Abstract
The potential for photo-induced dissociation of ferri- and ferro-cyanide was investigated. The overall reactions followed first order kinetics, judged by the free cyanide analyzed in aqueous solution. The dissociation rates for ferri- and ferro-cyanide were mathematically described by the equations: C (CN,t) = C (CN,O)e1.3t and C (CN,t) = C (CN,O)e0.39t, respectively. In addition, photo-induced dissociation of both iron cyanides was enhanced under an alkaline environment than a neutral condition. Results from the temperature-dependent tests indicated that the dissociation rate of ferri- cyanide was significantly higher than that of ferro-cyanide at all treatment temperatures. The kinetic parameter, activation energy (E a ) was also experimentally determined to be 12.02 and 12.32 kJ/mol for ferri- and ferro-cyanide, respectively. The results obtained suggest that both iron cyanides are susceptible to photo-dissociation and the rates are positively correlated to the change of temperatures. The information collectively also has important implications for waste management of iron cyanides as well as for risk assessment in a field trial.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Ebbs, S. D.; Piccinin, R. C.; Goodger, J. Q. D.; Kolev, S. D.; Woodrow, I. W.; Baker, A. J. M., (2008). Transport of ferrocyanide by two eucalypt species and sorghum. Int. J. Phytorem., 10(4), 343–357 (15 pages).
Getoff, N., (2002). Factors influencing the efficiency of radiation-induced degradation of water pollutants. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 65(4–5), 437–446 (10 pages).
Ghosh, R. S.; Dzombak, D. A.; Luthy, R. G.; Nakles, D. V., (1999). Subsurface fate and transport of cyanide species at a manufactured-gas plant site. Water Environ. Res., 71(6), 1205–1216 (12 pages).
Ghosh, R. S.; Nakles, D. V.; Murarka, P.; Neuhauser, E. F., (2004). Cyanide speciation in soil and groundwater at manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites. Environ. Eng. Sci., 21(6), 752–767 (16 pages).
Kim, C.; Zhou, Q. H.; Deng, B. L.; Thornton, E. C.; Xu, H. F., (2001). Chromium (VI) reduction by hydrogen sulfide in aqueous media: Stoichionmetry and kinetics. Environ. Sci. Tech., 35(11), 2219–2225 (7 pages).
Larsen, M.; Trapp, S., (2006). Uptake of iron cyanide complexes into willow trees. Environ. Sci. Tech., 40(6), 1956–1961 (6 pages).
Lechtenberg, M.; Nahrstedt, A., (1999). Naturally occurring glycosides. In: Ikan, R. (Ed.), Cyanogenic Glycosides. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 147–191 (45 pages).
Mudder, T.; Botz, M., (2001). A guide to cyanide. Mining Environ. Manag., 9(3), 8–12 (5 pages).
Meeussen, J. C. L.; Keizer, M. G.; de Haan, F. A. M., (1992). Chemical stability and decomposition rate of iron cyanide complexes in soil solutions. Environ. Sci. Tech., 26(3), 511–516 (6 pages).
Meeussen, J. C. L.; van Riemsdijk, W. H.; van der Zee, S. E. A. T.M., (1995). Transport of complexed cyanide in soil. Geoderma., 67(1), 73–85 (13 pages).
Rader, W. S.; Solujic, L.; Milosavljevic, E. B.; Hendrix, J. L.; Nelson, J. H., (1993). Sunlight-induced photochemistry of aqueous solutions for hexacyanoferrate (II) and (III) ions. Environ. Sci. Tech., 27(9), 1875–1879 (5 pages).
Rennert, T.; Mansfeldt, T., (2002). Sorption of iron-cyanide complexes on goethite in the presence of sulfate and desorption with phosphate and chloride. J. Environ. Qual., 31(3), 745–751 (7 pages).
Samiotakis, M.; Ebbs, S. D., (2004). Possible evidence for transport of an iron cyanide complex by plants. Environ. Poll., 127(2), 169–173 (5 pages).
Salt, D. E.; Smith, R. D.; Raskin, I., (1998). Phytoremediation. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 49(3), 643–668 (26 pages).
Sehmel, G. A., (1989). Cyanide and antimony thermodynamic database for the aqueous species and solids for the EPA-MINTEQ geochemical code (PNL-6835). Richland: Pacific Northwest Laboratory.
Smith, A.; Mudder, T., (1991). The Chemistry and Treatment of Cyanide Waste. London: Mining Journal Book Ltd.
Theis, T. L.; West, M. L., (1986). Effects of cyanide complexation on the adsorption of trace metals at the surface of goethite. Environ. Tech. Lett., 7(1), 309–316 (8 pages).
Theis, T. L.; Young, T. C.; Huang, M.; Knutsen, K. C., (1994). Leachate characteristics and composition of cyanide-bearing wastes from manufactured gas plants. Environ. Sci. Tech., 28(1), 99–106 (8 pages).
White, D. M.; Pilon, T. A.; Woolard, C., (2000). Biological treatment of cyanide containing wastewater. Water Res., 34 (7), 2105–2109 (5 pages).
Yngard, R.; Damrongsiri, S.; Osathaphan, K.; Sharma, V. K., (2007). Ferrate (VI) oxidation of zinc-cyanide complex. Chemosphere, 69(5), 729–735 (7 pages).
Yu, X. Z.; Gu, J. D., (2008). Effects of available nitrogen on the uptake and assimilation of ferrocyanide and ferricyanide complexes in weeping willows. J. Hazard. Mater., 156(1–3), 300–307 (8 pages).
Zimmerman, A. R.; Kang, D. H.; Ahn, M. Y.; Hyun, S.; Banks, M. K., (2008). Influence of a soil enzyme on iron-cyanide complex speciation and mineral adsorption. Chemosphere, 70(6), 1044–1051 (8 pages).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, X.Z., Peng, X.Y. & Wang, G.L. Photo induced dissociation of ferri and ferro cyanide in hydroponic solutions. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 8, 853–862 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326268
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326268