Abstract
Vaccines are the most successful and cost-effective medical interventions available to fight infectious diseases. They consist of biological preparations that are capable of stimulating the immune system to confer protective immunity against a particular harmful pathogen/agent. Vaccine design and development have evolved through the years. Early vaccines were obtained with little implementation of technology and in the absence of fundamental knowledge, representing a pure feat of human ingenuity. In contrast, modern vaccine development takes advantage of advances in technology and in our enhanced understanding of the immune system and host-pathogen interactions. Moreover, vaccine design has found novel applications beyond the prophylactic arena and there is an increasing interest in designing vaccines to treat human ailments like cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. In this chapter, we focus on prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases, providing an overview on immunology principles underlying immunization and on how vaccines work and are designed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Jezek Z, Ladnyi ID (1998) Smallpox and its eradication. In: WHO (ed) History of international public health. WHO, Geneva
Andre FE, Booy R, Bock HL, Clemens J, Datta SK, John TJ, Lee BW, Lolekha S, Peltola H, Ruff TA, Santosham M, Schmitt HJ (2008) Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Bull World Health Organ 86(2):140–146
Weiss RA, Esparza J (2015) The prevention and eradication of smallpox: a commentary on Sloane (1755) ‘An account of inoculation’. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 370(1666):20140378
Smith KA (2011) Edward Jenner and the small pox vaccine. Front Immunol 2(21):21
Jenner E (1798) An enquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae, a disease discovered in some of the western counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of cowpox immunity. Sampson Low, London
Hammarsten JF, Tattersall W, Hammarsten JE (1979) Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty? Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 90:44–55
Pasteur L (1880) De l’attenuation du virus du cholera des poules. R Acad Sci Paris 91:673–680
Flajnik M, Singh NJ, Holland SM (2022) Paul’s fundamental immunology, 8th edn. Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia
Kumar H, Kawai T, Akira S (2011) Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. Int Rev Immunol 30(1):16–34
Sasai M, Yamamoto M (2013) Pathogen recognition receptors: ligands and signaling pathways by toll-like receptors. Int Rev Immunol 32(2):116–133
Paul WE (1998) Fundamental immunology. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia
Sanchez-Trincado JL, Gomez-Perosanz M, Reche PA (2017) Fundamentals and methods for T- and B-cell epitope prediction. J Immunol Res 2017:2680160. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2680160
Reche PA, Reinherz EL (2003) Sequence variability analysis of human class I and class II MHC molecules: functional and structural correlates of amino acid polymorphisms. J Mol Biol 331(3):623–641
Moxon R, Reche PA, Rappuoli R (2019) Editorial: reverse vaccinology. Front Immunol 10(2776):2776
Facciola A, Visalli G, Lagana A, Di Pietro A (2022) An overview of vaccine adjuvants: current evidence and future perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 10(5):819
Azmi F, Ahmad Fuaad AA, Skwarczynski M, Toth I (2014) Recent progress in adjuvant discovery for peptide-based subunit vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10(3):778–796
Harandi AM, Medaglini D (2010) Mucosal adjuvants. Curr HIV Res 8(4):330–335
Fujkuyama Y, Tokuhara D, Kataoka K, Gilbert RS, McGhee JR, Yuki Y, Kiyono H, Fujihashi K (2012) Novel vaccine development strategies for inducing mucosal immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 11(3):367–379
Eldred BE, Dean AJ, McGuire TM, Nash AL (2006) Vaccine components and constituents: responding to consumer concerns. Med J Aust 184(4):170–175
Yin X, Chen S, Eisenbarth SC (2021) Dendritic cell regulation of T helper cells. Annu Rev Immunol 39:759–790
Sun B, Zhang Y (2014) Overview of orchestration of CD4+ T cell subsets in immune responses. Adv Exp Med Biol 841:1–13
Pulendran B (2015) The varieties of immunological experience: of pathogens, stress, and dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 33:563–606
Sette A, Rappuoli R (2010) Reverse vaccinology: developing vaccines in the era of genomics. Immunity 33(4):530–541
Yuen CT, Asokanathan C, Cook S, Lin N, Xing D (2016) Effect of different detoxification procedures on the residual pertussis toxin activities in vaccines. Vaccine 34(18):2129–2134
Moller J, Kraner M, Sonnewald U, Sangal V, Tittlbach H, Winkler J, Winkler TH, Melnikov V, Lang R, Sing A, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Burkovski A (2019) Proteomics of diphtheria toxoid vaccines reveals multiple proteins that are immunogenic and may contribute to protection of humans against Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Vaccine 37(23):3061–3070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.059
Moller J, Kraner ME, Burkovski A (2019) Proteomics of Bordetella pertussis whole-cell and acellular vaccines. BMC Res Notes 12(1):329. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-13019-14373-13102
Moller J, Kraner ME, Burkovski A (2019) More than a toxin: protein inventory of Clostridium tetani toxoid vaccines. Proteomes 7(2):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes7020015
Shrivastaw KP, Jhamb SS, Kumar A (1995) Quantitation of the protein content of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids by the Biuret method during production of combined vaccines. Biologicals 23(1):61–63
Ballesteros-Sanabria L, Pelaez-Prestel HF, Ras-Carmona A, Reche PA (2022) Resilience of spike-specific immunity induced by COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Biomedicine 10(5):996
Abufares HI, Oyoun Alsoud L, Alqudah MAY, Shara M, Soares NC, Alzoubi KH, El-Huneidi W, Bustanji Y, Soliman SSM, Semreen MH (2022) COVID-19 vaccines, effectiveness, and immune responses. Int J Mol Sci 23(23):15415
Mahase E (2021) How the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine was made. BMJ 372(372):n86
Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Pérez Marc G, Moreira ED, Zerbini C, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Roychoudhury S, Koury K, Li P, Kalina WV, Cooper D, Frenck RW Jr, Hammitt LL, Türeci Ö, Nell H, Schaefer A, Ünal S, Tresnan DB, Mather S, Dormitzer PR, Şahin U, Jansen KU, Gruber WC (2020) Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 383(27):2603–2615
Russo G, Reche P, Pennisi M, Pappalardo F (2020) The combination of artificial intelligence and systems biology for intelligent vaccine design. Expert Opin Drug Discov 15(11):1267–1281
Acknowledgment
We wish to thank Esther M. Lafuente and Hector F. Pelaez for critical reading and valuable comments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Fiyouzi, T., Reche, P.A. (2023). Vaccine Design: An Introduction. In: Reche, P.A. (eds) Computational Vaccine Design. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2673. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3239-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3239-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-3238-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-3239-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols