Abstract
The genetic basis of plant-nematode interactions is discussed with special emphasis on potato-Globodera rostochiensis/pallida, barley/oat-Heterodera avenae, soybean-H, glycines and tomato-Meloidogyne incognita parasitic systems. The basis of physiological specialization and its role in breaking down cultivar resistance is explored. There are numerous reports on the inheritance of resistance as compared to a few on the inheritance of virulence. These reports indicate certain general characteristics of the host-parasite genes. The genes for resistance and virulence are conditional in the sense that the expression of one is dependent on the presence of the other in the association. Therefore, host-parasite genes, often exhibit a gene-for-gene interaction, the basis of which is discussed and illustrated. Also, the genetics of the complex parasitic systems is briefly mentioned. Fungal and nematode parasitic systems are compared throughout the review.
Zusammenfassung
Diese Zusammenfassung bespricht die genetische Basis der Interaktion zwischen Pflanzen und Nematoden, mit spezialer Rücksicht auf die parasitischen Systemen: Kartoffel-Globodera rostochiensis/pallida, Gerste/ Hafer-Heterodera avenae, Sojabohne-Heterodera glycines, und tomate-Meloidogyne incognita. Man untersucht die Basis der physiologischer Spezializierung sowie seine Rolle im Zusammenbruch der Pflanzenresistenz. Es gibt viele Berichte über Resistenzvererbung, aber wenige über Vererbung der Virulenz. Solche Berichte deuten auf bestimmte allgemeine Merkmale den Resistenzgenen und Virulenzfaktoren. Die Genen für Resistenz und die für Virulenz sind einander abhängig, im Sinn, dass der Ausdruck dem Wirtresistenzgen die Anwesenheit dem Parasitvirulenzgen benötigt. Deshalb, stellen diese Genen oft eine Gen-fur-Gen Interaktion dar, dessen Basis hier besprochen und illustriert wird. Auch bespricht mann in Kurz die Genetik complizierten parasitischen Systeme. Durchaus dieser Zusammenfassung, vergleicht man die Pilze und Nematoden Systemen.
Resúmen
Se discute la base genética de las interacciones planta-nemátodo con especial énfasis en los sistemas parasíticospapa-Globodera rostochiensis/ paluda, cebada/avena-Heterodera avenae, soya-H, glycines y tomate-Meloidogyne incognita. Se explora la base de la especialización fisiológica y su papel en romper la resistencia característica de variedad. Hay numerosos reportes sobre la transmisión genética de la resistencia, en comparación con unos pocos sobre la transmisión genética de la virulencia. Estos reportes indican ciertas características generales de los genes huésped-parásito. Los genes responsables de la resistencia y la virulencia son condicionales en el sentido de que la expresión de uno de ellos depende de la presencia del otro en la asociación. En consencuencia, los genes huésped-parásito generalmente exhiben una interacción gene-porgene, la base de la cual se discute e ilustra. También se menciona brevemente la genética de los sistemas parasíticos complejos. Los sistemas parasíticos de hongos y nemátodos se comparan a lo largo de esta revisión.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Literature Cited
Albersheim, P. andA. J. Anderson-Prouty. 1975. Carbohydrates, proteins, cell surfaces, and the biochemistry of pathogenesis. Annual Rev. Pl. Physiol.26: 31–52.
Andersen, K. andS. Andersen. 1968. Inheritance of resistance toHeterodera avenue in barley. Nematologica14: 128–130.
Andersen, S. 1959. Resistance of barley to various populations of the cereal root eelworm (Heterodera major). Nematologica4: 91–98.
—. 1965. Heredity of race 1 or race 2 inHeterodera avenae. Nematologica11: 121–124.
— andK. Andersen. 1970. Sources of genes which promote resistance to races ofHeterodera avenae Woll. EPPO (Eur. Meditterr. Plant Prot. Organ.) Publ. Ser. A.54: 29–36.
——. 1973. Linkage between marker genes on barley chromosome 2 and a gene for resistance toHeterodera avenae. Hereditas73: 271–276.
Baines, R. C., T. Miyakawa, J. W. Cameron andR. H. Small. 1969. Infectivity of two biotypes of citrus nematode on citrus and on some other hosts. J. Nematol.1: 150–159.
Barhani, W. S. andJ. N. Sasser. 1956. Root-knot nematode resistance in tomatoes. Assoc. South. Agric. Workers Proc.53: 150.
