Abstract
To find out the dietary leucine requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (5.24 ± 0.07 g), six purified experimental diets (45% CP and 14.73 kJ/g DE) with various leucine concentrations (0.5, 1.0,1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% diet) were fed to apparent satiation to triplicate groups for 12 weeks (714/02/a/CPCSEA). Absolute weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein and leucine retention efficiency, and RNA/DNA ratio improved up to 2.0% leucine in the diet. Carcass protein and fat increased significantly with increasing leucine levels up to a 2.0% dry diet. Moisture content showed a reverse pattern. Red blood corpuscles hemoglobin and hematocrit increased with incremental levels of leucine up to 2.0% diet. Significant changes were also noted in serum total protein, superoxide dismutase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lysozyme activity. Serum protein, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity were positively correlated with increasing leucine levels up to 2.0% diet, whereas aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase showed the opposite trend. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of absolute weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein, and leucine retention efficiency, inclusion of 2.0% leucine is recommended for optimum growth of fingerling C. punctatus.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Abbreviations
- IW:
-
Initial weight
- FW:
-
Final weight
- AWG:
-
Absolute weight gain
- SGR:
-
Specific growth rate
- FCR:
-
Feed conversion ratio
- PER:
-
Protein efficiency ratio
- PRE:
-
Protein retention efficiency
- LRE:
-
Leucine retention efficiency
- HIS:
-
Hepatosomatic index
- VSI:
-
Viscerosomatic index
- CF:
-
Condition factor
- Hb:
-
Hemoglobin
- Hct:
-
Hematocrit
- RBCs:
-
Red blood corpuscles
- ESR:
-
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- AST:
-
Aspartate aminotransferase
- ALT:
-
Alanine aminotransferase
References
Abdel-Hameid NAH, Khan MA, Abidi SF (2012) Effects of dietary vitamin E levels on growth, conversion efficiency, biochemical composition and hematological parameters of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch). Aquac Res 43:226–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02819.x
Abdel-Hameid NAH, Zehra S, Khan MA (2017) Dietary copper requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth, feed conversion, blood parameters and whole body copper concentration. Aquac Res 48:2787–2797. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13112
Abidi SF, Khan MA (2007) Dietary leucine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Aquac Res 38:478–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01687.x
Abidi SF, Khan MA (2009) Dietary arginine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) based on growth, nutrient retention efficiencies, RNA/DNA ratio and body composition. J Appl Ichthyol 25:707–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01270.x
Ahmed I, Khan MA (2006) Dietary branched-chain amino acid valine, isoleucine and leucine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Br J Nutr 96:50–460
Ahmed I, Sheikh ZA, Wani GB, Shah BA (2019) Sex variation in hematological and serum biochemical parameters of cultured Chinese silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Comp Clin Pathol 28:1761–1767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-019-03017-7
Ahmad I, Ahmed I, Nazir DA (2021a) Effects of dietary leucine levels on growth performance, hematobiochemical parameters, liver profile, intestinal enzyme activities and target of rapamycin signalling pathway related gene expression in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings. Aquacult Nutr 00:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13321
Ahmad I, Ahmed I, Fatma S, Peres H (2021b) Role of branched-chain amino acids on growth, physiology and metabolism of different fish species: a review. Aquacult Nutr 27:1270–1289. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13267
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2010) AOAC Animal Feed Official Methods of Analysis of Official Analytical Chemists International Arlington, VA, Association of Official Analytical Chemists
American Public Health Association (1992) APHA standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
Bernfeld P (1955) Amylases-a and b. In: Colowick SP, Kaplan K (eds) Methods in enzymology, vol 1. Academic Press, New York, pp 149–150
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
Castillo S, Gatlin DM (2018a) Dietary requirements for leucine, isoleucine and valine (branched-chain amino acids) by juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. Aquacult Nutr 24:1056–1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12644
Castillo S, Gatlin DM (2018b) Imbalanced dietary levels of branched-chain amino acids affect growth performance and amino acid utilization of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. Aquaculture 497:17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.07.029
