Abstract
Here, the effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 (EF-2001) on atopic eczema (AE) were assessed. An AE model was established in vivo by repetitious topical exposure to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and dermatophagoidesfarinae extract (DFE) via application on each ear. Mice were administered EF-2001 orally for 4 weeks, dermal and epidermal ear thickness, mast cell infiltration of the ear tissue, and serum IgE and IgG2a levels were evaluated. Moreover, pathogenic cytokines levels of the ears, splenocytes, and cervical lymph nodes were determined. EF-2001 reduced AE symptoms grounded in the ear thickness, histopathological analysis, and serum IgE levels. Furthermore, EF-2001 attenuated mast cell infiltration in the ears and CDNB/DFE-induced various pathogenic cytokines levels of the ears, splenocytes and cervical lymph nodes. Thus, our data suggested that EF-2001 may have potential medicinal applications in the treatment of AE through its immunomodulatory properties.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Kanasugi H, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto T, Abe S, Yamaguchi H. Optimal dose of enterococcal preparation (FK-23) supplemented per orally for stimulation of leukocyte reconstitution in dogs treated with cyclophosphamide. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 58: 563–565 (1996)
Satonaka K, Ohashi K, Nohmi T, Yamamoto T, Abe S, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. Prophylactic effect on Enterococcus faecalis FK-23 preparation on experimental candidiasis in mice. Microbiol. Immunol. 40: 217–222 (1996)
Matricardi PM, Bonini S. High microbial turnover rate preventing atopy: A solution to inconsistencies impinging on the Hygiene hypothesis? Clin. Exp. Allergy 30: 1506–1510 (2000)
Kalliomaki M, Kirjavainen P, Eerola E, Kero P, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing. J. Allergy Clin. Immun. 107: 129–134 (2001)
Taverniti V, Guglielmetti S. The immunomodulatory properties of probiotic microorganisms beyond their viability (Ghost probiotics: Proposal of paraprobiotic concept). Genes Nutr. 6: 261–274 (2011)
Ohashi K, Ueda H, Yamazaki M, Kimura S, Abe S, Yamaguchi H. Activity of Enterococcus faecalis (FK-23) preparation as a biological response modifier. Yakugaku Zasshi 112: 919–925 (1992)
Power KA, Thompson LU. Ligand-induced regulationof ERalpha and ERbeta is indicative of human breast cancer cell proliferation. Breast Cancer Res. Tr. 81: 209–221 (2003)
Saeki H, Furue M, Furukawa F, Hide M, Ohtsuki M, Katayama I, Sasaki R, Suto H, Takehara K, Committee for Guidelines for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis of Japanese Dermatological Association. Guidelines for management of atopic dermatitis. J. Dermatol. 36: 563–577 (2009)
Mansouri Y, Guttman-Yassky E. Immune pathways in atopic dermatitis, and definition of biomarkers through broad and targeted therapeutics. J. Clin. Med. 4: 858–873 (2015)
Leung DY, Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet 361: 151–160 (2003)
Choi EJ, Lee S, Kim HH, Singh TSK, Choi JK, Choi HG, Suh WM, Lee SH, Kim SH. Suppression of dust mite extract and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis by the water extract of Lindera obtusiloba. J. Ethnopharmacol. 137: 802–807 (2011)
Habil N, Abate W, Beal J, Foey AD. Heat-killed probiotic bacteria differentially regulate colonic epithelial cell production of human ß-defensin-2: Dependence on inflammatory cytokines. Benef. Microbes 5: 483–495 (2014)
Ishida Y, Nakamura F, Kanzato H, Sawada D, Hirata H, Nishimura A, Kajimoto O, Fujiwara S. Clinical effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-92 on perennial allergic rhinitis: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 527–533 (2005)
Murosaki S, Yamamoto Y, Ito K, Inokuchi T, Kusaka H, Ikeda H, Yoshikai Y. Heatkilled Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 suppresses naturally fed antigen-specific IgE production by stimulation of IL-12 production in mice. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 102: 57–64 (1998)
Sawada J, Morita H, Tanaka A, Salminen S, He F, Matsuda H. Ingestion of heattreated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents development of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Clin. Exp. Allergy 37: 296–303 (2007)
O’Mahony L, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Regulation of the immune response and inflammation by histamine and histamine receptors. J. Allergy Clin. Immun. 128: 1153–1162 (2011)
Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis. Ann. Dermatol. 22: 125–137 (2010)
Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Simon D, Simon HU, Akdis CA, Wuthrich B. Epidemiology, clinical features, and immunology of the ‘intrinsic’ (non-IgEmediated) type of atopic dermatitis (constitutional dermatitis). Allergy 56: 841–849 (2001)
Dokmeci E, Herrick CA. The immune system and atopic dermatitis. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 27: 138–143 (2008)
Homey B, Steinhoff M, Ruzicka T, Leung DY. Cytokines and chemokines orchestrate atopic skin inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immun. 118: 178–189 (2006)
Leung DY, Bhan AK, Schneeberger EE, Geha RS. Characterization of the mononuclear cell infiltrate in atopic dermatitis using monoclonal antibodies. J. Allergy Clin. Immun. 71: 47–56 (1983)
Albanesi C, Cavani A, Girolomoni G. IL-17 is produced by nickel-specific T lymphocytes and regulates ICAM-1 expression and chemokine production in human keratinocytes: Synergistic or antagonist effects with IFN-gamma and TNF-a. J. Immunol. 162: 494–502 (1999)
Guttman-Yassky E, Lowes MA, Fuentes-Duculan J, Zaba LC, Cardinale I, Nograles KE, Khatcherian A, Novitskaya I, Carucci JA, Bergman R, Krueger JG. Low expression of the IL-23/Th17 pathway in atopic dermatitis compared to psoriasis. J. Immunol. 181: 7420–7427 (2008)
Nakae S, Komiyama Y, Nambu A, Sudo K, Iwase M, Homma I, Sekikawa K, Asano M, Iwakura Y. Antigen-specific T cell sensitization is impaired in IL-17-deficient mice, causing suppression of allergic cellular and humoral responses. Immunity 17: 375–387 (2002)
Koga C, Kabashima K, Shiraishi N, Kobayashi M, Tokura Y. Possible pathogenic role of Th17 cells for atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128: 2625–2630 (2008)
Toda M, Leung DY, Molet S, Boguniewicz M, Taha R, Christodoulopoulos P, Fukuda T, Elias JA, Hamid QA. Polarized in vivo expression of IL-11 and IL-17 between acute and chronic skin lesions. J. Allergy Clin. Immun. 111: 875–881 (2003)
Boniface K, Bernard FX, Garcia M, Gurney AL, Lecron JC, Morel F. IL-22 inhibits epidermal differentiation and induces proinflammatory gene expression and migration of human keratinocytes. J. Immunol. 174: 3695–3702 (2005)
Nograles KE, Zaba LC, Shemer A, Fuentes-Duculan J, Cardinale I, Kikuchi T, Ramon M, Bergman R, Krueger JG, Guttman-Yassky E. IL-22-producing ‘T22’ T cells account for upregulated IL-22 in atopic dermatitis despite reduced IL-17-producing TH17 T cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immun. 123: 1244–1252 (2009)
Neis MM, Peters B, Dreuw A, Wenzel J, Bieber T, Mauch C, Krieg T, Stanzel S, Heinrich PC, Merk HF, Bosio A, Baron JM, Hermanns HM. Enhanced expression levels of IL-31 correlate with IL-4 and IL-13 in atopic and allergic contact dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immun. 118: 930–937 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, EJ., Iwasa, M., Han, KI. et al. Effect of Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 on experimentally induced atopic eczema in mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 25, 1087–1093 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-016-0175-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-016-0175-7