Abstract
High molecular weight (HMW-GS) and low molecular weight (LMW-GS) glutenin subunits play a significant role in bread making quality and extensibility, though they signify merely 10% and 40% of the entire seed storage proteins. For the estimation of bread quality on the basis of allelic difference in HMW-GS and LMW-GS at Glu-1 and 3 loci, wheat germplasm (77 genotypes) was collected from diverse agro-climatic regions of Pakistan and characterized by using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Thirty distinct allelic arrangements were identified with a sum of thirteen Glu-1 alleles. Maximum frequency of allele 1 was found in twenty-nine genotypes at Glu-A1 locus while high proportion of subunit pairs 13 + 16 and 2 + 12 was detected in 33 and 32 genotypes at Glu-B1 as well as Glu-D1 locus, respectively. Few rare alleles were also separated out. The quality scores ranged from 4–10, however highest quality score of ten was more recurrent (36.36%). A good quality score of 8 and 6 were found in 32.47% as well as 19.48% of genotypes individually. In LMW-GS, seventeen diverse combinations of alleles with aggregate of ten Glu-3 alleles were detected. Glu-A3c and Glu-B3d alleles were observed in 33 (42.85%) genotypes, encoding high sedimentation and protein contents. Hence, this will enable the breeders to utilize both glutenin subunits as biochemical indicator for selecting superior wheat genotypes possessing enhanced bread making quality.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Aguiriano, E., Ruiz, M., Fite, R., Carrillo, J.M. 2008. Genetic variation for glutenin and gliadins associated with quality in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. turgidum) landraces from Spain. Span. J. Agric. Res. 6:599–609.
Anjum, F.M., Khan, M.R., Din, A., Saeed, M., Pasha, I., Arshad, M.U. 2007. Wheat gluten: high molecular weight glutenin subunits structure, genetics, and relation to dough elasticity. J. Food Sci. 72:56–63.
Appelbee, M. J. 2007. Quality potential of gluten proteins in hexaploid wheat and related species. PhD Thesis, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Bahraei, S., Saidi, A., Alizadeh, D. 2004. High molecular weight glutenin subunits of current bread wheats grown in Iran. Euphytica 137:173–179.
Bellil, I., Bouguennec, A., Khelifi, D. 2010. Diversity of seven glutenin and secalin loci within triticale cultivars grown in France. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobo. 38:48–55.
Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72:248–254.
Bradová, J., Stockova, L. 2010. Evaluation of winter wheat collection in terms of HMW- and LMW-glutenin subunits. Czech Journal of Geneicst and Plant Breeding 46:96–99.
Branlard, G., Dardevet, M., Saccomano, R., Lagoutte, F., Gourdon, J. 2001. Genetic diversity of wheat storage proteins and bread wheat quality. Euphytica 119:59–67.
Branlard, G., Dardevet, M., Amiour, N., Igrejas, G. 2003. Allelic diversity of HMW and LMW glutenin subunits and omega-gliadins in French bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. 50:669–679.
Carrillo, J., Vázquez, J., Ruiz, M. 1995. Variability for glutenin proteins in Spanish durum wheat landraces. Options Mediterannennes. Serie A. Seminaires Mediterraneens: 143–147.
Chaparzadeh, N., Sofalian, O., Javanmard, A., Hejazi, M., Zarandi, L. 2008. Study of glutenin subunits in some wheat landraces from northwest of Iran by SDS-PAGE technique. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 10:101–104.
Cornish, G., Burridge, P., Palmer, G., Wrigley, C. 1993. Mapping the origins of some HMW and LMW glutenin subunit alleles in Australian wheat germplasm In: Proceedings of the 43rd Australian Cereal Chemistry Conference, C.W. Wrigley (ed.), Guthrie Centenary Conference. pp. 225–260.
Costa, M.S., Scholz, M.B.D.S., Franco, C.M.L. 2013. Effect of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits, and subunits of gliadin on physicochemical parameters of different wheat genotypes. Food Sci. Technol. (Campinas) 33:163–170.
Dong, K., Hao, C., Wang, A., Cai, M., Yan, Y. 2009. Characterization of HMW glutenin subunits in bread and tetraploid wheats by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Cereal Res. Commun. 37:65–73.
Geng, Y., Pang, B., Hao, C., Tang, S., Zhang, X., Li, T. 2014. Expression of wheat high molecular weight glutenin subunit 1Bx is affected by large insertions and deletions located in the upstream fanking sequences. PloS one 9:105363.
Gregová, E., Hermuth, J., Kraic, J., Dotlacil, L. 2006. Protein heterogeneity in European wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars: Additional information II. Genetic Resour. Crop Ev. 53:867–871.
Gupta, R.B., Shepherd, K. 1990. Two-step one-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis of LMW subunits of glutelin. Theor. Appl. Genet. 80:65–74.
He, Z.H., Liu, L., Xia, X.C., Liu, J.J., Pena, R. 2005. Composition of HMW and LMW glutenin subunits and their effects on dough properties, pan bread, and noodle quality of Chinese bread wheats. Cereal Chem. 82:345–350.
Henkrar, F., El-Haddoury, J., Iraqi, D., Bendaou, N., Udupa, S.M. 2017. Allelic variation at high-molecular weight and low-molecular weight glutenin subunit genes in Moroccan bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars. Biotechnology 7:287.
Hernandez, Z., Figueroa, J., Rayas-Duarte, P., Martínez-Flores, H., Arambula, G., Luna, G., Pena, R. 2012. Influence of high and low molecular weight glutenins on stress relaxation of wheat kernels and the relation to sedimentation and rheological properties. J. Cereal Sci. 55:344–350.
Jang, Y.R., Beom, H. R., Altenbach, S.B., Lee, M.K., Lim, S.H., Lee, J.Y. 2017. Improved method for reliable HMW-GS identification by RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE in common wheat cultivars. Molecules 22:1055.
Kang, Z.Y., Wang, J.J., Shang, X.W. 2007. Score system study for hand-extended noodle quality based on HMW-GS index in wheat flour. Agr. Sci. China 6:304–310.
Khalid, A., Hameed, A. 2017. Seed biochemical analysis based profiling of diverse wheat genetic resource from Pakistan. Front. Plant Sci. 8:1–15.
Khan, M. 1984. Nutritional attributes of wheat. Progressive Farming 4:23–26.
Khan, T.N., Akram, Z., Ajmal, S.U.K., Naqvi, S., Mujeeb, A. 2016. GLU-A3 and GLU-B3 allles for LMW protein in local wheat identification of GLU-A3 and GLU-B3 alleles for LMW Protein Subunits in some wheat genotypes of Pakistan. Pak. J. Agr. Sci. 53:495–500.
Laemmli, U.K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685.
Lee, J.-Y., Jang, Y.-R., Beom, H.-R., Altenbach, S.B., Lim, S.-H., Lee, C.K. 2017. Allelic analysis of low molecular weight glutenin subunits using 2-DGE in Korean wheat cultivars. Breeding Sci. 67:398–407.
Lerner, S., Kolman, M., Rogers, W. 2009. Quality and endosperm storage protein variation in Argentinean grown bread wheat. I. Allelic diversity and discrimination between cultivars. J. Cereal Sci. 49:337–345.
Li, Y., Zhou, R., Branlard, G., Jia, J. 2010. Development of introgression lines with 18 alleles of glutenin subunits and evaluation of the effects of various alleles on quality related traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Cereal Sci. 51:127–133.
Liu, L., Ikeda, T.M., Branlard, G., Peña, R.J., Rogers, W.J., Lerner, S.E., Kolman, M.A., Xia, X., Wang, L., Ma, W. 2010. Comparison of low molecular weight glutenin subunits identified by SDS-PAGE, 2-DE, MALDI-TOF-MS and PCR in common wheat. BMC Plant Biol. 10:124.
Luo, C., Griffin, W., Branlard, G., Mcneil, D. 2001. Comparison of low- and high molecular-weight wheat glutenin allele effects on flour quality. Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:1088–1098.
Mandoulakani, B., Gomarian, M., Shahnejat-Bushehri, A. 2006. Identification of the parents for bread-making quality improvement in bread wheat based on RAPD and seed storage protein (HMW-GS) markers. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 9:497–502.
Morgunov, A., Rogers, W., Sayers, E., Metakovsky, E. 1990. The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit composition of Soviet wheat varieties. Euphytica 51:41–52.
Nakamura, H. 2000. Allelic variation at high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit Loci, Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1, in Japanese and Chinese hexaploid wheats. Euphytica 112:187.
