Abstract
Dietary interventions and physical exercise may improve some symptoms in mental illnesses such as major depression and schizophrenia. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a known risk factor for these conditions and is marked by the presence of circulating antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG). This chapter presents a protocol to determine if patients with major depression or schizophrenia contain high circulating levels of these antibodies relative to healthy controls. We also describe a procedure testing for the presence of other circulating biomarkers related to brain function, including antibodies directly related to neuronal function. This analysis was performed by screening biochip mosaics of frozen tissue sections and transfected HEK293 cells expressing target antigens using patient and control sera. Finally, we describe a correlation analysis of these markers with symptom scores at baseline and after 6 weeks treatment of the patients using antipsychotics or antidepressants as appropriate.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rehm J, Shield KD (2019) Global burden of disease and the impact of mental and addictive disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 21(2):10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-0997-0
Greer TL, Furman JL, Trivedi MH (2017) Evaluation of the benefits of exercise on cognition in major depressive disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 49:19–25
Woodward ML, Gicas KM, Warburton DE, White RF, Rauscher A, Leonova O et al (2018) Hippocampal volume and vasculature before and after exercise in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 202:158–165
Cherubal AG, Suhavana B, Padmavati R, Raghavan V (2019) Physical activity and mental health in India: a narrative review. Int J Soc Psychiatry 65(7–8):656–667
Firth J, Marx W, Dash S, Carney R, Teasdale SB, Solmi M et al (2019) The effects of dietary improvement on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med 81(3):265–280
Fusar-Poli L, Vozza L, Gabbiadini A, Vanella A, Concas I, Tinacci S et al (2019) Curcumin for depression: a meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 19:1–11
Benros ME, Waltoft BL, Nordentoft M, Ostergaard SD, Eaton WW, Krogh J et al (2013) Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for mood disorders: a Nationwide study. JAMA Psychiat 70(8):1–9
Buchberger B, Huppertz H, Krabbe L, Lux B, Mattivi JT, Siafarikas A (2016) Symptoms of depression and anxiety in youth with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 70:70–84
Kowalczyk M, Szemraj J, Blińniewska K, Maes M, Berk M, Su KP et al (2019) An immune gate of depression—early neuroimmune development in the formation of the underlying depressive disorder. Pharmacol Rep 71(6):1299–1307
Fröhlich E, Wahl R (2017) Thyroid autoimmunity: role of anti-thyroid antibodies in thyroid and extra-thyroidal diseases. Front Immunol 8:521. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00521
Chong JY, Rowland LP, Utiger RD (2003) Hashimoto encephalopathy: syndrome or myth? Arch Neurol 60(2):164–171
Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, Benseler S, Bien CG, Cellucci T et al (2016) A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 15(4):391–404
Wandinger KP, Leypoldt F, Junker R (2018) Autoantibody-mediated encephalitis. Dtsch Arztebl Int 115(40):666–673
Pollak TA, Lennox BR, Müller S, Benros ME, Prüss H, Tebartz van Elst L et al (2020) Autoimmune psychosis: an international consensus on an approach to the diagnosis and management of psychosis of suspected autoimmune origin. Lancet Psychiatry 7(1):93–108
Steiner J, Prüss H, Köhler S, Frodl T, Hasan A, Falkai P (2018) Autoimmune encephalitis with psychosis: warning signs, step-by-step diagnostics and treatment. World J Biol Psychiatry 4:1–14
Litmeier S, Pruss H, Witsch E, Witsch J (2016) Initial serum thyroid peroxidase antibodies and long-term outcomes in SREAT. Acta Neurol Scand 134(6):452–457
Jung Y, Park S, Son HJ, Jung DS, Sa EH, Lee ST et al (2016) Thyroid autoantibody positive anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Dement Neurocogn Disord 15(1):24–27
Frunza-Stefan S, Whitlatch HB, Rao GG, Malek R (2018) Unusual case of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-receptor (NMDA-R) encephalitis and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS). BMJ Case Rep 2018:bcr-2018-224821. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-224821
Opler MGA, Yavorsky C, Daniel DG (2017) Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) training: challenges, solutions, and future directions. Innov Clin Neurosci 14(11–12):77–81
Dayan CM, Daniels GH (1996) Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 335(2):99–107
Perry PJ, Alexander B (1986) Sedative/hypnotic dependence: patient stabilization, tolerance testing, and withdrawal. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 20(7–8):532–537
Atkins M, Burgess A, Bottomley C, Riccio M (1997) Chlorpromazine equivalents: a consensus of opinion for both clinical and research applications. Psychiatr Bull 21(4):224–226
Woods SW (2003) Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 64(6):663–667
Hayasaka Y, Purgato M, Magni LR, Ogawa Y, Takeshima N, Cipriani A (2015) Dose equivalents of antidepressants: evidence-based recommendations from randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord 180:179–184
Stoecker W, Saschenbrecker S, Rentzsch K, Komorowski L, Probst C (2013) Autoantibody diagnostics in neurology using native and recombinant antigenic substrates. Nervenarzt 84(4):471–476
Romano J, Kromrey JD, Coraggio J, Skowronek J (2006) Appropriate statistics for ordinal level data: should we really be using t-test and cohen’s d for evaluating group differences on the NSSE and other surveys? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the southern Association for Institutional Research, Oct 14- 17. Arlington, VA, USA. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.595.6157&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E et al (1998) The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 20):22–33;quiz 34–57
Acknowledgments
Anke Dudeck, Sieglinde Funke, Bianca Jerzykiewicz, Wolfgang Jordan, Katrin Brenner, and Jeanette Schadow participated in serum sample characterization and collection.
Conflict of Interest: Dr. Teegen and Prof. Stoecker are full-time employees of and hold stock in Euroimmun AG. All other authors report no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Steiner, J. et al. (2022). Testing for Thyroid Peroxidase and Antineuronal Antibodies in Depression and Schizophrenia. In: Guest, P.C. (eds) Physical Exercise and Natural and Synthetic Products in Health and Disease. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2343. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1558-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1558-4_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1557-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1558-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols