Abstract
We report on experimental investigations of acoustic emission by quartz tuning forks resonating at frequencies 32 kHz, 38 kHz, 77 kHz and 100 kHz immersed in cold gaseous 4He and its normal and superfluid liquid phases. Frequency dependence of the observed low-drive-linewidth at 350 mK together with the temperature and pressure dependences (1.3 K < T < 4.2 K, 0 < p < 25 bar) of the observed damping of the high frequency (77 and 100 kHz) resonators measured in normal liquid 4He and its superfluid phase provide strong and direct evidence of the importance of sound emission by these tuning forks. Three analytical models of acoustic emission by vibrating tuning forks are developed and compared with the experimental results. We also discuss the importance of sound emission for experiments with the commonly used 32 kHz tuning forks as well as other oscillating structures—spheres, wires, grids and various micromachined sensors. We compare the relative importance of dissipative losses due to laminar viscous/ballistic drag and acoustic emission in liquid and superfluid 4He.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
E.P. Eernisse, R.W. Ward, R.B. Wiggins, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 35, 3230 (1988)
K. Karrai, R.D. Grober, Tip-sample distance control for near-field scanning optical microscopes, in Near-Field Optics, ed. by M.A. Paesler, P.T. Moyer. Proc. SPIE, vol. 2535 (1995), p. 69
M. Blažková, M. Človečko, V.B. Eltsov, E. Gažo, R. de Graaf, J.J. Hosio, M. Krusius, D. Schmoranzer, W. Schoepe, L. Skrbek, P. Skyba, R.E. Solntsev, W.F. Vinen, J. Low Temp. Phys. 150, 525 (2008)
R. Blaauwgeers, M. Blažková, M. Človečko, V.B. Eltsov, R. de Graaf, J. Hosio, M. Krusius, D. Schmoranzer, W. Schoepe, L. Skrbek, P. Skyba, R.E. Solntsev, D.E. Zmeev, J. Low Temp. Phys. 146, 537 (2007)
P. Skyba, J. Low Temp. Phys. 160, 219 (2010)
E.M. Pentti, J.T. Tuoriniemi, A.J. Salmela, A.P. Sebedash, J. Low Temp. Phys. 150, 555 (2008)
L. Skrbek, M. Blažková, T.V. Chagovets, M. Rotter, D. Schmoranzer, J. Low Temp. Phys. 150, 194 (2008)
M. Blažková, D. Schmoranzer, L. Skrbek, J. Low Temp. Phys. 34, 380 (2008)
E.M. Pentti, J.T. Tuoriniemi, A.J. Salmela, A.P. Sebedash, Phys. Rev. B 78, 064509 (2008)
M. Blazkova, D. Schmoranzer, L. Skrbek, Phys. Rev. E 75, 025302 (2007)
D. Schmoranzer, M. Král’ová, V. Pilcová, W.F. Vinen, L. Skrbek, Phys. Rev. E 81, 066316 (2010)
M. Blažková, D. Schmoranzer, L. Skrbek, W.F. Vinen, Phys. Rev. B 79, 054522 (2009)
G. Sheshin, A.A. Zadorozhko, E. Rudavskii, V. Chagovets, L. Skrbek, M. Blazhkova, J. Low Temp. Phys. 34, 875 (2008)
M. Blažková, M. Človečko, E. Gažo, L. Skrbek, P. Skyba, J. Low Temp. Phys. 146, 305 (2007)
D.I. Bradley, M.J. Fear, S.N. Fisher, A.M. Guénault, R.P. Haley, C.R. Lawson, P.V.E. McClintock, G.R. Pickett, R. Schanen, V. Tsepelin, L.A. Wheatland, J. Low Temp. Phys. 156, 116 (2009)
D.I. Bradley, M. Človečko, E. Gažo, P. Skyba, J. Low Temp. Phys. 152, 147 (2008)
D.I. Bradley, P. Crookston, S.N. Fisher, A. Ganshin, A.M. Guénault, R.P. Haley, M.J. Jackson, G.R. Pickett, R. Schanen, V. Tsepelin, J. Low Temp. Phys. 157, 476 (2009)
D. Schmoranzer, L. Skrbek, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 150, 012048 (2009)
D.O. Clubb, O.V.L. Buu, R.M. Bowley, R. Nyman, J.R. Owers-Bradley, J. Low Temp. Phys. 136, 1 (2004)
D. Garg, V.B. Efimov, M. Giltrow, P.V.E. McClintock, L. Skrbek, W.F. Vinen, Mutual interactions between oscillating objects in superfluid 4He: critical velocities and the persistence of remanent vortices, Europhys. Lett. (submitted)
L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshitz, Hydrodynamics, 2nd edn. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1987)
C.L. Morfey, M.C.M. Wright, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, Math. Phys. Sci. 463, 2101–2127 (2007)
K.M. Li, S. Taherzadeh, K. Attenborough, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 3343–3352 (1997)
K.M. Li, S. Taherzadeh, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102, 2050–2057 (1997)
R.M. Sillitto, Am. J. Phys. 34, 639 (1966)
D.A. Russell, Am. J. Phys. 68, 1139 (2000)
I.M. Khalatnikov, Theory of Superfluidity (Nauka, Moscow, 1971) (in Russian)
S.P. Timoshenko, D.H. Young, Theory of Structures, 2nd edn. (McGraw-Hill College, New York, 1965)
M. Abramovitz, I.A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Applied Mathematics Series, vol. 55 (National Bureau of Standards, Washington, 1964)
P.M. Morse, K.U. Ingard, Theoretical Acoustics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1986)
R.D. McCarty, Thermophysical properties of Helium-4 from 2 to 1500 K with pressures to 1000 atmospheres, Technical Note 631 National Bureau of Standards (1972)
V.D. Arp, R.D. McCarty, The properties of critical helium gas, Tech. Rep., U. of Oregon (1998)
G.L. Pollack, Rev. Mod. Phys. 41, 48 (1969)
L. Skrbek, W.F. Vinen, The use of vibrating structures in the study of quantum turbulence, in Progress in Low Temperature Physics, ed. by M. Tsubota, W.P. Halperin, vol. XVI (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2009), Chap. 4
M. Morishita, T. Kuroda, A. Sawada, T. Satoh, J. Low Temp. Phys. 76, 387 (1989)
H. Yano, A. Handa, H. Nakagawa, K. Obara, O. Ishikawa, T. Hara, M. Nakagawa, J. Low Temp. Phys. 138, 561 (2005)
H. Yano, N. Hashimoto, A. Handa, M. Nakagawa, K. Obara, O. Ishikawa, T. Hata, Phys. Rev. B 75, 012502 (2007)
R. Goto, S. Fujiyama, H. Yano, Y. Nago, N. Hashimoto, K. Obara, O. Ishikawa, M. Tsubota, T. Hata, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 045301 (2008)
H. Yano, T. Ogawa, A. Mori, Y. Miura, Y. Nago, K. Obara, O. Ishikawa, T. Hata, J. Low Temp. Phys. 156, 132 (2009)
D.I. Bradley, S.N. Fisher, A.M. Guénault, R.P. Haley, V. Tsepelin, G.R. Pickett, K.L. Zaki, J. Low Temp. Phys. 154, 97 (2009)
J. Jäger, B. Schuderer, W. Schoepe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 566 (1995)
J. Luzuriaga, J. Low Temp. Phys. 138, 267 (1997)
M. Niemetz, H. Kerscher, W. Schoepe, J. Low Temp. Phys. 126, 287 (2002)
A.M. Hemmati, S. Fuzier, E. Bosque, S.W. VanSciver, J. Low Temp. Phys. 156, 71 (2009)
H.A. Nichol, L. Skrbek, P.C. Hendry, P.V.E. McClintock, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 244501 (2004)
H.A. Nichol, L. Skrbek, P.C. Hendry, P.V.E. McClintock, Phys. Rev. E 70, 056307 (2004)
D. Charalambous, L. Skrbek, P.C. Hendry, P.V.E. McClintock, W.F. Vinen, Phys. Rev. E 74, 036307 (2006)
R.J. Donnelly, C.F. Barenghi, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27, 1217 (1998)
E. Collin, T. Moutonet, J.S. Heron, O. Bourgeois, Yu.M. Bunkov, H. Godfrin, A tunable hybrid electro-magnetomotive NEMS device for low temperature physics. J. Low Temp. Phys. 162, 653 (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schmoranzer, D., La Mantia, M., Sheshin, G. et al. Acoustic Emission by Quartz Tuning Forks and Other Oscillating Structures in Cryogenic 4He Fluids. J Low Temp Phys 163, 317–344 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-011-0353-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-011-0353-1