Abstract
There are many and various connections between mental illness and employment. This chapter will begin with an overview of mental illness and the main links with employment. The self-selection or social drift hypothesis suggests that people with mental illness face higher risks of employment difficulties due to various disadvantages. The social causation hypothesis suggests that certain characteristics of workplaces can trigger or worsen mental illness. The relevance of these explanations depends on the type of mental illness that is being considered. Using common mental disorders, psychotic disorders, and youth mental health as examples, the evidence relating to these arguments is illustrated. Responses to them include anti-stigma campaigns, early intervention for mental illness, supported employment models, workplace awareness, stress alleviation and general well-being programs, occupational health interventions, and policies targeting employment practices. Mental illness and employment are also indirectly linked through their impacts on carers (caregivers), family members, and colleagues. Evidence on these links and responses comes mainly from high-income countries, and a great deal remains unknown in low- and middle-income countries. The COVID-19 pandemic brought further uncertainties regarding macroeconomic recession and new work practices, affecting jobs and employee mental health. This chapter highlights key evidence (and knowledge gaps) on the links between mental illness and various facets of employment to help decision-makers prioritize appropriate actions to the benefit of individuals, employers, wider society, and the national economy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajnakina O, Stubbs B, Francis E, Gaughran F, David AS, Murray RM, Lally J (2021) Employment and relationship outcomes in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Schizophr Res 231:122–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.03.013
Altman S, Haeri S, Cohen LJ, Ten A, Barron E, Galynker II, Duhamel KN (2006) Predictors of relapse in bipolar disorder: a review. J Psychiatr Pract 12(5):269–282. https://doi.org/10.1097/00131746-200609000-00002
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association
Anthony WA (1993) Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s. Psychosoc Rehabil J 16(4):11–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0095655
Arksey H, Kemp P, Glendinning C, Kotchetkova I, Tozer R (2005) Carers’ aspirations and decisions around work and retirement (D. f. W. a. P. R. R. 290). http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/spru/pubs/pdf/rrep290.pdf
Biggs D, Hovey N, Tyson PJ, MacDonald S (2010) Employer and employment agency attitudes towards employing individuals with mental health needs. J Ment Health 19(6):505–516. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2010.507683
Bloom DE, Cafiero ET, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, Feigl AB, Gaziano T, Mowafi M, Pandya A, Prettner K, Rosenberg L, Seligman B, Stein AZ, Weinstein C (2011) The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases. W. E. Forum
Bond GR, Drake RE, Becker DR (2012) Generalizability of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) model of supported employment outside the US. World Psychiatry 11(1):32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.01.005
Bouget D, Spasova S, Vanhercke B (2016) Work-life balance measures for persons of working age with dependent relatives in Europe. A study of national policies. E. Commission
Boyce M, Secker J, Johnson R, Floyd M, Grove B, Schneider J, Slade J (2008) Mental health service users’ experiences of returning to paid employment. Disabil Soc 23(1):77–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590701725757
Brimblecombe N, Fernandez JL, Knapp M, Rehill A, Wittenberg R (2018) Review of the international evidence on support for unpaid carers. J Long-Term Care:25–40. https://doi.org/10.31389/jltc.3
Brohan E, Evans-Lacko S, Henderson C, Murray J, Slade M, Thornicroft G (2014) Disclosure of a mental health problem in the employment context: qualitative study of beliefs and experiences. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 23(3):289–300. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796013000310
Burns T, Catty J, Becker T, Drake RE, Fioritti A, Knapp M, Lauber C, Rössler W, Tomov T, van Busschbach J, White S, Wiersma D, Group E (2007) The effectiveness of supported employment for people with severe mental illness: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 370(9593):1146–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61516-5
Butterworth P, Leach LS, Strazdins L, Olesen SC, Rodgers B, Broom DH (2011) The psychosocial quality of work determines whether employment has benefits for mental health: results from a longitudinal national household panel survey. Occup Environ Med (1470–7926 (Electronic))
Chang SS, Stuckler D, Yip P, Gunnell D (2013) Impact of 2008 global economic crisis on suicide: time trend study in 54 countries. BMJ 347:f5239. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5239
