Abstract
Both genes and environment are important determinants of disease. In this paper we model gene-environment effect modification on the odds ratio scale OR(GE|D) and show how to indirectly estimate the effect and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the simple case of no main genetic and environmental effects [i.e.,\( \hbox{ OR}(\hbox{G}\bar{\rm E}|\hbox{D}) = \hbox{OR}(\bar{\rm G}\hbox{E}|\hbox{D}) = 1 \)]. A statistic is presented to test the null hypothesis \( \hbox{OR}(\hbox{GE}|\hbox{D})=1 \) and to calculate corresponding power, given the odds ratio for environmental exposure\( \hbox{ OR}(\hbox{E}|\hbox{D}) \) and population genotype frequency (g). Direct extension of the above model provides a mathematical framework for estimating confidence bounds in more complex cases involving partial genetic and/or environmental effects.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- CI:
-
confidence interval
- G6PD:
-
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- LCI:
-
95% lower confidence interval
- OR:
-
odds ratio
- PKU:
-
phenylketonuria
References
M Khoury M Adams W Flanders (1988) ArticleTitleAn epidemiologic approach to ecogenetics Am J Hum Genet 42 89–95 Occurrence Handle3337114
E Beutler (1983) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency J Stanbury J Wyngaarden D Fredrickson J Goldstein M Brown (Eds) The metabolic basis of inherited disease, 5th edn McGraw-Hill New York 1629–1653
R Ottman (1990) ArticleTitleAn epidemiologic approach to gene-environment interaction Genet Epidemiol 7 177–185 Occurrence Handle2369997
M Khoury W Stewart T Beaty (1987) ArticleTitleThe effect of genetic susceptibility on causal inference in epidemiologic studies Am J Epidemiol 126 561–567 Occurrence Handle3631048
J Kelsey A Whittemore A Evans W Thompson (1996) methods in observational epidemiology Oxford University Press New York
J Cornfield (1951) ArticleTitleA method of estimating comparative rates from clinical data. Applications to cancer of the lung, breast and cervix J Natl Cancer Inst 11 1269–1275 Occurrence Handle14861651
A Mood F Graybill D Boes (1974) Introduction to the theory of statistics McGraw-Hill New York
H Kahn C Sempos (1989) Statistical methods in epidemiology Oxford University Press New York
P Armitage (1971) Statistical methods in medical research Wiley New York
Fleiss J. Statistical methods for rates and Proportions. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981.
C Cox (1998) Delta Method P Armitage T Colton (Eds) Encyclopedia of biostatistics Wiley Chichester, UK 1125–1127
S Hwang T Beaty K Liang J Coresh M Khoury (1994) ArticleTitleMinimum sample size estimation to detect gene-environment interaction in case-control designs Am J Epidemiol 140 1029–1037 Occurrence Handle7985651
I Foppa D Spiegelman (1997) ArticleTitlePower and sample size calculations for case-control studies of gene-environment interactions with a polytomous exposure variable Am J Epidemiol 146 596–604 Occurrence Handle9326439
N Andrieu A Goldstein (1998) ArticleTitleEpidemiologic and genetic approaches in the study of gene-environment interaction: an overview of available methods Epidemiol Rev 20 137–147 Occurrence Handle9919434
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Efird, J.T. A method for indirectly estimating gene-environment effect modification and power given only genotype frequency and odds ratio of environmental exposure. Eur J Epidemiol 20, 389–393 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-005-2018-3
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-005-2018-3