Abstract
The growing contamination of various freshwater resources due to industrial effluent is a serious concern among the scientific community. Several organic compounds are essentially used as chemical intermediate in variety of industrial processes. These organic compounds are hazardous chemicals which are already considered dangerous to global public health and other forms of life due to their high toxicity, carcinogenicity. These organic contaminants are found present in the industrial effluents. Several treatment methods were applied in the literature for their elimination from wastewater to make their final disposal safe for environment. In this article, different kinds of physical, biological and advanced oxidation methods (AOPs) applied for the treatment of various important organic compounds were compared for their advantages and disadvantages. The results showed that the conventional treatment methods are not effective to treat these kinds of toxic and refractory chemical compounds. Therefore, AOPs were found to be the most promising treatment methods.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
Water is a precious commodity for each living organism on the planet Earth. Though earth has large reservoirs of water in the form of oceans (70%), snow ice caps and glaciers (3%), the water actually available for human use is only 1% of total available water and is continuously getting lesser and lesser due to the contamination from various point (Zhou et al. 2016) and nonpoint sources (Ma et al. 2018) of water pollution. The point sources are the bulk contributors in polluting water resources day by day (Yang et al. 2016; Barilari et al. 2020). They include various industries and sewage treatment plants which directly discharge their effluent in environment. Due to the growing concern for the contamination of water bodies and their consequential effect on humans and other forms of life, these industrial discharges are regulated and checked by various federal and government agencies. Hence, industries must treat their effluents to meet the safe limits of several important water parameters and removal of harmful contaminants before disposal into freshwater resources. Therefore, the need of simple, effective and low-cost treatment techniques arises to minimize the burden of effluent treatment, to efficiently remove the harmful contaminants and to increase the overall productivity of industries (Rajasulochana and Preethy 2016). Various organic contaminants are such compounds of serious concern to the industries due to their potential detrimental effect on humans and other forms of life (Sang et al. 2019; Dewage et al. 2019; Chaturvedi and Katoch 2020a). In this study, I have tried to compare several treatment technologies to find out the most efficient and cost-effective treatment technology for organic contaminants.
Aniline-based organic contaminants
There are several important but toxic organic compounds such as anisidine, aminobenzene, nitro aniline and pyridine which are still being used, produced and are present in the effluent of various industries. Most commonly and widely used organic compounds are either aniline itself or its derivatives. Aniline, also called as aminobenzene or phenylamine, is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5NH2. An amino (–NH2) group is attached to the benzene ring; hence, it is a prototypical aromatic amine (Bolt et al. 2016). It has an unpleasant rotten fish like odor like the other volatile amines (Podkościelny and László, 2007). Aniline readily catches fire and starts burning with smoky flames which is a characteristic of all the aromatic hydrocarbons. Aniline is basic in nature and appears as colorless oily liquid. Aniline is easily soluble in variety of solvents such as cold/hot water, diethyl ether and methanol (European Commission 2004). Aniline is required as an essential intermediate in the preparation of many organic substances such as fuel and rubber additives, corrosion inhibitors, azo dyes, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and antiseptics (Edalli et al. 2018; Bose et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2007). The primary use of aniline is in production of polyurethane precursors. The major use of aniline is to prepare methylene diamine and related organic compounds through condensation with formic aldehyde. The diamines thus produced undergo condensation with phosgene to give methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. The rest of the aniline is used to produce chemicals for rubber processing (9%), dyes and pigments (2%) and for herbicides (2%). Diphenylamine and phenylenediamines are aniline derivatives and act as antioxidants in when added to rubber. Aniline is also used in the preparation of paracetamol (acetaminophen), a common drug used to relieve fever. In dye industries, aniline is mainly used to prepare Indigo dye, which makes the jeans blue. Polyaniline, a polymer cable of conducting electricity intrinsically, is also a product of aniline.
Aniline is established as one of the highly toxic organic compounds (Hussain et al. 2014; Jagtap and Ramaswamy 2006). Aniline can be a potential mutagen and carcinogen; therefore, IARC has categorized it into group 2B (IARC 2012). Aniline has a water solubility of 3.4 g/100 mL, but the hydrochloride of aniline can dissolve up to 100 g/100 mL in water. Industrial wastewater containing aniline can be harmful to harms aquatic biomes due to its high toxicity and incalcitrant structure. NIOSH has considered aniline as a possible occupational carcinogen in humans and confirmed its carcinogenicity in animals (Pohanish 2017; Wang et al. 2016; Okazaki 2001). The NIOSH IDLH value and OSHA PEL value for aniline are 100 ppm and 5 ppm (19 mg/m3), respectively (Pendergrass 1994). Aniline exposure can occur by dermal adsorption, inhalation and ingestion (Korinth et al. 2012, 2008, 2007). Its direct contact can result in skin burns and severe irritation to permanent damage of eyes. Acute exposure of aniline can decrease the potential of oxygen carrying and absorbing capacity of blood which may result in breathing difficulty, collapsing and finally death of exposed person (Pohanish 2017).
There are also vast variety of other organic compounds like aniline which are of prime concerns to various federal and local government authorities. Some of them are anisidines, nitroaniline, phenols, methylaniline, aminophenol, etc. which are some of the important chemicals used in several industries and are found in their wastewater. These contaminants are infamous for their carcinogenicity, toxicity and adverse effects on aquatic life and human being as well (Larrañaga et al. 2016; European Commission 2002; Budavari et al. 1996). The important regulatory parameters for different aniline-based organic compounds are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 clearly shows the threshold limit of various regulatory parameters, exposure after which can result in serious health effects for living organisms. The smaller the value of regulatory parameter for the organic compounds, the more dangerous it is for the living organisms. The OSHA PEL value and NIOSH REl value is smallest for o-Anisidine and p-Anisidine making them most dangerous among other organic compounds shown in the Table 1.
Therefore, several treatment methods have been applied for the removal of these kinds of organic compounds from the industrial effluents before their disposal into the environment. These contaminants have been treated and eliminated by various technologies including physical, biological and AOPs (Chaturvedi and Katoch 2020a; Bajpai et al. 2019). In this study various physical, biological and AOPs related methods used for treatment of wastewater containing these types of contaminants are reviewed and discussed for their merits and demerits.
Removal technologies for aniline-based organic contaminants
Aromatic aniline-based organic compounds have been treated from effluents by electrolysis (Li et al. 2017), photodecomposition (Pirsaheb et al. 2017), ozonation (Faria et al. 2007), biodegradation (Huang et al. 2018; Dino et al. 2019) and resin adsorption (Chen et al. 2020; Li et al. 2020). Complete decomposition has not been achieved by activated sludge processes, and their incalcitrant nature can prevent the biodegradation of several other harmful chemical species in wastewaters. Most of the physical methods like adsorption are found to be very sensitive to pH of the wastewater. Other methods like incineration and ultrafiltration are not economical (Tanhaei et al. 2014; Shi et al. 2014), and thermal incineration can also cause air pollution (Sänger et al. 2001; Bie et al. 2007). Biological methods are eco-friendly techniques to destroy contaminants and transform them into non-toxic forms by natural means (Padoley et al. 2011; Jianping et al. 2006). However, for highly toxic and incalcitrant contaminant like aniline-based compounds, direct subjection to biological treatment can be troublesome. Therefore, chemical pretreatment by AOPS can be a suitable alternative as they increase the biodegradability and also minimize the toxicity of these compounds for microorganisms (Padoley et al. 2011; Chen et al. 2007). In recent researches, AOPs have surfaced as favorable technologies to destroy various harmful organic compounds in wastewater and reduce their toxicity and refractory nature. Various physical, biological and AOPs related methods used for treatment of aniline-based compounds are discussed below.
Physical treatment methods
Physical treatment methods such as membrane filtration, thermal incineration and adsorption have been used for the elimination of aniline-based organic compounds from wastewater. They have been shown to be treated with adsorption by resins (Gu et al. 2008; Jianguo et al. 2005), activated carbon (Valderrama et al., 2010), carbon nanotubes (Yan et al. 2011; Xie et al. 2007) and zeolites (O’Brien et al. 2008). Despite the low efficiency of adsorption system, the regeneration of adsorbent is also troublesome and incurs to additional cost (O’Brien et al. 2008, 2004). Aniline was also treated by thermal incineration in some studies but incineration is an energy intensive process with high fuel consumption and if incomplete combustion takes place, secondary pollution can happen due to the release of nitrogenous oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere as a by-product (Crini and Lichtfouse 2019; Sänger et al. 2001). Several membranes such as liquid emulsion membrane (Datta et al. 2003), silicone membrane (Sawai et al. 2005), reverse osmotic membranes (Gómez et al. 2009), nanofiltration (Shao et al. 2013) and ultrafiltration (Tanhaei et al. 2014) membranes were also applied in the treatment of aniline compounds. Although membrane filtration processes were found to be effective, complex rejection mechanism, incomplete removal and regular cleaning of the membrane by backwashing are several associated drawbacks (Hidalgo et al. 2011; Bellona et al. 2004; Drewes et al. 2003). Membrane fouling over time is also a significant limitation of this technology (Jhaveri and Murthy 2016; Cui et al. 2016). Different physical treatment technologies available for aniline-based organic compounds are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2 summarizes the physical treatment methods applied for the degradation of organic contaminants. Physical methods like adsorption, membrane filtration and thermal incineration were applied for these compounds. Although physical processes were found effective in the degradation of these compounds, they have certain major drawbacks like high energy cost, fouling of membrane and creation of more toxic secondary pollution.
Biological treatment methods
A variety of unicellular and multicellular organisms have been reported for the treatment of wastewater containing aniline-based organic compounds via biological methods (Arora 2015; Gharibzahedi et al. 2014; Liang et al. 2005). Aniline was shown to be treated by several fungi and microorganisms such as Candida tropicalis (Wang et al. 2011), Candida albicans (Jianping et al. 2006), Pseudomonas sp. (Jiang et al. 2016), Delftia sp. (Sheludchenko et al. 2005), Acinetobacter sp. (Takeo et al. 2013) and Pigmentiphaga daeguensis (Huang et al. 2018). Different biological treatment methods for aniline-based organic compounds are summarized in Table 3. Recently, several studies on microbial fuel cells for the treatment of these kinds of wastewater have also resulted in energy production (Singh and Dharmendra 2020; Zhang et al. 2019). Biological methods utilizes natural pathways in order to treat the wastewater for achieving the requisite wastewater quality, which makes them the most eco-friendly technique, but they become impractical when organic compounds of incalcitrant nature and high toxicity are to be treated by biological means (Padoley et al. 2008; Gotvajn and Zagorc-končan 2005).
Industrial wastewater contains a vast variety of harmful organic compounds and their treatment to achieve the mandatory effluent standards is problematic with biological methods. The main limitations of biological methods are: difficulty to grow and maintain culture in pure form; it requires longer time to stabilize the microorganisms and also for the oxidation of organic pollutants (Neyens and Baeyens 2003; Tony et al. 2012). It is very important to monitor and maintain healthy environmental condition for the proper growth of microorganism daily. Biological methods are the best eco-friendly practices and found efficient in the destruction of various organic compounds. Although the efficacy of biological methods is determined by the nature of available substrate to be acted upon by microbial enzymes (Karigar and Rao 2011), these processes are ineffective in the case of toxic contaminants with higher COD values than BOD (De Morais and Zamora 2005; Martınez et al. 2003). AOPs can be a good pretreatment options to address these limitations earlier to biological methods as they can improve the biodegradability by reducing the toxicity of organic contaminant non-specifically to a great extent (Padoley et al. 2011; Kavitha and Palanivelu 2004). Biological and physical treatment methods were found effective in the treatment of organic contaminants, but have certain disadvantages like high energy requirements, secondary pollution, cleaning and maintenance, slower elimination rate, etc. These problems can be overcome by AOPs as they have shown to be more successful and effective in the removal of similar organic compounds having high toxicity and incalcitrant nature.
Table 3 shows that a variety of biological processes have been applied for the effective elimination of these organic compounds. They seemed to be the eco friendliest as they utilize natural pathways for the degradation of organic compounds. But biological processes have many treatment constraints like selectiveness of microorganisms, organic compounds and also the need of large time duration for the effective removal of these kind of toxic compounds. Therefore, as suggested and investigated by several researchers, pretreatment with AOPs in order to reduce the toxicity of these recalcitrant compounds can be a possible solution for their successful elimination from wastewater.
Advanced oxidation processes
AOPs have proved beneficiary in the treatment of several toxic and non-degradable compounds like aromatic organic compounds, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, petroleum wastewater, dyes and other refractory chemicals (Shahidi et al. 2015; Ribeiro et al. 2015; Gadipelly et al. 2014; Diya’uddeen et al. 2011). AOPs utilize the high oxidizing power of powerful oxidizing agents for the removal of organic compounds and were effectively used to remove recalcitrant organic contaminants from wastewater. They can destroy organic compounds by chemical and photochemical oxidation in the vicinity of a catalyst (Padoley et al. 2011; Kavitha and Palanivelu 2004). AOPs rely on the in situ generation of strong oxidants to eliminate organic compounds (Miklos et al. 2018; Bolton et al. 2001, 1996). Most of the AOPs utilize oxidizing species like HO·, but some can be based on other oxidizing species like sulfate and chlorine radicals (Miklos et al. 2018). HO· with 2.80 eV as oxidation potential surpasses most of the other oxidizing agents, and its reaction rate constants are much more higher than other methods like ozonation. HO· is unstable and highly reactive species in nature which must be generated continuously in situ by several means (Zhu et al. 2012; Esplugas et al. 2002; De Laat and Gallard 1999).
There are several AOPs available such as UV/TiO2 catalysis, Fenton’s oxidation, photo-Fenton oxidation, Fenton-like oxidation solar photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton oxidation and titanium dioxide-assisted photolysis (Jain et al. 2018; Boczkaj and Fernandes 2017; Asghar et al. 2015). Aniline-based organic compounds are shown to be treated and destroyed successfully by AOPs. Removal of acetanilide, p-nitroaniline and p-aminophenol using solar photo-Fenton and UV photo-Fenton oxidation was investigated by some researchers and revealed that both the treatment methods were more advantageous than the classic Fenton process due to their better oxidation ability, broader pH tolerance and lower Fe2+ requirement (Sheikh et al. 2008). In some researches, a combination of both photo-Fenton process and biological processes was studied for the degradation of aniline (Liu et al. 2012). This study showed that pH range of 3–4 and oxidation by photo-Fenton process increases the degradability of aniline by microorganisms. There are several studies available in the literature which demonstrated Fenton’s reagent effectiveness in eliminating toxic organic contaminants from wastewater (Liu et al. 2012; Mingyu et al. 2011; Andreozzi et al. 1999). Electro-Fenton process is found more effective than fluidized bed Fenton process, but higher amount of H2O2 is required for electro-Fenton process, showing that fluidized bed Fenton process is more economical (Briones et al. 2012; Anotai et al. 2010). Aniline pretreatment by ozone followed by titanium dioxide photocatalysis showed overall increment in total organic carbon removal from the wastewater (Orge et al. 2017; Sanchez et al. 1998).
AOPs are influenced by several important reaction parameters such as solution pH, H2O2:Fe2+, initial pollutant concentration. The pH of wastewater shown to increase the productivity of AOPs (Catalkaya and Kargi 2007). Normally acidic conditions are favored by AOPs resulting in faster degradation rather in alkaline conditions (Li et al 2015; Pera-Titus et al. 2004). The initial increase in Fe2+ results in higher amount of HO·, which further improves the degradation, until a critical concentration is reached after which the degradation is abruptly inhibited (Yilmaz et al. 2010). This can be explained by the fact that Fe2+ itself starts to absorb the HO· (Manu et al. 2011). Also, for higher initial pollutant concentration lower degradation is observed (Manu and Mahamood 2011). Various advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of aniline-based organic compounds are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 summarizes different kinds of AOPs applied for the treatment of organic compounds. There are several kinds of AOPs available in the literature. AOPs are faster and more effective than physical and biological processes. They have shown more than 90% removal in most of the degradation investigation. Sometimes 100% conversion of organic compound into carbon dioxide and water was also obtained. The simplest of all AOPs is Fenton oxidation which is the most eco-friendly of all other AOPs. Industries can opt for any of the AOPs as per their budget and requirement.
Discussion and conclusions
Aniline-based organic contaminants are found essential as chemical compounds for various industries. They have been identified by several governmental agencies as toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic (Table 1). Therefore, their presence in the untreated effluents of these industries can be harmful and can cause serious adverse effects on humans as well as other forms of life. Through extensive studies of the literature, it was found that there are several treatment methods available for aniline-based organic compounds. There are variety of physical methods applied for the treatment of these compounds such as thermal incineration, membrane filtration and adsorption. The physical methods were found to be efficient and fast, but their limitations include formation of secondary air pollutants as in thermal incineration. In membrane filtration technologies, the consistent cleaning of the membrane by backwashing demands both energy and time, thereby adding costs. Moreover, fouling of membranes with time is a noteworthy drawback of this techniques. Biological processes are considered as the most eco-friendly technologies, but their effectiveness rely on the nature of the available substrate to be acted upon by microorganisms. Therefore, for toxic and incalcitrant organic contaminants, biological processes are not practicable. Moreover, biological process has other limitations like slower removal rate and requires continuous monitoring and maintenance. Due to these limitations, researches have moved toward AOPs, as they have advantages like non-specific pollutant degradation, faster removal rate, ease of operation and found eco-friendly and economical. AOPs also have certain limitations like pH dependence, sludge formation and complex reaction chemistry.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Code availability
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- NIOSH:
-
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
- OSHA PEL:
-
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Limit
- IDLH:
-
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health
- TWA:
-
Time-weighted average
- AOPs:
-
Advanced oxidation processes
- IARC:
-
International Agency for Research on Cancer
References
