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Bacterial siderophores: diversity, uptake pathways and applications

  • Review Article
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From Nature Reviews Microbiology

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Abstract

Iron is an essential nutrient for the growth, survival and virulence of almost all bacteria. To access iron, many bacteria produce siderophores, molecules with a high affinity for iron. Research has highlighted substantial diversity in the chemical structure of siderophores produced by bacteria, as well as remarkable variety in the molecular mechanisms involved in strategies for acquiring iron through these molecules. The metal-chelating properties of siderophores, characterized by their high affinity for iron and ability to chelate numerous other metals (albeit with lower affinity compared with iron), have also generated interest in diverse fields. Siderophores find applications in the environment, such as in bioremediation and agriculture, in which emerging and innovative strategies are being developed to address pollution and enhance nutrient availability for plants. Moreover, in medicine, siderophores could be used as a tool for novel antimicrobial therapies and medical imaging, as well as in haemochromatosis, thalassemia or cancer treatments. This Review offers insights into the diversity of siderophores, highlighting their potential applications in environmental and medical contexts.

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Fig. 1: Biosynthesis pathway of enterobactin in Escherichia coli.
Fig. 2: Biosynthesis pathway of pyoverdine I in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Fig. 3: Structures of siderophores.
Fig. 4: Iron uptake in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
Fig. 5: Iron acquisition by enterobactin and pyoverdine I.

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I.J.S. is supported by funding from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

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Schalk, I.J. Bacterial siderophores: diversity, uptake pathways and applications. Nat Rev Microbiol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-024-01090-6

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