Choo PS, Smith TK, Cho CY, Ferguson HW (1991) Dietary excess of leucine influence growth and body composition of rainbow trout. Nutrition 121:1932–1939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.07.029
Chondor SL (1999) Biology of finfish and shell fish. Howrah, India, pp 422–434
Deng SX, Tian LX, Liu FJ, Jin SJ, Liang GY, Yang HJ, Du ZY, Liu YJ (2010) Toxic effects and residue of aflatoxin B1 in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus) during long-term dietary exposure. Aquaculture 307:233–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.07.029
Dong M, Feng L, Kuang SY, Liu Y, Jiang J et al (2012) Growth, body composition, intestinal enzyme activities and microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary valine. Aquacult Nutr 19:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00867
Erwan E, Alimon AR, Sazili AQ, Yaakub H, Karim R (2009) Effects of varying levels of L-leucine and metabolizable energy in finisher diet on carcass composition and meat sensory characteristics of broiler chickens. Pakist J Nutr 8:792–796
Fagbenro O, Jauncey K (1995) Water stability, nutrient leaching and nutritional properties of moist fermented fish silage diets. Aquacult Eng 14:l43-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8609(94)P4432-B
Farhat KMA (2014) Response of fingerling stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) to varying levels of dietary L-leucine in relation to growth, feed conversion, protein utilization, leucine retention and blood parameters. Aquacult Nutr 20:291–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12077
Ferraboschi P, Ciceri S, Grisenti P (2021) Applications of lysozyme, an innate immune defense factor, as an alternative antibiotic. Antibiotics 10:1534. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10121534
Foley CJ, Bradley DL, Höök TO (2016) A review and assessment of the potential use of RNA:DNA ratios to assess the condition of entrained fish larvae. Ecol Indic 60:346–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.07.005
Gao Y, He J, He Z, Li Z, Zhao B, Mu Y, Lee JY, Chu Z (2017) Effects of fulvic acid on growth performance and intestinal health of juvenile loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus (Sauvage). Fish Shellfish Immunol 62:47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.008
Gan L, Zhou LL, Li X (2016) Dietary leucine requirement of Juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquacult Nutr 22:1040–1046. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12353
Halver JE (2002) The vitamins. In: Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds) Fish nutrition, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 61–141
Heinitz MC, Figueiredo Silva C, Schulz C, Lemme A (2018) The effect of varying dietary digestible protein and digestible non-protein energy sources on growth, nutrient utilization efficiencies and body composition of carp (Cyprinus carpio) evaluated with a two-factorial \central composite study design. Aquacult Nutr 24:723–740. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12601
Hultmark D, Steiner H, Rasmuson T, Boman HG (1980) Insect immunity. Purification and properties of three inducible bactericidal proteins from hemolymph of immunized pupae of Hyalophora cecropia. Eur J Biochem 106:7–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb05991.x
Huo YW, Jin M, Sun P, Hou YM, Li Y, Qiu H, Zhou QC (2017) Effect of dietary leucine on growth performance, hemolymph and hepatopancreas enzyme activities of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus. Aquacult Nutr 23:1341–1350. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12509
Huai MY, Tian LX, Liu YJ, Xu AL, Liang GY, Yang HJ (2009) Quantitative dietary threonine requirement of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) reared in low-salinity water. Aquac Res 40:904–914. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02181.x
Jauncey K (1982) The effects of varying dietary protein level on the growth, food conversion, protein utilization and body composition of juvenile tilapias (Sarotherodon mossambicus). Aquaculture 27:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(82)90108-9
Jindal M, Yadava NK, Jain KL, Gupta RK (2010) Effect of two dietary protein levels on body weight and composition in Channa punctatus (Bloch) fingerlings. Turk J Fish Aqua Sci 10:203–208. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2010.0207
Khan MA, Abidi SF (2011) Effect of dietary L-lysine levels on growth, feed conversion, lysine retention efficiency and haematological indices of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) fry. Aquacult Nutr 17:657–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010
Khan YM, Khan MA (2021a) Dietary niacin requirement of fingerling Indian major carp Catla catla Hamilton. Aquacult Nutr 27:1482–1493. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13291
Khan YM, Khan MA (2021b) Effects of dietary cyanocobalamin on growth performance, non-specific immune response, antioxidant capacity, haematological parameters, body composition and liver cyanocobalamin concentration of fingerling major carp, Catla catla (Hamilton). Aquacult Nutr 27:604–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13210
Kim SS, Lee KJ (2013) Comparison of leucine requirement in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) by free or synthetic dipeptide forms of leucine. Anim Feed Sci Tech 183:195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.05.008
Liang H, Mokrani A, Chisomo-Kasiya H, Ji KE, Ge X, Ren M, Liu BO et al (2019) Dietary leucine affects glucose metabolism and lipogenesis involved in TOR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway for juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish Physiol Biochem 45:719–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-018-0594-x
Lin SM, Pan Y, Luo L, Luo L (2011) Effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan, chitosan or raffinose on the growth, innate immunity and resistance of koi (Cyprinus carpiokoi). Fish Shellfish Immunol 31:788–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.013
Lopez MJ, Mohiuddin SS (2021) Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids. Treasure Island (FL), Statpearls, USA
Lynch CJ, Hutson SM, Patson BJ, Vaval A, Vary TC (2002) Tissue-specific effects of chronic dietary leucine and norleucine supplementation on protein synthesis in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283:E824–E835. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00085.2002
Marimuthu K, Arokiaraj AJ, Haniffa MA (2009) Effect of diet quality on seed production of the spotted snakehead Channa punctatus (Bloch). Int J Sust Agricult 1:6–9
Misra HP, Fridovich I (1972) The role of superoxide anion in the antioxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 217:3170–3175
Mustafa S, Lagardere JP, Pastoureaud A (1991) Condition indices and RNA:DNA ratio in overwintering European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, in salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of France. Aquaculture 96:367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(91)90165-4
Nandeesha MC, Gangadhara B, Manissery JK (1999) Silkworm pupae oil and sardineoil as an additional energy source in the diet of common carp. Cyprinus Carpio Asian Fish Sci 12:207–215
Nie C, He T, Zhang W, Zhang G, Ma X (2018) Branched chain amino acids: beyond nutrition metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 19:954–969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19040954
National Research Council (2011) Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Park SI, Gil HW, Kim BS, Park KH, Oh SY (2017) Starvation-induced physiological responses and RNA/DNA ratios in Rock Bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, andOlive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Dev Reprod 21:249–257. https://doi.org/10.12717/DR.2017.21.3.249
Rahimnejad S, Lee KJ (2013) Dietary valine requirement of juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major. Aquaculture 416–417:212–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.09.026
Rahimnejad S, Lee KJ (2014) Dietary Isoleucine influences non-specific immune response in juvenile Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Tur J Fish Aquatic Sci 14:853–862. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14402
Reitman MDS, Frankel S (1957) A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol 28:56–63
Ren MC, Tsion HMH, Liu B, Miao LH, Ge XP et al (2015) Dietary leucine level affects growth performance, whole body composition, plasma parameters and relative expression of TOR and TNF-ɑ in juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquaculture 448:162–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.06.008
Rieu I, Balage M, Sornet C, Giraudet C, Pujos E, Grizard J, Mosoni L et al (2006) Leucine supplementation improves muscle protein synthesis in elderly men independently of hyperaminoacidaemia. J Physiol 575:305–315. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysio.2006.110742
Saurabh S, Sahoo PK (2008) Lysozyme: an important defence molecule of fish innate immune system. Aquac Res 39:223–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01883.x
Seligman AM, Nachlas MM (1963) Lipase. In: Bergmeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Academic Press, London, pp 776–778
Sharf Y, Khan MA (2020) Effect of dietary isoleucine level on growth, protein retention efficiency, haematological parameter, lysozyme activity and serum antioxidant status of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch). Aquacult Nutr 26:908–920. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13049
