Abstract
This paper presents the experimental and numerical studies conducted on a steel column and a steel frame structure using free vibration analysis. The effects of damages on structures were investigated, which were simulated by introducing multiple cracks at different locations in the experimental and numerical models. The acceleration responses of the test models, were recorded through an accelerometer, and were used to calibrate the numerical models developed in finite element based software. Modal frequencies of damaged and undamaged structures were compared and analyzed, to derive relationships for damaged and undamaged structures’ frequencies in terms of crack depth. It was found that, due to the presence of cracks, the mechanical properties of a structure changes, whereby, the modal frequencies decrease. An approximately linear trend was observed for the frequency decrease with the increase in crack depth, which was also confirmed by the numerical models. The derived relationships were extended to further develop a mechanics-based damage scale for steel structures, to help facilitate structural health monitoring and screening of vulnerable structures.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Altunışık AC, Okur FY and Kahya V (2017), “Modal Parameter Identification and Vibration Based Damage Detection of a Multiple Cracked Cantilever Beam,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 79: 154–170.
Altunışık AC, Okur FY and Kahya V (2018), “Vibrations of a Box-Sectional Cantilever Timoshenko Beam with Multiple Cracks,” International Journal of Steel Structures.
Anifantis N and Dimarogonas A (1983), “Stability of Columns with a Single Crack Subjected to Follower and Vertical Loads,” International Journal of Solids and Structures, 19(4): 281–291.
Antunes P, Travanca R, Rodrigues H, Melo J, Jara J, Varum H and Andre P (2012), “Dynamic Structural Health Monitoring of Slender Structures Using Optical Sensors,” Sensors, 12(5): 6629–6644.
Baruh H and Ratan S (1993), “Damage Detection in Flexible Structures,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 166(1): 21–30.
Behzad M, Meghdari A and Ebrahimi A (2005), “A New Approach for Vibration Analysis of a Cracked Beam,” International Journal of Engineering-Materials And Energy Research Center, 18(4): 319.
Chinka SB, Adavi B, and Putti SR (2018), “Influence of Crack on Modal Parameters of Cantilever Beam Using Experimental Modal Analysis,” Journal of Modeling and Simulation of Materials, 1(1): 16–23.
Demir S and Özener P (2019), “Numerical Investigation of Seismic Performance of High Modulus Columns Under Earthquake Loading,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 18(4): 811–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-019-0537-2.
Fakhraddini A, Saffari H and Fadaee MJ (2019), “Peak Displacement Patterns for the Performance-Based Seismic Design of Steel Eccentrically Braced Frames,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 18(2): 379–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-019-0510-0.
Foti D (2013), “Dynamic Identification Techniques to Numerically Detect the Structural Damage,” The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 7(1): 43–50.
Gaviria CA and Montejo LA (2016), “Output-Only Identification of the Modal and Physical Properties of Structures Using Free Vibration Response,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 15(3): 575–589.
Godínez-Domínguez EA and Tena-Colunga A (2019), “Behavior of Ductile Steel X-Braced RC Frames in Seismic Zones,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 18(4): 845–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-019-0539-0.
Hearn G and Testa RB (1991), “Modal Analysis for Damage Detection in Structures,” Journal of structural engineering, 117(10): 3042–3063.
Hu RP, Xu YL and Zhan S (2018), “Multi-Type Sensor Placement and Response Reconstruction for Building Structures: Experimental Investigations,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 17(1): 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-018-0423-3.
Ikemoto T, Yoshikawaii D, Yamashitaiii M, Miyajimaiv M and Kitaura M (2014), “A Study on Health Monitoring of Structural Damages for Two Stories Model by Using Vibration Test,” 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
Jagdale PM and Chakrabarti MA (2013), “Free Vibration Analysis of Cracked Beam,” Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl, 3: 1172–1176.
Kessler SS, Spearing SM, Attalla MJ, Cenik CS and Soutis S (2002), “Damage Detection in Composite Materials Using Frequency Response Methods,” Composites Part B: Engineering, 33(1): 87–95.
Khalate AB and Bhagwat VB (2016), “Detection of Cracks Present in Composite Cantilever Beam by Vibration Analysis Technique,” IJISET-International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 3(1): 400–404.
Khan IA, Yadao A and Parhi DR (2014), “Fault Diagnosis of Cracked Cantilever Composite Beam by Vibration Measurement and RBFNN,” Journal of Mechanical Design, 1(1): 1–4.
Kharrazi MH, Ventura CE, Brincker R and Dascotte E (2002), “A Study on Damage Detection Using Output-Only Modal Data,” Proceeding of the 20th International Modal Analysis Conference.
Kim JT, Ryu YS, Cho HM and Stubbs N (2003), “Damage Identification in Beam-Type Structures: Frequency-Based Method vs. Mode-Shape-Based Method,” Engineering structures, 25(1): 57–67.
Kshirsagar SV and Bhuyar LB (2010), “Signature Analysis of Cracked Cantilever Beam,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 1:105–117.
Luo TL, Wu JSS and Hung PJ (2005), “A Study of Non-Linear Vibrational Behavior of Cracked Structures by the Finite Element Method,” Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 13(3): 176–183.
Mia MS, Islam MS and Ghosh U (2017), “Modal Analysis of Cracked Cantilever Beam by Finite Element Simulation,” Procedia Engineering, 194: 509–516.
Neves AC, Simões FMF and DeCosta AP (2016), “Vibrations of Cracked Beams: Discrete Mass and Stiffness Models,” Computers & Structures, 168: 68–77.
Ostachowicz W and Krawczuk M (1991), “Analysis of the Effect of Cracks on the Natural Frequencies of a Cantilever Beam,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 150(2): 191–201.
Owolabi GM, Swamidas AJS and Seshadri R (2003), “Crack Detection in Beams Using Changes in Frequencies and Amplitudes of Frequency Response Functions,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 265(1): 1–22.
Penny J, D Wilson, et al. (1993), “Damage location in structures using vibration data,” Proceedings-SPIE, The International Society for Optical Engineering. Rahman M, Ong ZC, Chong WT and Julai S (2019), “Smart Semi-Active PID-ACO Control Strategy for Tower Vibration Reduction in Wind Turbines with MR Damper,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 18(4): 887–902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-019-0541-6.
Ramanamurthy E and Chandrasekaran K (2011), “Vibration Analysis on a Composite Beam to Identify Damage and Damage Severity Using Finite Element Method,” International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST).
Tang T, Yang DH, Wang L, Zhang JR and Yi TH (2019), “Design and Application of Structural Health Monitoring System in Long-Span Cable-Membrane Structure,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 18(2): 461–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-019-0484-y.
Tao D, Mao C, Zhang D and Li H (2014), “Experimental Validation of a Signal-Based Approach for Structural Earthquake Damage Detection Using Fractal Dimension of Time Frequency Feature,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 13(4): 671–680.
Wahab MA and De Roeck G (1999), “Damage Detection in Bridges Using Modal Curvatures: Application to a Real Damage Scenario,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 226(2): 217–235.
Yan Y, Cheng L, Wu ZY and Yum LH (2007), “Development in Vibration-Based Structural Damage Detection Technique,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 21(5): 2198–2211.
Zhou G, Wang DW, Li F, Zhang L, Li N, Wu ZS, Wen L, Lu GQ and Cheng HM (2010), “Graphene-Wrapped Fe3O4 Anode Material with Improved Reversible Capacity and Cyclic Stability for Lithium ion Batteries,” Chemistry of Materials, 22(18): 5306–5313.
Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to the reviewers for the constructive remarks that helped in the improvement of the paper. The authors would relish expressing their gratitude to the Earthquake Engineering Center of University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, for facilitating the authors in lab experiments and providing resources for the completion of the research work presented herein.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, M.A., Akhtar, K., Ahmad, N. et al. Vibration analysis of damaged and undamaged steel structure systems: cantilever column and frame. Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib. 19, 725–737 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-020-0591-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-020-0591-9