Alaton IA, Balcioglu IA, Bahnemann DW (2002) Advanced oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent: comparison of O3, H2O2/UV-C and TiO2/UV-A processes. Water Res 36(5):1143–1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00335-9
Amin H, Amer A, Fecky AE, Ibrahim I (2008) Treatment of textile waste water using H2O2/UV system. Physicochem Probl Miner Process 42:17–28
Amritha AS, Manu B (2016) Low cost Fenton’s oxidative degradation of 4-nitroaniline using iron from laterite. Water Sci Technol 74(8):1919–1925. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.371
Andreozzi R, Caprio V, Insola A, Marotta R (1999) Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery. Catal Today 53(1):51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00102-9
Anotai J, Su CC, Tsai YC, Lu MC (2010) Effect of hydrogen peroxide on aniline oxidation by electro-Fenton and fluidized-bed Fenton processes. J Hazard Mater 183(1–3):888–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.112
Arora PK (2015) Bacterial degradation of monocyclic aromatic amines. Front Microbiol 6:820. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00820
Asghar A, Raman AA, Daud WM (2015) Advanced oxidation processes for in-situ production of hydrogen peroxide/hydroxyl radical for textile wastewater treatment: a review. J Clean Prod 87:826–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.010
Bajpai M, Katoch SS, Chaturvedi NK (2019) Comparative study on decentralized treatment technologies for sewage and graywater reuse—a review. Water Sci Technol 80(11):2091–2106. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.039
Bardakçı B, Kaya N, Kalaycı T (2013) Anisidine adsorption on co-supported pumice. Environ Earth Sci 70(2):849–856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2173-2
Barilari A, Londoño MQ, del Carmen PM, Lima ML, Massone HE (2020) Groundwater contamination from point sources. A hazard index to protect water supply wells in intermediate cities. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100363
Barsan ME (2007) NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 2005-149
Bellona C, Drewes JE, Xu P, Amy G (2004) Factors affecting the rejection of organic solutes during NF/RO treatment—a literature review. Water Res 38(12):2795–2809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.034
Bie RS, Li SY, Lu XR (2007) NO_x emission from incineration of organic wastewater containing aniline in fluidized bed. J Harbin Inst Technol 39:119–123
Boczkaj G, Fernandes A (2017) Wastewater treatment by means of advanced oxidation processes at basic pH conditions: a review. Chem Eng J 320:608–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.03.084
Bolt HM, Papameletiou D, Klein CL (2016) SCOEL/REC/153 aniline: recommendation from the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits. Publ off Eur Union. https://doi.org/10.2767/73305
Bolton JR, Bircher KG, Tumas W, Tolman CA (1996) Figures-of-merit for the technical development and application of advanced oxidation processes. J Adv Oxid Technol 1(1):13–17. https://doi.org/10.1515/jaots-1996-0104
Bolton JR, Bircher KG, Tumas W, Tolman CA (2001) Figures-of-merit for the technical development and application of advanced oxidation technologies for both electric-and solar-driven systems (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl Chem 4:627–637. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200173040627
Bose RS, Dey S, Saha S, Ghosh CK, Chaudhuri MG (2016) Enhanced removal of dissolved aniline from water under combined system of nano zero-valent iron and Pseudomonas putida. Sustain Water Resour Manag 2(2):143–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-016-0045-8
Briones RM, de Luna MD, Lu MC (2012) Optimization of acetaminophen degradation by fluidized-bed Fenton process. Desalin Water Treat 45(1–3):100–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.692015
Budavari S, O’neil MJ, Smith A, Heckelman PE, Obenchain JIR Jr, Gallipeau JA, D’Arecea MA (1996) The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals, vol 450. Merck & Co., Inc, Whitehouse Station, p 1741
Catalkaya EC, Kargi F (2007) Color, TOC and AOX removals from pulp mill effluent by advanced oxidation processes: a comparative study. J Hazard Mater 139(2):244–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.023
Chamarro E, Marco A, Esplugas S (2001) Use of Fenton reagent to improve organic chemical biodegradability. Water Res 35(4):1047–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00342-0
Chaturvedi NK, Katoch SS (2020a) Remedial technologies for aniline and aniline derivatives elimination from wastewater. J Health Pollut 10(25):200302. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.25.200302
Chaturvedi NK, Katoch SS (2020b) Effect of various parameters during degradation of toxic p-anisidine by Fenton’s oxidation. Appl Water Sci 10(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1106-6
Chaturvedi NK, Katoch SS (2020c) O-anisidine degradation by Fenton’s reagent and reaction time estimation. Pollution 6(1):127–134. https://doi.org/10.22059/poll.2019.286435.661
Chaturvedi NK, Katoch SS (2020d) Evaluation and comparison of Fenton-like oxidation with Fenton’s oxidation for hazardous methoxyanilines in aqueous solution. J Ind Eng Chem 92:101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2020.08.028
Chen S, Sun D, Chung JS (2007) Treatment of pesticide wastewater by moving-bed biofilm reactor combined with Fenton-coagulation pretreatment. J Hazard Mater 144(1–2):577–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.075
Chen Z, Tang Y, Wen Q, Yang B, Pan Y (2020) Effect of pH on effluent organic matter removal in hybrid process of magnetic ion-exchange resin adsorption and ozonation. Chemosphere 241:125090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125090
Choy WK, Chu W (2005) Destruction of o-chloroaniline in UV/TiO2 reaction with photosensitizing additives. Ind Eng Chem Res 44(22):8184–8189. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0506419
Crini G, Lichtfouse E (2019) Advantages and disadvantages of techniques used for wastewater treatment. Environ Chem Lett 17(1):145–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0785-9
Cui Y, Liu XY, Chung TS, Weber M, Staudt C, Maletzko C (2016) Removal of organic micro-pollutants (phenol, aniline and nitrobenzene) via forward osmosis (FO) process: evaluation of FO as an alternative method to reverse osmosis (RO). Water Res 91:104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.001
Dai N, Mitch WA (2015) Controlling nitrosamines, nitramines, and amines in amine-based CO2 capture systems with continuous ultraviolet and ozone treatment of washwater. Environ Sci Technol 49(14):8878–8886. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01365
Datta S, Bhattacharya PK, Verma N (2003) Removal of aniline from aqueous solution in a mixed flow reactor using emulsion liquid membrane. J Membr Sci 226(1–2):185–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.003
De Laat J, Gallard H (1999) Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by Fe (III) in homogeneous aqueous solution: mechanism and kinetic modeling. Environ Sci Technol 33(16):2726–2732. https://doi.org/10.1021/es981171v
De Morais JL, Zamora PP (2005) Use of advanced oxidation processes to improve the biodegradability of mature landfill leachates. J Hazard Mater 123(1–3):181–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.041
Delnavaz M, Ayati B, Ganjidoust H (2008) Biodegradation of aromatic amine compounds using moving bed biofilm reactors. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 5(4):243–250
Dewage NB, Liyanage AS, Smith Q, Pittman CU Jr, Perez F, Mohan D, Mlsna T (2019) Fast aniline and nitrobenzene remediation from water on magnetized and nonmagnetized Douglas fir biochar. Chemosphere 225:943–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.050
Dino AA, Brindha R, Jayamuthunagai J, Bharathiraja B (2019) Biodegradation of aniline from textile industry waste using salt tolerant Bacillus firmus BA01. Eng Agric Environ Food 12(3):360–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eaef.2019.04.003
Diya’uddeen BH, Daud WM, Aziz AA (2011) Treatment technologies for petroleum refinery effluents: a review. Process Saf Environ Prot 89(2):95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2010.11.003
Drewes JE, Reinhard M, Fox P (2003) Comparing microfiltration-reverse osmosis and soil-aquifer treatment for indirect potable reuse of water. Water Res 37(15):3612–3621. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00230-6
Edalli VA, Patil KS, Van Le V, Mulla SI (2018) An overview of aniline and chloroaniline compounds as environmental pollutants. J Biotechnol 8(16):3827–3831. https://doi.org/10.31031/SBB.2018.01.000519
Ersoy B, Çelik MS (2004) Uptake of aniline and nitrobenzene from aqueous solution by organo-zeolite. Environ Technol 25(3):341–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330409355467
Esplugas S, Gimenez J, Contreras S, Pascual E, Rodríguez M (2002) Comparison of different advanced oxidation processes for phenol degradation. Water Res 36(4):1034–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00301-3
European Commission (2002) o-Anisidine, European Union Risk Assessment Report, European Chemicals Bureau, vol 15. Official Publications of the European Communities. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/c556ccd6-05be-41ab-a896-058ca6b8fae3. Accessed 25-06-2020
European Commission (2004) Aniline, European Union Risk Assessment Report, European Chemicals Bureau, vol 50. Official Publications of the European Communities. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/0abd36ad-53de-4b0f-b258-10cf90f90493. Accessed 19-05-2020
Fang ZD, Zhang K, Liu J, Fan JY, Zhao ZW (2017) Fenton-like oxidation of azo dye in aqueous solution using magnetic Fe3O4–MnO2 nanocomposites as catalysts. Water Sci Eng 10(4):326–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2017.10.005
Faria PC, Órfão JJ, Pereira MF (2007) Ozonation of aniline promoted by activated carbon. Chemosphere 67(4):809–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.020
Fdil F, Aaron JJ, Oturan N, Chaouch A, Oturan MA (2003) Photochemical degradation of chlorophenoxyalcanoïc herbicides in aqueous media. Revue des Sci de l'Eau (France)
Fu HY, Zhang ZB, Chai T, Huang GH, Yu SJ, Liu Z, Gao PF (2017) Study of the removal of aniline from wastewater via MEUF using mixed surfactants. Water 9(6):365. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060365
Fu P, Ma Y, Lei B, Li G, Lin X (2019) Decomposition of refractory aniline aerofloat collector in aqueous solution by an ozone/vacuum-UV (O3/VUV) process. Environ Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2019.1642389
Gadipelly C, Pérez-González A, Yadav GD, Ortiz I, Ibáñez R, Rathod VK, Marathe KV (2014) Pharmaceutical industry wastewater: review of the technologies for water treatment and reuse. Ind Eng Chem Res 53(29):11571–11592. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie501210j
Gharibzahedi SM, Razavi SH, Mousavi M (2014) Potential applications and emerging trends of species of the genus Dietzia: a review. Ann Microbiol 64(2):421–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-013-0699-5
Gómez JL, León G, Hidalgo AM, Gómez M, Murcia MD, Griñán G (2009) Application of reverse osmosis to remove aniline from wastewater. Desalination 245(1–3):687–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.02.038
Gotvajn AZ, Zagorc-Koncan J (2005) Combination of Fenton and biological oxidation for treatment of heavily polluted fermentation waste broth. Acta Chim Slov 52(2):131–137
Gu X, Zhou J, Zhang A, Wang P, Xiao M, Liu G (2008) Feasibility study of the treatment of aniline hypersaline wastewater with a combined adsorption/bio-regeneration system. Desalination 227(1–3):139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.06.021
Hashemian S (2013) Fenton-like oxidation of malachite green solutions: kinetic and thermodynamic study. J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/809318
Hidalgo AM, Leon G, Gomez M, Murcia MD, Gomez E, Gomez JL (2011) Modeling of aniline removal by reverse osmosis using different membranes. Chem Eng Technol 34(10):1753–1759. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201000510
Huang J, Ling J, Kuang C, Chen J, Xu Y, Li Y (2018) Microbial biodegradation of aniline at low concentrations by Pigmentiphaga daeguensis isolated from textile dyeing sludge. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 129:117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.01.013
Hussain I, Zhang Y, Huang S (2014) Degradation of aniline with zero-valent iron as an activator of persulfate in aqueous solution. RSC Adv 4(7):3502–3511. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA43364A
IARC (1999) ortho-Anisidine. In: Some chemicals that cause tumors of the kidney or urinary bladder in rodents and some other substances. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, vol 73. International Agency for Research on Cancer, pp 49–58
IARC (2012) Some aromatic amines, organic dyes, and related exposures. Int Agency Res Cancer Occup Med 62(3):232–232
Jagtap N, Ramaswamy V (2006) Oxidation of aniline over Titania pillared montmorillonite clays. Appl Clay Sci 33(2):89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2006.04.001
Jain B, Singh AK, Kim H, Lichtfouse E, Sharma VK (2018) Treatment of organic pollutants by homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton reaction processes. Environ Chem Lett 16(3):947–967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0738-3
Jhaveri JH, Murthy ZV (2016) A comprehensive review on anti-fouling nanocomposite membranes for pressure driven membrane separation processes. Desalination 379:137–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.11.009
Jiang Y, Shang Y, Zhou J, Yang K, Wang H (2016) Characterization and biodegradation potential of an aniline-degrading strain of Pseudomonas JA1 at low temperature. Desalin Water Treat 57(52):25011–25017. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1149889
Jianguo C, Aimin L, Hongyan S, Zhenghao F, Chao L, Quanxing Z (2005) Adsorption characteristics of aniline and 4-methylaniline onto bifunctional polymeric adsorbent modified by sulfonic groups. J Hazard Mater 124(1–3):173–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.05.001
Jianping WE, Hongmei LI, Jing BA, Jiang Y (2006) Biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol by Candida albicans PDY-07 under anaerobic conditions. Chin J Chem Eng 14(6):790–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1004-9541(07)60013-5
Kang SF, Liao CH, Po ST (2000) Decolorization of textile wastewater by photo-Fenton oxidation technology. Chemosphere 41(8):1287–1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00524-X
Karigar CS, Rao SS (2011) Role of microbial enzymes in the bioremediation of pollutants: a review. Enzyme Res 2011:1–11
Kavitha V, Palanivelu K (2004) The role of ferrous ion in Fenton and photo-Fenton processes for the degradation of phenol. Chemosphere 55(9):1235–1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.12.022
Kavitha V, Palanivelu K (2005) Destruction of cresols by Fenton oxidation process. Water Res 39(13):3062–3072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.011
Koçyigit H, Ugurlu A (2015) Biological decolorization of reactive azo dye by anaerobic/aerobic-sequencing batch reactor system. Glob NEST J 17:1
Korinth G, Lüersen L, Schaller KH, Angerer J, Drexler H (2008) Enhancement of percutaneous penetration of aniline and o-toluidine in vitro using skin barrier creams. Toxicol Vitro 22(3):812–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2007.11.006
Korinth G, Schaller KH, Bader M, Bartsch R, Göen T, Rossbach B, Drexler H (2012) Comparison of experimentally determined and mathematically predicted percutaneous penetration rates of chemicals. Arch Toxicol 86(3):423–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-011-0777-z
Korinth G, Weiss T, Penkert S, Schaller KH, Angerer J, Drexler H (2007) Percutaneous absorption of aromatic amines in rubber industry workers: impact of impaired skin and skin barrier creams. Occup Environ Med 64(6):366–372. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2006.027755
Kumar D, Kabra BV (2008) Photo-assisted oxidation of p-anisidine by Fenton reagent. Int J Chem Sci 6(1):36–44
Lafi WK, Al-Qodah Z (2006) Combined advanced oxidation and biological treatment processes for the removal of pesticides from aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater 137(1):489–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.027
Larrañaga MD, Lewis RJ, Lewis RA (2016) Hawley’s condensed chemical dictionary. Wiley, New York. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119312468.ch1
Li Q, Li X, Sun J, Song H, Wu J, Wang G, Li A (2020) Removal of organic and inorganic matters from secondary effluent using resin adsorption and reuse of desorption eluate using ozone oxidation. Chemosphere 251:126442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126442
Li R, Gao Y, Jin X, Chen Z, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2015) Fenton-like oxidation of 2, 4-DCP in aqueous solution using iron-based nanoparticles as the heterogeneous catalyst. J Colloid Interface Sci 438:87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.09.082
Li X, Jin X, Zhao N, Angelidaki I, Zhang Y (2017) Efficient treatment of aniline containing wastewater in bipolar membrane microbial electrolysis cell-Fenton system. Water Res 119:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.047
Liang Q, Takeo M, Chen M, Zhang W, Xu Y, Lin M (2005) Chromosome-encoded gene cluster for the metabolic pathway that converts aniline to TCA-cycle intermediates in Delftia tsuruhatensis AD9. Microbiology 151(10):3435–3446. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28137-0
Liu Q, Zhang L, Hu P, Huang R (2015) Removal of aniline from aqueous solutions by activated carbon coated by chitosan. J Water Reuse Desalin 5(4):610–618. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.097
Liu QY, Liu YX, Lu XJ (2012) Combined photo-Fenton and biological oxidation for the treatment of aniline wastewater. Procedia Environ Sci 12:341–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.287
Ma Y, Hao S, Zhao H, Fang J, Zhao J, Li X (2018) Pollutant transport analysis and source apportionment of the entire non-point source pollution process in separate sewer systems. Chemosphere 211:557–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.184
Macías-Sánchez J, Hinojosa-Reyes L, Guzmán-Mar JL, Peralta-Hernández JM, Hernández-Ramírez A (2011) Performance of the photo-Fenton process in the degradation of a model azo dye mixture. Photochem Photobiol Sci 10(3):332–337. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0PP00158A
Manu B, Mahamood S (2011) Enhanced degradation of paracetamol by UV-C supported photo-Fenton process over Fenton oxidation. Water Sci Technol 64(12):2433–2438. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.804
Manu B, Mahamood S, Vittal H, Shrihari S (2011) A novel catalytic route to degrade paracetamol by Fenton process. Int J Res Chem Environ 1(1):157–164
Martınez NS, Fernández JF, Segura XF, Ferrer AS (2003) Pre-oxidation of an extremely polluted industrial wastewater by the Fenton’s reagent. J Hazard Mater 101(3):315–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(03)00207-3
Martins RC, Rossi AF, Quinta-Ferreira RM (2010) Fenton’s oxidation process for phenolic wastewater remediation and biodegradability enhancement. J Hazard Mater 180(1–3):716–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.098
Miklos DB, Remy C, Jekel M, Linden KG, Drewes JE, Hübner U (2018) Evaluation of advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment—a critical review. Water Res 139:118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.042
Mingyu L, Kunkun W, Yilin T, Gang R, Lin S (2011) Effect of inorganic ions on Fenton's reagent catalytic degradation of phenol in water. In: IEEE international conference on computer distributed control and intelligent environmental monitoring, pp 1144–1147. https://doi.org/10.1109/CDCIEM.2011.501
National Toxicology Program (2016) Report on Carcinogens, 4th edn. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc14. Accessed 19 May 2020
Neyens E, Baeyens J (2003) A review of classic Fenton’s peroxidation as an advanced oxidation technique. J Hazard Mater 98(1–3):33–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00282-0
O’Brien J, O’Dwyer TF, Curtin T (2008) A novel process for the removal of aniline from wastewaters. J Hazard Mater 159(2–3):476–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.064
O’Brien J, Curtin T, O’Dwyer TF (2004) Adsorption of aniline from aqueous solution using copper-exchanged ZSM-5 and unmodified H-ZSM-5. Adsorpt Sci Technol 22(9):743–754. https://doi.org/10.1260/2F0263617043026488
Okazaki Y, Yamashita K, Sudo M, Tsuchitani M, Narama I, Yamaguchi R, Tateyama S (2001) Neurotoxicity induced by a single oral dose of aniline in rats. J Vet Med Sci 63(5):539–546. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.63.539
Orge C, Faria J, Pereira M (2017) Photocatalytic ozonation of aniline with TiO2–carbon composite materials. J Environ Manag 195:208–215
Ortega-Liébana MC, Sánchez-López E, Hidalgo-Carrillo J, Marinas A, Marinas JM, Urbano FJ (2012) A comparative study of photocatalytic degradation of 3-chloropyridine under UV and solar light by homogeneous (photo-Fenton) and heterogeneous (TiO2) photocatalysis. Appl Catal B 30(127):316–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.08.036
Padoley KV, Mudliar SN, Banerjee SK, Deshmukh SC, Pandey RA (2011) Fenton oxidation: a pretreatment option for improved biological treatment of pyridine and 3-cyanopyridine plant wastewater. Chem Eng J 166(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.06.041
Padoley KV, Mudliar SN, Pandey RA (2008) Heterocyclic nitrogenous pollutants in the environment and their treatment options—an overview. Biores Technol 99(10):4029–4043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.047
Pendergrass SM (1994) An approach for estimating workplace exposure to o-toluidine, aniline, and nitrobenzene. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 55(8):733–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/15428119491018628
Pera-Titus M, Garcı́a-Molina V, Baños MA, Giménez J, Esplugas S (2004) Degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced oxidation processes: a general review. Appl Catal B Environ 47(4):219–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2003.09.010
Pirsaheb M, Shahmoradi B, Beikmohammadi M, Azizi E, Hossini H, Ashraf GM (2017) Photocatalytic degradation of aniline from aqueous solutions under sunlight illumination using immobilized Cr:ZnO nanoparticles. Sci Rep 7(1):1–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01461-5
Podkościelny P, László K (2007) Heterogeneity of activated carbons in adsorption of aniline from aqueous solutions. Appl Surf Sci 253(21):8762–8771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.04.057
Pohanish RP (2017) Sittig’s handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcinogens. William Andrew, Norwich. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-38968-6.00001-6
Rahdar S, Igwegbe CA, Ghasemi M, Ahmadi S (2019) Degradation of aniline by the combined process of ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide (US/H2O2). MethodsX 6:492–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.02.033
Rajabizadeh K, Yazdanpanah G, Dowlatshahi S, Malakootian M (2019) Photooxidation process efficiency (UV/O3) for p-nitroaniline removal from aqueous Solutions. Ozone: Sci Eng 42(5):420–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2019.1679614
Rajasulochana P, Preethy V (2016) Comparison on efficiency of various techniques in treatment of waste and sewage water—a comprehensive review. Resour-Effic Technol 2(4):175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2016.09.004
Ribeiro AR, Nunes OC, Pereira MF, Silva AM (2015) An overview on the advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of water pollutants defined in the recently launched directive 2013/39/EU. Environ Int 75:33–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.027
Salam MA (2015) Adsorption of nitroaniline onto high surface area nanographene. J Ind Eng Chem 28:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2015.01.024
Sanchez L, Peral J, Domenech X (1998) Aniline degradation by combined photocatalysis and ozonation. Appl Catal B 19(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(98)00058-7
Sang W, Cui J, Feng Y, Mei L, Zhang Q, Li D, Zhang W (2019) Degradation of aniline in aqueous solution by dielectric barrier discharge plasma: mechanism and degradation pathways. Chemosphere 223:416–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.029
Sänger M, Werther J, Ogada T (2001) NOx and N2O emission characteristics from fluidised bed combustion of semi-dried municipal sewage sludge. Fuel 80(2):167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00093-4
Sawai J, Ito N, Minami T, Kikuchi M (2005) Separation of low volatile organic compounds, phenol and aniline derivatives, from aqueous solution using silicone rubber membrane. J Membr Sci 252(1–2):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.06.018
Shahidi D, Roy R, Azzouz A (2015) Advances in catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants–prospects for thorough mineralization by natural clay catalysts. Appl Catal B 174:277–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.02.042
Shahrezaei F, Mansouri Y, Zinatizadeh AA, Akhbari A (2012) Photocatalytic degradation of aniline using TiO2 nanoparticles in a vertical circulating photocatalytic reactor. Int J Photoenergy. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/430638
Shao L, Cheng XQ, Liu Y, Quan S, Ma J, Zhao SZ, Wang KY (2013) Newly developed nanofiltration (NF) composite membranes by interfacial polymerization for Safranin O and aniline blue removal. J Membr Sci 430:96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.12.005
Sheikh MA, Kumar A, Paliwal M, Ameta R, Khandelwal RC (2008) Degradation of organic effluents containing wastewater by photo-Fenton oxidation process. Indian J Chem 47A(11):1681–1684
Sheludchenko MS, Kolomytseva MP, Travkin VM, Akimov VN, Golovleva LA (2005) Degradation of aniline by Delftia tsuruhatensis 14S in batch and continuous processes. Appl Biochem Microbiol 41(5):465–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10438-005-0083-8
Shi X, Tal G, Hankins NP, Gitis V (2014) Fouling and cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes: a review. J Water Process Eng 1:121–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2014.04.003
Shi X, Tian A, You J, Yu Z, Yang H, Xue X (2016) Fe2SiS4 nanoparticle—a new heterogeneous Fenton reagent. Mater Lett 169:153–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.01.073
Shu HY, Chang MC (2005) Decolorization effects of six azo dyes by O3, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2 processes. Dyes Pigm 65(1):25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.06.014
Singh S, Dharmendra X (2020) Optimization and performance evaluation of microbial fuel cell by varying agar concentration using different saltsin salt bridge medium. Arch Mater Sci Eng 2(101):79–84. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1193
Song S, He Z, Chen J (2007) US/O3 combination degradation of aniline in aqueous solution. Ultrason Sonochem 14(1):84–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2005.11.010
Su H, Christodoulatos C, Smolinski B, Arienti P, O’Connor G, Meng X (2019) Advanced oxidation process for DNAN using UV/H2O2. Engineering 5(5):849–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.08.003