Chang S, Zhang Y, Jeyagurunathan A, Lau YW, Sagayadevan V, Chong SA, Subramaniam M (2016) Providing care to relatives with mental illness: reactions and distress among primary informal caregivers. BMC Psychiatry 16:80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0786-9
Christensen MK, Lim CCW, Saha S, Plana-Ripoll O, Cannon D, Presley F, Weye N, Momen NC, Whiteford HA, Iburg KM, McGrath JJ (2020) The cost of mental disorders: a systematic review. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 29:e161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S204579602000075X
Chua YC, Abdin E, Tang C, Subramaniam M, Verma S (2019) First-episode psychosis and vocational outcomes: a predictive model. Schizophr Res 211:63–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.009
Colombo F, Llena-Nozal A, Mercier J, Tjadens F (2011) Help wanted? Providing and paying for long-term care. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264097759-en
Correll CU, Galling B, Pawar A, Krivko A, Bonetto C, Ruggeri M, Craig TJ, Nordentoft M, Srihari VH, Guloksuz S, Hui CLM, Chen EYH, Valencia M, Juarez F, Robinson DG, Schooler NR, Brunette MF, Mueser KT, Rosenheck RA et al (2018) Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. JAMA Psychiat 75(6):555–565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0623
de Vries H, Fishta A, Weikert B, Rodriguez Sanchez A, Wegewitz U (2018) Determinants of sickness absence and return to work among employees with common mental disorders: a scoping review. J Occup Rehabil 28(3):393–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-017-9730-1
Dohrenwend BP, Levav I, Shrout PE, Schwartz S, Naveh G, Link BG, Skodol AE, Stueve A (1992) Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: the causation-selection issue. Science 255(5047):946–952. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1546291
Drake RE, Wallach, MA (2020) Employment is a critical mental health intervention. Epidemiol Psychiatric Sci 29:e178, Article e178. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796020000906
Earle A, Heymann J (2011) Protecting the health of employees caring for family members with special health care needs. Soc Sci Med 73(1):68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.016
Evans-Lacko S, Knapp M, McCrone P, Thornicroft G, Mojtabai R (2013) The mental health consequences of the recession: economic hardship and employment of people with mental health problems in 27 European countries. PLoS One 8(7):e69792. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069792
Frasquilho D, Matos MG, Salonna F, Guerreiro D, Storti CC, Gaspar T, Caldas-de-Almeida JM (2016) Mental health outcomes in times of economic recession: a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health 16:115. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2720-y
Frazer P, Westhuis D, Daley JG, Phillips I (2009) How clinical social workers are using the DSM-IV: a National Study. Soc Work Ment Health 7(4):325–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332980802052100
Funk M, Drew N, Knapp M (2012) Mental health, poverty and development. J Public Ment Health 11(4):166–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/17465721211289356
Fusar-Poli P (2019) Integrated mental health services for the developmental period (0 to 25 years): a critical review of the evidence. Front Psych 10:355. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00355
Gagne T, Schoon I, Sacker A (2021) Trends in young adults’ mental distress and its association with employment: evidence from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1993-2019. Prev Med 150:106691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106691
Gmitroski T, Bradley C, Heinemann L, Liu G, Blanchard P, Beck C, Mathias S, Leon A, Barbic SP (2018) Barriers and facilitators to employment for young adults with mental illness: a scoping review. BMJ Open 8(12):e024487. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024487
Gold LH (2014) DSM-5 and the assessment of functioning: the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 42(2):173–181. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24986344
Goldfarb Y, Gal E, Golan O (2021) Implications of employment changes caused by COVID-19 on mental health and work-related psychological need satisfaction of autistic employees: a mixed-methods longitudinal study. J Autism Dev Disord 52:89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04902-3
Gray BJ, Kyle RG, Song J, Davies AR (2022) Characteristics of those most vulnerable to employment changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative cross-sectional study in Wales. J Epidemiol Community Health 76(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-216030
Hakulinen C, Elovainio M, Arffman M, Lumme S, Suokas K, Pirkola S, Keskimäki I, Manderbacka K, Böckerman P (2019) Employment status and personal income before and after onset of a severe mental disorder: a case-control study. Psychiatr Serv 71(3):250–255. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201900239
