Abstract
In this study, silver (Ag)-doped titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (Ag@TiO2/rGO, TGA) hybrid photocatalysts were synthesized for enhanced photocatalytic properties. TGA hybrid photocatalysts were synthesized through a facile sol–gel method. Synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were obtained by Hummer’s method followed by chemical reduction to obtain rGO nanoparticles. Ag doping was carried out at the sol stage of the sol–gel synthesis. Increasing amounts of Ag nanoparticles from 0.5 wt.% to 4 wt.% were added to increase the degradation effect of methylene blue (MB) under UV light irradiation. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis spectrophotometry, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) were used to investigate the crystal structure, topography, morphology, chemical and optical properties of the samples, respectively. Samples were calcined in order to obtain the anatase phase at 500°C with a heating rate of 10°C/min for 2 h in air atmosphere. The effect of Ag content on the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 based nanocomposite material was observed by keeping the weight ratio of rGO constant at 4 wt.%. Ag addition into the TiO2/rGO matrix exposed an excellent photocatalytic activity under UV light irradiation than that of undoped TiO2/rGO photocatalyst. The absorbance value of MB was degraded from 0.683 to 0.011 at 664 nm by TGA1 sample for 240 min. This demonstrated that the TGA1 hybrid photocatalyst containing 1 wt.% of Ag exhibited the highest degradation efficiency of 98.4%. This paper indicates the potential photocatalytic application of Ag-doped TiO2/rGO photocatalysts on the removal of dissolved organic pollutants in water.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
L. Yang, Y. Luo, L. Yang, S. Luo, X. Luo, W. Dai, T. Li, and Y. Luo, J. Hazard. Mater. 367, 550 (2019).
J. Fan, Z. Li, W. Zhou, Y. Miao, Y. Zhang, J. Hu, and G. Shao, Appl. Surf. Sci. 319, 75 (2014).
A. Miyoshi, S. Nishioka, and K. Maeda, Chem. - A Eur. J. 24, 18204 (2018).
C.H. Ao, and S.C. Lee, Chem. Eng. Sci. 60, 103 (2005).
A. Tereshchenko, R. Viter, I. Konup, V. Ivanitsa, S. Geveliuk, Y. Ishkov, and V. Smyntyna, in Biophotonics—Riga 2013 (SPIE, 2013), p. 90320T.
X. Yan, Z. Wang, M. He, Z. Hou, T. Xia, G. Liu, and X. Chen, Energy Technol. 3, 801 (2015).
M. Ge, C. Cao, J. Huang, S. Li, Z. Chen, K.Q. Zhang, S.S. Al-Deyab, and Y. Lai, J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 6772 (2016).
K. Lee, H. Yoon, C. Ahn, J. Park, and S. Jeon, Nanoscale 11, 7025 (2019).
S. Sreeja and V. Shetty, Sol. Energy 157, 236 (2017).
E. Kowalska, H. Remita, C. Colbeau-Justin, J. Hupka, and J. Belloni, J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 1124 (2008).
V. Subramanian, E.E. Wolf, and P.V. Kamat, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 4943 (2004).
L. Zhang, J.C. Yu, H.Y. Yip, Q. Li, K.W. Kwong, A.W. Xu, and P.K. Wong, Langmuir 19, 10372 (2003).
T. Ohno, M. Akiyoshi, T. Umebayashi, K. Asai, T. Mitsui, and M. Matsumura, Appl. Catal. A Gen. 265, 115 (2004).
R. Asahi, T. Morikawa, T. Ohwaki, K. Aoki, and Y. Taga, Science (80-. ) 293, 269 (2001).
S. Sakthivel and H. Kisch, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 42, 4908 (2003).
Y. Z. Ma, J. Stenger, J. Zimmermann, S. L. Dexheimer, G. R. Fleming, S. M. Bachilo, R. E. Smalley, and R. B. Weisman, in OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Ser. (Optical Society of American (OSA), 2004), pp. 697–698.
S. Füldner, R. Mild, H.I. Siegmund, J.A. Schroeder, M. Gruber, and B. König, Green Chem. 12, 400 (2010).
J. Xu, W. Wang, S. Sun, and L. Wang, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 111–112, 126 (2012).
W. Cui, Y. Qi, L. Liu, D. Rana, J. Hu, and Y. Liang, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 22, 120 (2012).
W. Cui, D. Guo, L. Liu, J. Hu, D. Rana, and Y. Liang, Catal. Commun. 48, 55 (2014).
B. Ahmmad, Y. Kusumoto, S. Somekawa, and M. Ikeda, Catal. Commun. 9, 1410 (2008).
S. Battiston, M. Bolzan, S. Fiameni, R. Gerbasi, M. Meneghetti, E. Miorin, C. Mortalò, and C. Pagura, Carbon N. Y. 47, 1321 (2009).
