Abstract
The rice dwarf and narrow leaf mutant 2 (dnl2) is dwarfed and forms narrow and brittle leaves. Its dwarfness was shown to be due to its shortened internodes resulting from a reduced size of the internode parenchyma cells. Its narrow and brittle leaves were attributed to a compromised ability to form vascular bundles but a reduced fiber content and thin cortical layer. However, response to the application of either gibberellin or brassinolide was not different between dnl2 and its wild type. Transcription profiling indicates that a number of cell division/expansion-associated and crude fiber synthesis-related genes were down-regulated in the mutant. A genetic analysis revealed that the mutant phenotype was under monogenic control, and the gene responsible was mapped to a 50.1 kb genomic region on the long arm of chromosome 10. This region was shown to harbor 10 open reading frames. Although transcription profiling these genes indicates that three were differentially transcribed in the mutant, there was no sequence polymorphism in the coding sequence between the mutant and the wild type alleles.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- BR:
-
brassinosteroids
- dnl2:
-
dwarf and narrow leaf mutant 2
- EMS:
-
ethyl methane sulfonate
- GA:
-
gibberellins
- WT:
-
wild type
References
Ashikari, M., Sasaki, A., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Itoh, H., Nishimura, A., Datta, S., Ishiyama, K., Saito, T., Kobayashi, M., Khush, G.S., Kitano, H., Matsuoka, M.: Loss-offunction of a rice gibberellins biosynthetic gene, GA20 oxidase (GA20ox-2), led to the rice ‘Green revolution. - Breed. Sci. 52: 143–150, 2002.
Bailey-Serres, J., Voesenek, L.A.C.J.: Flooding stress: acclimations and genetic diversity. - Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59: 313–39, 2008.
Bernal, A.J., Yoo, C.M., Mutwi, M., Jensen, J.K., Hou, G., Blaukop, F.C., Sørensen, I., Blancaflor, E.B., Scheller, H.V., Willats, W.G.: Functional analysis of the cellulose synthase-like genes CSLD1, CSLD2, and CSLD4 in tipgrowing Arabidopsis cells. - Plant Physiol. 148: 1238–1253, 2008.
Chen, M.L., Luo, J., Shao, G.N., Wei, X.J., Tang, S.Q., Sheng, Z.H., Song, J., Hu, P.S.: Fine mapping of a major QTL for flag leaf width in rice, qFLW4, which might be caused by alternative splicing of NAL1. - Plant Cell Rep. 31: 863–872, 2012.
Cui, K.H., Peng, S.B., Xing, Y.Z., Yu, S.B., Xu, C.G., Zhang, Q.: Molecular dissection of the genetic relationships of source, sink and transport tissue with yield traits in rice. - Theor. appl. Genet. 106: 649–658, 2003.
Gomi, K., Sasaki, A., Itoh, H., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Ashikari, M., Kitano, H., Matsuoka, M.: GID2, an F-box subunit of the SCF E3 complex, specifically interacts with phosphorylated SLR1 protein and regulates the gibberellindependent degradation of SLR1 in rice. - Plant J. 37: 626–634, 2004.
Hong, Z., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Fujioka, S., Takatsuto, S., Yoshida, S., Hasegawa, Y., Ashikari, M., Kitano, H., Matsuoka, M.: The rice brassinosteroid-deficient dwarf2 mutant, defective in the rice homolog of Arabidopsis DIMINUTO/DWARF1, is rescued by the endogenously accumulated alternative bioactive brassinosteroid, dolichosterone. - Plant Cell 17: 2243–2254, 2005.
Hu, J., Zhu, L., Zeng, D.L., Gao, Z.Y., Guo, L.B., Fang, Y.X., Zhang, G.H., Dong, G.J., Yan, M.X., Liu, J., Qian, Q.: Identification and characterization of NARROW and ROLLED LEAF 1, a novel gene regulating leaf morphology and plant architecture in rice. - Plant mol. Biol. 73: 283–292, 2010.
Ishiwata, A., Misa, O., Hiroshi, N., Makio, K., Yusaku, N., Takahiro, Y., Misuzu, N., Sae, S.S., Akie, N., Masahiko, M., Hirano, H.Y., Yutaka, S.: Two WUSCHEL-related homeobox genes, narrow leaf2 and narrow leaf3, control leaf width in rice. - Plant Cell Physiol. 5: 779–792, 2013.
Itoh, H., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Sato, Y., Ashikari, M., Matsuoka, M.: The gibberellin signaling pathway is regulated by the appearance and disappearance of SLENDER RICE1 in nuclei. - Plant Cell 14: 57–70, 2002.
Jaspers, P., Blomster, T., Brosché, M., Salojärvi, J., Ahlfors, R., Vainonen, J.P., Ramesha, A.R., Richard, I., Gerco, A., Franziska, T., Kirk, O., Jaakko, K.: Unequally redundant RCD1 and SRO1 mediate stress and developmental responses and interact with transcription factors. - Plant J. 60: 268–279, 2009.
Jiang, L., Liu, X., Xiong, G., Liu, H., Chen, F., Wang, L., Meng, X., Liu, G., Yu, H., Yuan, Y., Yi, W., Zhao, L., Ma, H., He, Y., Wu, Z., Melcher, K., Qian, Q., Xu, H.E., Wang, Y., Li, J.: DWARF 53 acts as a repressor of strigolactone signalling in rice. - Nat. Genet. 504: 401–405, 2013.
Kim CM., Park, S.H., Je, B.II., Park, SH., Park, S.J., Piao, H. L., Eun, M.Y., Dolan, L., Han C.-D.: OsCSLD1, a cellulose synthase-like D1gene, is required for root hair morphogenesis in rice. - Plant Physiol. 143: 1220–1230, 2007.
Li, M., Xiong, G.Y., Li, R., Cui, J.J., Tang, D., Zhang, B.C., Pauly, M., Cheng, Z.K. and Zhou, Y.H.: Rice cellulose synthase-like D4 is essential for normal cell-wall biosynthesis and plant growth. - Plant J. 60: 1055–1069, 2009.
Li, W., Chao, W., Hu, G.C., Li, X., Qian, W.J., Si, H.M., Sun, Z.X., Wang, X.C., Fu, Y.P., Liu, W.Z.: Characterization and fine mapping of a novel rice narrow leaf mutant nal9. - J. Integr. Plant Biol. 11: 1016–1025, 2013.
Lin, H., Wang, R., Qian, Q., Yan, M., Meng, X., Fu, Z., Yan, C., Jiang, B., Su, Z., Li, J., Wang, Y.: DWARF27, an ironcontaining protein required for the biosynthesis of strigolactones, regulates rice tiller bud outgrowth. - Plant Cell. 21: 1512–1525, 2009.
Liu, W.Z., Chao W., Yaping, F., Guocheng, H., Huamin, S., Zhu L., Luan W.J., He Z.Q., Sun Z.X.: Identification and characterization of HTD2: a novel gene negatively regulating tiller bud outgrowth in rice. - Planta 230: 649–658, 2009.
Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D.: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2CT method. - Methods. 25: 402–408, 2001.
Micol, J.L.: Leaf development: time to turn over a new leaf? - Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 12: 9–16, 2009.
Mimura, M., Nagato, Y., Itoh, J.I.: Rice PLASTOCHRON genes regulate leaf maturation downstream of the gibberellin signal transduction pathway. - Planta 235: 1081–1089, 2012.
Nakamura, H., Xue, Y.L., Miyakawa, T., Hou, F., Qin, H.M., Fukui, K., Shi, X., Ito, E., Ito, S., Park, S.H., Miyauchi, Y., Asano, A., Totsuka, N., Ueda, T., Tanokura, M., Asami, T. Molecular mechanism of strigolactone perception by DWARF14. - Nat. Commun. 4: doi:10.1038/ncomms3613, 2013.