Hamberg-van Reenen HH, Proper KI, van den Berg M (2012) Worksite mental health interventions: a systematic review of economic evaluations. Occup Environ Med 69(11):837–845. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2012-100668
Hampson ME, Watt BD, Hicks RE (2020) Impacts of stigma and discrimination in the workplace on people living with psychosis. BMC Psychiatry 20(1):288. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02614-z
Hassink WH, Van den Berg B (2011) Time-bound opportunity costs of informal care: consequences for access to professional care, caregiver support, and labour supply estimates. Soc Sci Med 73(10):1508–1516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.027
Hastrup LH, Van Den Berg B, Gyrd-Hansen D (2011) Do informal caregivers in mental illness feel more burdened? A comparative study of mental versus somatic illnesses. Scand J Public Health 39(6):598–607. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494811414247
Henz U (2004) The effects of informal care on paid-work participation in Great Britain: a lifecourse perspective. Ageing Soc 24(6):851–880. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X04002351
Heron P, Spanakis P, Crosland S, Johnston G, Newbronner E, Wadman R, Walker L, Gilbody S, Peckham E (2022) Loneliness among people with severe mental illness during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a linked UK population cohort study. PLoS One 17(1):e0262363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262363
Herrman H, Patel V, Kieling C, Berk M, Buchweitz C, Cuijpers P, Furukawa TA, Kessler RC, Kohrt BA, Maj M, McGorry P, Reynolds CF 3rd, Weissman MM, Chibanda D, Dowrick C, Howard LM, Hoven CW, Knapp M, Mayberg HS et al (2022) Time for united action on depression: a lancet-world psychiatric association commission. Lancet 399(10328):957–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02141-3
Hoff A (2015) Current and future challenges of family care in the UK. Foresight. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/454514/gs-15-18-future-ageingfamily-care-er09.pdf
Ikeda S (2017) Supporting working carers’ job continuation in Japan: prolonged care at home in the most aged society. Int J Care Caring 1(1):63–82. https://doi.org/10.1332/239788217X14866286042781
International Labour Organization (ILO) (2012) From precarious work to decent work: outcome document to the workers’ symposium on policies and regulations to combat precarious employment
Jeyagurunathan A, Sagayadevan V, Abdin E, Zhang Y, Chang S, Shafie S, Rahman RFA, Vaingankar JA, Chong SA, Subramaniam M (2017) Psychological status and quality of life among primary caregivers of individuals with mental illness: a hospital based study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 15(1):106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0676-y
Johnston DA, Harvey SB, Glozier N, Calvo RA, Christensen H, Deady M (2019) The relationship between depression symptoms, absenteeism and presenteeism. J Affect Disord 256:536–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.041
Kawakami N, Abdulghani EA, Alonso J, Bromet EJ, Bruffaerts R, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Chiu WT, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Fayyad J, Ferry F, Florescu S, Gureje O, Hu C, Lakoma MD, Leblanc W, Lee S, Levinson D, Malhotra S et al (2012) Early-life mental disorders and adult household income in the World Mental Health Surveys. Biol Psychiatry 72(3):228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.009
Kessler RC, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, Epstein JF, Gfroerer JC, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Normand SL, Manderscheid RW, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM (2003) Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(2):184–189. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Kessler RC, Heeringa S, Lakoma MD, Petukhova M, Rupp AE, Schoenbaum M, Wang PS, Zaslavsky AM (2008) Individual and societal effects of mental disorders on earnings in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Am J Psychiatry 165(6):703–711. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010126
Killackey E, Jackson HJ, McGorry PD (2008) Vocational intervention in first-episode psychosis: individual placement and support v. treatment as usual. Br J Psychiatry 193(2):114–120. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043109
Killackey E, Allott K, Jackson HJ, Scutella R, Tseng YP, Borland J, Proffitt TM, Hunt S, Kay-Lambkin F, Chinnery G, Baksheev G, Alvarez-Jimenez M, McGorry PD, Cotton SM (2019) Individual placement and support for vocational recovery in first-episode psychosis: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 214(2):76–82. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.191
Kinman G (2019) Sickness presenteeism at work: prevalence, costs and management. Br Med Bull 129(1):69–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldy043
Knapp M, Iemmi V (2014) Noncommunicable disease: the case of mental health, macroeconomic effect of. In: Culyer AJ (ed) Encyclopedia of health economics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 366–369
Knapp M, Iemmi V (2016) Mental health. In: Scheffler RM (ed) World scientific handbook of global health economics and public policy, vol 2. World Scientific, pp 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1142/9200-vol2
Knapp M, Wong G (2020) Economics and mental health: the current scenario. World Psychiatry 19(1):3–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20692
Knapp M, Funk M, Curran C, Prince M, Grigg M, McDaid D (2006) Economic barriers to better mental health practice and policy. Health Policy Plan 21(3):157–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czl003
Knapp M, King D, Healey A, Thomas C (2011a) Economic outcomes in adulthood and their associations with antisocial conduct, attention deficit and anxiety problems in childhood. J Ment Health Policy Econ 14(3):137–147
Knapp M, McDaid D, Parsonage M (2011b) Mental health promotion and mental illness prevention: the economic case. London School of Economics and Political Science
Knapp M, Patel A, Curran C, Latimer E, Catty J, Becker T, Drake RE, Fioritti A, Kilian R, Lauber C, Rossler W, Tomov T, van Busschbach J, Comas-Herrera A, White S, Wiersma D, Burns T (2013) Supported employment: cost-effectiveness across six European sites. World Psychiatry 12(1):60–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20017
Kochnar R (2020) Unemployment rose higher in three months of COVID-19 than it did in two years of the Great Recession. Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 18 from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/11/unemployment-rose-higher-in-three-months-of-covid-19-than-it-did-in-two-years-of-the-great-recession/
Kooyman I, Dean K, Harvey S, Walsh E (2007) Outcomes of public concern in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 50:s29–s36. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.50.s29
Kopasker D, Montagna C, Bender KA (2019) Insecure lock-in: the mental health effects of anticipating insecure employment (7 ed.) (pp. 2–19). (Discussion Papers in Economics and Finance; Vol. 7, No. 19. University of Aberdeen., Issue
LaMontagne AD, Milner A, Krnjacki L, Schlichthorst M, Kavanagh A, Page K, Pirkis J (2016) Psychosocial job quality, mental health, and subjective wellbeing: a cross-sectional analysis of the baseline wave of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health. BMC Public Health 16(Suppl 3):1049. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3701-x
Landerman LR, Burns BJ, Swartz MS, Wagner HR, George LK (1994) The relationship between insurance coverage and psychiatric disorder in predicting use of mental health services. Am J Psychiatry 151(12):1785–1790. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.12.1785
Lieberman JA, First MB (2018) Psychotic disorders. N Engl J Med 379(3):270–280. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1801490
Lockwood G, Henderson C, Thornicroft G (2012) The Equality Act 2010 and mental health. Br J Psychiatry 200(3):182–183. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.097790
Lohrer SP, Lukens EP, Thorning H (2007) Economic expenditures associated with instrumental caregiving roles of adult siblings of persons with severe mental illness. Community Ment Health J 43(2):129–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-005-9026-3
Lund C, Breen A, Flisher AJ, Kakuma R, Corrigall J, Joska JA, Swartz L, Patel V (2010) Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med 71(3):517–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.027
Lund C, Orkin K, Witte M, Davies T, Haushofer J, Bass J, Bolton P, Murray S, Murray L, Tol W, Thornicroft G, Patel V (2019) The economic effects of mental health interventions in low and middle-income countries, Working paper. https://custom.cvent.com/4E741122FD8B4A1B97E483EC8BB51CC4/files/Event/159bd4dc083941a79dd0211437d5d7dc/d79476623ef7451884092864b1d7116b.pdf
Martin-Carrasco M, Evans-Lacko S, Dom G, Christodoulou NG, Samochowiec J, Gonzalez-Fraile E, Bienkowski P, Gomez-Beneyto M, Dos Santos MJ, Wasserman D (2016) EPA guidance on mental health and economic crises in Europe. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 266(2):89–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0681-x
McAlpine DD, Alang SM (2021) Employment and economic outcomes of persons with mental illness and disability: the impact of the Great Recession in the United States. Psychiatr Rehabil J 44(2):132–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000458
McDowell CP, Herring MP, Lansing J, Brower CS, Meyer JD (2021) Associations between employment changes and mental health: US data from during the COVID-19 pandemic [Brief research report]. 12(255). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631510
Mills PR, Kessler RC, Cooper J, Sullivan S (2007) Impact of a health promotion program on employee health risks and work productivity. Am J Health Promot 22(1):45–53. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-22.1.45
Mitra S, Jones K (2017) The impact of recent mental health changes on employment: new evidence from longitudinal data. Appl Econ 49(1):96–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1192274
Modini M, Joyce S, Mykletun A, Christensen H, Bryant RA, Mitchell PB, Harvey SB (2016) The mental health benefits of employment: results of a systematic meta-review. Australas Psychiatry 24(4):331–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856215618523
Mojtabai R, Stuart EA, Hwang I, Susukida R, Eaton WW, Sampson N, Kessler RC (2015) Long-term effects of mental disorders on employment in the National Comorbidity Survey ten-year follow-up. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(11):1657–1668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1097-z
Moreno-Kustner B, Martin C, Pastor L (2018) Prevalence of psychotic disorders and its association with methodological issues. A systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS One 13(4):e0195687. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195687
Odani S, Shinozaki T, Shibuya K, Tabuchi T (2022) Economic hardships and self-reported deterioration of physical and mental health under the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study, 2020. Japan J Epidemiol 32(4):195–203. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20210268
OECD (2010) Sickness, disability and work: breaking the barriers: a synthesis of findings across OECD countries. OECD
OECD (2012) Sick on the job? Myths and realities about mental health and work
OECD (2014) Making mental health count: the social and economic costs of neglecting mental health care
OECD (2015) Mental health and work: fit mind, fit job: from evidence to practice in mental health and work. OECD
Pais S, Knapp M (2021) The impact of COVID-19 on autistic people in the United Kingdom. Policy Innovation Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science. https://piru.ac.uk/assets/files/The_Impact_of_COVID-19_on_Autistic_People_in_the_United_Kingdom_Final_Report.pdf
Park AL, McCrone P, Knapp M (2016) Early intervention for first-episode psychosis: broadening the scope of economic estimates. Early Interv Psychiatry 10(2):144–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12149
Patel V, Saxena S, Lund C, Thornicroft G, Baingana F, Bolton P, Chisholm D, Collins PY, Cooper JL, Eaton J, Herrman H, Herzallah MM, Huang Y, Jordans MJD, Kleinman A, Medina-Mora ME, Morgan E, Niaz U, Omigbodun O et al (2018) The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development. Lancet 392(10157):1553–1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31612-X
Pavalko EK, Henderson KA (2006) Combining care work and paid work: do workplace policies make a difference? Res Aging 28(3):359–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027505285848
Perala J, Suvisaari J, Saarni SI, Kuoppasalmi K, Isometsa E, Pirkola S, Partonen T, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Hintikka J, Kieseppa T, Harkanen T, Koskinen S, Lonnqvist J (2007) Lifetime prevalence of psychotic and bipolar I disorders in a general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(1):19–28. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.19
Perkins DV, Raines JA, Tschopp MK, Warner TC (2009) Gainful employment reduces stigma toward people recovering from schizophrenia. Community Ment Health J 45(3):158–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-008-9158-3
Perski M, Wilton R, Evans J (2020) An ambivalent atmosphere: employment training programs and mental health recovery. Health Place 62:102266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102266
Richards V (2018) The importance of language in mental health care. Lancet Psychiatry 5(6):460–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30042-7
Ridley M, Rao G, Schilbach F, Patel V (2020) Poverty, depression, and anxiety: causal evidence and mechanisms. Science 370(6522). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay0214
Rinaldi M, Killackey E, Smith J, Shepherd G, Singh SP, Craig T (2010) First episode psychosis and employment: a review. Int Rev Psychiatry 22(2):148–162. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261003661825
Rodrigues R, Schulmann K, Schmidt A, Kalavrezou N (2013) The indirect costs of long-term care. European Commission
Rodwell L, Romaniuk H, Nilsen W, Carlin JB, Lee KJ, Patton GC (2018) Adolescent mental health and behavioural predictors of being NEET: a prospective study of young adults not in employment, education, or training. Psychol Med 48(5):861–871. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717002434
Rönnblad T, Grönholm E, Jonsson J, Koranyi I, Orellana C, Kreshpaj B, Chen L, Stockfelt L, Bodin T (2019) Precarious employment and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Scand J Work Environ Health (1795-990X (Electronic))
Santomauro DF, Mantilla Herrera AM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM, Abbafati C, Adolph C, Amlag JO, Aravkin AY, Bang-Jensen BL, Bertolacci GJ, Bloom SS, Castellano R, Castro E, Chakrabarti S, Chattopadhyay J, Cogen RM, Collins JK et al (2021) Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 398(10312):1700–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7
