Abstract
To reduce the consumption of petroleum and common energy sources, it is important to look for alternative green techniques that are able to produce the same products and fulfill the same industrial applications. Power ultrasound is successful in inducing various physical and chemical transformations due to the intense pressure waves of the ultrasound in a liquid medium. Ultrasound energy could be considered as one of the new forms of energy which is promising for the applications of extraction involving the bioresources. This chapter presents the aspects of ultrasonic process intensification of the extraction of one of the most biologically active ingredients, namely, polysaccharides from diverse herbal materials. Number of studies has been surveyed and summarized to present their best outcomes in the applications of ultrasound in the extraction process. Evidently, ultrasonic conditions provide better environment for isolating the bioactive compounds and more importantly with higher preservation of the bioactivity of extracted components.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shirsath S, Sonawane S, Gogate P (2012) Intensification of extraction of natural products using ultrasonic irradiations: a review of current status. Chem Eng Process Process Intesif 53:10–23
Gogate PR (2008) Cavitational reactors for process intensification of chemical processing applications: a critical review. Chem Eng Process Process Intesif 47:515–527
Vinatoru M (2001) An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs. Ultrason Sonochem 8:303–313
Gallego-Juarez JA (2010) High-power ultrasonic processing: recent developments and prospective advances. Phys Procedia 3:35–47
Tang SY, Tan KW, Sivakumar M (2011) Ultrasound cavitation as a green processing technique in the design and manufacture of pharmaceutical nanoemulsions in drug delivery system In: Sanghi R, Singh V (eds) Green chemistry for environmental remediation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, pp 153–208
Chemat F, Khan MK (2011) Applications of ultrasound in food technology: processing, preservation and extraction. Ultrason Sonochem 18:813–835
Gogate PR, Kabadi AM (2009) A review of applications of cavitation in biochemical engineering/biotechnology. Biochem Eng J 44:60–72
Chen Y, Luo H, Gao A, Zhu M (2011) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) seed by response surface methodology and their structural characteristics. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 12:305–309
Chen W, Wang WP, Zhang HS, Huang Q (2012) Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from Boletus edulis mycelia using response surface methodology. Carbohydr Polym 87:614–619
Zhao Q, Kennedy JF, Wang X, Yuan X, Zhao B, Peng Y, Huang Y (2011) Optimization of ultrasonic circulating extraction of polysaccharides from Asparagus officinalis using response surface methodology. Int J Biol Macromol 49:181–187
Yang B, Zhao M, Shi J, Yang N, Jiang Y (2008) Effect of ultrasonic treatment on the recovery and DPPH radical scavenging activity of polysaccharides from Longan fruit pericarp. Food Chem 106:685–690
Cai W, Gu X, Tang J (2008) Extraction, purification, and characterization of the polysaccharides from Opuntia milpa alta. Carbohydr Polym 71:403–410
Chen X, Wang W, Li S, Xue J, Fan L, Sheng Z, Chen Y (2010) Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of Lingzhi polysaccharides using response surface methodology and its inhibitory effect on cervical cancer cells. Carbohydr Polym 80:944–948
Toma M, Vinatoru M, Paniwnyk L, Mason T (2001) Investigation of the effects of ultrasound on vegetal tissues during solvent extraction. Ultrason Sonochem 8:137–142
Ebringerová A, Hromádková Z (2010) An overview on the application of ultrasound in extraction, separation and purification of plant polysaccharides. Cent Eur J Chem 8:243–257
Dahlem O, Demaiffe V, Halloin V, Reisse J (1998) Direct sonication system suitable for medium-scale sonochemical reactors. AIChE J 44:2724–2730
Richards WT, Loomis AL (1927) The chemical effects of high frequency sound waves I: a preliminary survey. J Am Chem Soc 49:3086–3100
Mason T (1991) Practical sonochemistry user’s guide to application in chemistry and chemical engineering. Ellis Horwood, New York
Young FR (1989) Cavitation. McGraw-Hill, London
Leighton T (1994) The acoustic bubble. Acadamic Press, USA
Suslick KS (2001) Encyclopaedia of physical science and technology. Academic, San Diego
Gogate PR, Pandit AB (2001) Hydrodynamic cavitation reactors: a state of the art review. Rev Chem Eng 17:1–85
Sivakumar M, Pandit AB (2002) Wastewater treatment: a novel energy efficient hydrodynamic cavitational technique. Ultrason Sonochem 9:123–131
Newman C, Bettinger T (2007) Gene therapy progress and prospects: ultrasound for gene transfer. Gene Ther 14:465–475
Riley N (2001) Steady streaming. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 33:43–65
Yasui K (2002) Influence of ultrasonic frequency on multibubble sonoluminescence. J Acoust Soc Am 112:1405–1413
Povey MJ, Mason TJ (1998) Ultrasound in food processing. Blackie Academic and Professional, London
Hecht E (1996) Physics: calculus (445–450, 489–521). Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove
Ashokkumar M, Lee J, Kentish S, Grieser F (2007) Bubbles in an acoustic field: an overview. Ultrason Sonochem 14:470–475
Elder SA (1959) Cavitation microstreaming. J Acoust Soc Am 31:54–64
Lin HY, Thomas JL (2004) Factors affecting responsivity of unilamellar liposomes to 20 kHz ultrasound. Langmuir 20:6100–6106
Simon RD (1974) The use of an ultrasonic bath to disrupt cells suspended in volumes of less than 100 μliters. Anal Biochem 60:51–58
Hagenson LC, Doraiswamy L (1998) Comparison of the effects of ultrasound and mechanical agitation on a reacting solid–liquid system. Chem Eng Sci 53:131–148
Luche JL, Bianchi C (1998) Synthetic organic sonochemistry. Plenum Press, New York
Lee J, Tuziuti T, Yasui K, Kentish S, Grieser F, Ashokkumar M, Iida Y (2007) Influence of surface-active solutes on the coalescence, clustering, and fragmentation of acoustic bubbles confined in a microspace. J Phys Chem C 111:19015–19023
Garbellini GS (2012) Ultrasound in electrochemical degradation of pollutants. InTech Rijeka, Croatia, 205–226
Mason T, Paniwnyk L, Lorimer J (1996) The uses of ultrasound in food technology. Ultrason Sonochem 3(3):S253–S260
Ashokkumar M, Mason TJ (2007) Sonochemistry. Kirk-othmer encyclopaedia of chemical technology. Wiley, New York
Mason TJ, Lorimer JP (2002) Applied sonochemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Kentish S, Ashokkumar M (2011) The physical and chemical effects of ultrasound. In: Ultrasound technologies for food and bioprocessing. Springer, New York, pp 1–12
Ashokkumar M, Sunartio D, Kentish S, Mawson R, Simons L, Vilkhu K, Versteeg CK (2008) Modification of food ingredients by ultrasound to improve functionality: a preliminary study on a model system. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 9:155–160
Aleixo PC, Júnior DS, Tomazelli AC, Rufini IA, Berndt H, Krug FJ (2004) Cadmium and lead determination in foods by beam injection flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after ultrasound-assisted sample preparation. Anal Chim Acta 512:329–337
Bermúdez-Aguirre D, Mobbs T, Barbosa-Cánovas GV (2011) Ultrasound applications in food processing. In: Ultrasound technologies for food and bioprocessing. Springer, New York, pp 65–105
Chivate M, Pandit A (1995) Quantification of cavitation intensity in fluid bulk. Ultrason Sonochem 2:S19–S25
Alzorqi I, Manickam S (2015) Effects of axial circulation and dispersion geometry on the scale-up of ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides. AIChE J 61:1483–1491
Horst C, Chen YS, Kunz U, Hoffmann U (1996) Design, modelling and performance of a novel sonochemical reactor for heterogeneous reactions. Chem Eng Sci 51(10):1837–1846
Soudagar S, Samant S (1995) Semiquantitative characterization of ultrasonic cleaner using a novel piezoelectric pressure intensity measurement probe. Ultrason Sonochem 2:S49–S53
Gonze E, Gonthier Y, Boldo P, Bernis A (1998) Standing waves in a high frequency sonoreactor: visualization and effects. Chem Eng Sci 53:523–532
Wasser SP (2005) Reishi or Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum). Encyclopaedia of dietary supplements, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 603–622
Claver IP, Zhang H, Li Qin Z, Huiming Z (2010) Optimization of ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from Chinese malted sorghum using response surface methodology. Pak J Nutr 9(4):336–342
Hromadkova Z, Ebringerova A, Valachovič P (1999) Comparison of classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Salvia officinalis L. Ultrason Sonochem 5(4):163–168
Hromadkova Z, Ebringerova A, Valachovič P (2002) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from the roots of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.). Ultrason Sonochem 9(1):37–44
Cheung YC, Siu KC, Liu YS, Wu JY (2012) Molecular properties and antioxidant activities of polysaccharide–protein complexes from selected mushrooms by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Process Biochem 47(5):892–895
Li JW, Ding SD, Xl D (2007) Optimization of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujuba cv. jinsixiaozao. J Food Eng 80(1):176–183
Zhao L, Dong Y, Chen G, Hu Q (2010) Extraction, purification, characterization and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr Polym 80(3):783–789
Huang SQ, Li JW, Wang Z, Pan HX, Chen JX, Ning ZX (2010) Optimization of alkaline extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and their effect on immune function in mice. Molecules 15(5):3694–3708
Shi M, Zhang Z, Yang Y (2013) Antioxidant and immunoregulatory activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP). Carbohydr Polym 95(1):200–206
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this entry
Cite this entry
Alzorqi, I., Manickam, S. (2015). Ultrasonic Process Intensification for the Efficient Extraction of Nutritionally Active Ingredients of Polysaccharides from Bioresources. In: Ashokkumar, M. (eds) Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-470-2_65-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-470-2_65-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Online ISBN: 978-981-287-470-2
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics