Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a multifunctional protein found within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition, CRT participates in the formation and development of tumors and promotes the proliferation and migration of tumor cells. When a malignant tumor occurs in the human body, cancer cells that die from immunogenic cell death (ICD) expose CRT on their surface, and CRT that is transferred to the cell surface represents an "eat me" signal, which promotes dendritic cells to phagocytose the tumor cells, thereby increasing the sensitivity of tumors to anticancer immunotherapy. Expression of CRT in tumor tissues is higher than in normal tissues and is associated with disease progression in many malignant tumors. Thus, the dysfunctional production of CRT can promote tumorigenesis because it disturbs not only the balance of healthy cells but also the body's immune surveillance. CRT may be a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target for cancer, which is discussed extensively in this review.
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Abbreviations
- AML:
-
Acute myeloid leukemia
- BC:
-
Breast cancer
- CRT:
-
Calreticulin
- ecto-CRT:
-
Plasma membrane surface calreticulin
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- EMT:
-
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- EC:
-
Esophageal cancer
- ICD:
-
Immunogenic cell death
- IFN:
-
Type I interferon
- JAK2:
-
Janus kinase 2
- MPNs:
-
Myeloproliferative neoplasms
- MPL:
-
Myeloproliferative leukemia protein
- NPC:
-
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- PCR:
-
Polymerase chain reaction
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Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the National key research and development project (NO. 2021YFE0192100), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (NO.2019JJ40258, NO. 2020JJ4083, NO.2021JJ30694), Science and Technology Innovation Project of Hunan Province (NO. 2020SK51703), Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in Hunan Province (NO.S202110555296), Key Projects of Hunan Provincial Education Department (NO.21A0285), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Provincial and Municipal Co-funding (NO.2022JJ50029) , Key projects of Shaoyang Science and Technology Bureau (NO.2021GZ031)
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MZ, JX and XB wrote the manuscript; XZ and JL collected literatures; FL and ZZ supervised the work and drew the figures.
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Zhang, M., Xiao, J., Liu, J. et al. Calreticulin as a marker and therapeutic target for cancer. Clin Exp Med 23, 1393–1404 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-022-00937-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-022-00937-7