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State-Dependent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Protocols

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 89))

Abstract

In this chapter we describe a novel approach which enhances the functional resolution of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to a level that allows for differential stimulation of functionally distinct neuronal populations within a cortical area. It is based on the well-known principle of state-dependency: a phenomenon whereby the response of a system to an external stimulus is affected not only by the properties of that stimulus but also by the internal state of the system. With regard to TMS, the neural impact of an applied pulse is determined not only by the stimulation parameters but also by the initial activation state of the affected neurons; therefore, neurons within a cortical area will be differentially affected by TMS if their initial activation states at the time of stimulation are dissimilar. The basic idea in state-dependent TMS is to control this initial state/TMS interaction. By selectively increasing the susceptibility of a specific neuronal population via adaptation and priming, one can differentially stimulate this population from other neurons in the area. The main benefit of state-dependent TMS is that it allows TMS research to move beyond questions of “Is region X necessary for task Y” and investigate the functional neuronal properties within a targeted area. So far, this approach has been successfully used to investigate neuronal representations associated with a wide range of cognitive functions such as numerical cognition, action observation, and conceptual knowledge, and it may hold much promise for future research.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, 309 Regent Street, London, W1B 2UW, United Kingdom

    Juha Silvanto

  2. University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Zaira Cattaneo

Authors
  1. Juha Silvanto
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  2. Zaira Cattaneo
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juha Silvanto .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Neuromodulation Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Alexander Rotenberg

  2. Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Jared Cooney Horvath

  3. Berenson Allen Center for Noninvasive, Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Alvaro Pascual-Leone

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Silvanto, J., Cattaneo, Z. (2014). State-Dependent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Protocols. In: Rotenberg, A., Horvath, J., Pascual-Leone, A. (eds) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Neuromethods, vol 89. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0879-0_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0879-0_9

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0878-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0879-0

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