Abstract
In this study, oxidation of a model fuel, benzothiophene (BT) in n-decane, using polyoxometalate catalyst with Keggin structure has been investigated. The solid product evaluation was performed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)/(DSC) differential scanning calorimeter, FTIR, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H + 13C NMR) spectrums, elementary (C, H, N and S) analyses. The results showed that the solid product was a polymer with a weighted average molecular weight (Mw) of 183030. In addition, the polymer was found to be sticky, branched and cross-linked. Moreover, for the first time, the role of the different solvents in the formation of the polymer was studied. It was revealed that the solvent intermolecular force plays an important role in polymerization so that the solvent with stronger molecular force did not participant in the polymerization. Ultimately gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis showed the amount of desulfurization was about 81%.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Bazyari, A., Khodadadi, A.A., Mamaghani, A.H., Beheshtian, J., Thompson, L.T., & Mortazavi, Y., Appl. Cat.B: Env., 2016, vol. 180, pp. 65–77.
Raj, J.J., Magaret, S., Pranesh, M., Lethesh, K.C., Devi, W.C., and Mutalib, M.A., Sep. & Pur. Tech., 2018, vol. 196, pp. 115–123.
Zhu, W., Huang, W., Li, H., Zhang, M., Jiang, W., Chen, G., and Han, C., Fuel Process. Tech., 2011, vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 1842–1848.
Mandizadeh, S., Salavati-Niasari, M., and Sadri, M., Sep. & Pur. Tech., 2017, vol. 175, pp. 399–405.
Budukva, S., Klimov, O., Pereyma, V.Y., and Noskov, A., Russian J. Appl. Chem., 2017, vol. 90, no. 9, pp. 1425–1432.
Choi, A.E.S., Roces, S., Dugos, N., and Wan, M.-W., Sustainable Env. Res., 2016, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 184–190.
Wang, G., Han, Y., Wang, F., Chu, Y., and Chen, X., Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms & Catalysis, 2015, vol. 115, no. 2, pp. 679–690.
Rezvani, M.A., Khandan, S., and Sabahi, N., Energy & Fuels, 2017, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 5472–5481.
Zheng, H., Sun, Z., Chen, X., Zhao, Q., Wang, X., and Jiang, Z., Appl. Catalysis A: General, 2013, vol. 467, pp. 26–32.
Bazyari, A., Mortazavi, Y., Khodadadi, A.A., Thompson, L.T., Tafreshi, R., Zaker, A., and Ajenifujah, O.T., Appl. Catalysis B: Env., 2016, vol. 180, pp. 312–323.
Khodaei, B., Sobati, M.A., and Shahhosseini, S., Clean Tech. & Env. Policy, 2016, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 2677–2689.
Song, H., Zhu, N., Chen, B., Wang, F., Bai, M., and Wang, X., Russ. J. Appl. Chem, 2016, vol. 89, no. 12, pp. 2076–2083.
Karami, E., Sobati, M.A., Khodaei, B., and Abdi, K., Appl. Thermal Eng., 2017, vol. 118, pp. 691–702.
Rezvani, M.A., Shaterian, M., Akbarzadeh, F., and Khandan, S., Chem. Eng. J., 2018, vol. 333, pp. 537–544.
Rahimi, M., Shahhosseini, S., and Movahedirad, S., Ultrasonics Sonochem., 2017, vol. 39, pp. 611–622.
Jing Zhang, J., Yi Wang, W., Jian Wang, G., Song, H., and Wang, L., Russ. J. Appl. Chem., 2018, vol. 91, no. 9, pp. 1513–1519.
Akbari, A., Omidkhah, M., and Darian, J.T., Ultrasonics Sonochem., 2015, vol. 23, pp. 231–237.
Harutyunyan, R., Rezvani, M., and Heravi, M.M., Syn. & Reactivity in Inorg., Metal-Org, & Nano-Metal Chem., 2011, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 94–99.
Rodikova, Y.A., Zhizhina, E.G., and Pai, Z.P., Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms & Catalysis, 2018, vol. 124, no. 2, pp. 469–485.
Huang, P., Liu, A., Kang, L., Dai, B., Zhu, M., and Zhang, J., Chem. Select, 2017, vol. 2, no. 14, pp. 4010–4015.
Proust, A., Matt, B., Villanneau, R., Guillemot, G., Gouzerh, P., and Izzet, G., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, vol. 41, no. 22, pp. 7605–7622.
Genovese, M. and Lian, K., Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Sci., 2015, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 126–137.
Wang, S.-S. and Yang, G.-Y., Chem. Rev., 2015, vol. 115, no. 11, pp. 4893–4962.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Feng, Y., Sha, J., Zhang, Y., and Wang, C., Inorg. Chem. Comm., 2016, vol. 74, pp. 6–11.
Maerten, S.G., Voß, D., Liauw, M.A., and Albert, J., Chem. Select, 2017, vol. 2, no. 24, pp. 7296–7302.
Cao, J., Xu, C., Liu, C., and Liu, W., Chem.Select, 2016, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 1268–1272.
Shojaei, A.F., Rezvani, A.M., and Heravi, M., J. Serbian Chem. Soc., 2011, vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 1513–1522.
Rafiee, E., and Eavani, S., J. Molecular Liq., 2014, vol. 199, pp. 96–101.
Mizuno, N., Kamata, K., and Yamaguchi, K., Bifunctional Molecular Catalysis, Springer, 2011, pp. 127–160.
Zhu, W., Wu, P., Chao, Y., Li, H., Zou, F., Xun, S., Zhu, F., and Zhao, Z., Industrial & Eng. Chem. Res., 2013, vol. 52, no. 49, pp. 17399–17406.
Mizuno, N. and Kamata, K., Coordination Chem. Rev., 2011, vol. 255, no. 19–20, pp. 2358–2370.
Xiao, J., Wu, L., Wu, Y., Liu, B., Dai, L., Li, Z., Xia, Q., and Xi, H., Appl. Energy, 2014, vol. 113, pp. 78–85.
Li, J., Hu, B., Tan, J., and Zhuang, J., Transition Metal Chem., 2013, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 495–501.
Yan, X.-M., Mei, P., Xiong, L., Gao, L., Yang, Q., and Gong, L., Catalysis Sci. & Technology, 2013, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 1985–1992.
Choi, A.E.S., Roces, S., Dugos, N., and Wan, M.-W., Fuel, 2016, vol. 180, pp. 127–136.
Khenkin, A.M. and Neumann, R., ChemSusChem, 2011, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 346–348.
Mothé-Esteves, P., Pereira, M.M., Arichi, J., and Louis, B., Crystal Growth & Design, 2010, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 371–378.
Arichi, J., Pereira, M.M., Esteves, P.M., and Louis, B., Solid State Sci., 2010, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1866–1869.
Tsigdinos, G.A. and Hallada, C.J., Inorg. Chem., 1968, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 437–441.
Khenkin, A.M., Weiner, L., Wang, Y., and Neumann, R., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, vol. 123, no. 35, pp. 8531–8542.
Neumann, R. and Lissel, M., J. Org. Chem., 1989, vol. 54, no. 19, pp. 4607–4610.
Khenkin, A.M., Leitus, G., and Neumann, R., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, vol. 132, no. 33, pp. 11446–11448.
Domb, A.J. and Langer, R., J. Polymer Sci. Part A: Polymer Chem., 1987, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3373–3386.
Zohuriaan, M.J. and Shokrolahi, F., Polymer Testing, 2004, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 575–579.
Shortt, D.W., J. Liq. Chrom., 1993, vol. 16, no. 16, pp. 3371–3391.
Atkins, P. and de Paula, J., Phys. Chem. Life Sci., OUP Oxford, 2011.
Wong, A.C.Y. and Lam, F., Polymer Testing, 2002, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 691–696.
Sperling, L.H., Introduction to Physical Polymer Sci., Wiley, 2005.
Stutz, H., Illers, K.-H., and Mertes, J., J. Polymer Sci. Part B: Polymer Physics, 1990, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1483–1498.
Nielsen, L.E., J. Macromol. Sci., Part C, 1969, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 69–103.
Kimura, H., Matsumoto, A., Sugito, H., Hasegawa, K., Ohtsuka, K., and Fukuda, A., J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 2001, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 555–565.
Akkara, J.A., Senecal, K.J., and Kaplan, D.L., J. Polymer Sci. Part A: Polymer Chem., 1991, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 1561–1574.
Maleki, A., Aghaei, M., Hafizi-Atabak, H.R., and Ferdowsi, M., Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2017, vol. 37, pp. 260–266.
Zhang, Z., and Feng, S.-S., Biomaterials, 2006, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 262–270.
Guo, T., Yu, L., Zhao, B., Ying, L., Wu, H., Yang, W., and Cao, Y., J. Polymer Sci. Part A: Polymer Chem., 2015, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 1043–1051.
Son, S.-K., Choi, Y.-S., Lee, W.-H., Hong, Y., Kim, J.-R., Shin, W.-S., Moon, S.-J., Hwang, D.-H., and Kang, I.-N., J. Polymer Sci. Part A: Polymer Chem., 2010, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 635–646.
Kim, E., Choi, Y.-K.and Lee, M.-H., Macromolecules, 1999, vol. 32, no. 15, pp. 4855–4860.
Chen, C.-P., Chan, S.-H., Chao, T.-C., Ting, C.and Ko, B.-T., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, vol. 130, no. 38, pp. 12828–12833.
Wang, Y.-X. and Ishida, H., Macromolecules, 2000, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 2839–2847.
Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., Kriz, G.S., and Vyvyan, J.A., Introduction to Spectroscopy, Cengage Learning, 2008.
Heyes, D.M. and Okumura, H., J. Chem. Physics, 2006, vol. 124, no. 16, pp. 164501.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Conflict of Interest
The authors state that they have no conflict of interest to be disclosed in the present communication.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mansourian, S.H., Shahhosseini, S. & Maleki, A. A Deep Analytical Study in the Oxidation Polymerization Desulfurization Process Using a Keggin-Type Polyoxometalate Catalyst: Characterization of Solid and Liquid Products. Russ J Appl Chem 92, 1291–1305 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427219090155
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427219090155