Abstract
Most vaccines are designed as a prophylactic measure to stimulate a lasting immune response so that on subsequent exposure to the particular infectious agent, the extent of infection is reduced to such an extent that disease does not occur (1). There is also increasing interest in designing vaccines that may be effective as a therapeutic measure, immunotherapy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Plotkin, S. A. and Orenstein, W. A., eds. (1998) Vaccines, 3rd ed., W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 1–1230.
Cadoz, M., Strady, A., Meigner, B., et al. (1992) Immunization with canarypox virus expressing rabies glycoprotein. Lancet 339, 1429–1432.
Clark, H. F., Glass, R. I., and Offit, P. A. (1998) Rotavirus vaccines, in Vaccines, 3rd ed., (Plotkin, S. A. and Orenstein, W. A., eds.) W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 987–1005.
Maassab, H. F., Herlocher, M. L., and Bryant, M. L. (1998) Live influenza virus vaccine, in Vaccines, 3rd ed., (Plotkin, S.A. and Orenstein, W.A., eds.) W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 909–927.
Levine, M. M. (1998). Typhoid fever vaccines, in Vaccines, 3rd ed., (Plotkin, S. A. and Orenstein, W. A., eds.) W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 781–814.
Tartaglia, J., Perkus, M. E., and Taylor, J. (1992) NYVAC: a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus. Virology, 188, 217–232.
Daniel, M. D., Kirchhoff, F., Czajak, S., et al. (1992) Protective effects of a live attenuated SIV vaccine with a deletion in the nef gene. Science 258, 1938–1940.
Cohen, J. (2001) AIDS vaccines show promise after years of frustration. Science 291, 1686–1688.
Daly, J. M., Wood, J. M., and Robertson, J. S. (1998) Cocirculation and divergence of human influenza viruses, In: Textbook of Influenza (Nicholson, K. G., Webster, R. G., and Hay, A. J.). Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford. UK, pp. 168–180.
Edwards, K. M., Decker, M. D., and Mortimer, E. A. (1998) Pertussis vaccine, in Vaccines 3rd ed., (Plotkin, S. A. and Orenstein, W. A., eds.) W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp 293–344.
Ramsay, M. E., Andrews, N., Keezmarsk, E. B., and Miller, E. (2001) Efficacy of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine in teenagers and toddlers in England. Lancet 357, 195–196.
Lin, F. Y. C., Ho, V. A., Khiem, H. B., et al. (2001) The efficacy of a Salmonella Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 1263–1269.
Hilleman, M. R. (1992) Vaccine perspectives from the vantage of hepatitis B. Vaccine Res. 1, 1–15.
Egea, E., Iglesias, A., Salazar, et al. (1991) The cellular basis for the lack of antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine in humans. J. Exp. Med., 173, 531–542.
Keller, D., Koster, F. T., Marks, D. H., et al. (1994) Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant outer surface protein A Lyme vaccine. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 271, 1764–1768.
Langmuir, I. D., Bregman, D. J., Kurland, L.D., et al. (1984) An epidemiological and clinical evaluation of Guillain-Barre syndrome reported in association with the administration of swine influenza vaccine. J. Epidemiol. 119, 841–879.
Weibel, R. E., Casuta, V., Bessor, D. E., et al. (1998) Acute encephalopathy followed by permanent brain injury or death associated with further attenuated measles vaccines. Pediatrics 101, 383–387.
Levin, A. (2000) Vaccines today. Ann. Intern. Med. 133, 661–664.
Stratton, K. R., Howe, C. J., and Johnston, R. B. (1994). Adverse events associated with childhood vaccines. Evidence bearing on causality. Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., pp. 1–464.
Galaska, A. M., Lauer, B. A., Henderson, R. H., and Keja, J. (1984) Indications and contraindications for vaccines used in the expanded programme of immunization. Bull. WHO 62, 357–366.
Halsey, N. A. (1993) Increased mortality following high titer measles vaccines: too much of a good thing. Pediatr. Infect. Dis., 12, 462–465.
Murphy, T.V., Gargiullo, P. M., Nassoudi, M. S., et al. (2001) Intussusception among infants given an oral rotavirus vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med., 344, 564–572.
Amin, J. and Wong, M. (1999) Measles, mumps, rubella immunization, autism and inflammatory bowel diseases: update. Communicable Disease Intelligence 23, 222.
Elliman, D., and Bedford, H. (2001) MMR vaccine: the continuing saga. Br. Med. J. 322, 183–184.
Fenner, F., Henderson, D. A., Arita, I., Jesek, Z., and Ladnyi, I. D. (1988) Smallpox and its eradication. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1–1460.
Department of Vaccines and Biologicals. World Health Organization. (2000) Key elements for improving supplementary immunization activities for polio eradication. Geneva, 1–30.
Ada, G. and Ramsay, A. (1997) Vaccines, Vaccination and The Immune Response. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 1–247.
Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health. (2000) The Jordan Report. Accelerated Development of Vaccines, pp. 1–173.
Saphire, E. O., Parren, P. W. H. I., Pantophlet, R., et al. (2001) Crystal structure of a neutralizing human IgG against HIV-1: a template for vaccine design. Science 293, 1155–1159.
Tam, J. P. (1988) Synthetic peptide vaccine design: synthesis and properties of a high density multiple antigenic peptide system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5409–5413.
D’Alessandro, U., Leach, A., Diakeley, C. J., et al. (1995) Efficacy trial of a malaria vaccine SPf66 in Gambian infants. Lancet 346, 462–467.
Pruksakorn, S., Currie, B., Brandt, E., et al. (1994) Towards a vaccine for rheumatic fever: identification of a conserved target epitope on M protein of group A streptococci. Lancet 344, 639–642.
Brandt, E. R., Sriprakash, K. S., Hobb, R. I., et al. (2000) New multi-determinant strategy for a group A streptococcal vaccine designed for the Australian aboriginal population. Nat. Med. 6, 455–459.
Jackson, R. J., Ramsay, A. J., Christensen, C. D., et al. (2001) Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox. J. Virol. 75, 1205–1210.
McDonnell, W. M. and Askari, F. K. Molecular medicine; DNA vaccines. (1995) N. Engl. J. Med. 324, 42–45.
Delves, P. J. and Roitt, I. M. (2000) The immune system. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, Part 1, 37–49. Part 2, 108–117.
Jackson, D. C., Ada, G. L., and Tha Lha, R. (1976) Cytotoxic T cells recognize very early, minor changes in ectromelia virus-infected target cells. Aust J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 54, 349–363.
Geisow, M. J. (1991) Unravelling the mysteries of molecular audit: MHC class I restriction. Tibtech 9, 403–404.
Ada, G. (1994) Twenty years into the saga of MHC-restriction. Immunol. Cell Biol. 72, 447–454.
Taylor, G. (1994) The role of antibody in controlling and/or clearing virus infections, in Strategies in Vaccine Design. (Ada, GL. ed.), Landes, Austin, TX, pp. 17–34.
Griffin, D. E., Levine, B., Tyor, W. B., and Irani, D. N. (1992) The immune response in viral encephalitis. Semin. Immunol. 4, 111–1191.
Ramshaw, I. R., Ruby, J., Ramsay, A., et al. (1992) Expression of cytokines by recombinant vaccinia viruses: a model for studying cytokines in virus infections in vivo. Immunol. Rev. 127, 157–182.
Ada, G. L. (1990) The immune response to antigens: the immunological principles of vaccination. Lancet 335, 523–526.
Sharma, D. P., Ramsay, A. J., and Maguire, D. J., et al. (1996) Interleukin 4 mediates down regulation of antiviral cytokine expression and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and exacerbates vaccinia virus infection in vivo. J. Virol. 70, 7103–7107.
Afonso, L. C. C., Scharton, T. M., Vieira, L. Q., et al. (1994) The adjuvant effect of interleukin-12 in a vaccine against Leishmaniasis major. Science 263, 235–237.
Allsopp, C. E. M., Plebanski, M., Gilbert, S., et al. (1996) Comparison of numerous delivery systems for the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by immunization. Eur. J. Immunol. 26, 1951–1959.
Glenn, G. M., Taylor, D. N., Li, X., et al. (2000) Transcutaneous immunization: a human vaccine delivery strategy using a patch. Nat. Med. 6, 1403–1406.
Hammond, J., McGarvey, P., Yusibov, B. eds. (1999) Plant biotechnology. New procedures and applications. Cont. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 240, 1–196.
Graham, B. S., Matthews, T. J., Belshe, R. B., et al. (1993) Augmentation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 neutralizing antibody by priming with gp160 recombinant vaccinia and boosting with rgp160 in vaccinia naïve adults. J. Infect. Dis. 167, 533–537.
Leong, K. H., Ramsay, A. J., Morin, M. J., et al. (1995) Generation of enhanced immune responses by consecutive immunization with DNA and recombinant fowlpox virus, in Vaccines ′95. (Brown, F., Chanock, R., Ginsberg, H., and Norrby, E., eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, pp. 327–331.
Ada, G. (2001). Vaccines and vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 355.
Wizemann, T. M., Heinrichs, J. H., Adamou, J., et al. (2001) Use of a whole genome approach to identify vaccine molecules affording protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Infect. Immun. 69, 1593–1598.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Ada, G. (2003). Overview of Vaccines. In: Robinson, A., Hudson, M.J., Cranage, M.P. (eds) Vaccine Protocols. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 87. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-399-2:1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-399-2:1
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-140-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-399-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols