Abstract
Correct visualization of electromagnetic waves requires a sensor capable of detecting the actual EM field non-intrusively. This chapter introduces electric and magnetic field sensing technologies that utilize nonintrusive E-field and B-field probes based on the Pockels electro-optic (EO) effect and the magneto-optic (MO) Faraday effect. In contrast to conventional field sensors, such as antennas and diode sensors, which contain metallic components, these field probes are made of entirely dielectric materials. Hence, they negligibly perturb the electric and magnetic fields that they measure. The detected electric and magnetic fields are “true” and nearly distortion-free, and the waveform of the field is exact even in a complex electromagnetic environment, where conventional field sensors fail to produce reliable and reproducible results. The EO and MO field sensors have an extreme frequency bandwidth. This extensive bandwidth enables the EO and MO probes to detect all Fourier frequency components for a complex waveform. Hence, in principle, the sensors can measure the exact waveform for the EO probe, from ELF up to terahertz frequency. They are compact and also have an exceptional dynamic range. In addition, the sensors cause negligible reflection and perturbation of the electromagnetic field, enabling them to detect the near-field and far-field without disturbing the signal source – the capability a conventional probe cannot provide. Also, they are vector sensors capable of detecting the direction of the E- and B-fields. So, the field probes are suitable for various applications, which are otherwise impossible or very difficult to perform with conventional field probes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F.M. de Aguiar, Phys. Lett. A 375, 265 (2011)
L. J. Chu. Physical limitations of omni-directional antennas. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 19, December 1948. Pages 1163–1175
R.F. Harrington, Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields. Electrical and Electronical Engineering (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961)
J. Rappaz. Analyse numerique. Notes de cours: Leçons 1 à 10, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1994, Pages 64–66
Schultz, S. M., R. Selfridge, S. Chadderdon, D. Perry, and N. Stan. “Nonintrusive Electric Field Sensing.” Proc. SPIE 9062, Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems Integration 2014, 90620H, 10 April 2014
R. Feynman, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter (Princeton University Press, Guildford, 1985)
Warzecha, A., M. Bernier, G. Gaborit, L. Duvillaret, J.-L. Lasserre. “Electro-optic sensors dedicated to non-invasive electric field characterization.” Proc. SPIE 7389, Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection VI, no. 738922, 17 June 2009
A. Garzarella, S.B. Quadri, D.H. Wu, Optimal electro-optic sensor configuration for phase noise limited, remote field sensing applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(221113) (2009)
A. Garzarella, S.B. Qadri, D.H. Wu, Effects of crystal-induced optical incoherence in electro-optic field sensors. J. Electron. Mater. 39(6) (2010)
A. Garzarella, D.H. Wu, Optimal crystal geometry and orientation in electric field sensing using electro-optic sensors. Opt. Lett. 37(11), 2124–2126 (2012)
A. Garzarella, S.B. Qadri, T.J. Wieting, D.H. Wu, Spatial and temporal sensitivity variations in photorefractive electro-optic field sensors. App. Phys. Lett. 88(141106) (2006)
A. Garzarella, S.B. Qadri, T.J. Wieting, D.H. Wu, The effects of Photorefraction on Electrooptic field sensors. J. Appl. Phys. 97(113108) (2005)
S.B. Qadri, J.A. Bellotti, A. Garzarella, T. Wieting, D.H. Wu, Phase transition in Sr0.75Ba0.25NbO3 near the curie temperature. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(222911) (2006)
S.B. Qadri, J.A. Bellotti, A. Garzarella, T. Wieting, D.H. Wu, Anisotropic thermal expansion of strontium barium Niobate. App. Phys. Lett. 86(251914) (2005)
V. J. Fratello, I. M. Steven, J. Licht, and R. R. Abbott, MRS Proceedings 834, J6.2 (2004)
R. Valenzuela, Magnetic Ceramics (Cambridge University Press, 1994)
D.C. Jiles, Dynamics of domain magnetization and the Barkhausen effect. Czech. J. Phys. 50, 893–924 (2000); L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, On the theory of the dispersion of magnetic permeability in ferromagnetic bodies. Ukr. J. Phys. 53, 14–22 (2008), V. 53 Reprinted from Phys. Zeitsch. der Sow. 8, 153–169 (1935)]
A. Garzarella, M.A. Shinn, Dong Ho Wu, Responsivity optimization in magneto-optic sensors based on ferromagnetic materials. Appl. Opt. 64(26), 9704 (2015)
A. Garzarella, M.A. Shinn, D.H. Wu, Effects of magnetically induced optical incoherence in arrayed faraday rotator crystals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 221102 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4922046
A. Garzarella, S.B. Qadri, Dong Ho Wu, Effects of crystal-induced optical incoherence in electro-optic field sensors. J. Electron. Mater. 39(6) (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-010-1103-x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply
About this entry
Cite this entry
Wu, D.H. (2023). Electro-optic and Magneto-optic Nonintrusive Field Sensing Technologies. In: Kawanishi, T. (eds) Handbook of Radio and Optical Networks Convergence. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4999-5_32-2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4999-5_32-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-33-4999-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-33-4999-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Physics and AstronomyReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
Electro-optic and Magneto-optic Nonintrusive Field Sensing Technologies- Published:
- 29 September 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4999-5_32-2
-
Original
EO and MO Sensing (Tentative)- Published:
- 14 July 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4999-5_32-1