Abstract
The factors associated with concrete carbonation can be classified in three major categories of environmental factors, concrete’s internal-structural factors, and construction-operation conditions. Climate change is expected to cause gradual change in many primary environmental factors, which may accelerate reinforcement corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Studies show that CO2 concentration in the atmosphere may rise from 379 ppm in 2005 to 1,000 ppm in 2100. Hence, adoption of suitable measures to protect exposed RC members against carbonation-induced corrosion is essential for countering the future environmental effects which, in turn, requires further investigation on the effect of critical structural factors, such as water-cement ratio and cement content in the concrete mix design, and construction-operation factors, such as concrete cover depth and surface protection, on the durability of RC members. In this study, these factors were investigated through Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed that slight adjustments in some structural and operational factors can significantly reduce the risk of corrosion initiation and ultimately improve the durability of concrete members against corrosion. The effect of each parameter on the probability of corrosion initiation during the design life of a RC structure was analyzed and interpreted using numerical examples.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Ababneh, AN, Benboudjema, F, Xi, Y (2003) Chloride penetration in unsaturated concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 15(2):183–191, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:2(183)
Akiyama, M, Frangopol, DM, Yoshida, I (2010) Time-dependent reliabilityanalysis of existing RC structures in a marine environment using hazard associated with airborne chlorides. Engineering Structures 32(11):3768–3779, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.08.021
Basheer, L, Kroop, J, Cleland, DJ (2001) Assessment of durability of concrete from its permeation properties: A review. Construction and Building Materials 15:93–103, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(00)00058-1
Bastidas-Arteaga E, Bressolette, PH, Chateauneuf, A, Sánchez-Silva M (2009) Probabilistic lifetime assessment of RC structures under coupled corrosion-fatigue processes. Structural Safety 31(1):84–96, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.04.001
Bastidas-Arteaga E, Chateauneuf, A, Sánchez-Silva M, Bressolette, P, Schoefs, F (2010) Influence of weather and global warming in chloride ingress into concrete: A stochastic approach. Structural Safety 32(4):238–249, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2010.03.002
Bastidas-Arteaga E, Schoefs, F, Stewart, MG, Wang, X (2013) Influence of global warming on durability of corroding RC structures: A probabilisticapproach. Engineering Structures 51:259–266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.01.006
Bjarnadottir, S, Li, Y, Stewart, MG (2011) A probabilistic-based framework for impact and adaptation assessment of climate change on hurricane damage risks and costs. Structural Safety 33(3):173–185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2011.02.003
Engelund, S, Mohr, L, Edvardsen, C (2000) General guidelines for durability design and redesign: DuraCrete, probabilistic performance based durability design of concrete structure, CUR, Lyngby, Denmark
FIB (2006) Model code for service life design. The International Federation for Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland, DOI: https://doi.org/10.35789/fib.BULL.0034
Ghanooni-Bagha M, Shayanfar, MA, Farnia SMH (2018) Cracking effects on chloride diffusion and corrosion initiation in RC structures via finite element simulation. Scientia Iranica 21(3), DOI: https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2018.50496.1725
Ghanooni-Bagha M, Shayanfar, MA, Shirzadi-Javid AA, Ziaadiny, H (2016) Corrosion-induced reduction in compressive strength of self-compacting concretes containing mineral admixtures. Construction and Building Materials 113(1):221–228, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.046
Ghanooni-Bagha M, Zarei, S, Savoj, HR, Shayanfar, MA (2019) Time-dependent seismic performance assessment of corroded reinforced concrete frames. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 63(2): 631–640, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.12653
Gjørv OE, Vennesland, El-Busaidy AHS (1977) Electrical resistivity of concrete in the oceans. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, USA, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4043/2803-MS
IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, New York, NY, USA
Kaveh, A, Massoudi, MS, Ghanooni-Bagha M (2014) Structural reliabilityanalysis using charged system search algorithm. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology 38(2):439–448, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22099/IJSTC.2014.2420
Lindvall A (1998) Duracrete–Probabilistic performance based durability design of concrete structures, 2nd International PhD Symposium in civil engineering, Budapest, Hungary