Sharf Y, Khan MA (2021) Requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) for dietarylysine based on growth, feed conversion and lysine retention efficiency, RNA/DNA ratio, hematological parameters and serum antioxidant activity. Aquacult Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13411
Sharf Y, Khan MA (2022a) Dietary threonine requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth, feed conversion, protein retention efficiency, hematological parameters, and biochemical composition. Aquaculture 560:738504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738504
Sharf Y, Khan MA (2022b) Dietary histidine requirement for fingerlings of Channa punctatus (Bloch). Aquaculture 561:738732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738732
Sharf Y, Khan MA (2022c) Dietary tryptophan requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth, hematological parameters, intestinal enzymes, non-specific immune response, and antioxidant capacity. Aquaculture 562:738745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738745
Shi YQ, Sun YX, Luo L, Jing T, Chen YJ et al (2014) Dietary leucine requirement of tilapia (GIFT Oreochromis niloticus). J Fish China 10:1778–1786. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12353
Shearer KD (2000) Experimental design, statistical analysis and modeling of dietary nutrient requirement studies for fish: a critical review. Aquacult Nutr 6:91–102. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2000.00134.x
Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1981) Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York
Tan XH, Lin HZ, Huang Z, Zhou CP, Wang AL et al (2016) Effects of dietary leucine on growth performance, feed utilization, non-specific immune responses and gut morphology of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus. Aquaculture 465:100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.08.034
Wang LG, Li EC, Qin JG, Du ZY, Yu N et al (2015) Effect of oxidized fish oil and α-tocopherol on growth, antioxidation status, serum immune enzyme activity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir Sinensis. Aquacult Nutr 21:414–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12171
Witeska M, Kondera E, Ługowska K, Bojarski B (2022) Hematological methods in fish—not only for beginners. Aquaculture 547:737498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737498
Wu X (2014) Effects of leucine on growth performance and immune of juvenile Jian carp Cyprinus carpio var Jian. Sichuan Agricultural University, Thesis
Yan L, Qinghui A, Kangsen M, Wei X, Zhenyan C et al (2010) Dietary leucine requirement for juvenile large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson, 1846). J Ocean Univ China 9:371–375
Yan L, Cheng ZY, Mai KS, Ai QH (2014) Dietary leucine requirement of juvenile Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax Japonicus). J Ocean Univ China 14:121–126
Zehra S, Khan MA (2012) Dietary protein requirement for fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch), based on growth, feed conversion, protein retention and biochemical composition. Aquac Int 20:383–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-011-9470-8
Zehra S, Khan MA (2013) Dietary lysine requirement of fingerling Catla catla (Hamilton) based on growth, protein deposition, lysine retention efficiency, RNA/DNA ratio and carcass composition. Fish Physiol Biochem 39:503–512
Zehra S, Khan MA (2014) Total sulphur amino acid requirement and maximum cysteine replacement value for methionine for fingerling Catla catla (Hamilton). Aquac Res 47:304–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12493
Zehra S, Khan MA (2015) Dietary leucine requirement of fingerling Catla catla (Hamilton) based on growth, feed conversion ratio, RNA/DNA ratio, leucine gain, blood indices and carcass composition. Aquac Int 23:1–19
Zehra S, Khan MA (2017) Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquac Res 48:4945–4957. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13313
Zehra S, Khan MA (2018a) Dietary riboflavin requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (bloch) based on growth, conversion efficiencies, protein retention, liver riboflavin storage, RNA/DNA ratio and carcass composition. Aquacult Nutr 24:269–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12555
Zehra S, Khan MA (2018b) Dietary niacin requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch). J Appl Ichthyol 34:929–936. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13604
Zehra S, Khan MA (2018c) Dietary pyridoxine requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth performance, liver pyridoxine concentration, and carcass composition. J Appl Aquac 30:238–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438
Zehra S, Khan MA (2018d) Dietary thiamin requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth, protein gain, liver thiamin storage, RNA/DNA ratio and biochemical composition. Aquac Nutr 24:1015–1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12638
