Abstract
Animals living in the dark are faced with the problem that vision is only of limited use for orientation in the environment and for the detection and identification of relevant targets. In order to cope with this situation, some animals, during evolution, developed eyes which were especially adapted for good visual efficiency at low light intensities whereas others improved the remaining sensory systems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1970, Echolocation in Nature, Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).
Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1970, Echolocation in Animais. Nauka, Leningrad. English Translation. Israel Program of Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1973.
Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1974, Echolocation in Nature. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).
Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1974, Echolocation in Nature. Nauka, Leningrad. English Translation. Joint Publications Research Service, No. 63328, 1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.
Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1965, The problem of the role of echolocation in spatial analysis by bats. Bionika, p. 334, Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).
Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Vasiliev, A.G., 1970, The characteristics of the evoked responses in the auditory system of bats to ultrasonic stimuli of different fill frequency. Sechenov. Physiol. J. 56, 1721–1730 (in Russian).
Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Vasiliev, A.G., 1971, On neurophysiological mechanism of the echolocating apparatus in bats (frequency parameters). Internat. J. Neuroscience 1, 279–286.
Altes, R.A., 1973, Some invariance properties of the wide band ambiguity function. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 53, 1154–1160.
Altes, R.A., 1975, Mechanism for aural pulse compression in mammals. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 57, 513–515.
Altes, R.A., 1976, Sonar for generalized target description and its similarity to animal echolocation systems. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 97–105.
Altes, R.A. and Titlebaum, E.L., 1970, Bat signals as optimally tolerant waveforms. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 48, 1014–1020.
Andreeva, N.G. and Vasiliev, A.G., 1977, Responses of the superior olivary neurons to amplitude modulated signals. Sechenov. Physiol. J. 63, 496–503 (in Russian).
Bateman, G.C. and Vaughan, T.A., 1974, Nightly activities of mormoopid bats. J. Mammal. 55, 45–65.
van Bergeijk, W.A., 1964, Sonic pulse compression in bats and people: a comment. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 594–597.
Beuter, K.J., 1977, Optimalempfängertheorie und Informationsverarbeitung im Echoortungssystem der Fledermäuse. In: Kybernetik 1977, G. Hauske and E. Butenandt, eds., pp. 106–125, München-Wien, Oldenbourg.
Blackmore, M., 1964, Order Chiroptera. In: The handbook of British mammals, N.H. Southern, ed., pp. 224–249, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
Bradbury, J., 1970, Target discrimination by the echolocating bat, Vampyrum spectrum. J. Exp. Zool. 173, 23–46.
Brosset, A., 1966, La biologie des chiropteres. Masson et Cie., Paris.
Cahlander, D.A., 1963, Echolocation with wide-band waveforms. Thesis deposited in the library of MIT, Boston, Mass.
Cahlander, D.A., 1964, Echolocation with wide-band waveforms: Bat sonar signals. MIT Lincoln Lab. Techn. Rep. No. 271, AD 605322.
Cahlander, D.A., 1967, Discussion of Batteau’s paper. In: Animal Sonar Systems, vol. II, R.-G. Busnel, ed., pp. 1052–1081. Laboratoire de Physiologie acoustique, Jouy-en-Josas.
Cahlander, D.A., McCue, J.J.G. and Webster, F.A., 1964, The determination of distance by echolocating bats. Nature 201, 544–546.
Curtis, W.E., 1952, Quantitative studies of echolocation in bats (Myotis 1. lucifugus); Studies of vision in bats (Myotis 1. lucifugus and Eptesicus f. fuscus) and quantitative studies of vision in owls (Tyto alba practincola). Thesis deposited in the library of Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y.
Dijkgraaf, S., 1946, Die Sinneswelt der Fledermäuse. Experientia 2, 438–448.
Dijkgraaf, S., 1957, Sinnesphysiologische Beobachtungen an Fledermäusen. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerlandica 6, 675–684.
Eisentraut, M., 1950, Die Ernährung der Fledermäuse. Zoologische Jahrbücher 79, 115–177.
Flieger, E. and Schnitzler, H.-U., 1973, Ortungsleitungen der Fledermaus Rhinolophus ferrumequinum bei ein- und beidseitiger Ohrverstopfung. J. Comp. Physiol. 82, 93–102.
Fleissner, N., 1974, Intensitätsunterscheidung bei Hufeisennasen (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Staatsexamensarbeit vorgelegt am Fachbereich Biologie der Universität Frankfurt/Main.
Glaser, W., 1971a, Eine systemtheoretische Interpretation der Fledermausortung. Studia Biophysica 27, 103–110.
Glaser, W., 1971b, Zur Fledermausortung aus dem Gesichtspunkt der Theorie gestörter Systeme. Zool. Jb. Physiol. 76 209–229.
Glaser, W., 1974, The hypothesis of optimum detection in bats echolocation. J. Comp. Physiol. 94, 227–248.
Goldman, L.J. and Henson, O.W. Jr., 1977, Prey recognition and selection by the constant frequency bat, Pteronotus p. parnellii. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2, 411–419.
Golubkov, A.G., Konstantinov, A.I. and Makarov, A.K., 1969, Effective range and sensitivity of the microchiropteran echo-location system. TR. LIAP 64, 117–127 (in Russian).
Gorlinsky, I.A. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1978, Auditory localization of ultrasonic source by Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Kenya National Acad. for Advancement of Arts and Science 145–153.
Gould, E., 1955, The feeding efficiency of insectivorous bats. J. Mammal 36, 399–407.
Gould, E., 1959, Further studies of the feeding efficiency of bats. J. Mammal. 40, 149–150.
Griffin, D.R., 1944, Echolocation by blind men, bats and radar. Science 100, 589–590.
Griffin, D.R., 1953, Bat sounds under natural conditions, with evidence for the echolocation of insect prey. J. Exp. Zool. 123, 435–466.
Griffin, D.R., 1958, Listening in the dark. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Griffin, D.R., 1962, Echoortung der Fledermause, insbesondere beim Fangen fliegender Insekten. Naturw. Rundsch. 15, 169–173.
Griffin, D.R., 1967, Discriminative echolocation in bats. In: Animal Sonar Systems, vol. I, R.-G. Busnel, ed., pp. 273–299. Laboratoire de Physiologie acoustique, Jouy-en-Josas.
Griffin, D.R., 1971, The importance of atmospheric attenuation for the echolocation of bats (Chiroptera). Anim. Behav. 19, 55–61.
Griffin, D.R., Dunning, D.E., Cahlander, D.A. and Webster, F.A., 1962, Correlated orientation sounds and ear movements of horseshoe bats. Nature 196, 1185–1186.
Griffin, D.R., Friend, J.H. and Webster, F.A., 1965, Target discrimination by the echolocation of bats. J. Exp. Zool. 158, 155–168.
Griffin, D.R. and Galambos, R., 1941, The sensory basis of obstacle avoidance in flying bats. J. Exp. Zool. 86, 481–506.
Griffin, D.R. and Grinnell, A.D., 1958, Ability of bats to discriminate echoes from louder noise. Science 128, 145–147.
Griffin, D.R., and Hollander, P., 1973, Directional patterns of bats’ orientation sounds. Period. Biol. 75, 3–6.
Griffin, D.R., McCue, J.J.G. and Grinnell, A.D., 1963, The resistance of bats to jamming. J. Exp. Zool. 152, 229–250.
Griffin, D.R., and Novick, A., 1955, Acoustic orientation of neotropical bats. J. Exp. Zool. 130, 251–300.
Griffin, D.R., and Simmons, J.A., 1974, Echolocation of insects by horseshoe bats. Nature 250, 731–732.
Griffin, D.R., Webster, F.A. and Michael, C.R., 1960, The echolocation of flying insects by bats. Anim. Behav. 8, 141–154.
Grinnell, A.D., 1967, Mechanism of overcoming interference in echolocating animals. In: Animal Sonar Systems, Vol. I. R.-G. Busnel, ed., pp. 451–481. Laboratoire de Physiologie acoustique, Jouy-en-Josas.
Grinnell, A.D., 1970, Comparative auditory neurophysiology of neotropical bats employing different echolocation signals. Z. vergl. Physiol. 68, 117–153.
Grinnell, A.D. and Grinnell, V.S., 1965, Neural correlates of vertical localization in echolocating bats. J. Physiol. 181, 830–851.
Grinnell, A.D. and Griffin, D.R., 1958, The sensitivity of echolocation in bats. Biol. Bull. 114, 10–22.
Grinnell, A.D. and Hagiwara, S., 1972, Adaptations of the auditory nervous system for echolocation. Studies of New Guinea bats. Z. vergl. Physiol. 76, 41–81.
Grinnell, A.D. and Schnitzler, H.-U., 1977, Directional sensitivity of echolocation in the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. II. Behavioral directionality of hearing. J. Comp. Physiol. 116, 63–76.
Gustafson, Y. and Schnitzler, H.-U., Echolocation and obstacle avoidance in the hipposiderid bat, Asellia tridens. J. Comp. Physiol., in press.
Hartridge, H., 1945a, Acoustic control in the flight of bats. Nature 156, 490–494.
Hartridge, H., 1945b, Acoustic control in the flight of bats. Nature 156, 692–693.
Johnson, R.A., Henson, O.W., Jr. and Goldman, L.R., 1974, Detection of insect wing beats by the bat, Pteronotus parnellii. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 53.
Kay, L., 1961a, The orientation of bats and men by ultrasonic echolocation. Brit. Commun. Electron. 8, 582–586.
Kay, L., 1961b, Perception of distance in animal echolocation. Nature 190, 361.
Kay, L., 1962, A plausible explanation of the bats echolocation acuity. Anim. Behav. 10, 34–41.
Konstantinov, A.I., 1969, The relationship of auditory perception and echolocation during detection and catching of insects by bats (Vespertilionidae). J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol, 5, 566–572 (in Russian).
Konstantinov, A.I., 1970, A description of the ultrasonic location system of piscivorous bats. Tez. Dokl. 23-y Nauchno-Tekhn. Konf. LIAP, Leningrad, 51–52.
Konstantinov, A.I. and Akhmarova, N.I., 1968, Discrimination (analysis) of target by echolocation in Myotis oxygnathus. J. Biol. Sci., Moscow Univ. 4, 22–28 (in Russian).
Konstantinov, A.I., Makarov, A.K. and Sokolov, B.V., 1978, Doppler-pulse sonar system in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Kenya National Acad, for Advancement of Arts and Science, 155–163.
Konstantinov, A.I., Makarov, A.K., Sokolov, B.V. and Sanotskaya, N.N., 1976, Physiological mechanism of the use of the Doppler effect in echolocation by the bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. 12, 413–418, (in English)
Konstantinov, A.I., Makarov, A.K., Sokolov, B.V. and Sanotskaya, N.N., 1976, Physiological mechanism of the use of the Doppler effect in echolocation by the bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Zh. Evol. Biokhim. Fiziol. 12, 466–472 (1976) (in Russian).
Konstantinov, A.I., Malashin, V.I., Makarov, A.K., Kozlova, N.A., Sokolova, N.N. and Chilingiris, V.I., 1973, The range and the principles of echolocation recognition in bats. Vopr. Sravn. Fiziol. Analizatorov No. 3 Izd-vo LGU (in Russian).
Konstantinov, A.I., Movtchan, V.N. and Makarov, A.K., 1973, Influence of band limited noises on the efficiency of echolocation detection of target by Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Period. Biol. 75, 7–11.
Konstantinov, A.I., Sokolov, B.V. and Stosman, J.M.A., 1967, Comparative research on bat echolocation sensitivity. DAN SSSR 175, 1418 (in Russian).
Konstantinov, A.I., Stosman, I.M. and Gorlinskiy, I.A., 1973, Characteristics of the directionality of reception and precision of localization of ultrasound by echolocating bats. Ref. Dokl. IV Vses. Konf.po.Bionike 4, 5156.
