Abstract
The paper presents an alternative model developed in order to determine the pedestrian throw distance, taking into account ten distinct parameters. The collision dynamics, after the primary and secondary impact (pedestrian’s head hitting the vehicle windshield-hood area) between the vehicle and the pedestrian, entails the pedestrian ‘carrying’ phase onto the vehicle hood-windshield. Other parameters influencing the pedestrian throw distance, such as road inclination, friction coefficient between the pedestrian and the ground, vehicle and pedestrian mass, pedestrian launch angle are considered for the analysis. A comparison between the results obtained through the formula proposed in this paper and the results obtained by other researchers as well as a comparison with the results extracted from the casuistry analyzed by the authors on both accident reconstruction and laboratory tests is carried out.
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Abbreviations
- vo′:
-
vehicle speed at the moment of the first contact with the pedestrian, m/s
- vo :
-
speed of the vehicle-pedestrian assembly, immediately after the first contact, m/s
- v:
-
vehicle velocity at the the moment of secondary impact, m/s
- vp :
-
pedestrian speed at the moment of launching phase, m/s
- vpx :
-
pedestrian speed on X axis at the moment of launching phase, m/s
- vpy :
-
pedestrian speed on Y axis at the moment of launching phase, m/s
- a:
-
average brake deceleration from the moment prior to the first impact with the pedestrian m/s2
- apx :
-
pedestrian acceleration on X axis at the moment of launching phase, m/s2
- apy :
-
pedestrian acceleration on Y axis at the moment of launching phase, m/s2
- mv :
-
vehicle mass, kg
- mp :
-
pedestrian mass, kg
- h:
-
height at which the pedestrian is launched off the vehicle, m
- t0 :
-
time at which the pedestrian is hitted by the vehicle, s
- t1 :
-
time at which the pedestrian hits the hoodwindshield area with the head, s
- t1′:
-
time at which the pedestrian is lauched in flying phase, s
- t2 :
-
time at which the pedestrian hits the ground, s
- t3 :
-
time at which the pedestrian stops on the ground, s
- x1 :
-
the space covered by the vehicle-pedestrian assembly in the sub-phase 1.1, m
- x1′:
-
the space covered by the vehicle-pedestrian assembly in the sub-phase 1.2, m
- x2 :
-
the space covered by the pedestrian in the flying phase, m
- x3 :
-
the space covered by the pedestrian in the sliding phase, m
- D:
-
pedestrian throw distance, the total space covered by the pedestrian, m
- Saut :
-
the space covered by the pedestrian in the contact phase with vehicle, phase 1, m
- Dk:
-
pedestrian throw distance according to Kuhnel- Schultz law, m
- β:
-
road inclination angle, degree
- α:
-
pedestrian launch angle, degree
- μ:
-
friction coefficient between the pedestrian and the ground
- η:
-
pedestrian impact factor
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Soica, A., Tarulescu, S. Impact phase in frontal vehicle-pedestrian collisions. Int.J Automot. Technol. 17, 387–397 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-016-0040-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-016-0040-y