Abstract
The ability of cadmium uptake by metal-resistant yeast, Candida tropicalis, from the liquid medium and wastewater was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Cd2 + against C. tropicalis was 2,500 mg L − 1. The yeast also showed tolerance toward Zn2 + (1,400 mg L − 1), Ni2 + (1,000 mg L − 1), Hg2 + (1,400 mg L − 1), Cu2 + (1,000 mg L − 1), Cr6 + (1,200 mg L − 1), and Pb2 + (1,000 mg L − 1). The yeast isolate showed typical growth curves, but lag and log phases extended in the presence of cadmium. The yeast isolate showed optimum growth at 30°C and pH 8. The metal processing ability of the isolate was determined in a medium containing 100 mg L − 1 of Cd2 + . C. tropicalis could decline Cd2 + 70%, 85%, and 92% from the medium after 48, 96, and 144 h, respectively. C. tropicalis was also able to remove Cd2 + 40% and 78% from the wastewater after 6 and 12 days, respectively. Cd produced an increase in glutathione (GSH) and nonprotein thiol levels by 135% and 134% at 100-mg L − 1 concentration, respectively. An increase in the synthesis of GSH is involved in metal tolerance, and the presence of increasing GSH concentrations may be a marker for high metal stress in C. tropicalis. C. tropicalis, which is resistant to heavy metal ions and is adaptable to the local environmental conditions, may be employed for metal detoxification operations.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
APHA (1989). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (18th Edn.). Washington, DC: APHA.
Balsalobre, L., De-Siloniz, M. I., Validerrama, M. J., Benito, T., Larrea, M. T., & Peinado, J. M. (2003). Occurrence of yeasts in municipal wastes and their behaviour in presence of cadmium copper and zinc. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 43, 185–193.
Benson, H. J. (1989). Microbiological applications. Laboratory manual in general microbiology. Dubuque: Wan C. Brown Publishers.
Berdicevsky, I., Lea, D., Marzbach, D., & Yannai, S. (1993). Susceptibility of different yeast species to environmental toxic metals. Environmental Pollution, 80, 41–44.
Cheng, S. (2003). Heavy metals in plants and phyoremediation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 10, 335–340.
Coeurdassier, M., Devaufleury, A., Scheifler, R., Morhain, E., & Badot, P. M. (2004). Effects of cadmium on the survival of three life-stages of the freshwater pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 72, 1083–1090.
Delhaize, E., Jackson, P. J., Lujan, L. D., & Robinson, N. J. (1989). Poly (γ -glutamylcysteinyl) glycine synthesis in Datura innoxia and binding with cadmium-role in cadmium tolerance. Plant Physiology, 89, 700–706.
Eccles, H. (1995). Removal of heavy metals from effluents streams—Why select a biological process? International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 35, 5–16.
Feng, D., & Aldrich, C. (2004). Adsorption of heavy metals by biomaterials derived from the marine alga Ecklonia maxima. Hydrometallurgy, 73, 1–10.
Fujs, S., Gazdag, Z., Poljšak, B., Stibilj, V., Milačič, R., Pesti, M., et al. (2005). The oxidative stress response of the yeast Candida intermedia to copper, zinc, and selenium exposure. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 45, 125–135.
Gharieb, M. M., & Gadd, G. M. (1998). Evidence for the involvement of vacuolar activity in metal(loid)s tolerance: Vacuola-lacking and defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae display highersensitivity to chromate, telurite and selenite. Biometals, 11, 101–106.
Gharieb, M. M., & Gadd, G. M. (2004). Role of glutathione in detoxification of metal(loid)s by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biometals, 17, 183–188.
Holan, Z. R., & Volesky, B. (1995). Accumulation of Cd, lead and nickel by fungal and wood biosorbents. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 53, 133–146.
Hong, Y. C., Azad, H. R., & Cooksey, D. A. (1996). A chromosomal locus required for copper resistance, competitivefitness and cytochrome c biogenesis in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 7315–7320.
Israr, M., Sahi, S. V., & Jain, J. (2006). Cadmium accumulation and antioxidant responses in the Sesbania drummondii callus. Archive of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 50, 121–127.
Kim, H. S., Kwack, S. J., & Lee, B. M. (2005). Alteration of cytochrome P-450 and glutathione S-transferase activity in normal and malignant human stomach. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 68, 1611–1620.
Kujan, P., Prell, A., Šafar, H., Sobotka, M., Řezankat, T., & Holler, P. (2005). Removal of copper ions from dilute solutions by Streptomyces noursei mycelium. Comparison with yeast biomass. Folia Microbiologica, 50, 309–313.
Larena, I., Salazar, O., Goncalez, V., Julian, M. C., & Rubio, V. (1999). Design of a primer for ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer with enhanced specificity for ascomycetes. Journal of Bacteriology, 75, 187.
Lebrun, M., Audurier, A., & Cossart, P. (1994). Plasmid-borne Cd-resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes are present on Tn5422, a novel transposon closely related to Tn917. Journal of Bacteriology, 176, 3049–3061.
Li, Z., Lu, Y., Zhen, R., Szczypka, M., Thiele, D. J., & Rea, P. A. (1997). A new pathway for vacuolar cadmium sequestration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; YCF1-catalyzed transport of bis (glutathionato) cadmium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 42–47.