Qi, J., Qian, Q., Bu, Q.Y., Li, S.Y., Chen, Q., Sun, J.Q., Liang, W.X., Zhou, Y.H., Chu, C.C., Li, X.G., Ren, F.G., Klaus, P., Zhao, B., Chen, J.F., Chen, M.S., Li, C.Y.: Mutation of the rice narrow leaf1 gene, which encodes a novel protein, affects vein patterning and polar auxin transport. - Plant Physiol. 147: 1947–1959, 2008.
Sazuka, T., Kamiya, N., Nishimura, T., Ohmae, K., Sato, Y., Imamura, K., Nagato, Y., Koshiba, T., Nagamura, Y., Ashikari, M., Kitano, H., Matsuoka, M.: A rice tryptophan deficient dwarf mutant, tdd1, contains a reduced level of indole acetic acid and develops abnormal flowers and organless embryos. - Plant J. 60: 227–241, 2009.
Tanabe, S., Ashikari, M., Fujioka, S., Takatsuto, S., Yoshida, S., Yano, M., Yoshimura, A., Kitano, H., Matsuoka, M., Fujisawa, Y., Kato, H., Iwasaki, Y.: A novel cytochrome P450 is implicated in brassinosteroid biosynthesis via the characterization of a rice dwarf mutant, dwarf11, with reduced seed length. - Plant Cell 17: 776–790, 2005.
Tsuda, K., Nori, K., Hajime, O., Sarah, H.: Genome-wide study of KNOX regulatory network reveals brassinosteroid catabolic genes important for shoot meristem function in rice. - Plant Cell 26: 3488–3500, 2014.
Tsukaya, H.: Mechanism of leaf-shape determination. - Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 57: 477–496, 2006.
Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Murata, K., Yamazaki, M., Onosato, K., Miyao, A., Hirohiko, H.: Three distinct rice cellulose synthase catalytic subunit genes required for cellulose synthesis in the secondary wall. - Plant Physiol. 133: 73–83, 2003.
Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Ashikari, M., Nakajima, M., Itoh, H., Katoh, E., Kobayashi, M., Chow, T.Y., Hsing, Y.I., Kitano, H., Yamaguchi, I., Matsuoka, M.: GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 encodes a soluble receptor for gibberellin. - Nature 437: 693–698, 2005.
Wang, S.K., Wu, K., Yuan, Q.G., Liu, X.Y., Liu, Z.B., Lin, X.Y., Zeng, R.Z., Zhu, H.T., Dong, G.J., Qian, Q., Zhang, G.Q., Fu, X.D.: Control of grain size, shape and quality by OsSPL16 in rice. - Nat. Genet. 44: 950–954, 2012.
Wei, X.J., Tang, S.Q., Shao, G.N., Chen, M.L., Hu, Y.C., Hu, P.S.: Fine mapping and characterization of a novel dwarf and narrow-leaf mutant dnl1 in rice. - Genet. mol. Res. 12: 3845–3855, 2013.
Weingartner, M., Helvia, R.P., Pavla, B., Karin, Z., Balázs, M., Consuelo, T., Erwin, H.B., László, B.: A plant cyclin B2 is degraded early in mitosis and its ectopic expression shortens G2-phase and alleviates the DNA-damage checkpoint. - J. cell. Sci. 116: 487–498, 2002.
Xiao, R., Wang, J.G., Liu, C.Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Y.Q., Zhai, J.X., Liu, J., Hong, X.H., Cao, X.F., Zhu, J.K., Gong, Z.Z.: ROR1/RPA2A, a putative replication protein A2, functions in epigenetic gene silencing and in regulation of meristem development in Arabidopsis. - Plant Cell 18: 85–103, 2006.
Yamamuro, C., Ihara, Y., Wu, X., Noguchi, T., Fujioka, S., Takatsuto, S., Ashikari, M., Kitano, H., Matsuoka, M.: Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. - Plant Cell 12: 1591–1606, 2000.
Yan, C., Yan, S., Zeng, X., Zhang, Z., Gu, M.: Fine mapping and isolation of bc7(t), allelic to OsCesA4. - J. Genet. Genomics 34: 1019–1027, 2007.
Yang, C.H., Li, D.Y., Liu, X., Ji, C.J., Hao, L.L., Zhao, X.F., Li, X.B., Chen, C.Y., Cheng, Z.K., Zhu, L.H.: OsMYB103L, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, influences leaf rolling and mechanical strength in rice (Oryza sativa L.). - BMC Plant Biol. 14: 158–173, 2014.
Yoshikawa, T., Eiguchi, M., Hibara, K.I., Ito, J.I., Nagato, Y.: Rice SLENDER LEAF 1 gene encodes cellulose synthaselike D4 and is specifically expressed in M-phase cells to regulate cell proliferation. - J. exp. Bot. 64: 2049–2061, 2013.
Yoon, J., Cho, L.H., Kim, S.L., Choi, H., Koh, H.J., An, G.: The BEL1-type homeobox gene SH5 induces seed shattering by enhancing abscission-zone development and inhibiting lignin biosynthesis. - Plant J. 79: 717–728, 2014.
Zhang, B., Zhou, Y.: Rice brittleness mutants: a way to open the’ black box’ of monocot cell wall biosynthesis. - J. Integr. Plant Biol. 532: 136–142, 2011.
Zhang, B., Deng, L., Qian, Q., Xiong, G., Zeng, D., Li, R., Guo, L., Li, J., Zhou, Y.: A missense mutation in the transmembrane domain of CESA4 affects protein abundance in the plasma membrane and results in abnormal cell wall biosynthesis in rice. - Plant mol. Biol. 71: 509–524, 2009.
Zhang, F.T., Fang, J., Sun, C.H., Li, R.B., Luo, X.D., Xie, J.K., Deng, X.J., Chu, C.C.: Characterization of a rice dwarf and twist leaf 1 (dtl1) mutant and fine mapping of DTL1 gene. - Hereditas 34: 79–86, 2012.
Zhang, M., Zhang, B., Qian, Q., Yu, Y., Li, R., Zhang, J., Liu, X., Zeng, D., Li, J., Zhou, Y.: Brittle Culm12, a dualtargeting kinesin-4 protein, controls cell-cycle progression and wall properties in rice. - Plant J. 63: 312–328, 2010.
Zhang, Q.F., Shen, B.Z., Dai, X.K., Mei, M.H., Saghaia, M., Maroofo, Z., Li, B.: Using bulked extremes and recessive class to map genes for photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterility in rice. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 8675–8679, 1994.
Zhao, J., Wang, T., Wang, M., Liu, Y., Yuan, S., Gao, Y., Yin, L., Sun, W., Peng, L., Zhang, W., Wan, J., Li, X.: DWARF3 participates in an SCF complex and associates with DWARF14 to suppress rice shoot branching. - Plant Cell Physiol. 55: 1096–1109, 2014.
Zhou, F., Lin, Q.B., Zhu, L.H., Ren, Y.L., Zhou, K.N., Shabek, N.Z., Wu, F.Q., Mao, H.B., Dong, W., Gan, L., Ma, W.W., Gao, H., Chen, J., Yang, C., Wang, D., Tan, J.J., Zhang, X., Guo, X.P., Wang, J.L., Jiang, L., Liu, X., Chen, W.Q., Chu, J.F., Yan, C.Y., Ueno, K., Ito, S., Asami, T., Cheng, Z.J., Wang, J., Lei, C.L., Zhai, H.Q., Wu, C.Y., Wang, H.Y., Zheng, N., Wan, J.M.: D14-SCFD3-dependent degradation of D53 regulates strigolactone signaling. - Nat. Genet. 504: 406–410, 2014.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31161140348, 31501285, 31301303, and 31221004), the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) (Nos. 2011AA10A101 and 2012AA101101). The first two authors contributed equally to this paper.
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Adedze, Y.M.N., Wei, X.J., Sheng, Z.H. et al. Characterization of a rice dwarf and narrow leaf 2 mutant. Biol Plant 61, 85–94 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-016-0632-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-016-0632-4