Abstract
The review summarizes the level of current knowledge of impacts of vernalization and photoperiod on the induction and maintenance of frost tolerance (FrT) in wheat and barley. The phenomenon of vernalization is briefly described and the major vernalization (VRN) loci are characterised. Vernalization requirement and the three major growth habits of Triticeae (facultative, winter and spring) are defined on the basis of the two-locus VRN-2/VRN-1 epistatic model. Major photoperiodically regulated genes, which influence the transition to flowering, are characterised and their interactions with VRN genes are briefly discussed. The phenomenon of induction of FrT during the process of cold acclimation (CA) is described and the major cold-induced Cor/Lea genes are listed. Important regulatory mechanisms, i.e., CBF pathway, controlling the expression of Cor/Lea genes under cold, are discussed. The major loci affecting the development of FrT in Triticeae, the Fr loci, are characterised. In conclusion, current progress in this research field is summarized and new questions arising in the area are formulated.
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Abbreviations
- aa:
-
amino acid
- ABA:
-
abscisic acid
- AP1 :
-
apetala 1 (gene)
- CA:
-
cold acclimation
- CBF :
-
C-repeat binding factor (gene)
- CO :
-
constans (gene)
- Cor/Lea :
-
cold-regulated/late embryogenesis abundant (genes)
- Dhn :
-
dehydrin (gene)
- FLC :
-
FLOWERING LOCUS C (gene)
- Fr :
-
frost-resistance locus(i)
- FrT:
-
frost tolerance
- FT :
-
FLOWERING LOCUS T (gene)
- ICE-1 :
-
inducer of CBF expression 1 (gene)
- LD:
-
long day
- LT:
-
low temperature
- LT50 :
-
lethal temperature when 50 % of the samples die
- Mr:
-
relative molecular mass
- NIL:
-
near isogenic line
- pI:
-
protein isoelectric point
- Ppd :
-
photoperiod locus(i)
- PRR :
-
pseudo-response regulator (gene)
- QTL:
-
quantitative trait locus(i)
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- SD:
-
short day
- SDS-PAGE:
-
sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TF:
-
transcription factor
- VRN :
-
vernalization (gene)
- Vrn :
-
a dominant allele of VRN gene
- vrn :
-
a recessive allele of VRN gene
- Wcor :
-
wheat cold-regulated (gene)
- Wcs :
-
wheat cold-specific (gene)
- Wrab :
-
wheat response-to-ABA (gene)
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Kosová, K., Prášil, I.T. & Vítámvás, P. The relationship between vernalization-and photoperiodically-regulated genes and the development of frost tolerance in wheat and barley. Biol Plant 52, 601–615 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-008-0120-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-008-0120-6