Abstract
The validation of musculoskeletal models is a challenging task necessary to obtain confidence in the numerical predictions they can provide. In this paper, a musculoskeletal model of the lower limb is used to predict the hip contact forces and muscle activations resulting from walking at different speeds for three total hip replacement patients implanted with instrumented prostheses (Bergmann et al., J. Biomech. 34:859–871, 2001). The developed model is shown to estimate the magnitude of hip contact forces with encouraging accuracy in terms of relative peak error (on average within 22% of the experimental value) and global prediction error measurements. Hip contact force predictions were found to be generally more accurate for a slow walking speed. The static optimization technique adopted to estimate muscle activation profiles reproduced for the majority of muscles the modulation and variation in activation patterns documented in the literature for different walking speeds.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Jonkers, I., Stewart, C., Spaepen, A.: The study of muscle action during single support and swing phase of gait: clinical relevance of forward simulation techniques. Gait Posture 17(2), 97–105 (2003)
Steele, K.M., Seth, A., Hicks, J.L., Schwartz, M.S., Delp, S.L.: Muscle contributions to support and progression during single-limb stance in crouch gait. J. Biomech. 43(11), 2099–2105 (2010)
Heller, M.O., Bergmann, G., Kassi, J.P., Claes, L., Haas, N.P., Duda, G.N.: Determination of muscle loading at the hip joint for use in pre-clinical testing. J. Biomech. 38(5), 1155–1163 (2005)
Bitsakos, C., Kerner, J., Fisher, I., Amis, A.A.: The effect of muscle loading on the simulation of bone remodelling in the proximal femur. J. Biomech. 38(1), 133–139 (2005)
Geraldes, D.M., Phillips, A.T.M.: 3D strain-adaptive continuum orthotropic bone remodelling algorithm: prediction of bone architecture in the femur. In: Lim, C.T., Goh, J.C.H. (eds.) 6th World Congress of Biomechanics (WCB 2010), 1–6 August 2010, Singapore, vol. 31, pp. 772–775. Springer, Berlin (2010)
Phillips, A.T.M.: Structural optimisation: biomechanics of the femur. In: Proceedings of the ICE. Engineering and Computational Mechanics, vol. 165 (2012, in press)
Bergmann, G., Deuretzbacher, G., Heller, M., Graichen, F., Rohlmann, A., Strauss, J., Duda, G.N.: Hip contact forces and gait patterns from routine activities. J. Biomech. 34(7), 859–871 (2001)
Rydell, N.W.: Forces acting on the femoral head-prosthesis. A study on strain gauge supplied prostheses in living persons. Acta Orthop. Scand. 37(Supplement 88), 81–132 (1966)
Davy, D.T., Kotzar, G.M., Brown, R.H., Heiple, K.G., Goldberg, V.M., Heiple, K.G., Jr., Berilla, J., Burstein, A.H.: Telemetric force measurements across the hip after total arthroplasty. J. Bone Jt. Surg. (Am. Ed.) 70(1), 45–50 (1988)
D’Lima, D.D., Patil, S., Steklov, N., Chien, S., Colwell, C.W., Jr.: In vivo knee moments and shear after total knee arthroplasty. J. Biomech. 40(Supplement 1), S11–S17 (2007)
Kutzner, I., Heinlein, B., Graichen, F., Bender, A., Rohlmann, A., Halder, A., Beier, A., Bergmann, G.: Loading of the knee joint during activities of daily living measured in vivo in five subjects. J. Biomech. 43(11), 2164–2173 (2010)
Delp, S.L., Loan, J.P., Hoy, M.G., Zajac, F.E., Topp, E.L., Rosen, J.M.: An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 37(8), 757–767 (1990)
Brand, R.A., Crowninshield, R.D., Wittstock, C.E., Pedersen, D.R., Clark, C.R., van Krieken, F.M.: A model of lower extremity muscular anatomy. J. Biomech. Eng. 104(4), 304–310 (1982)
