/ (28 October 2006)
Fricke BL, Donnelly LF, Frush DP, Yoshizumi T, Varchena V, Poe SA, Lucaya J (2003) In-plane bismuth breast shields for pediatric CT: effects on radiation dose and image quality using experimental and clinical data. AJR Am J Roentgenol 180:407–411
Frush DP (2002) Pediatric CT: practical approach to diminish the radiation dose. Pediatr Radiol 32:714–717
Frush DP, Soden B, Frush KS, Lowry C (2002) Improved pediatric multidetector CT using a size-based color-coded format. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:721–726
Frush DP, Donnelly LF, Rosen NS (2003) Computed tomography and radiation risks: what pediatric health care providers should know. Pediatrics 112:951–957
Greess H, Lutze J, Nömayr A, Wolf H, Hothorn T, Kalender WA, Bautz W (2004) Dose reduction in subsecond multislice spiral CT examination of children by online tube current modulation. Eur Radiol 14:995–999
Hidajat N, Schroder RJ, Vogl T, Schedel H, Felix R (1996) The efficacy of lead shielding in patient dosage reduction in computed tomography (German). Rofo 165:462–465
Hohl C, Mahnken AH, Klotz E, Das M, Stargardt A, Mühlenbruch G, Schmidt T, Günther RW, Wildberger JE (2005) Radiation dose reduction to the male gonads during MDCT: the effectiveness of a lead shield. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184:128–130
Hopper KD, King SH, Lobell ME, TenHave TR, Weyver JS (1997) The breast: in-plane x-ray protection during diagnostic thoracic CT — shielding with bismuth radioprotective garments. Radiology 205:853–858
Huda W (2002) Effective dose to adult and pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol 32:272–279
Huda W, Gkanatsios NA (1997) Effective dose and energy imparted in diagnostic radiology. Med Phys 24:1311–1318
Huda W, Scalzetti EM, Levin G (2000) Technique factors and image quality as functions of patient weight at abdominal CT. Radiology 217:430–435
Kalra MK, Maher MM, Blake MA, Lucey BC, Karau K, Toth TL, Gopal A, Halpern EF, Saini S (2004) Detection and characterization of lesions on low-radiation-dose abdominal CT images postprocessed with noise reduction filters. Radiology 232:791–797
Mettler FA, Wiest PW, Locken JA, Kelsey CA (2000) CT scanning: patterns of use and dose. J Radiol Prot 20:353–359
Nickoloff E (2002) Current adult and pediatric CT doses. Pediatr Radiol 32:250–260
Nickoloff EL, Alderson PO (2001) Radiation exposures to patients from CT. Reality, public perception, and policy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177:285–287
Oman JA, Cooper RJ, Holmes JF, Viccellio P, Nyce A, Ross SE et al for the NEXUS II investigators (2006) Performance of a decision rule to predict need for computed tomography among children with blunt head trauma. Pediatrics 117:238–246
Pages J, Buls N, Osteaux M (2003) CT doses in children: a multicentre study. Br J Radiol 76:803–811
Paterson A, Frush DP, Donnelly LF (2001) Helical CT of the body: are settings adjusted for pediatric patients? AJR Am J Roentgenol 176:297–301
Pierce DA, Preston DL (2000) Radiation-related cancer risks at low doses among atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res 154:178–186
Price R, Halson P, Sampson M (1999) Dose reduction during CT scanning in an anthropomorphic phantom by the use of a male gonad shield. Br J Radiol 72:489–494
Ravenel JG, Scalzetti EM, Huda W, Garrisi W (2001) Radiation exposure and image quality in chest CT examinations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177:279–284
Shah R, Gupta AK, Rehani MM, Pandey AK, Mukhopadhyay (2005) Effect of reduction in tube current on reader confidence in paediatric computed tomography. Clin Radiol 60:224–231
Shrimpton PC, Wall BF (2000) Reference doses for paediatric computed tomography. Radiat Prot Dosim 90:249–252
Shrimpton PC, Hillier MC, Lewis MA, Dunn M (2005) Doses from computed tomography (CT) examinations in the UK — 2003 review. UK Health protection agency, NRPB-W67
Slovis TL (2002) The ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) concept in pediatric CT intelligent dose reduction. ALARA conference proceedings. Pediatr Radiol 32:219–220
Slovis TL (2003) Children, computed tomography radiation dose, and the as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept. Pediatrics 112:971–972
Suess C, Chen X (2002) Dose optimization in pediatric CT: current technology and future innovations. Pediatr Radiol 32:729–734
Tack D, De Maertelaer V, Gevenois PA (2003) Dose reduction in multidetector CT using attenuation-based online tube current modulation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181:331–334
Verdun FR, Lepori D, Monnin P, Valley JF, Schnyder P, Gudinchet F (2004) Management of patient dose and image noise in routine pediatric CT abdominal examinations. Eur Radiol 14:835–841
Vock P (2002) CT radiation exposure in children: consequences of the American discussion for Europe (German). Radiologe 42:697–702
Vock P (2005) CT dose reduction in children. Eur Radiol 15:2330–2340
Wall BF (2001) Diagnostic reference levels-the way forward. Commentary. Br J Radiol 74:785–788
Ware DE, Huda W, Mergo PJ, Litwiller AL (1999) Radiation effective doses to patients undergoing abdominal CT examinations. Radiology 210:645–650
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vock, P., Wolf, R. (2007). Dose Optimization and Reduction in CT of Children. In: Tack, D., Gevenois, P.A. (eds) Radiation Dose from Adult and Pediatric Multidetector Computed Tomography. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68575-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68575-3_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-28888-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-68575-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)