Sudarjanto G, Keller-Lehmann B, Keller J (2005) Photooxidation of a reactive azo-dye from the textile industry using UV/H2O2 technology: process optimization and kinetics. J Water Environ Technol 3(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.2965/jwet.2005.1
Sun SP, Li CJ, Sun JH, Shi SH, Fan MH, Zhou Q (2009) Decolorization of an azo dye orange G in aqueous solution by Fenton oxidation process: effect of system parameters and kinetic study. J Hazard Mater 161(2–3):1052–1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.080
Suresh S, Srivastava VC, Mishra IM (2012) Adsorptive removal of aniline by granular activated carbon from aqueous solutions with catechol and resorcinol. Environ Technol 33(7):773–781. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.592228
Takeo M, Ohara A, Sakae S, Okamoto Y, Kitamura C, Kato DI, Negoro S (2013) Function of a glutamine synthetase-like protein in bacterial aniline oxidation via γ-glutamylanilide. J Bacteriol 195(19):4406–4414. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00397-13
Tan NC, Van Leeuwen A, Van Voorthuizen EM, Slenders P, Prenafeta-Boldu FX, Temmink H, Lettinga G, Field JA (2005) Fate and biodegradability of sulfonated aromatic amines. Biodegradation 16(6):527–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-004-6593-x
Tanhaei B, Chenar MP, Saghatoleslami N, Hesampour M, Laakso T, Kallioinen M, Sillanpää M, Mänttäri M (2014) Simultaneous removal of aniline and nickel from water by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration with different molecular weight cut-off membranes. Sep Purif Technol 124:26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.01.009
Tarlani AM, Leili M, Taherkhani F, Bhatnagar A (2016) A comparative study for the removal of aniline from aqueous solutions using modified bentonite and activated carbon. Desalin Water Treat 57(51):24430–24443. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1138890
Tony MA, Purcell PJ, Zhao Y (2012) Oil refinery wastewater treatment using physicochemical, Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation processes. J Environ Sci Health Part A 47(3):435–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2012.646136
Treimer SE, Feng J (2001) Johnson DC (2001) photoassisted electrochemical incineration of selected organic compounds. J Electrochem Soc 148(7):321–325. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1378292
Valderrama C, Barios JI, Caetano M, Farran A, Cortina JL (2010) Kinetic evaluation of phenol/aniline mixtures adsorption from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon and hypercrosslinked polymeric resin (MN200). React Funct Polym 70(3):142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2009.11.003
Wang D, Zheng G, Wang S, Zhang D, Zhou L (2011) Biodegradation of aniline by Candida tropicalis AN1 isolated from aerobic granular sludge. J Environ Sci 23(12):2063–2068. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60501-3
Wang L, Zhang C, Wu F, Deng N (2007) Photodegradation of aniline in aqueous suspensions of microalgae. J Photochem Photobiol B 87(1):49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.12.006
Wang Y, Gao H, Na XL, Dong SY, Dong HW, Yu J, Jia L, Wu YH (2016) Aniline induces oxidative stress and apoptosis of primary cultured hepatocytes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(12):1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121188
Wei W, Sun R, Cui J, Wei Z (2010) Removal of nitrobenzene from aqueous solution by adsorption on nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite. Desalination 263(1–3):89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.06.043
Will IB, Moraes JE, Teixeira AC, Guardani R, Nascimento CA (2004) Photo-Fenton degradation of wastewater containing organic compounds in solar reactors. Sep Purif Technol 34(1–3):51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5866(03)00174-6
Xie X, Gao L, Sun J (2007) Thermodynamic study on aniline adsorption on chemical modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Colloids Surf A 308(1–3):54–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.05.028
Xie X, Zhang Y, Huang W, Huang S (2012) Degradation kinetics and mechanism of aniline by heat-assisted persulfate oxidation. J Environ Sci 24(5):821–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60844-9
Yan H, Yang X, Chen J, Yin C, Xiao C, Chen H (2011) Synergistic removal of aniline by carbon nanotubes and the enzymes of Delftia sp. XYJ6. J Environ Sci 23(7):1165–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60531-1
Yan LK, Fung KY, Ng KM (2018) Aerobic sludge granulation for simultaneous anaerobic decolorization and aerobic aromatic amines mineralization for azo dye wastewater treatment. Environ Technol 39(11):1368–1375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1329354
Yang H, Shao D, Liu B, Huang J, Ye X (2016) Multi-point source identification of sudden water pollution accidents in surface waters based on differential evolution and metropolis–hastings–Markov chain Monte Carlo. Stoch Env Res Risk Assess 30(2):507–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-015-1191-5
Yilmaz T, Aygün A, Berktay A, Nas B (2010) Removal of COD and colour from young municipal landfill leachate by Fenton process. Environ Technol 31(14):1635–1640. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2010.494692
Zavareh S, Avanes A, Beiramyan P (2017) Effective and selective removal of aromatic amines from water by Cu2+-treated chitosan/alumina nanocomposite. Adsorpt Sci Technol 35(1–2):218–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617416674216
Zhang M, Wang Y, Liang P, Zhao X, Liang M, Zhou B (2019) Combined photoelectrocatalytic microbial fuel cell (PEC-MFC) degradation of refractory organic pollutants and in-situ electricity utilization. Chemosphere 214:669–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.085
Zhou Y, Jeppesen E, Zhang Y, Shi K, Liu X, Zhu G (2016) Dissolved organic matter fluorescence at wavelength 275/342 nm as a key indicator for detection of point-source contamination in a large Chinese drinking water lake. Chemosphere 144:503–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.027
Zhu N, Gu L, Yuan H, Lou Z, Wang L, Zhang X (2012) Degradation pathway of the naphthalene azo dye intermediate 1-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid using Fenton’s reagent. Water Res 46(12):3859–3867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.038
Acknowledgements
The author is sincerely thankful to all the editors and reviewers for their suggestions for further refining the quality of this study.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Chaturvedi, N.K. Comparison of available treatment techniques for hazardous aniline-based organic contaminants. Appl Water Sci 12, 173 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01695-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01695-3