— andN. N. Winstead. 1957. Inheritance of resistance to root-knot nematodes in tomato. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.69: 372–377.
Barrons, K. C. 1940. Root-knot resistance in beans. J. Heredity31: 35–38.
Bergeson, G. B. 1972. Concept of nematode-fungus associations in plant disease complexes: A review. Exp. Parasitol.32: 301–314.
Biffen, R. H. 1905. Mendel’s laws of inheritance and wheat breeding. J. Agric. Sci.1: 4–48.
Bingefors, S. 1957. Studies on breeding red clover for resistance to stem nematodes. Vaxtodling 8, Uppsala.
—. 1971. Resistance to nematodes and the possible value of induced mutations. Pp. 209–235in Mutation breeding for disease resistance. Proc. Symp. Intl. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 12–16 October, 1970.
Blazey, D. A., P. G. Smith, A. G. Gentile andS. T. Miyagawa. 1964. Nematode resistance in the common bean. J. Heredity55: 20–22.
Boquet, D., C. Williams andW. Birchfield. 1976. Inheritance of resistance to the Wartelle race of root-knot nematode in soybeans. Crop Sci.16: 783–785.
Brian, P. W. 1976. The phenomena of specificity in plant diseases. Pages 15–22in R. K. S. Wood and A. Graniti (eds.). Specificity in plant diseases. Plenum Press, New York and London.
Bur kart, A. 1937. La selección de alfalfa immune al nemátodo de tallo (Anguillulina dipsaci). Rev. Argentina Agron.4: 171–196.
Caldwell, B. E., C. A. Brim andJ. R. Ross. 1960. Inheritance of resistance of soybeans to the cyst nematode,Heterodera glycines. Agron. J.52: 635–638.
Callow, J. A. 1977. Recognition, resistance and the role of plant lectins in host-parasite interaction. Pages 1–49in R. D. Preston and H. W. Woolhouse (eds.). Advances in botanical research, Vol. 4. Academic Press, New York.
Cameron, J. W., R. C. Baines andO. F. Clark. 1954. Resistance of hybrid seedlings of the trifoliate orange to infection by the citrus nematode. Phytopathology44: 456–458.
Canto Saenz, M. andM. M. De Scurrah. 1977. Races of the potato cyst nematode in the Andean region and a new system of classification. Nematologica23: 340–349.
Chitwood, B. G. 1949. “Root-knot nematodes”—Part I. A revision of the genusMeloidogyne Goeldi, 1887. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.16: 90–104.
Christie, J. R. andE. E. Albin. 1944. Host-parasite relationships of the root-knot nematode,Heterodera marioni. I. The question of races. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.11: 31–37.
Clayton, E. E. andH. H. Foster. 1940. Disease resistance in the genusNicotiana. Phytopathology (Abstr.)30: 4.
Cole, C. S. andH. W. Howard. 1957. The genetics of resistance to potato-root eelworm ofSolanum tuberosum subsp.andigenum, clone C.P.C. 1960. Euphytica6: 242–246.
——. 1966. The effect of a population of potato-root eelworm (Heterodera rostochiensis) of growing potatoes resistant to pathotype B. Ann. Appl. Biol.58: 487–495.
Cook, R. 1974. Nature and inheritance of nematode resistance in cereals. J. Nematol.6: 165–174.
— andT. D. Williams. 1972. Pathotypes ofHeterodera avenae. Ann. Appl. Biol.71: 263–300.
Cordner, H. B., H. Thompson and C. Galeotti. 1965. Origin and development of the nemared tomato. Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. B–635.
Cotton, J. 1962. Variation in pathogenicity in the cereal root eelworm. Nature196: 1330–1331.
— andJ. D. Hayes. 1969. Genetic resistance to the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae). Heredity24: 593–600.
——. 1972. Genetic studies of resistance to the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) in oats (Avena spp.). Euphytica21: 538–542.
Craigie, J. M. 1927. Discovery of the function of pycnia of the rust fungi. Nature120: 765–767.
Day, P. R. 1974. Genetics of host-parasite interaction. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
De Scurrah, M. M., R. L. Plaisted andM. L. Harrison. 1973. Resistance to the potato nematodeHeterodera rostochiensis Woll. in clones derived fromSolanum vernei. Amer. Potato J.50: 9–18.
Drolson, P. N., E. L. Moore andT. W. Graham. 1958. Inheritance of resistance to rootknot nematodes in tobacco. Phytopathology48: 686–689.
DuCharme, E. P. andW. Birchfield. 1956. Physiologic races of the burrowing nematode. Phytopathology46: 615–616.
Dunnett, J. M. 1957. Variation in pathogenicity of the potato root eelworm (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) and the significance in potato breeding. Euphytica6: 77–89.
—. 1961. Inheritance of resistance to potato-root eelworm in breeding lines stemming fromSolatium multidissectum Hawkes. Rep. Scottish Plant Breed. Stn.1961: 39–46.
Ellenby, C. 1952. Resistance to the potato-root eelworm,Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber. Nature170: 1016.
—. 1954. Tuber forming species and varieties of the genusSolanum tested for resistance to the potato-root eelworm,Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber. Euphytica3: 195–202.
Ellis, P. R. andJ. W. Maxon Smith. 1971. Inheritance of resistance to potato cyst-eelworm (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) in the genusLycopersicon. Euphytica20: 93–101.
Epps, J. M. andA. M. Golden. 1967. Biological differences in populations of the soybeancyst nematode,Heterodera glycines. Nematologica (Abstr.)13: 141.
Fatunla, T. andA. Salu. 1977. Breeding for resistance to root-knot nematodes in tomatoes. J. Agric. Sci.88: 187–191.
Fiddian, W. E. H. andD. S. Kimber. 1964. A study of biotypes of the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) in England and Wales. Nematologica10: 631–636.
Flor, H. H. 1955. Host-parasite interaction in flax rust: its genetics and other implications. Phytopathology45: 680–685.
—. 1971. Current status of the gene-for-gene concept. Annual Rev. Phytopathol.9: 275–296.
Frazier, W. A. andR. K. Dunnett. 1949. Isolation ofLycopersicon esculentum type tomato lines essentially homozygous resistant to root-knot. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.54: 225–236.
Fuller, J. M. andH. W. Howard. 1974. Breeding for resistance to the white potato cystnematode,Heterodera pallida. Ann. Appl. Biol.77: 121–128.
Gilbert, J. C. andD. C. McGuire. 1956. Inheritance of resistance to serve root-knot fromMeloidogyne incognita in commercial type tomatoes. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.68: 437–442.
Goffart, H. andH. Ross. 1954. Untersuchungen zur Frage der Resistenz von Wildarten der Kartoffel gegen den Kartoffel nematoden (Heterodera rostochiensis Wr.). Zuchter24: 193–201.
Golden, A. M., J. M. Epps, R. D. Riggs, L. A. Duelos, J. A. Fox andR. L. Bernard. 1970. Terminology and identity of intraspecific forms of the soybean-cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Plant Dis. Rep.54: 544–546.
Goplen, B. P. andE. H. Stanford. 1960. Autotetraploidy and linkage in alfalfa—a study of resistance to two species of root-knot nematode. Agron. J.52: 337–342.
—,E. H. Stanford andM. W. Allen. 1959. Demonstration of physiological races within three root-knot nematode species attacking alfalfa. Phytopathology49: 653–656.
Griffiths, D. J., J. H. W. Holden andJ. M. Jones. 1957. Investigations on resistance of oats to stem eelworm,Ditylenchus dipsaci Kuhn. Ann. Appl. Biol.45: 709–720.
Grundbacher, F. J. andE. H. Stanford. 1962. Genetic factors conditioning resistance in alfalfa to the stem nematode. Crop Sci.2: 211–217.
Guile, C. T. 1967. On cyst color changes, bionomics and distribution of potato cyst-eelworm (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) pathotypes in the East Midlands. Ann. Appl. Biol.60:411–419.
Hare, W. W. 1957. Inheritance of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. Phytopathology47: 455–459.
—. 1965. The inheritance of resistance of plants to nematodes. Phytopathology55: 1162–1167.
Harrison, A. L. 1960. Breeding of disease resistant tomatoes with special emphasis on resistance to nematodes. Proc. Plant Sci. Seminar, Campbell Soup Co.1960: 57–78.
Hartman, R. W. 1971. Inheritance of resistance to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.96: 344–347.
Hartwig, E. E. andJ. M. Epps. 1970. An additional gene for resistance to the soybeancyst nematode,Heterodera glycines. Phytopathology (Abst.)60: 548.
Hayes, J. D. and J. Cotton. 1971. Breeding for nematode resistance, with particular reference toHeterodera avenue Woll. Pages 527–534in Proc. 2nd Intl. Barley Genet. Symp. Washington, D.C.
Hesling, J. J. 1966. Biological races of stem eelworm. Pages 132–141.in Rep. Glasshouse Crops Res. Inst. 1965.
Howard, W. H. 1972a. Pathotypes of potato cyst nematode. Ann. Appl. Biol.71: 263–266.
-. 1972b. Breeding potatoes for resistance to cyst nematodes. ADAS Quart. Rev. No.7: 132–138.
— andJ. M. Fuller. 1971. Resistance to the cream and white potato cyst nematodes. Plant Pathol.20: 32–35.
——. 1975. Testing potatoes bred fromSolanum vernei for resistance to the white potato cyst-nematode,Heterodera pallida. Ann. Appl. Biol.81: 75–78.
—,C. S. Cole andJ. M. Fuller. 1970. Further sources of resistance toHeterodera rostochiensis Woll. in the Andigena potato. Euphytica19: 210–216.
Huijsman, C. A. 1958. Resistance to the potato-root eelworm inS. tuberosum subsp.andigena and its importance for potato breeding. Neth. J. Agric. Sci.6: 39–47.
—. 1962. Physiologic races in the potato-root eelworm,Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. Eur. Potato J. (Abstr.)5: 186.
—. 1974. Host-plants forHeterodera rostochiensis Woll. and the breeding for resistance. EPPO (Eur. Mediterr. Plant Prot. Organ.) Bull.4: 501–509.
— andH. Lamberts. 1972. Breeding for resistance to the potato cyst-nematode in the Netherlands. Pages 161–171in Prospects for the potato in the developing world. Intl. Potato Center, Lima, Perú.
Hunt, O. J., L. R. Faulker andR. N. Readen. 1975. Breeding for nematode resistance. Pages 355–370in Alfalfa Sci. and Tech. Monograph 15. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, Wisconsin.
Johannsen, W. 1903. “Ueber Erblichkeit in Populationen und in reinen Linien.” Gustave Fischer, Jena.
Johnson, T. 1961. Man-made evolution in plant rusts. Science133: 357–362.
— andM. Newton. 1940. Mendelian inheritance of certain pathogenic characters ofPuccinia graminis tritici. Can. J. Res.18: 599–611.
Jones, F. G. W. 1954. First steps in breeding for resistance to potato-root eelworm. Ann. Appl. Biol.41: 348–353.
—. 1958. Resistance-breeding biotypes of potato-root eelworm. Plant Pathol.7: 24–25.
—. 1967. Frequency of new females in single-cyst cultures ofHeterodera rostochiensis; their relevance to the inheritance of ability to overcome resistance and to the frequency of mating. Nematologica13: 469–472.
—. 1972a. Pathotypes in perspective. Ann. Appl. Biol.71: 263–300.
-. 1972b. Management of nematode populations in Great Britain. Pages 81–107in Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Conf. on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management, 24–25 February, 1972.
—. 1974. Host parasite relationships of potato cyst-nematode: a speculation arising from the gene-for-gene hypothesis. Nematologica20: 437–443.
— andK. Pawelska. 1963. The behavior of populations of potato-root eelworm (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) towards some tuberous and otherSolanum species. Ann. Appl. Biol.51: 277–294.
— andD. M. Parrott. 1965. The genetic relationships of pathotypes ofHeterodera rostochiensis Woll. which reproduce on hybrid potatoes with genes for resistance. Ann. Appl. Biol.56: 27–36.
—,J. M. Carpenter, D. M. Parrott, A. R. Stone andD. L. Trudgill. 1970. Potato cyst nematode: one species or two? Nature227: 83–84.
Kehr, A. E. 1966. Current status and opportunities for the control of nematodes by plant breeding. Pages 126–138in E. F. Knipling (ed.). Pest control by chemical, biological, genetic and physical means. U.S. Dep. Agric. Symp.
Kniep, H. 1919. Untersuchungen über den Antherenbrand (Ustilago violacea Pers.). Z. Botan.11: 257–284.
Koliopanos, C. N. 1970. Variation and genetic studies in the soybean cyst nematodeHeterodera glycines. Ph.D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
Kort, J., G. Dantuma andA. Van Essen. 1964. On biotypes of the cereal root eelworm (Heterodera avenae) and resistance in oats and barley. Neth. J. Plant Pathol.70: 9–17.
—,C. P. Jaspers andD. L. Dijkstra. 1972. Testing for resistance to pathotype C ofHeterodera rostochiensis and the practical application ofSolarium vernei hybrids in the Netherlands. Ann. Appl. Biol.71: 289–294.
—,H. Ross, H. J. Rumpenhorst andR. A. Stone. 1977. An international scheme for identifying and classifying pathotypes of potato cyst-nematodeGlobodera rostochiensis andG. pallida. Nematologica23: 333–339.
Lewis, D. H. 1973. Concepts in fungal nutrition and the origin of biotrophy. Biol. Rev.48: 261–278.
Lider, L. A. 1954. Inheritance of resistance to a root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita var.acrita Chitwood) inVitis spp. Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash.21: 53–60.
Luke, E. 1969. Untersuchungen zum Hefer Nematoden Problem (S. Mitteilung). Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Berlin-Dahlem136: 41–49.
Mackie, W. W. 1934. Breeding for resistance in blackeye cowpeas toFusarium wilt, charcoal rot, and nematode root knot. Phytopathology (Abstr.)24: 1135.
Malo, S. E. 1964. A review of plant breeding for nematode resistance. Proc. Soil and Crop Soc. Florida24: 254–365.
Matson, A. L. andL. F. Williams. 1965. Evidence of a fourth gene for resistance to the soybean cyst nematode. Crop Sci.5: 477.
McFarlane, J. S., E. Hartzler andW. A. Frazier. 1946. Breeding tomatoes for nematode resistance and for high vitamin C content in Hawaii. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.47: 262–270.
McGuire, D. C., R. W. Allard andJ. A. Harding. 1961. Inheritance of root-knot nematode resistance in lima beans. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.78: 302–304.
Netscher, C. 1976. Observations and preliminary studies on the occurrence of resistance breaking biotypes ofMeloidogyne spp. on tomato. Cah. ORSTOM, ser Biol.XI: 173–178.
Nicolaisen, W. 1934. Die Grundlagen der Immunitats-Zuchtung gegenUstilago avenae (Pers.). Jens. Zeitschr. f. ZüchtungA19: 1–56.
Nielsen, C. H. 1966. Untersuchungen über die Vererbung der Resistenz gegen den Getreidenematoden (Heterodera avenae) beim Weizen. Nematologica12: 575–578.
Nilsson-Ehle, H. 1920. Über Resistenz gegenHeterodera schachtii bei gweissen Gerstensorten, ihre Vererbungsweise und Bedeutung für die Praxis. Hereditas1: 1–34.
O’Brien, P. C., D. H. B. Sparrow andJ. M. Fisher. 1979. Inheritance of resistance toHeterodera avenae in barley. Nematologica25: 348–352.
Olthof, T. H. A. 1968. Races ofPratylenchus penetrons, and their effect on black root rot resistance of tobacco. Nematologica14: 482–488.
Orton, W. A. 1911. The development of disease resistant varieties of plants. Int. Genet. Conf.4: 247–265.
Parrot, D. M. 1968. Matings between like and unlike populations of potato cyst-nematodes. Pages 147–148in F. G. W. Jones (ed.). Nematology department report, Rothamstead Expt. Stn. Rep. 1967.
-. 1978. The gene-for-gene relationship. Page 182in F. G. W. Jones (ed.). Nematology department report, Rothamstead Exp. Stn. 1978.
-and M. M. Berry. 1974. Pathotypes and populations. Pages 152–155in F. G. W. Jones (ed.). Nematology department report, Rothamstead Exp. Stn. 1973.
— andD. L. Trudgill. 1970. Variation in the resistance toHeterodera rostochiensis of potatoes derived fromSolanum tuberosum ssp.andigena andS. multidissectum. Ann. Appl. Biol.65: 385–391.
Person, C. 1958. Development of concepts in rust genetics. Proc. Genet. Soc. Canada, Vol.III: 25–29.
—. 1959. Gene-for-gene relationship in host-parasite systems. Can. J. Bot.37: 1101–1130.
—. 1968. Genetical adjustment of fungi to their environment. Pages 395–415in G. C. Ainsworth and A. S. Susman (eds.). The fungi—An advanced treatise, Vol. 3. Academic Press, New York and London.