Neville AM (1981) Properties of concrete, 3rd edition. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, UK
Østvik JM (2005) Thermal aspects of corrosion of steel in concrete. PhD Thesis, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Poupard, O, L’Hostis V, Catinaud, S, Petre-Lazar I (2006) Corrosion damage diagnosis of a reinforced concrete beam after 40 years natural exposure in marine environment. Cement and Concrete Research 36(3):504–520, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.11.004
Ramezanianpour AA (1992) Recommendations and suggestions for the stability of concrete on the coasts and southern islands of the country. Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Saetta, A, Scotta, R, Vitaliani, R (1993) Analysis of chloride diffusion into partially saturated concrete. ACI Mater 90(5):441–451
Shamsad A (2003) Reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures, its monitoring and service life prediction a review. Cement and Concrete Composites 25(4-5):459–471, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00086-0
Shayanfar, MA, Barkhordari, MA, Ghanooni-Bagha M (2015a) Probability calculation of rebars corrosion in reinforced concrete using css algorithms. Journal of Central South University 22(8):3141–3150, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-2851-9
Shayanfar, MA, Barkhordari, MA, Ghanooni-Bagha M (2015b) Estimation of corrosion occurrence in RC structure using reliability based PSO optimization. Civil Engineering 59(4) 531–543, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.7588
Shayanfar, MA, Barkhordari, MA, Ghanoonibagha, M (2016a) Effect of longitudinal rebar corrosion on the compressive strength reduction of concrete in reinforced concrete structure. Advances in Structural Engineering 19(6):897–907, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433216630367
Shayanfar, MA, Ghanooni-Bagha M, Jahani, E (2016b) Reliability theory of structures, 1st edition. IUST Publication, Tehran, Iran
Stewart, MG, Rosowsky, DV (1998) Structural safety and serviceability of concrete bridges subject to corrosion. Structural Engineering 4(4):146–155, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(1998)4:4(146)
Stewart, MG, Teply, B, Kralova, H (2002) The effect of temporal and spatial variability of ambient carbon dioxide concentrations on carbonation of RC structures. 9th international conference on durability of building materials and components, March 17–20, Brisbane, Australia
Stewart, MG, Wang, X, Nguyen, MN (2011) Climate change impact and risks of concrete infrastructure deterioration. Engineering Structure 33(4):1326–1337, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.01.010
Stewart, MG, Wang, X, Nguyen, MN (2012) Climate change adaptation for corrosion control of concrete infrastructure. Structural Safety 35(1):29–39, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2011.10.002
Sudret, B, Defaux, G, Pendola, M (2007) Stochastic evaluation of the damage length in RC beams submitted to corrosion of reinforcing steel. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems 24(2):165–178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10286600601159305
Talukdar, S, Banthia, N, Grace, JR, Cohen, S (2012) Carbonation in concrete infrastructure in the context of global climate change: Part 2 - Canadian urban simulations. Cement and Concrete Composite 34(8): 931–935, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.04.012
Tuutti K (1982) Corrosion of steel in concrete. Swedish Cement and Concrete Institute, CBI, Stockholm, Sweden
Val, DV, Stewart, MG, Melchers, RE (1998) Effect of reinforcement corrosion on reliability of highway bridges. Engineering Structure 20:1010–1019, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(97)00197-1
Val, DV, Trapper, PA (2008) Probabilistic evaluation of initiation time of chloride-induced corrosion. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93(3):364–372, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2006.12.010
Vu KAT, Stewart, MG (2000) Structural reliability of concrete bridges including improved chloride-induced corrosion models. Structural Safety 22(4):313–333, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4730(00)00018-7
Wang, X, Stewart, M, Nguyen, M (2012) Impact of climate change on corrosion and damage to concrete infrastructure in Australia. ClimateChange 110:941–957, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0124-7
Yoon, IS, Çopuroğlu O, Park, KB (2007) Effect of global climatic change on carbonation progress of concrete. Atmospheric Environment 41(34):7274–7285, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.028
Yoon, C, Kim, JG, Kwang, L (2006) Corrosion behavior of steel bar embedded in fly ash concrete. Corrosion Science 48:1733–1745, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2005.05.019
Acknowledgements
Not Applicable
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghanooni-Bagha, M., YekeFallah, M.R. & Shayanfar, M.A. Durability of RC Structures against Carbonation-Induced Corrosion under the Impact of Climate Change. KSCE J Civ Eng 24, 131–142 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-0793-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-0793-8