Park, C.S., Kang, C.S., Jeung, J.U., Woo, S.H. 2011. Influence of allelic variations in glutenin on the quality of pan bread and white salted noodles made from Korean wheat cultivars. Euphytica 180:235–250.
Payne, P., Holt, L.M., Jackson, E.A., Law, C., Damania, A. 1984. Wheat storage proteins: their genetics and their potential for manipulation by plant breeding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. pp. 359–371.
Payne, P.I., Lawrence, G.J. 1983. Catalogue of alleles for the complex gene loci, Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 which code for high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin in hexaploid wheat. Cereal Res. Commun. 11:29–35.
Payne, P.I. 1987. Genetics of wheat storage proteins and the effect of allelic variation on bread-making quality. Ann. Rev. Plant Physio. 38:141–153.
Peña, E., Bernardo, A., Soler, C., Jouve, N. 2005. Relationship between common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) gluten proteins and dough rheological properties. Euphytica 143:169–177.
Peng, Y., Yu, Z., Islam, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Lei, Z., Yu, K., Sun, D., Ma, W. 2016. Allelic variation of LMW-GS composition in Chinese wheat landraces of the Yangtze-River region detected by MALDI-TOF-MS. Breeding Sci. 66:646–652.
Popa, M., Gregova, E., Kraic, J. 2003. Romanian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces characterized by seed storage protein electrophoresis. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (IPGRI/FAO), Bulletin des Ressources Phytogenetiques (IPGRI/FAO) Noticiario de Recursos Fitogeneticos (IPGRI/FAO).
Ram, S., Sharma, S., Verma, A., Tyagi, B.S., Pena, R.J. 2011. Comparative analyses of LMW glutenin alleles in bread wheat using allele-specific PCR and SDS-PAGE. J. Cereal Sci. 54:488–493.
Schuster, I., Souza, M.a.D., Cardoso, A.A., Sediyama, C.S., Moreira, M.A. 1997. Correlation between high molecular weight gluten subunits composition and bread-making quality in Brazilian wheat. Braz. J. Genet. 20:11–25.
Shan, X., Clayshulte, S.R., Haley, S.D., Byrne, P.F. 2007. Variation for glutenin and waxy alleles in the US hard winter wheat germplasm. Journal of Cereal Science, 45:199–208.
Singh, A., Deveshwar, J., Ahlawat, A., Singh, B. 2007. Identification of novel variants of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in Indian bread wheat landraces. Cereal Res. Commun. 35:99–108.
Tabasum, A., Iqbal, N., Hameed, A., Arshad, R. 2011. Evaluation of Pakistani wheat germplasm for bread quality based on allelic variation in HMW glutenin subunits. Pak. J. Bot. 43:1735–1740.
Tahir, M., Turchetta, T., Anwar, R., Lafiandra, D. 1996. Assessment of genetic variability in hexaploid wheat landraces of Pakistan based on polymorphism for HMW glutenin subunits. Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. 43:211–220.
Tanaka, H., Toyoda, S., Tsujimoto, H. 2005. Diversity of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes in Asian common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Breeding Science, 55:349–354.
Tsenov, N., Atanasova, D., Todorov, I., Ivanova, I., Stoeva, I. 2009. Allelic diversity in Bulgarian winter wheat varieties based on polymorphism of glutenin subunit composition. Cereal Research Communications, 37:551–558.
Yan, Z.H., Dai, S.F., Liu, D.C., Wei, Y.M., Zheng, Y.L. 2007. Allelic variation of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in the hexaploid wheat landraces of Tibet, China. International Journal of Agriculture and Research, 2:838–843.
Zhang, C., Dong, C., He, X., Zhang, L., Xia, X., He, Z. 2011. Allelic variants at the locus on wheat chromosome 2DL and their association with yellow pigment content. Crop Science, 51:1580–1590.
Zorica Jurkovic, R., Georg Drezner, Danieia Hervat. 2000. The HMW gluenin subunit composition of OS wheat cultivars and their relationship with bread-making quality. Cereal Research Communication, 28:271–277.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by F. Békés
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khalid, A., Hameed, A. Characterization of Pakistani Wheat Germplasm for High and Low Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits Using SDS-PAGE. CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 47, 345–355 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1556/0806.47.2019.13
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/0806.47.2019.13