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Per- and Polyfluoroalkylsubstances (PFAS) and Their Toxicology as Evidenced Through Disease and Biomarkers

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Biomarkers in Toxicology

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Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of at least 4730 chemicals with clearly important surfactant properties. They are used in coatings, paints, stain repellents, and firefighting foams as well as other industrial processes. Their high use and recalcitrance to degradation coupled with their lipophilicity and bioaccumulation makes them persistent organic pollutants or forever chemicals. In turn, they are measured in the serum of most humans, especially long-chain PFAS. The toxicity of most PFASs have not been studied, and the USEPA is starting a National PFAS-testing strategy to prioritize PFAS testing because testing all PFASs is not feasible. Some PFASs such as PFOA and PFOS are currently banned in many countries because of their persistence and bioaccumulation. Many PFASs have been observed in the environment and bioconcentrate in aquatic food webs. These chemicals are associated with immunotoxicity, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, reproductive and developmental disorders, and other human health issues.

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Abbreviations

6:2 FTS:

1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctane sulfonic acid

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

AhR:

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

AR:

Androgen receptor

BCF:

Bioconcentration factor

CPT1:

Carnitine Palmitoyl transferase 1

CYP11A1:

Cytochrome P450 11A1

CYP17A1:

Cytochrome P450 17A1

ER:

Estrogen Receptor

FABP:

Fatty acid-binding protein

FASN:

Fatty acid synthase

FOSA:

Perfluorooctane sulfonamide

FXR:

Farnesoid X receptor

GAC:

Granular activated carbon

GR:

Glucocorticoid receptor

HFPO-DA :

Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid

HSD11B1:

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11B1

HSD17B:

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 17B

HSD3B1:

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3B1

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

Koc:

Organic carbon-partitioning coefficient

Kow:

Octanol-water-partitioning coefficient

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

logP:

Partitioning coefficient

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

LXR:

Liver X receptor

MC4:

Melanocortin 4

MetFOSA:

N-methyl perfluoro-1-octanesulfonamide

NK:

Natural killer

NRF2:

Nuclear receptor erthyroid-2-related factor 2

OAT:

Organic anion transporter

OATP:

Organic anion transport protein

PFAS:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

PFBA:

Perfluorobutanoate

PFCA:

Perfluorinated carboxylic acids

PFDA:

Perfluorodecanoate

PFDoD :

Perfluorododecanoic acid

PFHpA:

Perfluoroheptanoic acid

PFHxA :

Per-fluorohexanoic acid

PFHxS:

Per-fluorohexanesulfonate

PFMOBA:

Perfluoro-4-methoxybutanioc acid

PFNA:

Perfluorononanoic acid

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoic acid

PFOS:

Perfluorooctanesulfonate

PFPeA :

Perfluoropentanoic acid

PFSA:

Perfluorinated sulfonic acids

PFTeDA :

Per- fluorotetradecanoic acid

PFTrDA :

Perfluorotridecanoic acid

PFUnDA:

Perfluoroundecanoic acid

PGRMC1:

Progesterone receptor membrane-associated component 1

POP:

Persistent organic pollutant

PPAR:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

PXR:

Pregnane X receptor

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RXR:

Retinoid X receptor

SCD1:

Stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1

Srebf-1c:

Sterol-regulatory element-binding factor 1c

STARD1:

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

TAG:

Triacylglycerol

THR:

Thyroid hormone receptors

TNFα:

Tumor necrose factor α

URAT1:

Urate transporter 1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

    W. S. Baldwin

  2. Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

    W. S. Baldwin, Tyler T. Davis & Jazmine A. Eccles

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  1. W. S. Baldwin
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  2. Tyler T. Davis
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Correspondence to W. S. Baldwin .

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  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Sch Biomed & Health Sci, Wilkins Bldg, King's College London Franklin, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

  3. Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Med City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Rajkumar Rajendram

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Baldwin, W.S., Davis, T.T., Eccles, J.A. (2023). Per- and Polyfluoroalkylsubstances (PFAS) and Their Toxicology as Evidenced Through Disease and Biomarkers. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R., Rajendram, R. (eds) Biomarkers in Toxicology. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87225-0_67-2

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    Per- and Polyfluoroalkylsubstances (PFAS) and Their Toxicology as Evidenced Through Disease and Biomarkers
    Published:
    08 March 2023

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87225-0_67-2

  2. Original

    Per- and Polyfluoroalkylsubstances (PFAS) and Their Toxicology as Evidenced Through Disease and Biomarkers
    Published:
    03 August 2022

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87225-0_67-1

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