Résumé
L'échoendoscopie anale est devenue le gold standard dans le bilan d'une incontinence fécale, et fait également partie du bilan d'une série d'autres pathologies anorectales, en complément des examens cliniques et électrophysiologiques. Les minisondes de haute fréquence et les consoles électroniques ont apporté une amélioration de la qualité des images et une plus grande facilité d'interprétation. Les progrès de l'imagerie en 3 dimensions amélioreront encore l'interprétation des images.
L'échoendoscopie anale, technique simple et rapide, fournissant des images à haute résolution de l'appareil sphinctérien, fait maintenant partie intégrale des investigations proposées dans les pathologies anorectales. Elle trouve son indication principale dans le bilan de l'incontinence fécale, en recherchant un défect sphinctérien éventuellement réparable, mais s'avère également utile à la prise en charge des suppurations anopérinéales, des douleurs anales et des tumeurs.
Summary
Anal endosconography has become the gold standard examination in the investigation of faecal incontinence, and is now an established imaging modality for many coloproctological conditions, complementary to clinical examination and anorectal physiology. Higher frequency endoprobes and improved electronics scanners have improved image quality, making the examination easier to interpret. Advances in 3D imaging may further aid interpretation, which in keeping with all ultrasonography remains the most difficult part of the examination.
Anal endosonography is a rapid and simple examination yielding high resolution images of the anal sphincter complex, which has become an integral part of the investigation of anorectal disorders. Its main indication is in faecal incontinence to determine patient suitability for sphincter repair but it is also valuable in perianal sepsis, and pain and malignancy.
Article PDF
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Références
BARTRAM C.I. — Anal endosonography.Ann. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. (Paris), 1992,28 (4), 185–189.
FRUDINGER A., BARTRAM C.I., HALLIGAN, S., KAMM M. — Examination techniques for endosonography of the anal canal.Abdom. Imaging., 1998,23 (3), 301–303.
BURNETT S.J., BARTRAM C.I. — Endosonographic variations in the normal internal anal sphincter.Int. J. Colorectal. Dis., 1991,6 (1), 2–4.
NIELSEN M.B., HAUGE C., RASMUSSEN O.O., SORENSEN M., PEDERSEN J.F., CHRISTIANSEN J. — Anal sphincter size measured by endosonography in healthy volunteers. Effect of age, sex, and parity.Acta Radiol., 1992,33 (5), 453–456.
WILLIAMS A.B., BARTRAM C., HALLIGAN S., MARSHALL M.M., NICHOLLS R.J., KMIOT W.A. — Multiplanar anal endosonography-normal canal anatomy.Col. Dis., 2001,3, 169–174.
WILLIAMS A.B., CHEETHAM M.J., BARTRAM C.I., HALLIGAN S., KAMM M.A., NICHOLLS R.J.et al. — Gender differences in the longitudinal pressure profile of the anal canal related to anatomical structure as demonstrated on three-dimensional anal endosonography.Br. J. Surg., 2000,87 (12), 1674–1679.
DEEN K.I., KUMAR D., WILLIAMS J.G., OLLIFF J., KEIGHLEY M.R. — The prevalence of anal sphincter defects in faecal incontinence: a prospective endosonic study.Gut, 1993,34 (5), 685–688.
CUESTA M.A., MEIJER S., DERKSEN E.J., BOUTKAN H., MEUWISSEN S.G. — Anal sphincter imaging in fecal incontinence using endosonography.Dis. Colon. Rectum., 1992,35 (1), 59–63.
LAW P.J., KAMM M.A., BARTRAM C.J. — Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinenceBr. J. Surg., 1991,78 (3), 312–314.
DEEN K.I., KUMAR D., WILLIAMS J.G., OLLIFF J., KEIGHLEY M.R. — Anal sphincter defects. Correlation between endoanal ultrasound and surgery.Ann. Surg., 1993,218, (2), 201–205.