Li, Z., & Yuan, H. (2006). Characterization of cadmium removal by Rhodotorrula sp. Y11. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 73, 458–463.
Li, Z., Yuan, H., & Hu, X. (2008). Cadmium-resistance in growing Rhodotorrula sp. Y11. Bioresource Technology, 99, 1339–1344.
Macaskie, L. E., & Dean, A. C. R. (1989). Microbial metabolism, desolubilisation and deposition of heavy metals: Metal uptake by immobilized cells and application to the detoxification of liquid wastes. Advances in Biotechnological Processes, 12, 159–172.
Malekzadeh, F., Latifi, A. M., Shahamat, M., Levinand, M., & Colwell, R. R. (2002). Effects of selected physical and chemicals parameters on uranium uptake by the bacterium Chryseomonas MGF-48. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18, 599–602.
Malik, A. (2004). Metal bioremediation through growing cells. Environment International, 30, 261–278.
Masneuf-Pomarède, I., Le Jeune, C., Durrens, P., Lollier, M., Aigle, M., & Dubourdieu, D. (2007). Molecular typing of wine yeast strains Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum using microsatellite markers. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 30, 75–82.
Mehdi, K., & Penninckx, M. J. (1997). An important role for glutathione and γ -glutamyltranspeptidase in the supply of growth requirements during nitrogen starvation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology, 143, 1885–1889.
Meister, A., & Anderson, M. E. (1983). Glutathione. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 52, 711–760.
Moran, L. K., Gutteridge, J. M. C., & Quinlan, G.-J. (2001). Thiols in cellular redox signaling and control. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 8, 763–772.
Nies, D. H. (1999). Microbial heavy-metal resistance. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 51, 730–750.
Nogaw, K., & Kido, T. (1996). Itai-Itai disease and health effects of cadmium. In: L. W. Chang (Ed.), Toxicology of metals (pp. 353–369). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Nriagu, J. O., & Pacyna, J. M. (1988). Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature, 333, 134–141.
Penninckx, M. J. (2002). An overview on glutathione in Saccharomyces versus non-conventional yeasts. FEMS Yeast Research, 2, 295–305.
Penninckx, M. J., & Elskens, M. (1993). Metabolism and functions of glutathione in microorganisms. Advances in Microbial Physiology, 34, 239–301.
Pócsi, I., Prade, R. A., & Penninckx, J. (2004). Glutathione, altruistic metabolite in fungi. Advances in Microbial Physiology, 49, 1–76.
Rama-Rao, V. S., Wilson, C. H., & Mohan, P. M. (1997). Zinc resistance in Neurospora crassa. Biometals, 10, 147–156.
Rehman, A., Farooq, H., & Hasnain, S. (2008). Biosorption of copper by yeast, Loddermyces elongisporus, isolated from industrial effluents: Its potential use in wastewater treatment. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 48, 195–201.
Rehman, A., Farooq, H., & Shakoori, A. R. (2007). Copper tolerant yeast, Candida tropicalis, isolated from industrial effluents: Its potential use in wastewater treatment. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 39, 405–412.
Sanders, C. L. (1986). Toxicological aspect of energy production (pp. 158–162). New York: MacMillan.
Shakoori, A. R., & Qureshi, F. (2000). Cadmium resistant bacteria from industrial effluents and their role in environmental clean-up. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 32, 165–172.
Shakoori, A. R., Rehman, A., & Haq, R. U. (2004). Multiple metal resistance in the ciliate protozoan, Vorticella microstoma, isolated from industrial effluents and its potential in bioremediation of toxic wastes. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 72, 1046–1051.
Siloniz, M., Balsolobre, C., Valderrama, M., & Peinado, J. (2002). Feasibility of copper uptake by the yeast Pichia guilliermondii isolated form sewage sludge. Research in Microbiology, 153, 173–180.
Singhal, R. K., Anderson, M. E., & Meister, A. (1987). Glutathione, a first line of defense against cadmium toxicity. FASEB Journal, 1, 220–223.
Smith, M. C. A., Sumner, E. R., & Avery, S. V. (2007). Glutathione and Gts1p drive beneficial variability in the cadmium resistances of individual yeast cells. Molecular Microbiology, 66(3), 699–712.
Suh, J. H., Kim, D. S., Yun, J. W., & Song, S. K. (1998). Process of Pb (II) accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnology Letters, 20, 153–156.
Unger, M. E., & Roesijadi, G. (1996). Increase in metallothioneins mRNA accumulation during cadmium challenge in oysters pre-exposed to cadmium. Aquatic Toxicology, 34, 185–193.
Villegas, L. B., Amoroso, M. J., & De-Figueroa, L. I. C. (2005). Copper tolerant yeasts isolated from polluted area of Argentina. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 45, 381–391.
Yan, G., & Viraraghavan, T. (2003). Heavy-metal removal from aqueous solution by fungus Mucor rouxii. Water Research, 37, 4486–4496.
Zafar, S., Aqil, F., & Ahmad, I. (2007). Metal tolerance and biosorption potential of filamentous fungi isolated from metal contaminated agricultural soil. Bioresource Technology, 98, 2557–2561.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rehman, A., Anjum, M.S. Multiple metal tolerance and biosorption of cadmium by Candida tropicalis isolated from industrial effluents: glutathione as detoxifying agent. Environ Monit Assess 174, 585–595 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1480-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1480-x