Abstract
Plymetal is the term used here to describe a composite structure where more than one solid metals are joined or pressed to gain unique set of properties. Mostly flat plates are used, which are then bonded together to form sheets for further forming processes. In this work, a novel plymetal is designed to create a structure with alternating layers of metals both in radial and in axial directions. In the radial direction, the plymetal was conceived by having a cylinder surrounded by annular structure of alternate material. In the axial direction, the centre cylindrical material is changed, followed by annular structure of alternate material. Such a plymetal is realised by laser-assisted direct metal deposition additive manufacturing technology. Two different metal powders, AISI H13 tool steel and AISI 316L stainless steel, were used to create the plymetal. The uniaxial compressive test was performed on the plymetal, and the results were compared with the individual solid structure of H13 tool steel and 316L stainless steel, also made by direct metal deposition. Young’s modulus, yield strength and yield strain of the samples were determined in compression. The dual modulus of elasticity in the region before yielding was observed in all samples. An analytical equation to calculate Young’s modulus of the plymetal based on a stiffness method was also derived. Microstructure of the plymetal was observed through optical and scanning electron microscopy, which revealed perfect bonding between the two metals and small pores with sizes less than 1 μm. It is expected that the variant of plymetal will be able to give better tuneable control on the mechanical properties for numerous applications.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Gibson LJ, Ashby MF (1997) Cellular solids: structure and properties, 2 edn. Cambridge University Press, UK
Ryan G, Pandit A, Apatsidis DP (2006) Fabrication methods of porous metals for use in orthopaedic applications. Biomaterials 27(13):2651–2670. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.12.002
Nakajima H (2007) Fabrication, properties and application of porous metals with directional pores. Prog Mater Sci 52(7):1091–1173. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2006.09.001
Kaczmar JW, Pietrzak K, Włosiński W (2000) The production and application of metal matrix composite materials. J Mater Process Technol 106(1–3):58–67. doi:10.1016/S0924-0136(00)00639-7
Hall IW, Tasdemirci A, Derrick J (2009) Quasi-static and high strain rate properties of a cross-ply metal matrix composite. Mater Sci Eng A 507(1–2):93–101. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2008.12.021
Wang J, Li L, Tao W (2016) Crack initiation and propagation behavior of WC particles reinforced Fe-based metal matrix composite produced by laser melting deposition. Optics Laser Technol 82:170–182. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.03.008
Zhang X, Zhang Q, Hu H (2014) Tensile behaviour and microstructure of magnesium AM60-based hybrid composite containing Al2O3 fibres and particles. Mater Sci Eng A 607:269–276. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2014.03.069
Güden M, Akil O, Tasdemirci A, Çiftçioglu M, Hall IW (2006) Effect of strain rate on the compressive mechanical behavior of a continuous alumina fiber reinforced ZE41A magnesium alloy based composite. Mater Sci Eng A 425(1–2):145–155. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2006.03.028
Kee Paik J, Thayamballi AK, Sung Kim G (1999) The strength characteristics of aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels. Thin-Walled Struct 35(3):205–231. doi:10.1016/S0263-8231(99)00026-9
Ferreira ADBL, Nóvoa PRO, Marques AT (2016) Multifunctional material systems: a state-of-the-art review. Compos Struct. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.028
Kieback B, Neubrand A, Riedel H (2003) Processing techniques for functionally graded materials. Mater Sci Eng A 362:81–105
Shaw MC, Marshall DB, Dadkhah MS, Evans AG (1993) Cracking and damage mechanisms in ceramic/metal multilayers. Acta Metall Mater 41(11):3311–3322. doi:10.1016/0956-7151(93)90060-6
Hashim J, Looney L, Hashmi MSJ (1999) Metal matrix composites: production by the stir casting method. J Mater Process Technol 92–93:1–7. doi:10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00118-1
Tsuji N, Saito Y, Lee SH, Minamino Y (2003) ARB (accumulative roll-bonding) and other new techniques to produce bulk ultrafine grained materials. Adv Eng Mater 5(5):338–344
Mozaffari A, Manesh HD, Janghorban K (2010) Evaluation of mechanical properties and structure of multilayered Al/Ni composites produced by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process. J Alloys Compd 489(1):103–109
Balasubramanian M (2015) Development of processing windows for diffusion bonding of Ti–6Al–4 V titanium alloy and 304 stainless steel with silver as intermediate layer. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 25(9):2932–2938. doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(15)63919-X
Yongqiang D, Guangmin S, Lijing Y (2015) Impulse pressuring diffusion bonding of titanium to stainless steel using a copper interlayer. Rare Metal Mater Eng 44(5):1041–1045. doi:10.1016/S1875-5372(15)30063-1
Masood SH (2014) Introduction to advances in additive manufacturing and tooling. Compr Mater Proc:1–2. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-096532-1.01016-5
Pinkerton AJ (2016) [INVITED] Lasers in additive manufacturing. Optics Laser Technol 78, Part A:25–32. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.09.025
Frazier WE (2014) Metal additive manufacturing: a review. J Mater Eng Perform 23(6):1917–1928. doi:10.1007/s11665-014-0958-z
Soodi M, Masood SH, Brandt M (2013) Thermal expansion of functionally graded and wafer-layered structures produced by laser direct metal deposition. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 69(9):2011–2018. doi:10.1007/s00170-013-5157-9
Syed WUH, Pinkerton AJ, Liu Z, Li L (2007) Coincident wire and powder deposition by laser to form compositionally graded material. Surf Coat Technol 201(16–17):7083–7091. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.01.020
Verhaeghe F, Craeghs T, Heulens J, Pandelaers L (2009) A pragmatic model for selective laser melting with evaporation. Acta Mater 57(20):6006–6012. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2009.08.027
Soodi M, Masood SH, Brandt M (2014) Tensile strength of functionally graded and wafer layered structures produced by direct metal deposition. Rapid Prototyp J 20(5):360–368. doi:10.1108/RPJ-02-2013-0014
Imran MK, Masood SH, Brandt M, Bhattacharya S, Mazumder J (2011) Direct metal deposition (DMD) of H13 tool steel on copper alloy substrate: evaluation of mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A 528(9):3342–3349. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2010.12.099
Erinosho MF, Akinlabi ET, Pityana S (2015) Influence of processing parameters on laser metal deposited copper and titanium alloy composites. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 25(8):2608–2616. doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(15)63882-1
Pulugurtha SR (2014) Functionally graded Ti6Al4V and Inconel 625 by laser metal deposition. PhD thesis. Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA
Shah K, Haq I, Khan A, Shah SA, Khan M, Pinkerton AJ (2014) Parametric study of development of Inconel-steel functionally graded materials by laser direct metal deposition. Mater Des 54(0):531–538. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2013.08.079
Balla VK, DeVasConCellos PD, Xue W, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A (2009) Fabrication of compositionally and structurally graded Ti-TiO2 structures using laser engineered net shaping (LENS). Acta Biomater 5:1831–1837
Liu W, DuPont IN (2003) Fabrication of functionally graded TiC/Ti composites by laser engineered net shaping. Scr Mater 48:1337–1342
Articek U, Milfelner M, Anzel I (2013) Synthesis of functionally graded material H13/Cu by LENS technology. Adv Prod Eng Manag 8(3):169–176
Wang F, Mei J, Wu X (2007) Compositionally graded Ti6Al4V + TiC made by direct laser fabrication using powder and wire. Mater Des 28:2040–2046
Hofmann DC, Roberts S, Otis R, Kolodziejska J, Dillon RP, J-o S, Shapiro AA, Liu Z-K, Borgonia J-P (2014) Developing gradient metal alloys through radial deposition additive manufacturing. Scientific reports 4. doi:10.1038/srep05357
Chiu WK, Yu KM (2008) Multi-criteria decision-making determination of material gradient for functionally graded material objects fabrication. Proc. IMechE Part B: Eng Manuf 222:293–307. doi:10.1243/09544054JEM831
Hofmann DC, Kolodziejska J, Roberts S, Otis R, Dillon RP, Suh J-O, Liu Z-K, Borgonia J-P (2014) Compositionally graded metals: a new frontier of additive manufacturing. J Mater Res 29(17):1899–1910. doi:10.1557/jmr.2014.208
Riza SH, Masood SH, Wen C, Ruan D, Xu S (2014) Dynamic behaviour of high strength steel parts developed through laser assisted direct metal deposition. Mater Des 64(0):650–659. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2014.08.026
Choi J, Chang Y (2005) Characteristics of laser aided direct metal/material deposition process for tool steel. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 45(4–5):597–607. doi:10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2004.08.014
Straffelini G, Fontanari V, Molinari A (1999) True and apparent Young’s modulus in ferrous porous alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 260(1–2):197–202. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00960-5
Moon JR (1989) Elastic moduli of powder metallurgy steels. Powder Metall 32(2):132–139
Korinets A, Alehossein H (2002) Technical note on the initial non-linearity of compressive stress-strain curves for intact rock. Rock Mech Rock Engng 35(4):319–328. doi:10.1007/s00603-002-0030-4
Majumdar JD, Pinkerton A, Liu Z, Manna I, Li L (2005) Microstructure characterisation and process optimization of laser assisted rapid fabrication of 316L stainless steel. Appl Surf Sci 247(1–4):320–327. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.01.039
Amine T, Newkirk JW, Liou F (2014) Investigation of effect of process parameters on multilayer builds by direct metal deposition. Appl Therm Eng 73(1):500–511. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.08.005
Telasang G, Dutta Majumdar J, Padmanabham G, Tak M, Manna I (2014) Effect of laser parameters on microstructure and hardness of laser clad and tempered AISI H13 tool steel. Surf Coat Technol 258(0):1108–1118. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.07.023
Casati R, Lemke J, Vedani M Microstructure and fracture behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel produced by selective laser melting. J Mater Sci Technol. doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2016.06.016
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, S.Z., Masood, S. & Cottam, R. Mechanical properties of a novel plymetal manufactured by laser-assisted direct metal deposition. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 91, 1839–1849 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9851-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9851-2