Abstract
Numerous elements, especially metals, possess biological activity. But until now, they were of interest mainly as ingredients of foods.
This caused the grouping in essential and nonessential elements, and characteristic changes of their concentrations in tissues and body fluids of man are often accompanied by pathologic alterations. The growing interest in environmental influences on human, animal, and plant health has focused our view on the toxicity of certain elements. Often it depends on concentration (1) or chemical form (e.g., Cr3+ is essential whereas Cr6+ is venomous) if an element is vital or poisonous.
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Abbreviations
- AAS:
-
atomic absorption spectroscopy
- AES:
-
atomic emission spectroscopy
- ASV:
-
anodic stripping voltammetry
- CCP:
-
capacitively coupled plasma
- CMP:
-
capacitive microwave plasma
- CT:
-
computer tomography
- DPASV:
-
difference pulse ASV
- EDAX:
-
energy disperse analysis of X-rays
- EPMA:
-
electron probe microanalysis
- ES:
-
emission spectroscopy
- ESR:
-
electron spin resonance
- ETA-AAS:
-
electro-thermal atomization AAS
- EXAFS:
-
extended X-ray absorption fine structure
- FAAS:
-
flame AAS
- FAES:
-
flame AES
- GF-AAS:
-
graphite furnace AAS
- HCES:
-
hollow cathode discharge emission spectroscopy
- IAEA:
-
International Atomic Energy Agency
- ICAP:
-
inductively coupled argon plasma
- ICP:
-
inductively coupled plasma
- INAA:
-
instrumental neutron activation analysis
- IR:
-
infrared spectroscopy
- ISE:
-
ion selective electrodes
- ISFET:
-
ion selective field effect transistors
- LAMMA:
-
laser microprobe mass analysis
- MEA:
-
multielemental analysis
- MIP:
-
microwave induced plasma
- MS:
-
mass spectrometry
- NAA:
-
neutron activation analysis
- OAES:
-
optical atomic emission spectroscopy
- PAA:
-
photon activation analysis
- PAS:
-
photo acoustic spectroscopy
- PIGE:
-
proton induced prompt gamma ray emission
- PIXE:
-
particle/ or proton induced X-ray emission
- RBS:
-
Rutherford back scattering
- RNAA:
-
radiochemical NAA
- SEM:
-
scanning electron microscope
- SSMS:
-
spark source MS
- TDPAC:
-
time differential PAC
- UV:
-
ultra violet spectroscopy
- XRF:
-
X-ray fluorescence analysis
- XMA:
-
X-ray microanalysis
- XRD:
-
x-ray diffraction
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