Zehra S, Khan MA (2018e) Dietary pantothenic acid requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth, feed conversion, liver pantothenic acid concentration and carcass composition. Aquac Nutr 24:1436–1443. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12680
Zehra S, Khan MA (2019a) Quantification of dietary inositol requirement for fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth, antioxidant status, hematological tools and liver inositol concentration. Aquaculture 512:734280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734280
Zehra S, Khan MA (2019b) Effects of different levels of dietary cyanocobalamin on growth, liver cyanocobalamin concentration, antioxidant capacity, intestinal enzymes and non-specific immune response for optimum inclusion in the commercial feeds of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch). Aquaculture 511:734272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734272
Zehra S, Yousif RA (2021) Dietary total aromatic amino acid requirement and tyrosine replacement value for phenylalanine for fingerling Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus). Aquacult Nutr 00:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13242
Zhao Y, Li JY, Jiang Q, Zhou XQ, Feng L et al (2020) Leucine improved growth performance, muscle growth, and muscle protein deposition through AKT/TOR and AKT/FOXO3a signaling pathways in hybrid catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli x Leiocassis longirostris. Cells 9:327. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020327
Zhou XH, Wu X, Tang XS, Gao YL, Huang RL et al (2009) Effects of different dietary arginine activator additive on growth performance and plasma biochemical parameters in early-weaned piglets. Res Agric Modern 31:237–240. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3793727
Zhou QC, Wang LG, Wang HL, Xie FJ, Wang T (2012) Effect of dietary vitamin C on the growth performance and innate immunity of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Fish Shellfish Immunol 30:969–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.01.024
Zhou C, Xu D, Lin K, Sun C, Yang X (2017) Intelligent feeding control methods in aquaculture with an emphasis on fish: a review. Rev Aquacult. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12218
Zou T, Cao SP, Xu WJ, Han D, Liu HK et al (2018) Effects of dietary leucine levels on growth, tissue protein content and relative expression of genes related to protein synthesis in juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III). Aquac Res 49:2240–2248. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13682
Zhou Z, Wang X, Wu X, Gao Y, Li X et al (2019) Effects of dietary leucine levels on growth, feed utilization, neuro-endocrine growth axis and TOR-related signaling genes expression of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂). Aquaculture 504:172–181
Zhou Z, Wu X, Li X, Dong Y, Wang X, Mu W, Gatlin DM III et al (2020a) The optimum dietary isoleucine requirement of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂). Aquacult Nutr 00:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13085
Zhou C, Lin H, Huang Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Yu W (2020b) Effects of dietary leucine levels on intestinal antioxidant status and immune response for juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) involved in Nrf2 and NF-kB signaling pathway. Fish Shellfish Immunol 107:336–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.012
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Chairman, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, for providing necessary laboratory facilities. We also gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance of Maulana Azad National Fellowship-University Grant Commissions (F1-17.1/2016-17/ MANF-2015-17-UTT-52232) awarded to one of us (Yusra Sharf).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The second author, MAK, provided expert assistance and is a scientific advisor for designing this study. He also contributed to the drafting of the paper. The first author, YS, conducted the feeding trial and substantially contributed to the analysis, writing of the manuscript, statistical analysis and interpretation of the data.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All the experimental procedures including the animal experimentation were approved by the institutional ethical committee of Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India (registration no. 714/02/a/CPCSEA).
Informed consent
No informed consent is required for this study.
Additional information
Handling editor: Z. Benfoda.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sharf, Y., Khan, M.A. Dietary leucine requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth, feed conversion and leucine retention efficiency, hematological parameters, antioxidant and intestinal enzyme activities. Amino Acids 55, 451–468 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-023-03240-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-023-03240-1