Abstract
The observed deflections and internal forces of pile-anchor retaining excavation were studied in spring area in Jinan city of China. Based on field measured data, the ground surface settlement, deflection of retaining piles and wall, internal force analysis of concrete piles, axial anchoring forces, groundwater table, and the deformation of surround building and pipelines were investigated. The results indicates that the combining application of concrete piles, jet grouting columns and anchors support system can effectively control excavation-induced surface ground settlements. The field maximum lateral wall deflections are between 0.02% and 0.19% of the excavation depth due to the competitive site conditions. The bending moment-depth relationship curve is S-type. Groundwater leakage results in the sharp drop in groundwater level, which is part of the reasons for the adjacent building settlement. The axial anchoring forces of the upper layer of anchors increase gradually during the excavation, but those of the lower layer of anchors slightly reduced firstly and then tend to be stable during the excavation procedure. In comparison with the histories of excavation cases, the small lateral wall deflection in this study results from the favorable site condition and the relative rigidity of the retaining structure system.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- w :
-
Water content
- γ :
-
Unit weight of soil
- e :
-
Void ratio
- I P :
-
Plastic index
- I L :
-
Liquid index
- k :
-
Permeability of soil
- E S1-2 :
-
Constrained modulus
- c:
-
Cohesion intercept
- φ :
-
Friction angle
- a 1-2 :
-
Coefficient of compressibility
- N:
-
Standard penetration test
- N 63.5 :
-
Heavy dynamic penetration test
- H :
-
Excavation depth
- δ v :
-
Ground settlement
- δ h, max :
-
Maximum piles deflections
- δ v max :
-
Maximum ground settlement
References
Finno RJ, Bryson LS (2002) Response of building adjacent tostiff excavation support system in soft clay. Journal of performance of constructed facilities 16: 10–20. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2002)16:1(10)
Goldberg DT, Jaworski WE, Gordon MD (1976) Lateral support systems and underpinning: construction methods. Federal Highway Administration, Offices of Research & Development, Washington, D.C.
Hsieh PG, Ou CY (1998) Shape of ground surface settlement profiles caused by excavation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35: 1004–1017. DOI: 10.1139/cgj-35-6-1004
Kung TC, Juang H, Hsiao CL, et al. (2007) Simplified model for wall deflection and ground-surface settlement caused by braced excavation in clays. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 133: 731-747. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:6(731)
Leung EHY, Ng CWW (2007) Wall and ground movements associated with deep excavations supported by cast in situ wall in mixed ground conditions. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 133: 129–143. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:2(129)
Liu GB, Jiang RJ, Ng CWW, et al. (2011) Deformation characteristics of a 38 m deep excavation in soft clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48: 1817–1828. DOI: 10.1139/T11-075
Long M (2001) Database for retaining wall and ground movements due to deep excavation. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127: 203–224. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:3(203)
Long M, Brangan C, Menkiti C, et al. (2012a) Retaining wall behaviour in Dublin estuarine deposits, Ireland. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical Engineering 165: 351–365. DOI:10.1680/geng.10.00037
Long M, Daynes PJ, Donohhue S, et al. (2012b) Retaining wall behaviour in Dublin’s fluvio-glacial gravel, Ireland. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical Engineering 165: 289–307.DOI:10.1680/geng.9.00099
Mana AI, Clough GW (1981) Prediction of movements for braced cuts in clay. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 107(6): 759–777.
Masuda T (1993) Behavior of deep excavation with diaphragm wall. MSc thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Mass.
Ng CWW (1998) Observed performance of multipropped excavation in stiff clay. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 124: 889–905. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:9(889)
Ou CY, Hsieh PG, Chiou DC (1993) Characteristics of ground surface settlement during excavation. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30: 758–767.
Ou CY, Liao JT, Lin HD (1998) Performance of diaphragm wall constructed using top-down method. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 124: 798–808. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:9(798)
Peck RB (1969) Deep excavation and tunneling in soft ground. State-of the-art-report. Proc., 7th Int. Conf. of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), Mexico City. pp 225–281.
Sun JP, Shao GB, Jiang ZB (2012) Design and construction technology of displacement control in deep miscellaneous fill foundation pits. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 34(S0): 576–580. (In Chinese)
Sun JP, Wei HW, Jiang ZB, et al. (2010) Factors for displacement of composite soil nailing walls. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 32(S1): 431–434. (In Chinese)
Tan Y, Li MW (2011) Measured performance of a 26 m deep topdown in excavation in downtown Shanghai. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48: 704–719. DOI: 10.1139/t10-100
Wallace JC, Ho CE, Long MM (1993) Retaining wall behaviour for a deep basement in Singapore marine clay. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Retaining Structures, Cambridge, UK, 20-23 July 1992. Thomas Telford, London. pp 195–204.
Wang JH, Xu ZH, Wang WD (2010) Wall and ground movements due to deep excavations in Shanghai soft soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 136: 985–994. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000299
Wang ZW, Ng CWW, Liu GB (2005) Characteristics of wall deflections and ground surface settlements in Shanghai. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42: 1243–1254. DOI:10.1139/T05-056
Whittle AJ, Corral G, Jen LC, et al. (2015) Prediction and performance of deep excavations for courthouse station, Boston. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 141: 1246–1259. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001246
Whittle AJ, Davies RV (2006) Nicoll Highway collapse: evaluation of geotechnical factors affecting design of excavation support system. International Conference on Deep Excavations, Singapore. pp 28–30.
Whittle AJ, Hashash YMA, Whitman RV (1993) Analysis of deep excavation in Boston. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 119: 69–90.
Wong IH, Poh TY, Chuah HL (1997) Performance of excavations for depressed expressway in Singapore. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 123: 617–625.DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:7(617)
Xu ZH, Wang JH, Wang WD (2008) Deformation behavior of diaphragm walls in deep excavations in Shanghai. China Civil Engineering Journal 41: 81–86.(In Chinese)
Zheng G, Cheng XS, Diao Y (2011) Concept and design methodology of redundancy in braced excavation and case histories. Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA 42: 13–21.
Zheng G, Li ZW (2012) Finite element analysis of response of the building with arbitrary angle adjacent to excavation. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 34: 615–624. (In Chinese)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Chinese Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2242014R30020), and the Personnel Training Fund for Outstanding Young Teacher of Qinglan Project of Higher Education in Jiangsu Province, China. Concrete suggestions from the reviewers, the Editors are gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1602-5205
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3953-335X
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3041-6117
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Dw., Shu, Jc. & Sun, Jp. Observed deformation characteristics of a deep excavation for the spring area in Jinan, China. J. Mt. Sci. 14, 581–594 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-4038-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-4038-8