H. Wang, X. Quan, H. Yu, and S. Chen, Carbon N. Y. 46, 1126 (2008).
J. Shi, G. Chen, G. Zeng, A. Chen, K. He, Z. Huang, L. Hu, J. Zeng, J. Wu, and W. Liu, Ceram. Int. 44, 7473 (2018).
Z. Song, T. Xu, M.L. Gordin, Y.B. Jiang, I.T. Bae, Q. Xiao, H. Zhan, J. Liu, and D. Wang, Nano Lett. 12, 2205 (2012).
C. Liu, L. Zhang, R. Liu, Z. Gao, X. Yang, Z. Tu, F. Yang, Z. Ye, L. Cui, C. Xu, and Y. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 656, 24 (2016).
B.A. Bhanvase, T.P. Shende, and S.H. Sonawane, Environ. Technol. Rev. 6, 1 (2017).
X. Niu, J. Yu, L. Wang, C. Fu, J. Wang, L. Wang, H. Zhao, and J. Yang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 413, 7 (2017).
W. Zhao, Z. Zhang, J. Zhang, H. Wu, L. Xi, and C. Ruan, Mater. Lett. 171, 182 (2016).
W. Dong, Y. Zhu, H. Huang, L. Jiang, H. Zhu, C. Li, B. Chen, Z. Shi, and G. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 10030 (2013).
S. Anandan, T. Narasinga Rao, M. Sathish, D. Rangappa, I. Honma, and M. Miyauchi, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 207 (2013).
B. Jiang, C. Tian, Q. Pan, Z. Jiang, J.Q. Wang, W. Yan, and H. Fu, J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 23718 (2011).
S. Min, J. Hou, Y. Lei, X. Ma, and G. Lu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 396, 1375 (2017).
X. Li, R. Shen, S. Ma, and X. Chen, J. Xie, Appl. Surf. Sci. 430, 53 (2018).
A.A. Isari, A. Payan, M. Fattahi, S. Jorfi, and B. Kakavandi, Appl. Surf. Sci. 462, 549 (2018).
L. Cheng, Q. Xiang, Y. Liao, and H. Zhang, Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 1362 (2018).
C. Chen, Y. Zhang, J. Zeng, F. Zhang, K. Zhou, C.R. Bowen, and D. Zhang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 424, 170 (2017).
Q. Xiang, J. Yu, and M. Jaroniec, Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 782 (2012).
Y. Xu, Y. Mo, J. Tian, P. Wang, H. Yu, and J. Yu, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 181, 810 (2016).
M. A. Syed, T. S. Muahammad, F. Muhammad, A. Sharjeel, and M. Isna, in Key Eng. Mater. (Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2018), pp. 144–150.
Y. Liu, D. Zhang, Y. Shang, W. Zang, and M. Li, RSC Adv. 5, 104785 (2015).
Q. Xiang, J. Yu, and M. Jaroniec, Nanoscale 3, 3670 (2011).
W. Fan, X. Yu, H.C. Lu, H. Bai, C. Zhang, and W. Shi, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 181, 7 (2016).
P. K. Dubey, P. Tripathi, R. S. Tiwari, A. S. K. Sinha, and O. N. Srivastava, in Int. J. Hydrogen Energy (Elsevier Ltd, 2014), pp. 16282–16292.
A.L. Linsebigler, G. Lu, and J.T. Yates, Chem. Rev. 95, 735 (1995).
N.R. Khalid, E. Ahmed, M. Ahmad, N.A. Niaz, M. Ramzan, M. Shakil, T. Iqbal, and A. Majid, Ceram. Int. 42, 18257 (2016).
W. S. Hummers and R. E. Offeman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1958).
T. Luttrell, S. Halpegamage, J. Tao, A. Kramer, E. Sutter, and M. Batzill, Sci. Rep. 4, (2015).
J. Zhang, P. Zhou, J. Liu, and J. Yu, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 20382 (2014).
M. Yurddaşkal, U. Kartal, and E. C. Doluel, J. Polytech. 23, 249 (2020).
Y. Yang, E. Liu, H. Dai, L. Kang, H. Wu, J. Fan, X. Hu, and H. Liu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39, 7664 (2014).
H. Al-Kandari, A.M. Abdullah, S. Al-Kandari, and A.M. Mohamed, RSC Adv. 5, 71988 (2015).
V. Loryuenyong, K. Totepvimarn, P. Eimburanapravat, W. Boonchompoo, and A. Buasri, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2013, e923403 (2013).
A.R. Siamaki, A.E.R.S. Khder, V. Abdelsayed, M.S. El-Shall, and B.F. Gupton, J. Catal. 279, 1 (2011).
Y. Chen, Y. Niu, T. Tian, J. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, and L.C. Qin, Chem. Phys. Lett. 677, 143 (2017).
