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Examining the Impact of Galectin-9 on Latent HIV Transcription

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Galectins

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2442))

Abstract

The β-galactoside-binding protein Galectin-9 (Gal-9) functions as a double-edged sword during HIV infection. On the one hand, Gal-9 can reactivate HIV latently infected cells, the main barrier to achieving HIV eradication, making them visible to immune clearance. On the other hand, Gal-9 induces latent HIV transcription by activating T cell Receptor (TCR) signaling pathways. These signaling pathways induce undesirable pro-inflammatory responses. While these unwanted responses can be mitigated by rapamycin without impacting Gal-9-mediated latent HIV reactivation, this effect raises the concern that Gal-9 may play a role in the chronic immune activation/inflammation that persists in people living with HIV despite antiretroviral therapy. Together, these data highlight the need to understand the positive and negative impacts of galectin interactions on immunological functions during HIV infection. In this chapter, we describe methods that can be used to investigate the effects of galectins, in particular Gal-9, on latent HIV transcription in vitro and ex vivo.

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Acknowledgments

M.A.-M. is supported by NIH grants (R01 DK123733, R01 AG062383, R01 NS117458, R21 AI143385, R21 AI129636, and R21 NS106970), The Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) impact grant # 109840-65-RGRL, and W.W. Smith Charitable Trust grant # A1901.

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Author notes

  1. Opeyemi S. Adeniji and Leila B. Giron contributed equally to this chapter and are listed alphabetically by last name.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Opeyemi S. Adeniji, Leila B. Giron & Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen

  2. Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen

Authors
  1. Opeyemi S. Adeniji
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  2. Leila B. Giron
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  3. Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Sean R. Stowell

  2. Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Connie M. Arthur

  3. Department of Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Richard D. Cummings

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Adeniji, O.S., Giron, L.B., Abdel-Mohsen, M. (2022). Examining the Impact of Galectin-9 on Latent HIV Transcription. In: Stowell, S.R., Arthur, C.M., Cummings, R.D. (eds) Galectins. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2442. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_25

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_25

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  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2054-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2055-7

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