Summary.
Cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases are pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-containing enzymes that catalyze β-elimination reactions with cysteine S-conjugates that possess an electron-withdrawing group attached at the sulfur. The end products of the β-lyase reaction are pyruvate, ammonium and a sulfur-containing fragment. If the sulfur-containing fragment is reactive, the parent cysteine S-conjugate may be toxic, particularly to kidney mitochondria. Halogenated alkenes are examples of electrophiles that are bioactivated (toxified) by conversion to cysteine S-conjugates. These conjugates are converted by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases to thioacylating fragments. Several cysteine S-conjugates found in allium foods (garlic and onion) are β-lyase substrates. This finding may account in part for the chemopreventive activity of allium products. This review (1) identifies enzymes that catalyze cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase reactions, (2) suggests that toxicant channeling may contribute to halogenated cysteine S-conjugate-induced toxicity to mitochondria, and (3) proposes mechanisms that may contribute to the antiproliferative effects of sulfur-containing fragments eliminated from allium-derived cysteine S-conjugates.
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Abbreviations
- AlaAT:
-
alanine aminotransferase
- AGAT II:
-
alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase isoenzyme II
- BCATc:
-
cytosolic branched-chain aminotransferase
- BCATm:
-
mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase
- BCDHC:
-
branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
- BTC:
-
S-(2-benzothiazolyl)-L-cysteine
- cytAspAT:
-
cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase
- DCVC:
-
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine
- GST:
-
glutathione S-transferase
- GTK:
-
glutamine transaminase K
- KAT I:
-
kynurenine aminotransferase isoenzyme I
- KGDHC:
-
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
- mitAspAT:
-
mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase
- PDHC:
-
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- PLP:
-
pyridoxal 5′-phosphate
- PMP:
-
pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate
- SAC:
-
S-allyl-L-cysteine
- SAMC:
-
S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine
- TCA cycle:
-
tricarboxylic acid cycle
- TFEC:
-
S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine
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Cooper, A., Pinto, J. Cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases. Amino Acids 30, 1–15 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-005-0243-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-005-0243-4