S. Demirci, T. Dikici, M. Yurddaskal, S. Gultekin, M. Toparli, and E. Celik, Appl. Surf. Sci. 390, 591 (2016).
S. Çakar and M. Özacar, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 346, 512 (2017).
K.M. Prabu and S. Perumal, Int. J. Sci. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 1, 299 (2015).
J. García-Serrano, E. Gómez-Hernández, M. Ocampo-Fernández, and U. Pal, Curr. Appl. Phys. 9, 1097 (2009).
M.B. Suwarnkar, R.S. Dhabbe, A.N. Kadam, and K.M. Garadkar, Ceram. Int. 40, 5489 (2014).
W. Sangchay and I. Technology, Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 2, 1593 (2012).
S. Demirci, M. Yurddaskal, T. Dikici, and C. Sarıoğlu, J. Hazard. Mater. 345, 27 (2018).
M.M. Obeid, S.J. Edrees, and M.M. Shukur, Superlattices Microstruct. 122, 124 (2018).
M.M. Obeid, H.R. Jappor, K. Al-Marzoki, I.A. Al-Hydary, S.J. Edrees, and M.M. Shukur, RSC Adv. 9, 33207 (2019).
P. Malliga, J. Pandiarajan, N. Prithivikumaran, and K. Neyvasagam, IOSR J. Appl. Phys. 6, 22 (2014).
V.V. Kondalkar, S.S. Mali, N.B. Pawar, R.M. Mane, S. Choudhury, C.K. Hong, P.S. Patil, S.R. Patil, P.N. Bhosale, and J.H. Kim, Electrochim. Acta 143, 89 (2014).
L.M. Santos, W.A. Machado, M.D. França, K.A. Borges, R.M. Paniago, A.O.T. Patrocinio, and A.E.H. Machado, RSC Adv. 5, 103752 (2015).
N. Lu, Y. Wang, S. Ning, W. Zhao, M. Qian, Y. Ma, J. Wang, L. Fan, J. Guan, and X. Yuan, (n.d.).
S. K. Md Saad, A. Ali Umar, M. I. Ali Umar, M. Tomitori, M. Y. Abd. Rahman, M. Mat Salleh, and M. Oyama, ACS Omega 3, 2579 (2018).
X. Wei, J. Cao, and F. Fang, RSC Adv. 8, 31822 (2018).
T.G. Ulusoy, A. Ghobadiac, and A.K. Okyay, J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 16867 (2014).
T. Ali, P. Tripathi, A. Azam, W. Raza, A. S. Ahmed, A. Ahmed, and M. Muneer, Mater. Res. Express 4, (2017).
J. Liqiang, Q. Yichun, W. Baiqi, L. Shudan, J. Baojiang, Y. Libin, F. Wei, F. Honggang, and S. Jiazhong, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 90, 1773 (2006).
J. Yu, J. Xiong, B. Cheng, and S. Liu, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 60, 211 (2005).
S. Gayathri, M. Kottaisamy, and V. Ramakrishnan, AIP Adv. 5, 127219 (2015).
M. Yurddaskal, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 29, 2214 (2019).
J. Ryu, D.S. Park, B.D. Hahn, J.J. Choi, W.H. Yoon, K.Y. Kim, and H.S. Yun, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 83, 1 (2008).
M. Inagaki, R. Nonaka, B. Tryba, and A.W. Morawski, Chemosphere 64, 437 (2006).
A. Brudnik, A. Gorzkowska-Sobaś, E. Pamuła, M. Radecka, and K. Zakrzewska, J. Power Sources 173, 774 (2007).
M. Toyoda, Y. Nanbu, Y. Nakazawa, M. Hirano, and M. Inagaki, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 49, 227 (2004).
H.G. Yang, C.H. Sun, S.Z. Qiao, J. Zou, G. Liu, S.C. Smith, H.M. Cheng, and G.Q. Lu, Nature 453, 638 (2008).
H. Khan, Z. Jiang, and D. Berk, Sol. Energy 162, 420 (2018).
Z.K. Zhang, D.Z. Guo, Y.J. Xing, and G.M. Zhang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 257, 4139 (2011).
G. Lui, J.Y. Liao, A. Duan, Z. Zhang, M. Fowler, and A. Yu, J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 12255 (2013).
E. Vasilaki, I. Georgaki, D. Vernardou, M. Vamvakaki, and N. Katsarakis, Appl. Surf. Sci. 353, 865 (2015).
S. Oros-Ruiz, R. Zanella, and B. Prado, J. Hazard. Mater. 263, 28 (2013).
P. Wang, B. Huang, Y. Dai, and M.H. Whangbo, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 9813 (2012).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Doluel, E.C., Kartal, U., Dikici, T. et al. Effect of Ag Content on Photocatalytic Activity of Ag@TiO2/rGO Hybrid Photocatalysts. J. Electron. Mater. 49, 3849–3859 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08102-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08102-0