Abstract
Postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women are at risk for cardiovascular disease and are encouraged to follow low-fat (LF) (≤30% energy) diets. However, these diets may have undesirable effects on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) and triglycerides, whereas diets high in monounsaturated fats do not. Twenty postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women previously consuming high-fat diets (34% energy) were placed on a low fat-monounsaturated rich diet (LFMR: 26%, 14% energy, respectively) for 6 mon. Sixteen women already eating LF diets (24% energy) were also followed to monitor variations in serum lipids due to seasonal variations. Twenty-five women successfully completed the study (LFMR=12, LF=13). Serum cholesterol decreased 10% (264 to 238 mg/dL, P≤0.01) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased 12% (182 to 161 mg/dL, P≤0.01) in the LFMR group, but did not change in the LF group. The reduction in serum cholesterol in the LFMR group was greater than estimated by predictive formulas. Serum triglycerides and apo A-I did not change in the LFMR group. A modest decrease in HDL-C, HDL3-C, and apolipoprotein B (apo B) occurred in both groups, but only the LFMR group showed a trend toward beneficial changes in LDL-C/HDL-C and apo A-I/apo B ratios. Overall, the LFMR diet was well tolerated and resulted in an improved serum lipid and apolipoprotein profile.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- apo:
-
apolipoprotein
- BMI:
-
body mass index
- CHD:
-
coronary heart disease
- HDL:
-
high density lipoprotein
- HDL-C:
-
high density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LDL:
-
low density lipoprotein
- LDL-C:
-
low density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LF:
-
low fat
- LFMR:
-
low fat-monounsaturated rich
- MUFA:
-
monounsaturated fatty acid
- PUFA:
-
polyunsaturated fatty acid
- SFA:
-
saturated fatty acid
- UF:
-
unsaturated fat
References
Wray, R.B. (1988) Coronary Heart Disease in Women: Evaluation and Management, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 31, 955–962.
Eaker, E.D., Packard, B., and Thom, T.J. (1988) Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in Women, in Heart Disease in Women-Cardiovascular Clinics. (Douglas, P.S., and Brest, A.N., eds.) pp. 129–45, F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia.
Barnard, R.J. (1991) Effects of Life-Style Modification on Serum Lipids, Arch. Intern. Med. 151, 1389–1394.
Denke, M.A., and Breslow, J.L. (1988) Effects of a Low-Fat Diet With and Without Intermittent Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Ingestion on Plasma Lipid, Lipoprotein, and Apolipoprotein Levels in Normal Volunteers, J. Lipid Res. 29, 963–969.
Mensink, R.P., and Katan, M.B. (1987) Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Versus Complex Carbohydrates on High-Density Lipoproteins in Healthy Men and Women, Lancet 1, 122–125.
Jacobs, D.R., Mebane, I.L., Bangdiwala, S.I., Criqui, M.H., and Tyroler, H.A. (1990) High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Men and Women: The Follow-Up Study of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study, Am. J. Epidemiol. 131, 32–47.
Kwiterovich, P.O., Coresh, J., Smith, H.H., Bachorik, P.S., Derby, C.A., and Pearson, T.A. (1992) Comparison of the Plasma Levels of Apolipoproteins B and A-1, and Other Risk Factors in Men and Women with Premature Coronary Artery Disease, Am. J. Cardiol. 69, 1015–1021.
Simons, L.A. (1992) Triglyceride Levels and the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease: A View from Australia, Am. J. Cardiol. 70, 14H-18H.
Colquhoun, D.M., Moores, D., Somerset, S.M., and Humphries, J.A. (1992) Comparison of the Effects on Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins of a Diet High in Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, Enriched with Avocado, and a High-Carbohydrate Diet, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56, 671–677.
Grundy, S.M., Florentin, L., Nix, D., and Whelan, M.F. (1988) Comparison of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and Carbohydrates for Reducing Raised Levels of Plasma Cholesterol in Man, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47, 965–969.
Mata, P., Garrido, J.A., Ordovas, J.M., Blazquez, E., Alvarez-Sala, L.A., Rubio, M.J., Alonso, R., and de Oya, M. (1992) Effect of Dietary Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Plasma Lipoproteins and Apoliproteins in Women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56, 77–83.
Mensink, R.P., de Groot, M.J.M., van den Broeke, L.T., Severijnen-Nobels, A.P., Demacker, P.N.M., and Katan, M.B. (1989) Effects of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids vs. Complex Carbohydrates on Serum Lipoproteins and Apoproteins in Healthy Men and Women, Metabolism 38, 172–178.
Gustafsson, I.B., Vessby, B., and Nydahl, M. (1992) Effects of Lipid-Lowering Diets Enriched with Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Serum Lipoprotein Composition in Patients with Hyperlipoproteinaemia, Atherosclerosis 96, 109–118.
