Abstract
Within the metaorganisms, cross-communication between commensal organisms and the host is crucial for the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. At times, microbiota becomes accountable for breaching homeostasis by creating a microenvironment favoring uncontrolled cell growth. Chronic infection and inflammation act as inciting factors for reactive oxygen species generation promoting damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Oxidative stress activates a variety of transcription factors that in turn control the expression of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Consecutive changes including altered cell growth, genetic instability, and inhibition of apoptosis create a proper carcinogenic milieu. Apart from the complicated side effects associated with prevailing anticancer therapies, their safety, stability, and affordability are in question. At present, significant immunomodulating properties of probiotic bacteria are being considered as a promising tool in cancer treatment. In addition, to boost the innate defense mechanisms of hosts, probiotics can act as antigenotoxic, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidative agents. In this chapter, the role of pathogenic microbes in oxidative stress-induced cancer and the effectiveness of probiotics as a future therapeutic strategy in preventing cancer onset and progression through manipulating intestinal microflora are highlighted.
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Abbreviations
- 4-HNE:
-
4-Hydroxynonenal
- 8-OHdG:
-
8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine
- 8-oxo-dG:
-
8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine
- ADH:
-
Alcohol dehydrogenase
- AID:
-
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
- AMPK:
-
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- AMPs:
-
Antimicrobial peptides
- APC:
-
Anaphase promoting complex
- APRIL:
-
A proliferation-inducing ligand
- AQP3:
-
Aquaporin 3
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- AvrA:
-
Avirulence protein A
- BAD:
-
BCL-2-associated death promoter
- BAFF:
-
B cell-activating factor
- BAX:
-
BCL-2 associated X
- BCL-2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2
- BER:
-
Base excision repair
- BFT:
-
B. fragilis toxin
- BLIMP:
-
B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1
- cagA:
-
Cytotoxin-associated gene A
- CD:
-
Crohn’s disease
- CDKs:
-
Cyclin-dependent kinases
- CDT:
-
Cytolethal distending toxin
- CIDR:
-
Succeeding cysteine-rich interdomain region
- CLRs:
-
C-type lectin receptors
- CNF1:
-
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1
- COX:
-
Cyclooxygenase
- CRC:
-
Colorectal cancer
- CTCL:
-
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
- CTL:
-
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CXCL:
-
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand
- CYP:
-
Cytochrome P450
- DC:
-
Dendritic cell
- DDR:
-
DNA damage responses
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DNase I:
-
Deoxyribonuclease I
- DPPH:
-
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- DSBs:
-
Double-strand breaks
- EBV:
-
Epstein-Barr virus
- ERK:
-
Extracellular regulated kinase
- ETBF:
-
Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis
- Etk/BMX:
-
Epithelial and endothelial tyrosine kinase/bone marrow X
- FOXO3a:
-
Forkhead box O3a
- GEC:
-
Gingival epithelial cell
- GI:
-
Gastrointestinal
- GPRs:
-
G-protein-coupled receptors
- GPX1:
-
Glutathione peroxidase 1
- HCC:
-
Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDAC:
-
Histone deacetylase
- HIF-1α:
-
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
- HNE:
-
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal
- HRE:
-
Hypoxia response element
- HSP:
-
Heat shock protein
- IARC:
-
International Agency for Research on Cancer
- IBD:
-
Inflammatory bowel disease
- IFN-γ:
-
Interferon-γ
- IgA:
-
Immunoglobulin A
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- JAK1/STAT3:
-
Janus kinase 1/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinases
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MALT:
-
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- MDSC:
-
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- miRNA:
-
MicroRNA
- NDK:
-
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase
- NF-κβ:
-
Nuclear factor κ light-chain enhancer of activated B cells
- NK:
-
Natural killer
- NLRX1:
-
NOD-like receptor family member X1
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NOX:
-
NADPH oxidase
- Nrf2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OSCC:
-
Oral squamous cell carcinoma
- PBMC:
-
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PfEMP1:
-
P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1
- PGN:
-
Peptidoglycan
- PI3K/Akt:
-
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B
- PKC:
-
Protein kinase C
- pro-MMP-9:
-
Pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9
- PTEN:
-
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10
- RNI:
-
Reactive nitrogen intermediates
- RNS:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- ROI:
-
Reactive oxygen intermediate
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SabA:
-
Sialic acid–binding adhesin
- SCFA:
-
Short-chain fatty acid
- SE:
-
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
- Sir2:
-
Silent information regulator 2
- SMO:
-
Spermine oxidase
- SNP:
-
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
- SOD2:
-
Superoxide dismutase 2
- T4SS:
-
Type IV secretion systems
- TER:
-
Transepithelial resistance
- TGF-β:
-
Tumor growth factor β
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor α
- UC:
-
Ulcerative colitis
- VacA:
-
Vacuolating cytotoxin A
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- Wnt:
-
Wingless-related integration site
- ZO:
-
Zonula occludens
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Acknowledgments
The financial assistance from DAE-BRNS, Government of India (Project No. 37 (1)/20/15/2014-BRNS), and CSIR, Government of India (Project No. 27(0322)/17/EMR-II) is thankfully acknowledged.
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Biswas, P., Pal, S., Das, M., Dam, S. (2022). Microbe-Induced Oxidative Stress in Cancer Development and Efficacy of Probiotics as Therapeutics in Preventing Its Onset and Progression. In: Chakraborti, S. (eds) Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Therapeutic Aspects. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1247-3_159-1
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