Long, G.R. and Schnitzler, H.U., 1975, Behavioral audiograms from the bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, J. Comp. Physiol. 100, 211–220.
Makarov, A.K., 1973, Acoustic methods and apparatus for studying ultrasonic location in animals. Vopr. Sravn. Fiziol. Analizatorov, No. 3, Izd-vo LGU, 77–86 (in Russian).
Malashin, V.I., 1970, Theoretical and experimental research on frequency-modulated signals reflected from objects being recognized by bats. Tez. Dokl. 23-y Nauchno-Teckn. Konf. LIAP, Leningrad, p. 57 (in Russian).
McCue, J.J.G., 1966, Aural pulse compression by bats and humans. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 545–548.
McCue, J.J.G., 1969, Signal processing by the bat, Myotis lucifugus. J. Auditory Res. 9, 100–107.
Möhres, F.P., 1963, Über die Ultraschallorientierung der Hufeisennasen (Chiroptera Rhinolophinae). Z. vergl. Physiol. 34, 547–588.
Möhres, F.P. and Neuweiler, G., 1966, Die Ultraschallorientierung der Großblatt-Fledermäuse (Chiroptera-Megadermatidae). Z. vergl. Physiol. 53, 195–227.
Möller, J., Neuweiler, G. and Zöller, H., 1978, Response characteristics of inferior colliculus neurons of the awake cf-fm bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Comp. Physiol. 125, 217–225.
Neuweiler, G., 1970, Neurophysiologische Untersuchungen zum Echoortungssystem der Großen Hufeisennase Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Z. vergl. Physiol. 67, 273–306.
Neuweiler, G., 1977, Recognition mechanisms in echolocation of bats. In: Processing of complex acoustic signals, T.H. Bullock, ed., pp. 111–126. Dahlem Konferenzen, Berlin.
Neuweiler, G. and Mohres, F.P., 1967, Die Rolle des Ortungsgedächtnisses bei der Orientierung der Grossblatt-Fledermaus Megderma lyra. Z. vergl. Physiol. 57, 147–171.
Neuweiler, G., Schuller, G. and Schnitzler, H.-U., 1971, On- and off- responses in the inferior colliculus of the greater horseshoe bat to pure tones. Z. vergl. Physiol. 74, 57–63.
Neuweiler, G. and Vater, M., 1977, Response patterns to pure tones of cochlear nucleus units in the CF-FM bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, J. Comp. Physiol. 115, 119–134.
Novick, A., 1963, Pulse duration in the echolocation of insects by the bat, Pteronotus. Ergebn. Biol. 26, 21–26.
Novick, A., 1965, Echolocation of flying insects by the bat Chilonycteris psilotis. Biol. Bull. 128, 297–314.
Novick, A., 1971, Echolocation in bats: some aspects of pulse design. Amer. Scientist 59, 198–209.
Novick, A., 1973, Echolocation in bats: a zoologist’s view. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 139–146.
Novick, A., 1977, Acoustic orientation. In: Biology of bats, Vol. III, W.A. Wimsatt, ed., pp. 73–287.
Novick, A. and Vaisnys, J.R., 1964, Echolocation of flying insects by the bat, Chilonycteris parnellii. Biol. Bull. 127, 478–488.
Ostwald, J. 1978, Tonotopical organisation of the auditory cortex in the cf-fm bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges., Gustav Fischer Verlag.
Peff, T.C. and Simmons, J.A., 1972, Horizontal-angle resolution by echolocating bats. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 2063–2065.
Pollak, G., Henson, O.W. and Novick, A., 1972, Cochlear microphonic audiograms in the “pure tone” bat, Chilonycteris parnellii parnellii. Science 176, 66–68.
Pye, J.D., 1960, A theory of echolocation by bats. J. Laryngol. Otol. 74, 718–729.
Pye, J.D., 1961a, Echolocation by bats. Endeavour 20, 101–111.
Pye, J.D., 1961b, Perception of distance in animal echolocation. Nature 190, 362–363.
Pye, J.D., 1963, Mechanism of echolocation. Ergebn. Biol. 26, 12–20.
Pye, J.D., 1971, Bats and fog. Nature 229, 572–574.
Pye, J.D., Flinn, M. and Pye, A., 1962, Correlated orientation sounds and ear movements of horseshoe bats. Nature 196, 1186–1188.
Pye, J.D. and Roberts, L.H., 1970, Ear movements in a hipposiderid bat. Nature 225, 285–286.
Roberts, L.H., 1972, Correlation of respiration and ultrasound production in rodents and bats? J. Zool. Lond. 168, 439–449.
Schneider, H. and Möhres, F.P., 1960, Die Ohrbewegungen der Hufeisenfledermäuse (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae) und der Mechanismus des Bildhörens. Z. Vergl. Physiol. 44, 1–40.
Schnitzler, H.-U., 1967, Discrimination of thin wires by flying horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae). In: Animal Sonar Systems, Vol. I. R.G. Busnel, ed., pp. 69–87. Laboratoire de Physiologie acoustique, Jouy-en-Josas.
Schnitzler, H.-U., 1968, Die Ultraschall-Ortungslaute der Hufeisen Fledermäuse (Chiroptera-Rhinolophidae) in verschiedenen Orientierungs-situationen. Z. vergl. Physiol. 57, 376–408.
Schnitzler, H.-U., 1970a, Echoortung bei der Fledermaus Chilonycteris rubiginosa. Z. vergl. Physiol. 68, 25–39.
Schnitzler, H.-U., 1970b, Comparison of the echolocation behavior in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Chilonycteris rubiginosa. Bijdr. Dierk. 40, 77–80.
Schnitzler, H.-U., 1971, Fledermäuse im Windkanal. Z. vergl. Physiol. 73, 209–221.
Schnitzler, H.-U., 1973a, Control of Doppler shift compensation in the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Comp. Physiol. 82, 79–92.
Schnitzler, H.-U., 1973b, Die Echoortung der Fledermäuse und ihre hörphysiologischen Grundlagen. Fortsehr. Zool. 21, 136–189.
Schnitzler, H.-U., 1978, Die Detektion von Bewegungen durch Echoortung bei Fledermäusen. Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges., p. 16–33, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
Schnitzler, H.-U. and Grinnell, A.D., 1977, Directional sensivity of echolocation in the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. I. Directionality of sound emission. J. Comp. Physiol. 116, 51–61.
Schnitzler, H.-U., Schuller, G. and Neuweiler, G., 1971, Antworten des Colliculus inferior der Fledermaus Rhinolophus euryale auf tonale Reizung. Naturw. 58, 617.
Schnitzler, H.-U., Suga, N. and Simmons, J.A., 1976, Peripheral auditory tuning for fine frequency analysis by the cf-fm bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. III. Cochlear microphonics and Nl-response. J. Comp. Physiol. 106, 99–110.
Schuller, G., 1972, Echoortung bei Rhinolophus ferrumequinum mit frequenzmodulierten Lauten. J. Comp. Physiol. 77, 306–331.
Schuller, G., 1979, Coding of small sinusoidal frequency and amplitude modulations in the inferior colliculus of “cf-fm” bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Exp. Brain Res. 34, 117–132.
Schuller, G., Beuter, K. and Schnitzler, H.-U., 1974, Response to frequency shifted artificial echoes in the bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Comp. Physiol. 89, 275–286.
Schuller, G., Beuter, K. and Rübsamen, R., 1975, Dynamic properties of the compensation system for Doppler shifts in bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinunu. J. Comp, Physiol. 97, 113–125.
Shimozawa, T., Suga, N., Hendler, P. and Schuetze, S., 1974, Directional sensitivity of echolocation system in bats producing frequency-modulated signals. J. Exp. Biol. 60, 53–69.
Shortridge, G.C., 1934, The mammals of south west Africa. Heinemann, London.
Simmons, J.A., 1968, Depth perception by sonar in the bat Eptesicus fuscus. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton Univ., Princeton.
Simmons, J.A., 1969, Acoustic radiation patterns for the echolocating bats Chilonycteris rubiginosa and Eptesicus fuscus. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 1054–1056.
Simmons, J.A., 1971, Echolocation in bats: Signal processing of echoes for target range. Science 171, 925–928.
Simmons, J.A., 1973, The resolution of target range by echolocating bats. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 157–173.
Simmons, J.A., 1974, Response of a Doppler echolocation system in the bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 672–682.
Simmons, J.A., Fenton, M.B. and O’Farrell, M.J., 1979, Echolocation and pursuit of prey by bats. Science 203, 16–21.
Simmons, J.A. and Lavender, W.A., 1976, Representation of target range in the sonar receivers of echolocating bats. J. Acoust. Soco Am. 60 (suppl. 1), S5.
Simmons, J.A., Lavender, W.A. and Lavender, B.A., 1978, Adaptation of echolocation to environmental noise by the bat Eptesicus fuscus. Kenya National Academy for Advancement of Arts and Science 97–104.
Simmons, J.A., Lavender, W.A., Lavender, B.A., Doroshow, C.F., Kiefer, S.W., Livingston, R., Scallet, A.C., and Crowley, D.E., 1974, Target structure and echo spectral discrimination by echolocating bats. Science 186, 1130–1132.
Simmons, J.A. and Vernon, J.A., 1971, Echolocation: discrimination of targets by the bat Eptesicus fuscus. J. Exp. Zool. 176, 315–328.
Skolnik, M.I., 1962, Introduction to radar systems. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Skolnik, M.I., 1970, Radar handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Sokolov, B.V., 1972, Interaction of auditory perception and echolocation in bats Rhinolophidae during insect catching. Vestn. Leningr. Univ. Ser.Biol. 27, 96–104 (in Russian).
Sokolov, B.V. and Makarov, A.K., 1971, Direction of the ultrasonic radiation and role of the nasal leaf in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Biol. Sci. Moscow Univ. 7, 37–44 (in Russian).
Sokolov, B.V. and Lipmanova, E.E., 1977, Echolocational estimation of the rate of motion of horseshoe bats. Vestn. Leningr. Univ. Biol. 3, 95–103 (in Russian).
Strother, G.K., 1961, Note on the possible use of ultrasonic pulse compression by bats. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 33, 696–697.
Strother, G.K., 1967, Comments on aural pulse compression in bats and humans. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 41, 529.
Suga, N., 1977, Amplitude spectrum representation in the Dopplershifted-cf processing area of the auditory cortex of the mustache bat. Sicence 196, 64–67.
Suga, N., 1978, Specialization of the auditory system for reception and processing of species specific sounds. Fed. Proc. 37, 2342–2354.
Suga, N. and Jen, P., 1976, Disproportionate tonotopic representation of processing cf-fm sonar signals in the mustache bat auditory cortex. Science 194, 542–544.
Suga, N. and Jen, P., 1977, Further studies on the peripheral auditory system of cf-fm bats specialized for fine frequency analysis of Doppler shifted echoes. J. Exp. Biol. 69, 207–232.
Suga, N., Neuweiler, G. and Moeller, J., 1976, Peripheral auditory tuning for fine frequency analysis by the cf-fm bat Rhinolophus-ferrumequinum. IV. Properties of peripheral auditory neurons. J. Comp. Physiol. 106, 111–125.
Suga, N. and O’Neill, W.E., 1978, Mechanism of echolocation in bats. TINS 1, 35–38.
Suga, N., O’Neill, W.E. and Manabe, T., 1978, Cortical neurons sensitivity to combinations of information-hearing elements of biosonar signals in the mustache bat. Science 200, 778–781.
Suga, N., Simmons, J.A. and Jen, PH.-S., 1975, Peripheral specialization for fine frequency analysis of Doppler-shifted echoes in the auditory system of the CF-FM bat Pteronotus parnellii. J. Exp. Biol, 63, 161–192.
Suga, N., Simmons, J.A. and Shimozawa, T., 1974, Neurophysiological studies on echolocation systems in awake bats producing cf-fm orientation sounds. J. Exp. Biol. 61, 379–399.
Suthers, R.A., 1965, Acoustic orientation by fish-catching bats. J. Exp. Zool. 158, 319–348.
Suthers, R.A., 1967, Comparative echolocation by fishing bats. J. Mammal. 48, 79–87.
Suthers, R.A., Thomas, S.P. and Suthers, B.J., 1972, Respiration, wing beat and ultrasonic pulse emission in an echolocating bat. J. Exp. Zool. 56, 37–48.
Vasiliev, A.G., 1971, Characteristics of electric responses of the cochlear nuclei in Vespertilionidae and Rhinolophidae to ultra-sonic stimuli with different fill frequency. Neuro-physiologica 4, 379–385 (in Russian).
Vasiliev, A.G., 1975, Characteristics of unit responses of the cochlear nuclei of bats Rhinolophidae to single and paired ultrasonic stimuli. Neurophysiology 7, 195–199 (English translation).
Vasiliev, A.G., 1976, Characteristics of the responses of neurons in the superior olive of bats in response to single and paired ultrasonic stimuli. Neirofiziologiya 8, 30–38 (in Russian)
Vasiliev, A.G. and Andreeva, N.G., 1971, Characteristics of the electric responses of medial geniculate body of Vespertilionidae and Rhinolophidae to ultrasonic stimuli with different fill frequency. Neirofiziologiya 3, 138–144 (in Russian).
Vasiliev, A.G. and Timoshenko, T.E., 1973, Characteristics of electric responses of superior olivary complex in Vespertilionidae and Rhinolophidae bats to ultrasonic stimuli with different fill frequency. Neirofiziologiya 5, 33–39 (in Russian).
Vaughan, T.A., 1977, Foraging behavior of the giant leaf-nosed bat Hipposideros commersoni. East Afr. Wildl. J. 15, 237–250.
Wallin, L., 1969, The Japanese bat fauna. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 37, 408–413.
Webster, F.A., 1962, Mobility without vision by living creatures other than man (with special reference to the insectivorous bats). In: Proc. Mobil. Res. Conf. A.F.B., New York, J.W. Linser, ed., pp. 110–127.
Webster, F.A., 1963a, Active energy radiating systems: the bat and ultrasonic principles II, acoustical control of airborne interceptions by bats. Proc. Int. Congr. Tech. and Blindness A.F.B., New York 1, 49–135.
Webster, F.A., 1963b, Bat-type signals and some implications. In: Human factors in technology, Bennett, Degan and Spiegel, eds., pp. 378–408, McGraw-Hill.
Webster, F.A., 1967a, Some acoustical differences between the bats and men. Proc. of the International Conference on Sensory devices for the blind. St. Dunstan’s London, 63–87.
Webster, F.A., 1967b, Interception performance of echolocating bats in the presence of interference. In: Animal Sonar Systems, Vol. I, R.G. Busnel, ed., pp. 673–713. Laboratoire de Physiologie acoustique: Jouy-en-Josas.
Webster, F.A. and Brazier, O.B., 1965, Experimental studies on target detection, evaluation and interception by echolocating bats. Aerospace Medical Res. Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, AD 628055.
Webster, F.A. and Brazier, O.G., 1968, Experimental studies on echolocation mechanisms in bats. Aerospace Medical Res. Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, AD 673373.
Webster, F.A. and Durlach, N.I., 1963, Echolocation systems of the bat. MIT Lincoln Lab. Rep. No. 41-G-3, Lexington, Mass.
Webster, F.A. and Griffin, D.R., 1962, The role of the flight membranes in insect capture in bats. Anim. Behav. 10, 332–340.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schnitzler, HU., Henson, O.W. (1980). Performance of Airborne Animal Sonar Systems: I. Microchiroptera. In: Busnel, RG., Fish, J.F. (eds) Animal Sonar Systems. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, vol 28. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7254-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7254-7_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7256-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7254-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive