Abstract
The sub-Laplacian plays a key role in CR geometry. In this paper, we investigate eigenvalues of the sub-Laplacian on bounded domains of strictly pseudoconvex CR manifolds, strictly pseudoconvex CR manifolds submersed in Riemannian manifolds. We establish some Levitin–Parnovski-type inequalities and Cheng–Huang–Wei-type inequalities for their eigenvalues. As their applications, we derive some results for the standard CR sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2n+1}\) in \(\mathbb{C}^{n+1}\), the Heisenberg group \(\mathbb{H}^n\), a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold submersed in a minimal submanifold in \(\mathbb{R}^m\), domains of the standard sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2n}\) and the projective space \(\mathbb{F}P^m\).
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1. Introduction
The study of eigenvalues of differential operators on manifolds is an important field in geometry and analysis. In the past decades, some progress has been made. Let \(\Omega\) be a bounded domain in a Riemannian manifold \(M\). The Dirichlet Laplacian problem is described by
where \(\Delta\) is the Laplacian. It has a real and discrete spectrum: \( 0 < \mu_1 < \mu_2 \leq \cdots \leq \mu_k \leq \cdots.\) When \(M\) is \(\mathbb{R}^2\), Payne, Pólya and Weinberger [1] proved that the eigenvalues of problem (1) satisfy \(\mu_2 \leq 3 \mu_1\) and \(\mu_2+ \mu_3 \leq 6 \mu_1\). This led to the famous Payne–Pólya–Weinberger’s conjecture on the lower order eigenvalues of problem (1) on a bounded domain \(\Omega \subset \Bbb R^n\). Yau included this conjecture in his famous problem lists (cf. [2]). In 1992, Ashbaugh and Benguria [3] gave the proof of the first part of this conjecture. In 1993, they [4] proved that the second part of Payne–Pólya–Weinberger’s conjecture holds under the assumption that \(\Omega\) is invariant with respect to \(90^\circ\) rotations. In [4], they established a universal inequality
for \(\Omega \subset \Bbb R^n\). In 2008, Sun, Cheng and Yang [5] obtained some universal inequalities for eigenvalues of problem (1) on bounded domains in the unit sphere, in complex projective space, and in compact complex submanifolds of complex projective spaces. Chen and Cheng [6] proved that (2) still holds when \(\Omega\) is a bounded domain in an \(n\)-dimensional complete Riemannian manifold isometrically minimally immersed in a Euclidean space with mean curvature vector field \(\mathbf{H}\). In fact, they obtained
Since \(\mathbb{R}^n\) can be seen as a totally geodesic minimal hypersurface in \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\), we know that the result (2) of Ashbaugh and Benguria is included in (3). On the other hand, Levitin and Parnovski [7] generalized (2) to
where \(j\) is any positive integer. A remarkable point of (4) is that it gives some estimates for the upper bounds of \(\mu_{j+1} +\cdots +\mu_{j+n}\) in terms of \(\mu_{j}\). Moreover, it covers (2) when \(j=1\). This inequality has since then been referred to the Levitin–Parnovski inequality. On the other hand, for the clamped plate problem:
on a bounded domain \(\Omega\) in an \(n\)-dimensional complete Riemannian manifold \(M\), Cheng, Huang and Wei [8] derived
where \(H_0\) is a nonnegative constant which only depends on \(M\) and \(\Omega\). Observe that (5) also gives a estimate for the lower eigenvalues in terms of the first eigenvalue.
In recent years, there is increasing interest in the research of the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) on a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold. A CR manifold is a differentiable manifold together with a subbundle of the complexified tangent bundle which is formally integrable and almost Lagrangian. The canonical examples of CR manifolds include the real \((2n + 1)\)-dimensional sphere as a submanifold of \(\mathbb{C}^{n+1}\), and the Heisenberg group \(\mathbb{H}^n\). Let \((M,\theta)\) be a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold, where \(1\)-form \(\theta\) is called pseudo-Hermitian structure on \(M\). The sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) is a second order differential operator on \((M,\theta)\), which is defined by
where \(\nabla\) the Tanaka–Webster connection on the tangent bundle \(TM\) and \(G_\theta\) is the Levi form of \(\theta\). Similar to that played by the Laplacian in Riemannian geometry, the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) plays a fundamental role in CR geometry. For example, in the famous CR Yamabe problem.
Some recent papers extended the results for the Laplacian to the sub-Laplacian on CR manifolds. For example, [9]–[12]. Noticing that the determination of the eigenvalues of the sub-Laplacian on the standard sphere is still an open problem, the research in this direction is significant. Let \(\Omega\) be a bounded domain in a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold \((M, \theta)\) of real dimension \(2n+1\), \(V\) be a nonnegative continuous function, and \(f:(M, \theta) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m\) be a semi-isometric \(C^2\) map. Consider the following Dirichlet eigenvalue problem of the sub-Laplacian
It also has a real and discrete spectrum: \( 0 < \lambda_1 \leq \lambda_2 \leq \cdots \leq \lambda_k \leq \cdots \rightarrow \infty.\) In 2013, Aribi and El Soufi [9] investigated eigenvalues of problem (6). For every \(k \geq 1\) and \(p \in \mathbb{R}\), they obtained
where \(D_\infty = \underset{\Omega}{\mathrm{sup}} \bigg(|H_b(f)|^2_{\mathbb{R}^m}-4V \bigg) \). In this paper, we establish some Levitin–Parnovski-type inequalities and Cheng–Huang–Wei-type inequalities for lower order eigenvalues of problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) on a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold.
The paper is organized as follows: In Section 3, we first consider problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian on a bounded domain \(\Omega\) in a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold \((M, \theta)\) of real dimension \(2n+1\). Let \(f:(M,\theta) \rightarrow \mathbb{ R}^m\) be a semi-isometric \(C^2\) map. In Theorem 1, we derive the following Levitin– Parnovski-type inequality
where \(H_b(f)\) is the Levi tension of \(f\) and \(j \in \mathbb{N}\). The Heisenberg group and real hypersurfaces of complex manifolds are two important models for CR manifolds. In Corollaries 1 and 2, by using Theorem 1, we obtain some Levitin–Parnovski-type inequalities for the standard CR sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2n+1}\) in \(\mathbb{C}^{n+1}\) and the Heisenberg group. In Section 4, we establish some Cheng–Huang–Wei-type inequalities (cf. [8] and [13]) for lower order eigenvalues of problem (6). In Theorem 2, for a bounded domain \(\Omega\) in a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold \((M, \theta)\) of real dimension \(2n+1\), we prove that the following inequality
holds. We also obtain some results for the standard CR sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2n+1}\) in \(\mathbb{C}^{n+1}\) and the Heisenberg group in Corollaries 3 and 4. In Section 5, as applications of Theorems 1 and 2, we concern Riemannian submersions over submanifolds of the Euclidean space. Let \((M, \theta)\) be a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold of real dimension \(2n+1\) and let \(f:(M,\theta) \rightarrow N\) be a Riemannian submersion over a Riemannian manifold of dimension \(2n\) such that \(df(\xi)=0\). In Theorem 3, we derive a Levitin–Parnovski-type inequality and a Cheng–Huang–Wei-type inequality for the eigenvalues of problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) on a bounded domain \(\Omega \subset M\) by using Theorems 1 and 2. In Corollary 5, by using Theorem 3, we give some results for a minimal submanifold in \(\mathbb{R}^{m}\), the standard sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2n}\) and the projective space \(\mathbb{F}P^m\).
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we give some definitions and basic facts about strictly pseudoconvex CR manifolds and sub-Laplacians. For more details, we refer to [9], [14]–[16].
Let \(M\) be an orientable CR manifold of CR dimension \(n\). That is to say, \(M\) is an orientable manifold of real dimension \(2n+1\) equipped with a pair \((H(M), J)\), where \(H(M)\) is a subbundle of the tangent bundle \(TM\) of real rank \(2n\) and \(J\) is an integrable complex structure on \(H(M)\). \(H(M)\) is called a Levi distribution.
Since \(M\) is orientable, there exists a nonzero \(1\)-form \(\theta \in \Gamma(T^*M)\) such that \(Ker\theta =H(M)\). Such \(1\)-form \(\theta\) is called a pseudo-Hermitian structure on \(M\). To each pseudo-Hermitian structure \(\theta\) we associate its Levi form \(G_\theta\) defined on \(H(M)\) by \( G_\theta (X,Y) = \theta([JX, Y])\) for any \(X, Y \in \Gamma(H(M))\). The CR manifold is said to be strictly pseudoconvex if the Levi form \(G_\theta\) of a compatible pseudo-Hermitian structure \(\theta\) is positive definite for the pseudo-Hermitian structure \(\theta\). The Reeb vector field of \(\theta\) is the unique tangent vector field determined by the pseudo-Hermitian structure \(\theta\), which satisfies \(\theta(\xi)=1\) and \(\xi \lrcorner d \theta =0\). It is also called characteristic direction of \(\theta\).
The Tanaka–Webster connection of a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold \((M, \theta)\) is the unique affine connection \(\nabla\) on \(TM\) satisfying:
(1) \(\nabla \theta=0\), \(\nabla d \theta=0\), and \(\nabla J=0\).
(2) The torsion \(T_\nabla\) of \(\nabla\) is such that, for all \(X, Y \in H(M)\),
Take a local \(G_\theta\)-orthonormal frame \(\{X_1, \cdots, X_{2n}\}\) of Levi distribution \(H(M)\). Then one has
where \(\nabla^H u \in H(M)\) is the horizontal gradient of \(u\) defined by
The contact form \(\theta\) induces the volume form \(\vartheta_\theta = 1/(2^n n!) \theta \wedge (d \theta)^n\) on \(M\). For every compactly supported smooth function \(u\), integration by parts yields
Let \(f:(M,\theta) \rightarrow (N,\zeta)\) be a smooth map, where \((N, \zeta)\) is a Riemannian manifold. Let \(\eta_f\) be a vector valued 2-form on \(H(M)\) given by
where \(\nabla^f\) is the connection induced on the bundle \(f^{-1} TN\) by the Levi-Cività connection of \((N,\zeta)\). \(H_b(f)=\mathrm{trace}_{G_\theta} \eta_f \) is said to be the Levi tension of \(f\). In fact, \(H_b(f)\) is a vector field defined similarly to the tension vector field in the Riemannian case. Then one has
The map \(f:(M, \theta) \rightarrow (N, \zeta)\) is said to be semi-isometric if it preserve lengths in the horizontal directions as well as the orthogonality between \(H(M)\) and Reeb vector field \(\xi\) of \(\theta\). That is to say, \(\forall X \in H(M)\), we have
When \((N, \zeta)\) is the standard space \(\mathbb{R}^m\), we have
3. Levitin–Parnovski-Type Inequalities for the Sub-Laplacian
In this section, we establish some Levitin–Parnovski-type inequalities for problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) on some strictly pseudoconvex CR manifolds. We first state the following theorem:
Theorem 1.
Let \((M, \theta)\) be a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold of real dimension \(2n+1\) and let \(f:(M,\theta) \rightarrow \mathbb{ R}^m\) be a semi-isometric \(C^2\) map. Let \(V\) be a nonnegative continuous function on a bounded domain \(\Omega \subset M\). Denote by \(\lambda_i\) the \(i\)th eigenvalue of problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) on \(\Omega\). Then we have
where \(H_b(f)\) is the Levi tension of \(f\) and \(j \in \mathbb{N}\).
In order to prove Theorem 1, we need the following abstract formula established by Levitin and Parnovski (see Theorem 2.2 of [7]).
Lemma 1.
Let \(\mathcal{H}\) be a complex Hilbert space with a given inner product \(\langle, \rangle\) . Let \(E : \mathcal{D} \subset \mathcal{H} \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}\) be a self-adjoint operator defined on a dense domain \(\mathcal{D}\) which is semibounded below and has a discrete spectrum \(\mu_1 \leq \mu_2 \leq \mu_3 \leq \cdots.\) Let \(\{G_\alpha : E(\mathcal{D}) \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}\}_{\alpha=1}^N\) be a collection of symmetric operators which leave \(\mathcal{D}\) invariant. Denote by \(u_i\) the normalized eigenvectors of \(E\) and \(u_i\) corresponding to the \(i\) th eigenvalue \(\mu_i\) . Moreover, this family of eigenvectors is further assumed to be an orthonormal basis for \(\mathcal{H}\) . For any positive integer \(j\) , we have
where \([E, G_\alpha] := E G_\alpha - G_\alpha E\) is the commutator of \(E\) and \(G_\alpha\) . Here we have \(\langle [E, G_\alpha] u_j, u_k \rangle =0\) if \(\mu_k=\mu_j\) for \(k\neq j\) .
The proof of Theorem 1 is based on the observation that estimates in the proof of Lemma 1 can be sharpened. Using Lemma 1, the properties of the sub-Laplacian and a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold, we can give the proof of Theorem 1.
Proof of Thereom 1 Let \(f : (M, \theta) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m\) be a semi-isometric map and let \(f_1, \cdots , f_m\) be its Euclidean components. For each \(\alpha = 1, \cdots ,m\), we still use \(f_\alpha\) to denote the multiplication operator naturally associated with \(f_\alpha\). Let \(u_i\) be the orthonormal eigenfunction corresponding to the \(i\)th eigenvalue \(\lambda_i\) of problem (6). We know that \(u_i\) satisfies
For each \(j\) fixed, we consider a \(m \times m\) matrix \( Q= (q_{\alpha \beta})_{m \times m}\), where \(q_{\alpha \beta} = \langle [-\Delta_{b} +V, f_\alpha] u_j, u_{j+\beta} \rangle\). According to the QR-factorization theorem, we know that there exists an orthogonal \(m \times m\) matrix \(P = (p_{\alpha \beta})_{m \times m}\) such that \(B= PQ = (b_{\alpha \beta})_{m \times m}\) is an upper triangular matrix. That is to say, for \(1 \leq \beta < \alpha \leq m\), we have
Define the functions \(\varphi_\alpha\) by \(\varphi_\alpha = \sum_{\gamma=1}^m p_{\alpha \gamma} f_\gamma.\) Therefore, we can choose the functions \(\varphi_1, \cdots, \varphi_m\) as the standard coordinates functions of \(\mathbb{R}^m\) such that
Rewriting the summation index \(k\), and using (13), we find that
Taking \(E=-\Delta_{b} +V\) and \(G_\alpha=\varphi_\alpha\) in (10), we have
Utilizing (14), we can deduce an inequality. In fact, rewriting the summation index, one can obtain
Moreover, noticing that the spectrum of problem (6) is non-decreasing, one can find that
Combining (14), (16) and (17), we derive
Furthermore, Parseval’s identity implies
Combining (18) and (19), we obtain
Substituting (20) into (15), and taking sum on \(\alpha\) from \(1\) to \(m\), we derive
Because
we have
From (22), we derive
On the other hand, we have
From this, we derive
Therefore, substituting (23) and (24) into (21), we derive
Now we calculate the terms in (25) by using the geometric properties of a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold. According to the isometry property of \(f\) with respect to horizontal directions and the orthogonal property of the matrix \(Q\), one can obtain
This yields
Noticing that Levi tension of \(f\) satisfies (8), we have
Denote by \(\{E_\alpha\}\) the standard basis of \(\mathbb{R}^m\). Using Lemma 2.1 in [9], we obtain
Therefore, using (27)–(29), we can write
Furthermore, since \(Q\) is an orthogonal matrix and \(f\) preserves the Levi form with respect to a \(G_\theta\)-orthonormal frame \(\{e_i\}\) of \(H_p(M)\), one has
The inequality \(|\nabla^H f_\alpha|_{G_\theta}^2 \leq 1\) implies that
According to (31) and (32), we deduce
Substituting (30) and (33) into (25), we derive
Taking the supremum of \(|H_b (f)|^2_{\mathbb{R}^m} -4V\) on \(\Omega\) in (34), we obtain (9). This concludes the proof of Theorem 1.
Using Theorem 1, we can obtain some results for two important models of CR manifolds: real hypersurfaces of complex manifolds and the Heisenberg group. Denote by \(\mathbb{S}^{2n+1}\) the standard CR sphere in \(\mathbb{C}^{n+1}\). As well known, the standard embedding \(j: \mathbb{S}^{2n+1} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}^{n+1}\) satisfies \(|H_b(j)|_{\mathbb{C}^{n+1}}^2=4n^2\). Hence we obtain the following corollary by using Theorem 1.
Corollary 1.
Let \(\Omega\) ba a domain in the standard \(CR\) sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2n+1} \subset \mathbb{C}^{n+1}\). Let \(V\) be a nonnegative continuous function on a bounded domain \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{S}^{2n+1}\). Denote by \(\lambda_i\) the \(i\)th eigenvalue of problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) on \(\Omega\). Then we have
where \(j \in \mathbb{N}\) and \(V_0 = \underset{\Omega}{\mathrm{inf}}\ V\).
Denote by \(\mathbb{H}^n \cong \mathbb{C}^n \times \mathbb{R}\) the Heisenberg group endowed with its standard CR structure. The corresponding sub-Laplacian on \(\mathbb{H}^n\) is
Noticing that the standard projection \(\mathbb{H}^n\) is semi-isometric with zero Levi tension, we obtain the following corollary.
Corollary 2.
Let \(\Omega\) ba a domain in the Heisenberg group \(\mathbb{H}^n\). Let \(V\) be a nonnegative continuous function on a bounded domain \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{H}^n\). Denote by \(\lambda_i\) the \(i\)th eigenvalue of problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) on \(\Omega\). Then we have
where \(j \in \mathbb{N}\) and \(V_0 = \underset{\Omega}{\mathrm{inf}}\ V\).
4. Cheng–Huang–Wei-Type Inequalities for the Sub-Laplacian
In this section, we establish some Cheng–Huang–Wei-type inequalities for lower order eigenvalues of problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\).
Theorem 2.
Under the same assumptions as Theorem 1 ,
where \(H_b(f)\) is the Levi tension of \(f\) .
In order to prove Theorem 2, we need the following abstract formula established by Sun and Zeng [17].
Lemma 2.
Let \(\mathcal{H}\) be a complex Hilbert space with a given inner product \(\langle, \rangle\) and corresponding norm \(\| \cdot \|\) . We let \(A : \mathcal{D} \subset \mathcal{H} \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}\) be a self-adjoint operator defined on a dense domain \(\mathcal{D}\) which is semibounded below and has a discrete spectrum \(\mu_1 \leq \mu_2 \leq \cdots\) . Let \(\{T_\alpha : \mathcal{D} \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}\}_{\alpha=1}^m\) be a collection of skew-symmetric operators and \(\{B_\alpha : A(\mathcal{D}) \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}\}_{\alpha=1}^m\) be a collection of symmetric operators which leave \(\mathcal{D}\) invariant. Denote by \(u_i\) the normalized eigenvectors corresponding to the \(i\) th eigenvalues \(\mu_i\) of \(A\) . This family of eigenvectors are further assumed to be an orthonormal basis for \(\mathcal{H}\) . If the operators \(\{ B_\alpha \}_{\alpha=1}^m\) satisfy
then
Proof of Thereom 2 Let \(f : (M, \theta) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m\) be a semi-isometric map and let \(f_1, \cdots , f_m\) be its Euclidean components. In order to make use of Lemma 2, we construct some functions satisfying (36) from \(f_\alpha\). Similar to the proof of Theorem 1, we can prove that there exists a series of functions \(h_\alpha\) which satisfy
In fact, we consider an \( m\times m\) matrix \(S= \bigg( \int_{\Omega} f_\alpha u_1 u_{\beta+1}\vartheta_\theta \bigg )_{m\times m}\).
According to the QR-factorization theorem, we know that there exists an orthogonal \(m\times m\) matrix \(T=\big(t_{\alpha \beta} \big)_{m \times m}\) such that \(U=TS\) is an upper triangular matrix. Namely we have
Defining the functions \(\psi_\alpha\) by \(\psi_\alpha=\sum_{\gamma=1}^{ m} t_{\alpha \gamma} f_{\gamma}.\) Thus we infer
In other words, the functions \(\psi_\alpha\) satisfy (36). Hence, taking
in (37), we have
Now we calculate the terms of (39). Similar to (27)–(29), according to the isometry property of \(f\) with respect to horizontal directions and the orthogonal property of the matrix \(T\), we obtain
Then, using (40)–(42), we have
Moreover, just as (23), we can write
Furthermore, since
we obtain
Then, using (45) and
we derive
Substituting (43), (44) and (46) into (39), we obtain
It follows from fact that \(f\) preserves the Levi form with respect to the \(G_\theta\)-orthonormal frame \(\{e_i\}\) of \(H_p(M)\) that
Then, similar to the proof of (33), we deduce
Combining (47) with (48), we obtain (35). This finishes the proof of Theorem 2.
From Theorem 2, we can derive the following corollaries for problem (6) of the sub-Laplacian on a bounded domain \(\Omega\) in the standard \(CR\) sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2n+1} \subset \mathbb{C}^{n+1}\), a bounded domain \(\Omega\) in the Heisenberg group \(\mathbb{H}^n\).
Corollary 3.
Under the same assumptions as in Corollary 1, the following result for problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) on a bounded domain \(\Omega\) in the standard \(CR\) sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2n+1} \subset \mathbb{C}^{n+1}\) holds:
Corollary 4.
Under the same assumptions as in Corollary 2, the following result for problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) on a bounded domain \(\Omega\) in the Heisenberg group \(\mathbb{H}^n\) hods:
5. Applications of Theorems 1 and 2: Riemannian Submersions over Submanifolds of the Euclidean Space
Let \(f:(M, \theta) \rightarrow N\) be a Riemannian submersion over a Riemannian manifold \(N\) of dimension \(2n\). The manifold \(N\) admits infinitely many isometric immersions into Euclidean spaces. As applications of Theorems 1 and 2, we can derive the following results for Riemannian submersions.
Theorem 3.
Let \((M, \theta)\) be a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold of real dimension \(2n+1\), and let \(f:(M,\theta) \rightarrow N\) be a Riemannian submersion over a Riemannian manifold of dimension \(2n\) such that \(df(\xi)=0\). Denote by \(\mathcal{I}(\mathbb{N},\mathbb{R}^m)\) the set of all \(C^2\)-isometric immersions from \(N\) to the \(m\)-dimensional Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^m\), where \(m \geq 2n\). Set
where \(H(\phi)\) stands for the mean curvature vector field of \(\phi\). Denote by \(\lambda_i\) the \(i\)th eigenvalue of problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) on a bounded domain \(\Omega \subset M\). Then
Proof.
According Nash’s famous embedding theorem [18], we know that each complete Riemannian manifold can be isometrically immersed into a Euclidean space. Let \(\phi : N \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m\) be any isometric immersion. We can know that the map \(\phi \circ f : (M, \theta) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m\) is semi-isometric. Denote by \(B_\phi\) the second fundamental form of \(\phi\). Then according to Corollary 2.1 of [9], we know that \(\beta_f=0\) and \(H_b (f)=0\). Thus, we have
For any \(x \in M\), the differential of \(f\) induces an isometry between \(H_x (M)\) and \(T_{f(x)}N\). Hence if \(X_1, \cdots, X_{2n}\) is a local orthonormal frame of \(H(M)\), then \(df(X_1), \cdots, df(X_{2n})\) is also an orthonormal frame of \(TN\). This yields
Therefore, applying Theorem 1 and Theorem 2 to \(\phi \circ f\), and taking the infimum with respect to \(\phi\), we obtain (49) and (50). This finishes the proof of Theorem 3.
By using Theorem 3, we can now state the following results for a minimal submanifold in \(\mathbb{R}^{m}\), the standard sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2n}\) and the projective space \(\mathbb{F}P^m\).
Corollary 5.
Let \((M, \theta)\) be a strictly pseudoconvex CR manifold of real dimension \(2n+1\) and let \(f:(M,\theta) \rightarrow N\) be a Riemannian submersion over a Riemannian manifold of dimension \(2n\) such that \(df(\xi)=0\). Denote by \(\lambda_i\) the \(i\)th eigenvalue of problem (6) for the sub-Laplacian \(\Delta_b\) on a bounded domain \(\Omega \subset M\). Set \(V_0 = \underset{\Omega}{\mathrm{inf}} V\). Then:
(1) If \(N\) is an open set of \(\mathbb{R}^{2n}\), or a minimal submanifold in \(\mathbb{R}^{m}\), then
(2) If \(N\) is a domain \(D\) of the standard sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2n}\), then
(3) Denote by \(\mathbb{F}P^m\) the projective space of dimension \(m\) over \(\mathbb{F}\) (or real dimension \(2n\), i.e., \(m= 2n/d_{\mathbb{F}}\)). That is to say, if \(\mathbb{F}=\mathbb{R}\), then \(\mathbb{F}P^m\) is the \(m\)-dimensional real projective space; if \(\mathbb{F}=\mathbb{C}\), then \(\mathbb{F}P^m\) is the complex real projective space of real dimension \(2m\); if \(\mathbb{F}=\mathbb{Q}\), then \(\mathbb{F}P^m\) is the quanternionic projective space of real dimension \(4m\). If \(N\) is a domain \(D\) of the projective space \(\mathbb{F}P^m\) of real dimension \(2n\), then
where
Proof.
(1) If \(N\) is an open set of \(\mathbb{R}^{2n}\), or a minimal submanifold in \(R^{m}\), then
Substituting (57) into (49) and (50), we obtain (51) and (52).
(2) If \(N\) is a domain of the standard sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2n}\), then
which follows from the fact that \(|H(\tau)|^2_{\mathbb{R}^{2n+1}} =4n^2\), where \(\tau: \mathbb{S}^{2n} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2n+1}\) is the natural embedding of the standard sphere into the Euclidean space. Substituting (58) into (49) and (50), we obtain (53) and (54).
(3) As we know, the projective space \(\mathbb{F}P^m\) carries a natural metric such that the Hopf fibration \(\pi :\mathbb{S}^{d_{\mathbb{F} }(m+1)-1} \subset \mathbb{F}^{m+1} \rightarrow \mathbb{F}P^m\) is a Riemannian fibration. Let
be the vector space of \((m+1) \times (m+1)\) Hermitian matrices with coefficients in \(\mathbb{F}\), endowed with the inner product \(\langle A, B \rangle = \frac{1}{2} \mathrm{trace} (AB).\) The map \(\Psi : \mathbb{S}^{d_{\mathbb{F}^{(m+1)}}-1} \subset \mathbb{F}^{m+1} \rightarrow \mathcal{H}_{m+1}(\mathbb{F})\) given by
induces through the Hopf fibration an isometric embedding \(\phi\) from \(\mathbb{F}P^m\) into \(\mathcal{H}_{m+1}(\mathbb{F})\). Moreover, \(\phi (\mathbb{F}P^m)\) is a minimal submanifold of the hypersurfaces \(\mathbb{S}(\frac{I}{m+1},\sqrt{\frac{m}{2m+1}})\) of \(\mathcal{H}_{m+1}(\mathbb{F})\) of radius \(\sqrt{\frac{m}{2m+1}}\) centered at \(\frac{I}{m+1}\). One deduces that the mean curvature \(H(\phi)\) satisfies
Hence we know that
Therefore, we can obtain (55) and (56) by using (49), (50) and (59). This completes the proof of Corollary 5.
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The author would like to thank the reviewer for his or her valuable comments and suggestions.
Funding
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no. 30917011335) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 11001130).
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Sun, HJ. Inequalities for Eigenvalues of the Sub-Laplacian on Strictly Pseudoconvex CR Manifolds. Math Notes 109, 735–747 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001434621050072
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001434621050072