Saraceno B, Levav I, Kohn R (2005) The public mental health significance of research on socio-economic factors in schizophrenia and major depression. World Psychiatry 4(3):181–185. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16633546
Schuring M, Robroek SJ, Burdorf A (2017) The benefits of paid employment among persons with common mental health problems: evidence for the selection and causation mechanism. J Scand J Work Environ Health 6:540–549. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3675
Sharac J, McCrone P, Clement S, Thornicroft G (2010) The economic impact of mental health stigma and discrimination: a systematic review. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 19(3):223–232. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001159
Shields M, Dimov S, Kavanagh A, Milner A, Spittal MJ, King TL (2021) How do employment conditions and psychosocial workplace exposures impact the mental health of young workers? A systematic review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 56(7):1147–1160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02077-x
Smith JP, Smith GC (2010) Long-term economic costs of psychological problems during childhood. Soc Sci Med 71(1):110–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.046
Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, Chey T, Jackson JW, Patel V, Silove D (2014) The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013. Int J Epidemiol 43(2):476–493. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu038
Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Hahn SR, Morganstein D (2003) Cost of lost productive work time among US workers with depression. JAMA 289(23):3135–3144. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3135
Stralin P, Skott M, Cullberg J (2019) Early recovery and employment outcome 13 years after first episode psychosis. Psychiatry Res 271:374–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.013
Thomas CM, Morris S (2003) Cost of depression among adults in England in 2000. Br J Psychiatry 183(6):514–519. https://doi.org/10.1192/00-000
Tsang HW, Tam PK, Chan F, Cheung WM (2003) Sources of burdens on families of individuals with mental illness. Int J Rehabil Res 26(2):123–130. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004356-200306000-00007
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coggeshall M, Cornaby L, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Dilegge T, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming T et al (2016) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 388(10053):1545–1602. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
Wang PS, Patrick A, Avorn J, Azocar F, Ludman E, McCulloch J, Simon G, Kessler R (2006) The costs and benefits of enhanced depression care to employers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63(12):1345–1353. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1345
Wang S, Kamerāde D, Burchell B, Coutts A, Balderson SU (2021) What matters more for employees’ mental health: job quality or job quantity? Camb J Econ 46(2):251–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beab054
Woo JM, Kim W, Hwang TY, Frick KD, Choi BH, Seo YJ, Kang EH, Kim SJ, Ham BJ, Lee JS, Park YL (2011) Impact of depression on work productivity and its improvement after outpatient treatment with antidepressants. Value Health 14(4):475–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2010.11.006
World Health Organization (2001) International classification of functioning, disability and health: ICF. World Health Organization
World Health Organization (2017) Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates (Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO). W. H. Organization
World Health Organization (2019) International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems; Eleventh Revision. World Health Organization. https://icd.who.int/
Yao R, Wu W (2022) Mental disorders associated with COVID-19 related unemployment. Appl Res Qual Life 17(2):949–970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-021-09950-6
Zeng Y, Zhou Y, Lin J (2017) Perceived burden and quality of life in Chinese caregivers of people with serious mental illness: a comparison cross-sectional survey. Perspect Psychiatr Care 53(3):183–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12151
Acknowledgments
Responsible Section Editor: Prof. Kompal Sinha
The chapter has benefitted from valuable comments of the editors and anonymous referees. There is no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Knapp, M., Wong, G. (2023). Mental Health and Labor Market Outcomes. In: Zimmermann, K.F. (eds) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_295-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_295-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57365-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57365-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Economics and FinanceReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences