Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (HER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases has frequently been implicated in cancer. Apart from overexpression or mutation of these receptors, also the aberrant autocrine or paracrine activation of HERs by EGF-like ligands may be important in cancer progression. Neuregulins constitute a family of EGF-like ligands that bind to HER3 or HER4, preferably forming heterodimers with the orphan receptor HER2. Mesenchymal neuregulin typically serves as a pro-survival and pro-differentiation signal for adjacent epithelia. Disruption of the balance between proliferation and differentiation, because of autocrine production by the epithelial cells, increased sensitivity to paracrine signals or disruption of the spatial organization, may lead to constitutive receptor activation, in the absence of receptor overexpression. Consequently, the analysis of ligand expression and/or activated receptors in tumor samples may broaden the group of patients that can benefit from targeted therapies.
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Abbreviations
- AMF:
-
autocrine motility factor
- ARIA:
-
acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity
- ATF4:
-
activating transcription factor 4
- COX-2:
-
cyclooxygenase-2
- EGF:
-
epidermal growth factor
- E2:
-
estradiol
- EF-1α:
-
elongation factor-1α
- ER:
-
estrogen receptor
- FAK:
-
focal adhesion kinase
- G3BP:
-
GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein
- GADD153:
-
growth-arrest and DNA-damage 153
- GAP:
-
GTPase-activating protein
- GGF:
-
glial growth factor
- HER:
-
human EGF-like receptor
- HIF-1α:
-
hypoxia inducible factor-1α
- hnRNP K:
-
heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K
- HRG:
-
heregulin
- HSP70:
-
heat shock protein-70
- IκB:
-
inhibitor of κB
- MAPK/ERK:
-
mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-regulated kinase
- MMP:
-
matrix metalloproteinase
- MMTV:
-
murine mammary tumor virus
- MTA1:
-
metastasis and tumor-associated protein 1
- NDF:
-
neu differentiation factor
- NFκB:
-
nuclear factor κB
- NRG:
-
neuregulin
- Pak1:
-
p21-activated kinase 1
- PGE2:
-
prostaglandin E2
- PI3K:
-
phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PKB/Akt:
-
protein kinase B
- PR:
-
progesterone receptor
- RAFTK:
-
related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase
- RARα:
-
retinoic acid receptor α
- SMDF:
-
sensory and motor neuron-derived factor
- uPA(R):
-
urokinase plasminogen activator (receptor)
- VEGF:
-
vascular endothelial growth factor
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Stove, C., Bracke, M. Roles for neuregulins in human cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 21, 665–684 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-004-6917-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-004-6917-6