Abstract
The biogeochemical behavior of carbon in the forested watersheds of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) was analyzed in long-term studies. The largest pools of C in the reference watershed (W6) reside in mineral soil organic matter (43% of total ecosystem C) and living biomass (40.5%), with the remainder in surface detritus (14.5%). Repeated sampling indicated that none of these pools was changing significantly in the late-1990s, although high spatial variability precluded the detection of small changes in the soil organic matter pools, which are large; hence, net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in this 2nd growth forest was near zero (± about 20 g C/m2-yr) and probably similar in magnitude to fluvial export of organic C. Aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of the forest declined by 24% between the late-1950s (462 g C/m2-yr) and the late-1990s (354 g C/m2-yr), illustrating age-related decline in forest NPP, effects of multiple stresses and unusual tree mortality, or both. Application of the simulation model PnET-II predicted 14% higher ANPP than was observed for 1996–1997, probably reflecting some unknown stresses. Fine litterfall flux (171 g C/m2-yr) has not changed much since the late-1960s. Because of high annual variation, C flux in woody litterfall (including tree mortality) was not tightly constrained but averaged about 90 g C/m2-yr. Carbon flux to soil organic matter in root turnover (128 g C/m2-yr) was only about half as large as aboveground detritus. Balancing the soil C budget requires that large amounts of C (80 g C/m2-yr) were transported from roots to rhizosphere carbon flux. Total soil respiration (TSR) ranged from 540 to 800 g C/m2-yr across eight stands and decreased with increasing elevation within the northern hardwood forest near W6. The watershed-wide TSR was estimated as 660 g C/m2-yr. Empirical measurements indicated that 58% of TSR occurred in the surface organic horizons and that root respiration comprised about 40% of TSR, most of the rest being microbial. Carbon flux directly associated with other heterotrophs in the HBEF was minor; for example, we estimated respiration of soil microarthropods, rodents, birds and moose at about 3, 5, 1 and 0.8 g C/m2-yr, respectively, or in total less than 2% of NPP. Hence, the effects of other heterotrophs on C flux were primarily indirect, with the exception of occasional irruptions of folivorous insects. Hydrologic fluxes of C were significant in the watershed C budget, especially in comparison with NEP. Although atmospheric inputs (1.7 g C/m2-yr) and streamflow outputs (2.7 g C/m2-yr) were small, larger quantities of C were transported within the ecosystem and a more substantial fraction of dissolved C was transported from the soil as inorganic C and evaded from the stream as CO2 (4.0 g C/m2-yr). Carbon pools and fluxes change rapidly in response to catastrophic disturbances such as forest harvest or major windthrow events. These changes are dominated by living vegetation and dead wood pools, including roots. If biomass removal does not accompany large-scale disturbance, the ecosystem is a large net source of C to the atmosphere (500–1200 g C/m2-yr) for about a decade following disturbance and becomes a net sink about 15–20 years after disturbance; it remains a net sink of about 200–300 g C/m2-yr for about 40 years before rapidly approaching steady state. Shifts in NPP and NEP associated with common small-scale or diffuse forest disturbances (e.g., forest declines, pathogen irruptions, ice storms) are brief and much less dramatic. Spatial and temporal patterns in C pools and fluxes in the mature forest at the HBEF reflect variation in environmental factors. Temperature and growing-season length undoubtedly constrain C fluxes at the HBEF; however, temperature effects on leaf respiration may largely offset the effects of growing season length on photosynthesis. Occasional severe droughts also affect C flux by reducing both photosynthesis and soil respiration. In younger stands nutrient availability strongly limits NPP, but the role of soil nutrient availability in limiting C flux in the mature forest is not known. A portion of the elevational variation of ANPP within the HBEF probably is associated with soil resource limitation; moreover, sites on more fertile soils exhibit 20–25% higher biomass and ANPP than the forest-wide average. Several prominent biotic influences on C pools and fluxes also are clear. Biomass and NPP of both the young and mature forest depend upon tree species composition as well as environment. Similarly, litter decay differs among tree species and forest types, and forest floor C accumulation is twice as great in the spruce–fir–birch forests at higher elevations than in the northern hardwood forests, partly because of inherently slow litter decay and partly because of cold temperatures. This contributes to spatial patterns in soil solution and streamwater dissolved organic carbon across the Hubbard Brook Valley. Wood decay varies markedly both among species and within species because of biochemical differences and probably differences in the decay fungi colonizing wood. Although C biogeochemistry at the HBEF is representative of mountainous terrain in the region, other sites will depart from the patterns described at the HBEF, due to differences in site history, especially agricultural use and fires during earlier logging periods. Our understanding of the C cycle in northern hardwood forests is most limited in the area of soil pool size changes, woody litter deposition and rhizosphere C flux processes.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
J.D. Aber S.V. Ollinger C.A. Federer P.B. Reich M.L. Goulden D.W. Kicklighter J.M. Melillo R.G. Lathrop (1995) ArticleTitlePredicting the effects of climate change on water yield and forest production in the northeastern U.S Climate Res. 5 207–222
J.D. Aber P.B. Reich M.L. Goulden (1996) ArticleTitleExtrapolating leaf CO2 exchange to the canopy: a generalized model of forest photosynthesis compared with measurements by eddy correlation Oecologia 106 257–265 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00328606
D.H. Alban E. Berry (1994) ArticleTitleEffects of earthworm invasion on morphology, carbon, and nitrogen of a forest soil Appl. Soil Ecol. 1 243–249 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0929-1393(94)90015-9
J.A. Andrews W.H. Schlesinger (2001) ArticleTitleSoil CO2 dynamics, acidification, and chemical weathering in a temperate forest with experimental CO2 enrichment Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15 149–162 Occurrence Handle10.1029/2000GB001278
M.A. Arthur L.M. Tritton T.J. Fahey (1993) ArticleTitleDead bole mass and nutrients remaining 23 years after clear-felling of a northern hardwood forest Can. J. Forest Res. 23 1298–1305
Bailey A.S., Hornbeck J.W., Campbell J.L. and Eagar C. 2003. Hydrometeorological database for Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: 1995–2000. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-305. USDA For. Serv., NE Res., Newtown SquarePA36.
J.A. Baldock C.M. Preston (1995) Chemistry of carbon decomposition processes in forests as revealed by solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance W.W. McFee J.M. Kelly (Eds) Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Madison, WI 89–117
J.A. Baldock J.M. Oades P.N. Nelson T.M. Skene A. Golchin P. Clarke (1997) ArticleTitleAssessing the extent of decomposition of natural organic materials using solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy Aust. J. Soil Res. 35 1061–1083 Occurrence Handle10.1071/S97004
J.J. Battles T.J. Fahey (1996) ArticleTitleSpruce decline as a disturbance event in the subalpine forest of the northeastern United States Can. J. Forest Res. 26 408–421
J.J. Battles T.J. Fahey (2000) ArticleTitleGap dynamics following forest decline: a case study of red spruce forests Ecol. Appl. 10 IssueID3 760–774
R.A. Berner (1992) ArticleTitleWeathering, plants and the long-term carbon cycle Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 56 3225–3231 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0016-7037(92)90300-8
N. Bhiry L. Filion (1996) ArticleTitleMid-Holocene hemlock decline in eastern North America linked with phytophagous insect activity Quaternary Res. 45 312–320 Occurrence Handle10.1006/qres.1996.0032
R.E. Bilby (1981) ArticleTitleRole of organic debris dams in regulating the export of dissolved and particulate matter from a forested watershed Ecology 62 IssueID5 1234–1243
R.E. Bilby G.E. Likens (1979) ArticleTitleEffect of hydrologic fluctuations on the transport of fine particulate organic carbon in a small stream Limnol. Oceanogr. 24 IssueID1 69–75
R.E. Bilby G.E. Likens (1980) ArticleTitleImportance of organic debris dams in the structure and function of stream ecosystems Ecology 61 IssueID5 1107–1113
D. Binkley M. Arthur (1993) ArticleTitleHow to count dead trees Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 74 15–16
H.F. Birch (1958) ArticleTitleThe effect of soil drying on humus decomposition and nitrogen availability Plant Soil 10 9–31 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01343734
Birdsey T.A. 1992. Carbon storage and accumulation in United States forest ecosystems. USDA For. Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-59.
J. Bloomfield K.A. Vogt D.J. Vogt (1993) ArticleTitleDecay rate and substrate quality of fine roots and foliage of two tropical tree species in the Luquillo Experimental ForestPuerto Rico Plant Soil 150 233–245 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00013020
P.J. Bohlen P.M. Groffman C.T. Driscoll T.J. Fahey T.G. Siccama (2001) ArticleTitlePlant–soil–microbial interactions in a northern montane hardwood forest Ecology 824 965–978
P.J. Bohlen P.M. Groffman T.J. Fahey M.C. Fisk E.R. Suarez D.M. Pelletier R.T. Fahey (2004) ArticleTitleEcosystem consequences of exotic earthworm invasion of north temperate forests Ecosystems 7 1–12 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10021-003-0126-z
R.D. Boone K.J. Nadelhoffer J.D. Canary J.P. Kaye (1998) ArticleTitleRoots exert a strong influence on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration Nature 396 570–572 Occurrence Handle10.1038/25119
F.H. Bormann T.G. Siccama G.E. Likens R.H. Whittaker (1970) ArticleTitleThe Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study: composition and dynamics of the tree stratum Ecol. Monogr. 40 IssueID4 373–388
F.H. Bormann G.E. Likens (1979) ArticleTitleCatastrophic disturbance and the steady state in northern hardwood forests Am. Sci. 67 IssueID6 660–669
A.J. Burton K.S. Pregitzer R.W. Ruess L. Hendrick M.F. Allen (2002) ArticleTitleRoot respiration in North American forests: effects of nitrogen concentration and temperature across biomes Oecologia 131 559–568 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00442-002-0931-7
T.M. Burton G.E. Likens (1975a) ArticleTitleEnergy flow and nutrient cycling in salamander populations in the Hubbard Brook Experimental ForestNew Hampshire Ecology 56 IssueID5 1068–1080
T.M. Burton G.E. Likens (1975b) ArticleTitleSalamander populations and biomass in the Hubbard Brook Experimental ForestNew Hampshire Copeia 3 541–546
Buso D.C., Likens G.E. and Eaton J.S. 2000. Chemistry of precipitation, stream water and lake water from the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study: a record of sampling protocols and analytical procedures. USDA For. Serv., General Tech. Rep. NE-275, Newtown SquarePA.
C.D. Canham M.J. Papaik E.F. Latty (2001) ArticleTitleInterspecific variation in susceptibility to windthrow as a function of tree size and storm severity for northern temperature tree species Can. J. Forest Res. 31 1–10 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjfr-31-1-1
J. Chave R. Condit S. Aguilar A. Hernandez S. Lao R. Perez (2004) ArticleTitleError propagation and scaling for tropical forest biomass estimates Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 359 409–420 Occurrence Handle10.1098/rstb.2003.1425
A.K. Chittenden (1904) Forest conditions of northern Hew Hampshire Biennial Report of the [New Hampshire] Forestry Commission for the Years 1903–1904 Rumford Printing Company Concord NH 1–131
J.J. Cole N.F. Caraco (1998) ArticleTitleAtmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide in a low-wind oligotrophic lake measured by the addition of SF Limnol. Oceanogr. 43 647–656
J.J. Cole N.F. Caraco G.W. Kling T.K. Kratz (1994) ArticleTitleCarbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes Science 265 1568–1570
W.W. Covington (1981) ArticleTitleChanges in forest floor organic matter and nutrient content following clearcutting in northern hardwoods Ecology 62 IssueID1 41–48
W.W. Covington J.D. Aber (1980) ArticleTitleLeaf production during secondary succession in northern hardwoods Ecology 61 IssueID1 200–204
J. Cramer T.J. Fahey J.J. Battles (2000) ArticleTitlePatterns of leaf mass, area and nitrogen in young northern hardwood forests Am. Midl. Nat. 144 253–264
C.S. Cronan G.R. Aiken (1985) ArticleTitleChemistry and transport of soluble humic substances in forested watersheds of the Adirondack Park, New York Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49 1697–1705 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0016-7037(85)90140-1
C.S. Cronan D.F. Grigal (1995) ArticleTitleUse of calcium/aluminum ratios as indicators of stress in forest ecosystems J. Environ. Qual. 24 209–226
D.A. Crossley SuffixJr. J.M. Blair (1991) A high-efficiency, “low-technology” tullgren-type extractor for soil microarthropods D.A. Crossley SuffixJr. D.C. Coleman P.F. Hendrix W. Cheng D.H. Wright M.H. Beare C.A. Edwards (Eds) Modern Techniques in Soil Ecology Elsevier New York 187–192
K.H. Dai C.E. Johnson C.T. Driscoll (2001) ArticleTitleOrganic matter chemistry and dynamics in clear-cut and unmanaged hardwood forest ecosystems Biogeochemistry 54 51–83 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1010697518227
M.B David G.F. Vance J.M. Rissing F.J. Stevenson (1989) ArticleTitleOrganic carbon fractions in extracts of O and B horizons from a New England spodosol: effects of acid treatment J. Environ. Qual. 18 212–217
E.A. Davidson E. Belk R.D. Boone (1998) ArticleTitleSoil water content and temperature as independent or confounding factors controlling soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest Global Change Biol. 4 217–227 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00128.x
Davis M.B. 1981a. Outbreaks of forest pathogens in Quaternary history. In: Proc. IVth Int. Palynol. Conf. (1976–77), Vol. 3, Lucknow, Indiapp. 216–227.
M.B. Davis (1981b) Quaternary history and the stability of forest communities D. West H. Shugart D. Botkin (Eds) Forest Succession: Concepts and Application Springer-Verlag, Inc. New York 132–153
M.B. Davis R.E. Moeller G.E. Likens J. Ford J. Sherman C. Goulden (1985) Paleoecology of Mirror Lake and its watershed G.E. Likens (Eds) An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology: Mirror Lake and its Environment Springer-Verlag, Inc. New York 410–429
C.T. Driscoll N.M. Johnson G.E. Likens M.C. Feller (1988) ArticleTitleThe effects of acidic deposition on stream water chemistry: a comparison between Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire and Jamieson Creek, British Columbia Water Resour. Res. 24 195–200
C.T. Driscoll R.D. Fuller D.M. Simone (1988) ArticleTitleLongitudinal variations in trace metal concentration in a northern forested ecosystem J. Environ. Qual. 17 101–107
C.T. Driscoll M.D. Lehtinen T.J. Sullivan (1994) ArticleTitleModeling the acid–base chemistry of organic solutes in Adirondack, NY, lakes Water Resour. Res. 30 297–306 Occurrence Handle10.1029/93WR02888
C.T. Driscoll K.M. Postek (1995) The chemistry of aluminum in surface waters G. Sposito (Eds) The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum Lewis Publishers ChelseaMI 363–418
C.T. Driscoll K.M. Driscoll K. Roy M. Mitchell (2003) ArticleTitleResponse of lakes in the Adirondack region of New York to declines in acidic deposition Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 2025–2035 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es020924h Occurrence Handle12785504
J.S. Eaton G.E. Likens F.H. Bormann (1973) ArticleTitleThroughfall and stemflow chemistry in a northern hardwood forest J. Ecol. 61 IssueID2 495–508
D.M. Eissenstat R.D. Yanai (1997) ArticleTitleThe ecology of root lifespan Adv. Ecol. Res. 27 1–60
D. Epron L. Farque E. Lucot P.M. Badot (1999) ArticleTitleSoil CO2 efflux in a beech forest: dependence on soil temperature and soil water content Ann. Forest Sci. 56 221–226
K.C. Ewel W.P. Cropper SuffixJr. H.L. Gholz (1987) ArticleTitleSoil CO2 evolution in Florida slash pine plantations. I. Changes through time Can. J. Forest Res. 17 325–329
T.J. Fahey J.W. Hughes M. Pu M.A. Arthur (1988) ArticleTitleRoot decomposition and nutrient flux following whole-tree harvest of northern hardwood forest Forest Sci. 34 744–768
T.J. Fahey M.A. Arthur (1994) ArticleTitleFurther studies of root decomposition following harvest of a northern hardwood forest Forest Sci. 40 IssueID4 618–629
T.J. Fahey J.W. Hughes (1994) ArticleTitleFine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem at Hubbard Brook Experimental ForestNH J. Ecol. 82 533–548
T.J. Fahey (1998) ArticleTitleRecent changes in an upland forest in south-central New York J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 125 IssueID1 51–59
T.J. Fahey J.J. Battles G.F Wilson (1998) ArticleTitleResponse of early successional northern hardwood forests to changes in nutrient availability Ecol. Monogr. 68 IssueID2 183–212
T.J. Fahey C.S. Bledsoe F.P. Day R. Ruess A.J.M. Smucker (1999) Fine root production and demography G.P. Robertson D.C. Coleman C.S. Bledsoe P. Sollins (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research Oxford University Press New York 413–436
Fahey T.J., Tierney G.L., Fitzhugh R.D., Wilson G.F. and Siccama T.G. in press. Soil respiration and soil carbon balance in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Can. J. Forest Res.
K.S. Fassnacht S.T. Gower (1997) ArticleTitleInterrelationships among edaphic and stand characteristics, leaf area index, and aboveground net primary production of upland forest ecosystems in north central Wisconsin Can. J. Forest Res. 27 1058–1067 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjfr-27-7-1058
C.A. Federer (1977) ArticleTitleLeaf resistance and xylem potential differ among broadleaved species Forest Sci. 23 IssueID4 411–419
C.A. Federer (1982) ArticleTitleSubjectivity in the separation of organic horizons in the forest floor Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46 IssueID5 1090–1093
C.A. Federer (1984) ArticleTitleOrganic matter and nitrogen content of the forest floor in even-aged northern hardwoods Can. J. Forest Res. 14 IssueID6 763–767
Federer C.A. 1995. BROOK90: a simulation model for evaporation, soil water and streamflow. USDA Forest ServiceDurhamNH.
C.A. Federer G.W. Gee (1976) ArticleTitleDiffusion resistance and xylem potential in stressed and unstressed northern hardwood trees Ecology 57 974–984
S. Findlay G.E. Likens L. Hedin S.G. Fisher W.H. McDowell (1997) ArticleTitleOrganic matter dynamics in Bear Brook, Hubbard Brook Experimental ForestNew HampshireUSA J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 16 IssueID1 43–46
S.G. Fisher G.E. Likens (1973) ArticleTitleEnergy flow in Bear Brook, New Hampshire: an integrated approach to stream ecosystem metabolism Ecol. Monogr. 43 421–439
M.C. Fisk T.J. Fahey (2001) ArticleTitleMicrobial biomass and nitrogen cycling responses to fertilization and litter removal in young northern hardwood forests Biogeochemistry 53 201–223 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1010693614196
M.C. Fisk D.R. Zak Crow T.R. (2002) ArticleTitleNitrogen storage and cycling in old- and second-growth northern hardwood forests Ecology 83 73–87
R.D. Fitzhugh G.E. Likens C.T. Driscoll M.J. Mitchell P.M. Groffman T.J. Fahey J.P. Hardy (2003) ArticleTitleRole of soil freezing events in interannual patterns of stream chemistry at the Hubbard Brook Experimental ForestNew Hampshire Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 1575–1580 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es026189r Occurrence Handle12731840
R.D. Fitzhugh C.T. Driscoll P.M. Groffman G.L. Tierney T.J. Fahey J.P. Hardy (2001) ArticleTitleEffects of soil freezing disturbance on soil solution nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon chemistry in a northern hardwood ecosystem Biogeochemistry 56 215–238 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1013076609950
D.R. Foster (1992) ArticleTitleLand-use history (1730–1990) and vegetation dynamics in central New EnglandUSA J. Ecol. 80 753–772
C. Freeman C.D. Evans D.T. Monteith B. Reynolds N. Fenner (2001) ArticleTitleExport of organic carbon from peat soils Nature 412 785 Occurrence Handle10.1038/35090628
J.B. Gaudinski S.E. Trumbore E.A. Davidson A.C. Cook D. Markewitz D.D. Richter (2001) ArticleTitleThe age of fine-root carbon in three forests of the eastern US measured by radiocarbon Oecologia 129 420–429
S.C. Garkoti S.P. Singh (1995) ArticleTitleVariation in net primary productivity and biomass of forests in the high mountains of the Central Himalaya J. Veg. Sci. 6 23–28
C.P. Giardina M.G. Ryan (2000) ArticleTitleEvidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature Nature 404 85–860 Occurrence Handle10.1038/35009076
C.P. Giardina M.G. Ryan (2002) ArticleTitleTotal belowground carbon allocation in a fast-growing Eucalyptus plantation estimated using a carbon balance approach Ecosystems 5 487–499 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10021-002-0130-8
J.R. Gosz G.E. Likens F.H. Bormann (1972) ArticleTitleNutrient content of litter fall on the Hubbard Brook Experimental ForestNew Hampshire Ecology 53 IssueID5 769–784
J.R. Gosz R.T. Holmes G.E. Likens F.H. Bormann (1978) ArticleTitleThe flow of energy in a forest ecosystem Sci. Am. 238 IssueID3 92–102
M.L. Goulden J.W. Munger S.-M. Fan B.C. Daube S.C. Wofsy (1996) ArticleTitleExchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest: response to interannual climate variability Science 271 1576–1578
S.T. Gower (2003) ArticleTitlePatterns and mechanisms of the forest carbon cycle Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28 169–204 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105515
S.T. Gower R.E. McMurtrie D. Murty (1996) ArticleTitleAboveground net primary production decline with stand age: potential causes Trends Ecol. Evol. Res. 11 378–382 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0169-5347(96)10042-2
J. Grace M. Rayment (2000) ArticleTitleRespiration in the balance Nature 404 819–820 Occurrence Handle10.1038/35009170 Occurrence Handle10786772
S.J. Grayston D. Vaught D. Jones (1996) ArticleTitleRhizosphere carbon flow in trees, in comparison with annual plants: the importance of root exudation and its impact on microbial activity and nutrient availability Appl. Soil Ecol. 5 29–56 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0929-1393(96)00126-6
N.N. Greenwood A. Earnshaw (1984) Chemistry of the Elements Pergamon Press Oxford 1542
P.M. Groffman C.T. Driscoll T.J. Fahey J.P. Hardy R.D. Fitzhugh G.L. Tierney (2001) ArticleTitleColder soils in a warmer world: a snow manipulation study in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem Biogeochemistry 56 135–150 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1013039830323
R.O. Hall E.S. Bernhardt G.E. Likens (2002) ArticleTitleRelating nutrient uptake with transient storage in forested mountain streams Limnol. Oceanogr. 47 IssueID1 255–265
Hamburg S.P. 1984a. Organic matter and nitrogen accumulation during 70 years of old-field succession in central New Hampshire. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University.
S.P. Hamburg (1984b) Effects of forest growth on soil nitrogen and organic matter pools following release from subsistence agriculture E.L. Stone (Eds) Forest Soils and Treatment Impacts University of Tennessee Knoxville 145–158
S.P. Hamburg C.V. Cogbill (1988) ArticleTitleHistorical decline of red spruce populations and climatic warming Nature 331 428–431 Occurrence Handle10.1038/331428a0
P.J. Hanson S.D. Wallschleger S.A. Bohlman D.E. Todd (1993) ArticleTitleSeasonal and topographic patterns of forest floor CO2 efflux from an upland oak forest Tree Physiol. 13 1–15 Occurrence Handle14969897
P.J. Hanson N.T. Edwards C.T. Garten J.A. Andrews (2000) ArticleTitleSeparating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration: a review of methods and observations Biogeochemistry 48 115–146 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1006244819642
M. Harmon (1986) ArticleTitleEcology of coarse woody debris Adv. Ecol. Res. 15 133–302
M.E. Harmon K. Bible M.G. Ryan D.C. Shaw H. Chen J. Klopatek L. Xia (2004) ArticleTitleProduction, respiration, and overall carbon balance in an old-growth Pseudotsuga–Tsuga forest ecosystem Ecosystems 7 498–512
R. Harriman A.W. Watt A.E.G. Christe P. Collen D.W. Moore A.G. McCartney E.M. Taylor J. Watson (2001) ArticleTitleInterpretation of trends in acidic deposition and surface water chemistry in Scotland during the past three decades Hydrol. Earth Syst. SC 5 407–420
G.E. Hart SuffixJr. (1963) ArticleTitleSnow and frost conditions in New Hampshireunder hardwoods and pines and in the open J. Forest. 61 IssueID4 287–289
L.O. Hedin (1990) ArticleTitleFactors controlling sediment community respiration in woodland stream ecosystems Oikos 57 IssueID1 94–105
R.L. Hendrick K.S. Pregitzer (1992) ArticleTitleThe demography of fine roots in a northern hardwood forest Ecology 73 1094–1104
O.Q. Hendrickson L. Chatarpaul D. Burgess (1989) ArticleTitleNutrient cycling following whole tree and conventional harvest in northern mixed forest Can. J. Forest Res. 19 725–735
J.E. Hobbie G.E. Likens (1973) ArticleTitleOutput of phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, and fine particulate carbon from Hubbard Brook watersheds Limnol. Oceanogr. 18 IssueID5 734–742
R.T. Holmes J.C. Schultz P.J. Nothnagle (1979) ArticleTitleBird predation on forest insects: an exclosure experiment Science 206 462–463
R.T. Holmes T.W. Sherry F.W. Sturges (1986) ArticleTitleBird community dynamics in a temperate deciduous forest: long-term trends at Hubbard Brook Ecol. Monogr. 56 201–220
R.T. Holmes (1990) ArticleTitleEcological and evolutionary impact of bird predation on forest insects: an overview Stud. Avian Biol. 13 6–13
R.T. Holmes T.W. Sherry (2001) ArticleTitleThirty-year bird populations trends in an unfragmented temperate deciduous forest: importance of habitat change Auk 118 589–610
Hornbeck J.W., Martin C.W., Pierce R.S., Bormann F.H., Likens G.E. and Eaton J.S. 1987. The northern hardwood forest ecosystem ten years of recovery from clearcutting. USDA For. Serv. NE For Serv. NE-RP-596, 30 pp.
J.W. Hughes T.J. Fahey (1994) ArticleTitleLitterfall dynamics and ecosystem recovery during forest development Forest Ecol. Manag. 63 181–198 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0378-1127(94)90110-4
T.G. Huntington D.F. Ryan S.P. Hamburg (1988) ArticleTitleEstimating soil nitrogen and carbon pools in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52 1162–1167
T.G. Huntington D.F. Ryan (1990) ArticleTitleWhole-tree harvesting effects on soil nitrogen and carbon Forest Ecol. Manage. 31 193–204 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0378-1127(90)90067-L
C.E. Johnson (2002) ArticleTitleCation exchange properties of acid forest soils of the northeastern U.S.A Eur. J. Soil Sci. 53 271–282 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00441.x
C.E. Johnson A.H. Johnson T.G. Huntington (1990) ArticleTitleSample size requirements for the determination of changes in soil nutrient pools Soil Sci. 150 637–644
C.E. Johnson A.H. Johnson T.G. Huntington T.G. Siccama (1991) ArticleTitleWhole-tree clear-cutting effects on soil horizons and organic-matter pools Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55 497–502
C.E. Johnson C.T. Driscoll T.J. Fahey T.G. Siccama J.W. Hughes (1995) Carbon dynamics following clearcutting of a northern hardwood forest W.W. McFee J.M. Kelly (Eds) Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI 463–488
C.E. Johnson C.T. Driscoll T.G. Siccama G.E. Likens (2000) ArticleTitleElement fluxes and landscape position in a northern hardwood forest watershed-ecosystem Ecosystems 3 159–184 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s100210000017
N.M. Johnson C.T. Driscoll J.S. Eaton G.E. Likens W.H. McDowell (1981) ArticleTitleAcid rain, dissolved aluminum and chemical weathering at the Hubbard Brook Experimental ForestNew Hampshire Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 45 1421–1437 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0016-7037(81)90276-3
S. Jose A.R. Gillespie (1996) ArticleTitleAboveground production efficiency and canopy nutrient contents of mixed hardwood forest communities along a moisture gradient in the central United States Can. J. Forest Res. 26 2214–2223
C.E. Keeling (1973) ArticleTitleIndustrial production of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and limestone Tellus 28 174–198
M. Keller T.J. Goreau S.C. Wofsy W.A. Kaplan M.B. McElroy (1983) ArticleTitleProduction of nitrous oxide and consumption of methane by forest soils Geophys. Res. Lett. 10 1156–1159
M.J. Kelty (1989) ArticleTitleProductivity of New England hemlock/hardwood stands as affected by species composition and canopy structure Forest Ecol. Manage. 28 237–258 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0378-1127(89)90006-6
J. Keys SuffixJr. C. Carpenter S. Hooks F. Koenig W.H. McNab W.H. Russell M.L. Smith (1995) Ecological units of the eastern United States – first approximation U.S. Department of AgricultureForest ServiceTech. Publ. R8, TP 21 AtlantaGA
T.L. Kieft E. Soroker M.K. Firestone (1987) ArticleTitleMicrobial biomass response to a rapid increase in water potential when dry soil is wetted Soil Biol. Biochem. 19 119–126 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0038-0717(87)90070-8
P. Kinchesh D.S. Powlson E.W. Randall (1995) ArticleTitle 13C NMR studies of organic matter in whole soils: I. Quantitation possibilities Eur. J. Soil Sci. 46 125–138 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-2389.1995.tb01819.x
A.K. Knapp A.D. Smith (2001) ArticleTitleVariation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production Science 291 481–484 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.291.5503.481 Occurrence Handle11161201
M.E. Krasny M.C. Whitmore (1987) ArticleTitleGradual and sudden forest canopy gaps in Allegheny northern hardwood forest Can. J. Forest Res. 17 388–393
T.K. Kratz L.A. Deegan M.E. Harmon W.K. Lauenroth (2003) ArticleTitleEcological variability in space and time: Insights gained from the U.S. LTER program BioScience 53 57–67
Y. Kuzyakov G. Domaski (2000) ArticleTitleCarbon input by plants into soil Review. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci 163 421–431 Occurrence Handle10.1002/1522-2624(200008)163:4<421::AID-JPLN421>3.0.CO;2-R
G.B. Lawrence R.D. Fuller C.T. Driscoll (1986) ArticleTitleSpatial relationships of aluminum chemistry in the streams of the Hubbard Brook Experimental ForestNew Hampshire Biogeochemistry 2 115–135 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02180190
W.B. Leak (1978) Relationship of species and site index to habitat in the White Mountains of New Hampshire USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper NE-397. Northeastern For. Exp. Stat. Upper Darby, PA
J.A. Leenheer (1981) ArticleTitleComprehensive approach to preparative isolation and fractionation of dissolved organic carbon from natural waters and waste-water Environ. Sci. Technol. 25 578–584 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es00087a010
G.E. Likens F.H. Bormann N.M. Johnson D.W. Fisher R.S. Pierce (1970) ArticleTitleEffects of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook watershed-ecosystem Ecol. Monogr. 40 IssueID1 23–47
Likens G.E. and Bilby R.E. 1982. Development, maintenance and role of organic debris dams in New England streams. In: Swanson F.J., Janda R.J., Dunne T. and Swanston D.N. (eds), Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-141, pp. 122–128.
G.E. Likens E.S. Edgerton J.N. Galloway (1983) ArticleTitleThe composition and deposition of organic carbon in precipitation Tellus 35 IssueIDB 16–24
G.E. Likens C.T. Driscoll D.C. Buso T.G. Siccama C.E. Johnson D.F. Ryan G.M. Lovett T.J. Fahey W.A. Reiners (1994) ArticleTitleThe biogeochemistry of potassium at Hubbard Brook Biogeochemistry 25 61–125 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00000881
G.E. Likens F.H. Bormann (1995) Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem EditionNumber2 Springer-Verlag, Inc. New York
G.E. Likens C.T. Driscoll D.C. Buso T.G. Siccama C.E. Johnson G.M. Lovett T.J. Fahey W.A. Reiners D.F. Ryan C.W. Martin S.W. Bailey (1998) ArticleTitleThe biogeochemistry of calcium at Hubbard Brook Biogeochemistry 41 IssueID2 89–173 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1005984620681
G.E. Likens C.T. Driscoll D.C. Buso M.J. Mitchell G.M. Lovett S.W. Bailey T.G. Siccama W.A. Reiners C. Alewell (2002) ArticleTitleThe biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook Biogeochemistry 60 IssueID3 235–316 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1020972100496
G.M. Lovett G.E. Likens D.C. Buso C.T. Driscoll S.W. Bailey (2005) ArticleTitleThe biogeochemistry of chlorine at Hubbard Brook Biogeochemistry 72 IssueID2 191–232 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10533-004-0357-x
G.M. Lovett S.S. Nolan C.T. Driscoll T.J. Fahey (1996) ArticleTitleFactors regulating throughfall flux in a New Hampshire forested landscape Can. J. Forest Res. 26 2134–2144
U. Lundstrom L.-O. Ohman (1990) ArticleTitleDissolution of feldspars in the presence of natural, organic solutes J. Soil Sci. 41 359–369
S.E. MacAvoy A.J. Bulger (1995) ArticleTitleSurvival of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) embryos and fry in streams of different acid sensitivity in Shenandoah National Park, USA Water Air Soil Poll. 85 439–444 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00476868
P.L. Marks (1974) ArticleTitleThe role of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) in the maintenance of stability in northern hardwood ecosystems Ecol. Monogr. 44 IssueID1 73–88
C.W. Martin A.S. Bailey (1999) ArticleTitleTwenty years of change in a northern hardwood forest Forest Ecol Manag. 123 253–260 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00045-6
W.J. Mattson SuffixJr. (1980) ArticleTitleHerbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11 119–161 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.001003
W.H. McDowell (1985) ArticleTitleKinetics and mechanisms of dissolved organic carbon retention in a headwater stream Biogeochemistry 1 329–352 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02187376
W.H. McDowell T. Wood (1984) ArticleTitlePodzolization: soil processes control dissolved organic carbon concentrations in stream water Soil Sci. 137 23–32
W.H. McDowell G.E. Likens (1988) ArticleTitleOrigin, composition, and flux of dissolved organic carbon in the Hubbard Brook Valley Ecol. Monogr. 58 IssueID3 177–195
G.G. McGee D.J. Leopold R.D. Nyland (1999) ArticleTitleStructural characteristics of old-growthmaturing and partially-cut northern hardwood forests Ecol. Appl. 9 1316–1329
J.M. Melillo J.D. Aber J.F. Muratore (1982) ArticleTitleNitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics Ecology 63 IssueID3 621–626
E.S. Merrens D.R. Peart (1992) ArticleTitleEffects of hurricane damage on individual growth and stand structure in a hardwood forest in New HampshireUSA J. Ecol. 80 787–795
Mo S.S. 1997.The chemistry and dynamics of carbon in forest soils of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. MS thesis. Syracuse University.
C.D. Monk F.P. Day SuffixJr. (1988) Biomass, primary production, and selected nutrient budgets for an undisturbed hardwood watershed W.J. Swank C.A. Crossley SuffixJr. (Eds) Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta Springer-Verlag New York 151–160
D.T. Monteith C.D. Evans S. Patrick (2001) ArticleTitleMonitoring acid waters in the U.K: 1988–1998 trends Water Air Soil Poll. 130 1307–1312 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1013901822306
J.C. Moore D.E. Walter (1988) ArticleTitleArthropod regulation of micro- and mesobiota in below-ground detrital food webs Ann. Rev. Entomol. 33 419–439
J.W. Morse F.T. Mackenzie (1991) Geochemistry of Sedimentary Carbonates Elsevier Press Amsterdam
P. Mou T.J. Fahey J.W. Hughes (1993) ArticleTitleEffects of soil disturbance on vegetation recovery and nutrient accumulation following whole-tree harvest of a northern hardwood ecosystem on W5, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest J. Appl. Ecol. 30 661–675
K. Nakane T. Kohno T. Horikoshi (1996) ArticleTitleRoot respiration rate before and just after clear-felling in a maturedeciduous, broad-leaved forest Ecol. Res. 11 111–119
E.K.S Nambiar (1987) ArticleTitleDo nutrients retranslocate from fine roots? Can. J. Forest Res. 17 913–918
R.J. Norby P.J. Hanson E.G. O’Neill T.J. Tschaplinski J.F. Weltzin R.A. Hansen W. Cheng S.D. Wullschleger C.A. Gunderson N.T. Edwards D.W. Johnson (2002) ArticleTitleNet primary productivity of a CO2-enriched deciduous forest and the implications for carbon storage Ecol. Appl. 12 1261–1266
R.J. Norby J. Ledford C.D. Riley N.E. Miller E.G. O’Neill (2004) ArticleTitleFine-root production dominates response of a deciduous forest to atmospheric CO2 enrichment Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101 9689–9693 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.0403491101 Occurrence Handle15210962
J.M. Norman R. Garcia S.B. Verma (1992) ArticleTitleSoil surface CO2 fluxes and the carbon budget of a grassland J. Geophys. Res. 97 18845–18853
T.L. Onega W.G. Eickmeier (1991) ArticleTitleWoody detritus inputs and decomposition kinetics in a southern temperate deciduous forest Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 118 52–57
D.A. Orwig D.R. Foster D.L. Mausel (2002) ArticleTitleLandscape patterns of hemlock decline in New England due to the introduced hemlock wooly adelgid J. Biogeogr. 29 1475–1487 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00765.x
S.W. Pacala G.C. Hurtt D. Baker et al. (2001) ArticleTitleConsistent land- and atmosphere-based U.S. carbon sink estimates Science 292 2316–2320 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.1057320 Occurrence Handle11423659
S.M. Palmer C.T. Driscoll (2002) ArticleTitleDecline in mobilization of toxic aluminum Nature 417 242–243 Occurrence Handle10.1038/417242a Occurrence Handle12015590
J. Pastor Y. Cohen R. Moen (1999) ArticleTitleGeneration of spatial patterns in boreal forest landscapes Ecosystems 2 439–450 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s100219900092
T. Persson P.S. Karlsson U. Seyferth R.M. Sjoderg A. Rudebeck (2000) Carbon mineralization in European forest soils E.D. Schulze (Eds) Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems, Ecol. Stud. 142 Springer Berlin 257–275
H. Peterson M. Luxton (1982) ArticleTitleA comparative analysis of soil fauna populations and their role in decomposition processes Oikos 39 287–388
R.G. Qualls B.L. Haines W.T. Swank (1991) ArticleTitleFluxes of dissolved organic nutrients and humic substances in a deciduous forest Ecology 72 254–266
J.W. Raich W.H. Schlesinger (1992) ArticleTitleThe global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate Tellus 44 IssueIDB 81–99
K. Raulund-Rasmussen O.K. Borggaard C.B. Hansen M. Olssen (1998) ArticleTitleEffect of natural organic soil solutes on weathering rates of soil minerals Eur. J. Soil Sci. 49 397–406 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.4930397.x
A.D.M Rayner L. Boddy (1988) Fungal Decomposition of Wood Wiley ChichesterUK
G.A. Reams P.C. van Deusen (1993) ArticleTitleSynchronic large-scale disturbances and red spruce growth decline Can. J. Forest Res. 23 1361–1374
W.A. Reiners (1992) ArticleTitleTwenty years of ecosystem reorganization following experimental deforestation and regrowth suppression Ecol. Monogr. 62 IssueID4 503–523
A.G. Rhoads S.P. Hamburg T.J. Fahey T.G. Siccama E.N. Hane J. Battles C. Cogbill J. Randall G. Wilson (2002) ArticleTitleEffects of a large ice storm on the structure of a northern hardwood forest Can J. Forest Res. 32 1763–1775 Occurrence Handle10.1139/x02-089
D.D. Richter D. Markewitz S.E. Trumbore C.G. Wells (1999) ArticleTitleRapid accumulation and turnover of soil carbon in a re-establishing forest Nature 400 56–58 Occurrence Handle10.1038/21867
M.G. Ryan D. Binkley J.H. Fownes (1997) ArticleTitleAge-related decline in forest productivity: pattern and process Adv. Ecol. Res. 27 213–262
G. Scarascia-Magnozza G.A. Bauer H. Persson G. Matteucci A. Masci (2000) Tree biomass, growth and nutrient pools E.D. Schulze (Eds) Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems, Ecol. Stud. 142 Springer Berlin 49–62
W.H. Schlesinger (1990) ArticleTitleEvidence from chronosequence studies for a low carbon-storage potential of soils Nature 348 232–234 Occurrence Handle10.1038/348232a0
T.D. Schowalter W.W. Hargrove D.A. Crossley (1986) ArticleTitleHerbivory in forest ecosystems Am. Rev. Entomol. 3 177–196 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.en.31.010186.001141
C.C. Schwarz L.A. Renecker (1997) Nutrition and energetics A.W. Franzmann C.C. Schwarz (Eds) Ecology and Management of North American Moose Smithsonian Inst Press Washington, DC 441–478
P.A. Schwarz T.J. Fahey C.M. McCulloch (2003) ArticleTitleFactors controlling spatial variation of tree species abundance in a forested landscape Ecology 84 IssueID7 1862–1878
T.R. Seastedt (1984) ArticleTitleThe role of microarthropods in decomposition and nutrient mineralization processes Annu. Rev. Entomol. 29 25–46 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.en.29.010184.000325
T.G. Siccama M. Bliss H.W. Vogelmann (1982) ArticleTitleDecline of red spruce in the Green Mountains of Vermont Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 109 163–168
T.G. Siccama S.P. Hamburg M.A. Arthur R.D. Yanai F.H. Bormann G.E. Likens (1994) ArticleTitleCorrections to allometric equations and plant tissue chemistry for Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Ecology 75 IssueID1 246–248
B.L. Skjelkvale J.L. Stoddard T. Andersen (2001) ArticleTitleTrends in surface water acidification in Europe and North America (1989–1998) Water Air Soil Poll. 130 787–792 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1013806223310
G.S. Steinhart G.E. Likens P.M. Groffman (2000) ArticleTitleDenitrification in stream sediments in five northeastern (USA) streams Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 27 IssueID3 1331–1336
Stelzer R.S., McCutchan J.H. and Likens G.E. 2003. The effects of sampling frequency on estimates of solute export from streams: the role of concentration–discharge relationships and hydrological variability. Abstract for 2003 North American Benthological Society (NABS) Meeting, May 2003, Athens, GA.
F.J. Stevenson (1994) Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions EditionNumber2 Wiley New York
J.L. Stoddard J.S. Kahl F.A. Deviney D.R. DeWalle C.T. Driscoll A.T. Herlihy J.H. Kellogg P.S. Murdoch J.R. Webb K.E. Webster (2003) Response of surface water chemistry to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 EPA 620/R-03/001 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development Research Triangle Park, NC
A.M. Strong T.W. Sherry R.T. Holmes (2000) ArticleTitleBird predation on herbivorous insects: indirect effects on sugar maple saplings Oecologia 125 370–379 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s004420000467
W. Stumm J.J. Morgan (1981) Aquat. Chem. EditionNumber2 Wiley New York
J.R. Taylor (1982) An Introduction to Error Analysis University Science Books Mill Valley, CA 270
L.A. Taylor M.A. Arthur R.D. Yanai (1999) ArticleTitleForest floor microbial biomass across a northern hardwood successional sequence Soil Biol. Biochem. 31 431–439 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00148-5
G.L. Tierney T.J. Fahey (1998) ArticleTitleSoil seed bank dynamics of pin cherry in northern hardwood forestNew HampshireUSA Can. J. Forest Res. 28 1471–1480 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjfr-28-10-1471
G.L. Tierney T.J. Fahey (2001) ArticleTitleEvaluating minirhizotron estimates of fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest Plant Soil 229 IssueID2 167–176 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1004829423160
G.T. Tierney T.J. Fahey P.M. Groffman J.P. Hardy R.D. Fitzhugh C.T. Driscoll (2001) ArticleTitleSoil freezing alters fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest Biogeochemistry 56 175–190 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1013072519889
G.L. Tierney T.J. Fahey (2002) ArticleTitleFine root turnover in a northern hardwood forest: a direct comparison of the radiocarbon and minirhizotron methods Can. J. Forest Res. 32 1692–1697 Occurrence Handle10.1139/x02-123
E. Tipping C. Woof (1990) ArticleTitleHumic substances in acid organic soils: modelling their release to the soil solution in terms of humic charge J. Soil Sci. 41 573–586
J.M. Tisdall J.M. Oades (1982) ArticleTitleOrganic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils J. Soil Sci. 33 141–163
D.E. Toland D.R. Zak (1994) ArticleTitleSeasonal patterns of soil respiration in intact and clear-cut northern hardwood forests Can J. Forest Res. 24 1711–1716
Tritton L.M. 1980. Dead wood in the northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Ph.D. Thesis. Yale University, 172pp.
S.E. Trumbore J.B. Gaudinski (2003) ArticleTitleThe secret lives of roots Science 302 1344–1345 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.1091841 Occurrence Handle14631025
D. Ussiri C.E. Johnson (2003) ArticleTitleCharacterization of organic matter in a northern hardwood forest soil by 13 C NMR spectroscopy and chemical methods Geoderma 111 123–149 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00257-4
Valentini et al. (2000) ArticleTitleRespiration of the main determinant of carbon balance of European forests Nature 404 861–864 Occurrence Handle10.1038/35009084 Occurrence Handle10786790
N. van Breemen J. Mulder C.T. Driscoll (1983) ArticleTitleAcidification and alkalinization of soils Plant Soil 75 283–308
N. van Breemen C.T. Driscoll J. Mulder (1984) ArticleTitleThe role of acidic deposition and internal proton sources in acidification of soils and water Nature 307 599–604 Occurrence Handle10.1038/307599a0
G.F. Vance M.B. David (1991) ArticleTitleChemical characterization and acidity of soluble organic substances from a northern hardwood forest floorcentral MaineUSA Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 3611–3625 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0016-7037(91)90059-E
K.A. Vogt D.J. Vogt S. Brown J.P. Tilley R.L. Edmonds W.L. Silver T.G. Siccama (1995) Dynamics of forest floor and soil organic matter accumulation in boreal, temperateand tropical forests E.D. Schulze (Eds) Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems, Ecol. Stud. 142 Springer Berlin 159–178
M. Warrilow P. Mou (1999) ArticleTitleIce storm damage to forest tree species in the Ridge and Valley region of southwestern Virginia J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126 147–158
Wellington B.I. 2002. Controls on dissolved organic carbon at hubbard brook experimental forest and its effects on stream acid/base chemistry. Ph.D. Thesis. Syracuse University.
C.E. Wells D.M. Glenn D.M. Eissenstat (2002) ArticleTitleSoil insects alter fine root demography in peach (Prunus persica) Plant Cell Environ. 25 431–439 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00793.x
R.H. Whittaker F.H. Bormann G.E. Likens T.G. Siccama (1974) ArticleTitleThe Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study: forest biomass and production Ecol. Mongr. 44 233–252
G.G. Whitney (1994) From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain Cambridge University Press New York
M.A. Wilson (1987) NMR Techniques and Application in Geochemistry and Soil Chemistry Pergamon Oxford
S.S. Wofsy M.L. Goulden J.W. Manger S.M. Fan P.S. Bakwin B.C. Daube S.L. Bassow F.A. Bazzaz (1993) ArticleTitleNet exchange of CO2 in a mid-latitude forest Science 260 1314–1317
C.J. Wright D.C. Coleman (2000) ArticleTitleCross-site comparison of soil microbial biomass, soil nutrient status, and nematode trophic groups Pedobiologia 44 2–23 Occurrence Handle10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70024-4
R.D. Yanai T.G. Siccama M.A. Arthur C.A. Federer A.J. Friedland (1999) ArticleTitleAccumulation and depletion of base cation in forest floors in the northeastern United States Ecology 80 2774–2787
R.D. Yanai M.A. Arthur T.G. Siccama C.A. Federer (2000) ArticleTitleChallenges of measuring forest floor organic matter dynamics: repeated measures from a chronosequence Forest Ecol. Manage. 138 273–283 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00402-3
R.D. Yanai S.V. Stehman M.A. Arthur C.E. Prescott A.J. Friedland T.G. Siccama D Binkley (2003) ArticleTitleDetecting change in forest floor carbon Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67 1583–1593
J.B. Yavitt T.J. Fahey (1985) Organic chemistry of the soil solution during snowmelt leaching in Pinus contorta forest ecosystem D.E. Caldwell J.A. Brierly C.L. Brierly (Eds) Planetary Ecology Van Nostrand Reinhold Co New York 485–496
J.B. Yavitt T.J. Fahey (1993) Production of methane and nitrous oxide by organic soils within a northern hardwood forest ecosystem R.S. Oremland (Eds) Biogeochemistry of Global Change Chapman & Hall New York 261–271
J.R. Zimka A. Stachurski (1994) ArticleTitleIntensity of retranslocation of macro- and microelements from aging foliage of deciduous forest vegetation Ekol. Pol-Pol J. Ecol. 40 333–351
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fahey, T.J., Siccama, T.G., Driscoll, C.T. et al. The Biogeochemistry of Carbon at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry 75, 109–176 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-6321-y
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-6321-y