Delp, S.L., Anderson, F.C., Arnold, A.S., Loan, P., Habib, A., John, C.T., Guendelman, E., Thelen, D.G.: OpenSim: open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 54(11), 1940–1950 (2007)
Damsgaard, M., Rasmussen, J., Christensen, S.T., Surma, E., de Zee, M.: Analysis of musculoskeletal systems in the AnyBody Modeling System. Simul. Model. Pract. Theory 14(8), 1100–1111 (2006)
Sherman, M.A., Seth, A., Delp, S.L.: Simbody: multibody dynamics for biomedical research. Procedia IUTAM 2, 241–261 (2011)
Tsirakos, D., Baltzopoulos, V., Bartlett, R.: Inverse optimization: functional and physiological considerations related to the force-sharing problem. Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 25(4–5), 371–407 (1997)
Jinha, A., Ait-Haddou, R., Binding, P., Herzog, W.: Antagonistic activity of one-joint muscles in three-dimensions using non-linear optimisation. Math. Biosci. 202(1), 57–70 (2006)
Erdemir, A., McLean, S., Herzog, W., van den Bogert, A.J.: Model-based estimation of muscle forces exerted during movements. Clin. Biomech. 22(2), 131–154 (2007)
Heller, M.O., Bergmann, G., Deuretzbacher, G., Dürselen, L., Pohl, M., Claes, L., Haas, N.P., Duda, G.N.: Musculo-skeletal loading conditions at the hip during walking and stair climbing. J. Biomech. 34(7), 883–893 (2001)
Stansfield, B.W., Nicol, A.C., Paul, J.P., Kelly, I.G., Graichen, F., Bergmann, G.: Direct comparison of calculated hip joint contact forces with those measured using instrumented implants. An evaluation of a three-dimensional mathematical model of the lower limb. J. Biomech. 36(7), 929–936 (2003)
Nikooyan, A.A., Zadpoor, A.A.: An improved cost function for modeling of muscle activity during running. J. Biomech. 44(5), 984–987 (2011)
Klein Horsman, M.D., Koopman, H.F., van der Helm, F.C., Prose, L.P., Veeger, H.E.: Morphological muscle and joint parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the lower extremity. Clin. Biomech. 22(2), 239–247 (2007)
Klein Horsman, M.D.: The Twente lower extremity model. Ph.D. thesis, University of Twente (2007)
Cleather, D.J., Bull, A.M.J.: Lower-extremity musculoskeletal geometry affects the calculation of patellofemoral forces in vertical jumping and weightlifting. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., H J. Eng. Med. 224(9), 1073–1083 (2010)
Koopman, H.F.J.M., Klein Horsman, M.D.: Hip compression force estimation with a comprehensive musculoskeletal model. In: Spink, A.J., Ballintijn, M.R., Bogers, N.D., Grieco, F., Loijens, L.W.S., Noldus, L.P.J.J., Smit, G., Zimmermann, P.H. (eds.) Proceeding of Measuring Behavior 2008, 6th Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioural Research, Maastricht, The Netherlands, p. 16 (2008)
Graichen, F., Bergmann, G., Rohlmann, A.: Hip endoprosthesis for in vivo measurement of joint force and temperature. J. Biomech. 32(10), 1113–1117 (1999)
Shiavi, R., Bugle, H.J., Limbird, T.: Electromyographic gait assessment, Part 1: Adult EMG profiles and walking speed. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 24(2), 13–23 (1987)
Yang, J.F., Winter, D.A.: Surface EMG profiles during different walking cadences in humans. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 60(6), 485–491 (1985)
Nene, A., Byrne, C., Hermens, H.: Is rectus femoris really a part of quadriceps? Assessment of rectus femoris function during gait in able-bodied adults. Gait Posture 20(1), 1–13 (2004)
Wu, G., Siegler, S., Allard, P., Kirtley, C., Leardini, A., Rosenbaum, D., Whittle, M., D’Lima, D.D., Cristofolini, L., Witte, H., Schmid, O., Stokes, I.: ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion—part I: ankle, hip, and spine. J. Biomech. 35(4), 543–548 (2002)
Van der Helm, F.C., Veenbaas, R.: Modelling the mechanical effect of muscles with large attachment sites: application to the shoulder mechanism. J. Biomech. 24(12), 1151–1163 (1991)
Weijs, W.A., Hillen, B.: Cross-sectional areas and estimated intrinsic strength of the human jaw muscles. Acta Morphol. Neerl.-Scand. 23(3), 267–274 (1985)
Haxton, H.A.: Absolute muscle force in the ankle flexors of man. J. Physiol. 103(3), 267–273 (1944)
Anderson, F.C., Pandy, M.G.: Static and dynamic optimization solutions for gait are practically equivalent. J. Biomech. 34(2), 153–161 (2001)
Forster, E.: Predicting muscle forces in the human lower limb during locomotion. University of Ulm (2003)
Heller, M.: Muskuloskelettale Belastungen nach Totalhüftarthroplastick. University of Ulm (2002)
Lu, T.W., O’Connor, J.J.: Bone position estimation from skin marker co-ordinates using global optimisation with joint constraints. J. Biomech. 32(2), 129–134 (1999)
Crowninshield, R.D., Brand, R.A.: The prediction of forces in joint structures: distribution of intersegmental resultants. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 9(1), 159–182 (1981)
Pedotti, A., Krishnan, V.V., Stark, L.: Optimization of muscle-force sequencing in human locomotion. Math. Biosci. 38, 57–76 (1978)
Modenese, L., Phillips, A.T.M., Bull, A.M.J.: An open source lower limb model: Hip joint validation. J. Biomech. 44(12), 2185–2193 (2011)
Murray, M.P., Mollinger, L.A., Gardner, G.M., Sepic, S.B.: Kinematic and EMG patterns during slow, free, and fast walking. J. Orthop. Res. 2(3), 272–280 (1984)
Pedersen, D.R., Brand, R.A., Cheng, C., Arora, J.S.: Direct comparison of muscle force predictions using linear and nonlinear programming. J. Biomech. Eng. 109, 192–200 (1987)
Long, W.T., Dorr, L.D., Healy, B., Perry, J.: Functional recovery of noncemented total hip arthroplasty. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 288, 73–77 (1993)
Murray, M.P., Gore, D.R., Brewer, B.J., Mollinger, L.A., Sepic, S.B.: Joint function after total hip arthroplasty: a four-year follow-up of 72 cases with Charnley and Müller replacements. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 157, 119–124 (1981)
Baker, A., Bitounis, V.: Abductor function after total hip replacement. An electromyographic and clinical review. J. Bone Jt. Surg., Br. Vol. 71-B(1), 47–50 (1989)
Kenny, P., O’Brien, C.P., Synnott, K., Walsh, M.G.: Damage to the superior gluteal nerve after two different approaches to the hip. J. Bone Jt. Surg., Br. Vol. 81-B(6), 979–981 (1999)
Nilsson, J., Thorstensson, A.L.F., Halbertsma, J.: Changes in leg movements and muscle activity with speed of locomotion and mode of progression in humans. Acta Physiol. Scand. 123(4), 457–475 (1985)
Perry, J.: Hip. In: Gait analysis: normal and pathologic function, pp. 111–129. SLACK Incorporated, Thorofare (1992)
Wootten, M., Kadaba, M., Cochran, G.: Dynamic electromyography. II. Normal patterns during gait. J. Orthop. Res. 8(2), 259–265 (1990)
Winter, D.A., Yack, H.J.: EMG profiles during normal human walking: stride-to-stride and inter-subject variability. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 67(5), 402–411 (1987)
Shih, C.-H., Du, Y.-K., Lin, Y.-H., Wu, C.-C.: Muscular recovery around the hip joint after total hip arthroplasty. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 302, 115–120 (1994)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic Supplementary Material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Modenese, L., Phillips, A.T.M. Prediction of hip contact forces and muscle activations during walking at different speeds. Multibody Syst Dyn 28, 157–168 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11044-011-9274-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11044-011-9274-7