BURNETT S.J., SEAKMAN C.T., KAMM M.A., BARTRAM C.I. — Confirmation of endosonographic detection of external anal sphincter defects by simultaneous electromyographic mapping.Br. J. Surg., 1991,78 (4), 448–450.
ENCK P., VON GIESEN H.J., SCHAFER A., HEYER T., GANTKE B., FLESCH S.et al. — Comparison of anal sonography with conventional needle electromyography in the evaluation of anal sphincter defects.Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1996,91 (12), 2539–2543.
LAW P.J., KAMM M.A., BARTRAM C.I. — A comparison between electromyography and anal endosonography in mapping external and sphincter defects.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1990,33 (5), 370–373.
NIELSEN M.B., HAUGE C., PEDERSEN J.F., CHRISTIANSEN J. — Endosonographic evaluation of patients with anal incontinence: findings and influence on surgical management.A.J.R. Am. J. Roentgenol., 1993,160 (4), 771–775.
FELT-BERSMA R.J., CUESTA M.A., KOOREVAAR M., STRIJERS R.L., MEUWISSEN S.G., DERCKSEN E.J.et al. — Anal endosonography: relationship with anal manometry and neurophysiologic tests.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1992,35 (10), 944–949.
SCHAFER R., HEYER T., GANTKE B., SCHAFER A., FRIELING T., HAUSSINGER D.et al. — Anal endosonography and manometry: comparison in patients with defecation problems.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1997,40 (3), 293–297.
WILLIAMS A.B., BARTRAM C.I., HALLIGAN S., MARSHALL M.M., SPENCER J.A., NICHOLLS R.J., KMIOT W.A. — Alteration of anal sphincter morphology following vaginal delivery revealed by three-dimensional anal endosonography.BJOG (in press) 2001.
SULTAN A.H., KAMM M.A., HUDSON C.N., THOMAS J.M., BARTRAM C.I. — Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery.N. Engl. J. Med., 1993,329 (26), 1905–1911.
WILLIAMS A.B., BARTRAM C.I., HALLIGAN S., SENCER J.A., NICHOLLS R.J., KMIOT W.A. — Anal sphincter damage after vaginal delivery using three-dimensional endosonography.Obstet. Gynecol., 2001,97 (5), 770–775.
SULTAN A.H., MONGA A.K., KUMA D., STANTON S.L. — Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using the overlap technique.Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 1999,106 (4), 318–323.
FELT-BERSMA R.J., CESTA M.A., KOOREVAAR M. — Anal sphincter repair improves anorectal function and endosonographic image. A prospective clinical study.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1996,39 (8), 878–885.
TERNENT C.A., SHASHIDHARAN M., BLATCHHFORD G.J., CHRISTENSEN M.A., THORSON A.G., SENTOVICH S.M. — Transanal ultrasound and anorectal physiology findings affecting continence after sphincteroplasty.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1997,40 (4), 462–467.
BRIEL J.W., STOKER J., ROCIU E., LAMERIS J.S., HOP W.C., SCHOUTEN W.R. — External anal sphincter atrophy on endoanal magnetic resonance imaging adversely affects continence after sphincteroplasty.Br. J. Surg., 1999,86 (10), 1322–1327.
VAIZEY C.J., KAMM M.A., BARTRAM C.I. — Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence.Lancet, 1997,349, (9052), 612–615.
SPEAKMAN C.T., BUNETT S.J., KAMM M.A., BARTRAM C.I. — Sphincter injury after anal dilatation demonstrated by anal endosonography.Br. J. Surg., 1991,78 (12), 1429–1430.
SILVIS R., VAN EEKELEN J.W., DELEMARRE J.B., GOOSZEN H.G. — Endosonography of the anal sphincter after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Relation with anal manometry and fecal continence.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1995,38 (4) 383–388.
FELT-BERSMA R.J., VAN BAREN R., KOOREVAAR M., STRIJERS R.L., CESTA M.A. — Unsuspected sphincter defects shown by anal endosonography after anorectal surgery. A prospective study.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1995,38 (3), 249–253.
SULTAN A.H., KAMM M.A., NICHOLLS R.J., BARTRAM C.I. — Prospective study of the extent of internal anal sphincter division during lateral sphincterotomy.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1994,37 (10), 1031–1033.
FAROUK R., MONSON J.R., DUTHIE G.S. — Technical failure of lateral sphincterotomy for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a study using endoanal ultrasonography.Br. J. Surg., 1997,84 (1), 84–85.
GARCIA-GRANERO E., SANAHUJA A., GARCIA-ARMENGOL J., JIMENEZ E., ESCLAPEZ P., MINGUEZ M.et al. — Anal endosonographic evaluation after closed lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1998,41 (5), 598–601.
HO Y.H., TSANG C., TANG C.L., NYAM D., EU K.W., SEOW-CHOEN F. — Anal sphincter injuries from stapling instruments introduced transanally: randomized, controlled study with endoanal ultrasound and anorectal manometry.Dis. Colon Rectum, 2000,43 (2), 169–173.
FAROUK R., DTHIE G.S., LEE P.W., MONSON J.R. — Endosonographic evidence of injury to the internal anal sphincter after low anterior resection: long-term follow-up.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1998,41 (7), 888–891.
ABBASAKOOR F., NELSON M., BEYNON J., PATEL B., CARR N.D. — Anal endosonography in patients with anorectal symptoms after haemorrhoidectomy.Br. J. Surg., 1998,85 (11), 1522–1524.
CHOEN S., BURNETT S., BARTRAM C.I., NICHOLLS R.J. — Comparison between anal endosonography and digital examination in the evaluation of anal fistulae.Br. J. Surg., 1991,78 (4), 445–447.
DEEN K.I., WILLIAMS J.G., HTCHINSON R., KEIGHLEY M.R., KUMAR D. — Fistulas in ano: endoanal ultrasonographic assessment assists decision making for surgery.Gut, 1994,35 (3), 391–394.
CHEONG D.M., NOGUERAS J.J., WEXNER S.D., JAGELMAN D.G. — Anal endosonography for recurrent anal fistulas: image enhancement with hydrogen peroxide.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1993,36 (12), 1158–1160.
POEN A.C., FELT-BERSMA R.J., EIJSBOUTS Q.A., CESTA M.A., MEUWISSEN S.G. — Hydrogen peroxidenhanced transanal ultrasound in the assessment of fistula-in-ano.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1998,41 (9), 1147–1152.
RATTO C., GENTILE E., MERICO M., SPINAZZOLA C., MANGINI G., SOFO L.et al. — How can the assessment of fistula-in-ano be improved?.Dis. Colon Rectum, 2000,43 (10), 1375–1382.
KAMM M.A., HOYLE C.H., BURLEIGH D.E., LAW P.J., SWASH M., MARTIN J.E.et al. — Hereditary internal anal sphincter myopathy causing proctalgia fugax and constipation. A newly identified condition.Gastroenterology, 1991,100 (3), 805–810.
NIELSEN M.B., RASMUSSEN O.O., PEDERSEN J.F., CHRISTIANSEN J. — Anal endosonographic findings in patients with obstructed defecationActa Radiol., 1993,34 (1), 35–38.
HALLIGAN S., SULTAN A., ROTTENBERG G., BARTRAM C.I. — Endosonography of the anal sphincters in solitary rectal ulcer syndrome.Int. J. Colorectal. Dis., 1995,10 (2), 79–82.
GOLDMAN S, NORMING U., SVENSSON C., GLIMELIUS B. — Transanorectal ultrasonography in the staging of anal epidermoid carcinoma.Int. J. Colorectal. Dis., 1991,6 (3), 152–157.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Bartram, C.I., Buchanan, G.N. Echoendoscopie anale. Acta Endosc 32, 107–115 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018036
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018036