Gustafsson, I.B., Vessby, B., Ohrvall, M., and Nydahl, M. (1994) A Diet Rich in Monounsaturated Rapessed Oil Reduces the Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration and Increases the Relative Content of n-3 Fatty Acids in Serum in Hyperlipidemic Subjects, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59, 667–674.
Lichtenstein, A.H., Ausman, L.M., Carrasco, W., Jenner, J.L., Gualteri, L.J., Goldin, B.R., Ordovas, J.M., and Schaefer, E.J. (1993) Effects of Canola, Corn, and Olive Oils on Fasting and Postprandial Plasma Lipoproteins in Humans as Part of a National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 Diet, Arterioscler. Thromb. 13, 1533–1542.
Wahrburg, U., Martin, H., Sandkamp, M., Schulte, H., and Assmann, G. (1992) Comparative Effects of a Recommended Lipid-Lowering Diet vs. a Diet Rich in Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Serum Lipid Profiles in Healthy Young Adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56, 678–683.
Berry, E.M., Eisenberg, S., Friedlander, Y., Harats, D., Kaufmann, N.A., Norman, Y. and Stein, Y. (1992) Effects of Diets Rich in Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Plasma Lipoproteins—The Jerusalem Nutrition Study. II Monounsaturated Fatty Acids vs. Carbohydrates, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56, 394–403.
Berry, E.M., Eisenberg, S., Haratz, D., Friedlander, Y., Norman, Y., Kaufmann, N.A. and Stein, Y. (1991) Effects of Diets Rich in Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Plasma Lipoproteins—The Jerusalem Nutrition Study: High MUFAs vs. High PUFAs, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 899–907.
Spiller, G.A., Jenkins, D.J.A., Cragen, L.N., Gates, J.E., Bosello, O., Berra, K., Rudd, C., Stevenson, M., and Superko, R. (1992) Effect of a Diet High in Monounsaturated Fat from Almonds on Plasma Cholesterol and Lipoproteins, J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 11, 126–130.
Norden, A.J., Gorbet, D.W., Knauft, D.A., and Young, C.T. (1987) Variability in Oil Quality Among Peanut Genotypes in the Florida Breeding Program, Peanut Sci. 14, 7–11.
Cooke, J.P., Singer, A.H., Tsao, P., Zera, P., Rowan, R.A., and Billingham, M.E. (1992) Antiatherogenic Effects of l-Arginine in the Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit, J. Clin. Invest. 90, 1168–1172.
Kritchevsky, D., Tepper, S.A., Czarnecki, S.K., and Klurfeld, D.M. (1982) Atherogenicity of Animal and Vegetable Protein: Influence of the Lysine to Arginine Ratio, Atherosclerosis 41, 429–431.
Fraser, G.E., Sabate, J., Beeson, W.L., and Strahan, T.M. (1992) A Possible Protective Effect of Nut Consumption on Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Adventist Health Study, Arch. Intern. Med. 152, 1416–1424.
Buxtorf, J.C., Baudet, M.F., Martin, C., Richard, J.L., and Jacotot, B. (1988) Seasonal Variations of Serum Lipids and Apoproteins, Ann. Nutr. Metab. 32, 68–74.
Gordon, D.J., Hyde, J., Trost, D.C., Whaley, F.S., Hannan, P.J., Jacobs, D.R., and Ekelund, L.G. (1988) Cyclic Seasonal Variation in Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial Placebo Group, J. Clin. Epidemiol. 41, 679–689.
United States Department of Agriculture (1984) Composition of Foods-Fats and Oils: Raw, Processed, Prepared, Agriculture Handbook No. 8-4, Human Nutrition Information Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Agriculture (1984) Composition of Foods-Nuts and Seed Products: Raw, Processed, Prepared, Agriculture Handbook No. 8-12, Human Nutrition Information Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Agriculture (1989) Composition of Foods: Raw, Processed, Prepared. Supplement to Agriculture Handbook No. 8-9 (1982), Human Nutrition Information Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Agriculture (1989) Composition of Foods: Raw, Processed, Prepared. Supplement to Agriculture Handbook No. 8-11 (1984), Human Nutrition Information Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Agriculture (1990) Composition of Foods: Raw, Processed, Prepared. Supplement to Agriculture Handbook No. 8-4 (1979), Human Nutrition Information Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Agriculture (1990) Composition of Foods: Raw, Processed, Prepared. Supplement to Agriculture Handbook No. 8-8 (1982), Human Nutrition Information Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Agriculture (1990) Composition of Foods: Raw, Processed, Prepared. Supplement to Agriculture Handbook No. 8-11 (1984), Human Nutrition Information Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Agriculture (1990) Composition of Foods—Snacks and Sweets; Raw, Processed, Prepared. Agriculture Handbook No. 8-19, Human Nutrition Information Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Agriculture (1975) Nutritive Value of American Foods: in Common Units. Agriculture Handbook No. 456, Human Nutrition Information Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Pennington, J.A.T., and Church, H.N. (1985) Bowes and Church’s Food Values of Portions Commonly Used, 14th edn., J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Marlett, J.A. (1992) Content and Composition of Dietary Fiber in 117 Frequently Consumed Foods, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 92, 175–186.
Mongeau, R., and Brassard, R. (1989) A Comparison of Three Methods for Analyzing Dietary Fiber in 38 Foods, J. Food Comp. Anal. 2, 189–199.
Vollendorf, N.W., and Marlett, J.A. (1993) Comparison of Two Methods of Fiber Analysis of 58 Foods, J. Food Comp. Anal. 6, 203–214.
Bray, G.A., Jordan, H.H., and Sims, E.A. (1976) Evaluation of the Obese Patient: 1. An Algorithm, J.A.M.A. 235, 1487–1491.
Pollock, M.L., Wilmore, J.H., and Fox, S.M. (1984) Exercise in Health and Disease: Evaluation and Prescription for Prevention and Rehabilitation, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
Shireman, R.B., and Durieux, J. (1993) Microplate Methods for Determination of Serum Cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Triglyceride and Apolipoproteins, Lipids 28, 151–155.
Patsch, W., Brown, S.A., Morrisett, J.D., Gotto, A.M., and Patsch, J.R. (1989) A Dual-Precipitation Method Evaluated for Measurement of Cholesterol in High-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 in Human Plasma, Clin. Chem. 35, 265–270.
Friedewald, W.T., Levy, R.I., and Fredrickson, D.S. (1972) Estimation of the Concentration of Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Plasma, Without Use of the Preparative Ultracentrifuge, Clin. Chem. 18, 499–502.
Ott, L. (1988) An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis, 3rd edn., pp. 204–207, PWS-Kent Publishing Company, Boston.
Conover, W.J., Johnson, M.E., and Johnson, M.M. (1981) A Comparative Study of Tests for Homogeneity of Variances, with Applications to the Outer Continental Shelf Bidding Data, Technometrics 23, 351–361.
Kepner, J., and Randles, J. (1984) Comparison of Tests for Bivariate Symmetry Versus Location and/or Scale Alternatives, Commun. Statist.-Theor. Meth. 13, 915–930.
Hegsted, D.M., Ausman, L.M., Johnson, J.A., and Dallal, G.E. (1993) Dietary Fat and Serum Lipids: An Evaluation of the Experimental Data, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 57, 875–883.
Keys, A., Anderson, J.T., and Grande, F. (1957) Prediction of Serum-Cholesterol Responses of Man to Changes in Fats in the Diet, Lancet 2, 959–966.
Keys, A., Anderson, J.T., and Grande, F. (1965) Serum Cholesterol Response to Changes in the Diet. IV. Particular Saturated Fatty Acids in the Diet, Metabolism 14, 776–787.
Mensink, R.P., and Katan, M.B. (1992) Effect of Dietary Fatty Acids on Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins: A Meta-Analysis of 27 Trials, Arterioscler. Thromb. 12, 911–919.
Ling, W.H., and Jones, P.J.H. (1995) Dietary Phytosterols: A Review of Metabolism, Benefits and Side Effects, Life Sci. 57, 195–206.
Pelletier, X., Belbraouet, S., Mirabel, D., Mordret, F., Perrin, J.L., Pages, X., and Debry, G. (1995) A Diet Moderately Enriched in Phytosterols Lowers Plasma Cholesterol Concentrations in Normocholesterolemic Humans, Ann. Nutr. Metab. 39, 291–295.
Jenkins, D.J.A., Wolever, T.M.S., Rao, A.V., Hegele, R.A., Mitchell, S.J., Ransom, T.P.P., Boctor, D.L., Spadafora, P.J., Jenkins, A.L., Mehling, C., Relle, L.K., Connelly, P.W., Story, J.A., Furumoto, E.J., Corey, P., and Wursch, P. (1993) Effect on Blood Lipids of Very High Intakes of Fiber in Diets Low in Saturated Fat and Cholesterol, N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 21–26.
Lairon, D. (1996) Dietary Fibres: Effect on Lipid Metabolism and Mechanisms of Action, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50, 125–133.
Assmann, G., and Funke, H. (1990) HDL Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, J. Cardio. Pharmaco. 16(Suppl 9), S15-S20.
Tribble, D.L., and Krauss, R.M. (1993) HDL and Coronary Artery Disease, in Advances in Internal Medicine (Stollerman, G.H., LaMont, J.T., Leonard, J.J. and Siperstein, M.D., eds.) pp. 1–29, Mosby Year Book, St. Louis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
A portion of this material was presented earlier at the annual meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society and in abstract from (O’Byrne, D.J., Shireman, R.B., and Knauft, D., 1993. The effects of a low-fat/high-oleic acid diet on lipoproteins in postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women. INFORM 4(4), 553, #SS7).
About this article
Cite this article
O’Byrne, D.J., Knauft, D.A. & Shireman, R.B. Low fat-monounsaturated rich diets containing high-oleic peanuts improve serum lipoprotein profiles. Lipids 32, 687–695 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-997-0088-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-997-0088-y