— andG. S. Sidhu. 1971. Genetics of host-parasite interrelationships. Pages 31–38in Mutation Breeding for Disease Resistance. Proc. Symp. Intl. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 12–16 October, 1970.
Powell, N. T. 1979. Internal synergisms among organisms inducing disease. Pages 113–133in J. G. Horsfall and E. B. Cowling (eds.). Plant Disease, Vol. IV. Academic Press, New York, London.
Price, Mazo, C. E. Cavines andR. D. Riggs. 1978. Hybridization of races ofHeterodera glycines. J. Nematol.10: 114–118.
Riggs, R. D. andN. N. Winstead. 1959. Studies on resistance in tomato to root-knot nematodes and on the occurrence of pathogenic biotypes. Phytopathology49: 716–724.
Robinson, R. A. 1976. Plant pathosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Rohde, R. 1972. Expression of resistance in plants to nematodes. Annual Rev. Phytopathol.10: 233–252.
Ross, H. 1962. Über die Veterbung der Resistenz gegen den Kartoffel Nematoden (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) in Kreuzungen vonSolanum famatina Bitt. et Wittm. mitSolanum tuberosum L. andS. chacoense Bitt. Zuchter32: 74–80.
—. 1969. Züchtung von Kartoffelsorten mit Resistenz gegenHeterodera rostochiensis Woll. Mit. biol. Bundesanst. Ld-u. Forstu. Berl.-Dahlem136: 59–64.
— andC. A. Huijsman. 1969. Über die Resistenz vonSolanum (Tuberarium)-Arten gegen europaische Rassen den Kartoffel Nematoden (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.). Theor. Appl. Genet. (Zuchter)39: 113–122.
Ross, J. P. andC. A. Brim. 1957. Resistance of soybeans to the soybean cyst nematode as determined by a double-row method. Plant Dis. Rep.41: 923–924.
Sasser, J. N. 1979. Economic importance ofMeloidogyne in tropical countries. Pages 361–374in F. Lamberti and C. E. Taylor (eds.). Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species)—Systematics, biology and control. Academic Press, New York, London.
Savitsky, H. andC. Price. 1965. Resistance to the sugar beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii) in F, tetraploid hybrids betweenBeta vulgaris andBeta petellaris. J. Am. Soc. Sug. Beet Techn.13: 370–373.
Saynor, M. 1975. The distribution of pathotypes of the cereal cyst eelwormHeterodera avenae in England and Wales. Ann. Appl. Biol.81: 215–218.
Sharpe, R. H. 1958. ‘Okinawa’ peach shows promising resistance to root-knot nematodes. Proc. Fla. Stn. Hort. Soc.70: 320–322.
Shepherd, A. M. 1959. Testing populations of beet eelworm,Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, for resistance-braking biotypes, using the wild beet (Beta patellaris Mog) as indicator. Nature183: 1141–1142.
Sidhu, G. S. 1975. Gene-for-gene relationships in plant parasitic systems. Sci. Prog.62: 467–485.
—. 1976. A proposal for standardizing the nomenclature of the genes for resistance and virulence operative in plant-parasitic systems. Crop Improv.3: 60–63.
—. In press. Genetic analysis of plant parasitic systems. Symp. XIV Intl. Congr. Genet., Moscow, USSR, August 20–30, 1978.
— andJ. M. Webster. 1973. Genetic control of resistance in tomato. I. Identification of genes for host resistance toMeloidogyne incognita. Nematologica19: 546–550.
——. 1974. Genetics of resistance in the tomato to root-knot nematode: wiltfungus complex. J. Heredity65: 153–156.
——. 1975. Linkage and allelic relationships among genes for resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) againstMeloidogyne incognita. Can. J. Genet. Cytol.17: 323–328.
——. 1977. Genetics of simple and complex host parasite interactions. Pages 59–79in Induced Mutations against Plant Diseases. Proc. Symp. Intl. Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna, Austria, 31 January–4 February, 1977.
——. 1979. Genetics of tomato resistance to theFusarium-Verticillium Complex. Physiol. Plant Pathol.15: 93–98.
——. 1980. Genetic control of resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). II. Segregations for high and low levels of resistance toMeloidogyne incognita. Can. J. Genet. Cytol.22: 223–226.
——. 1981. Genetics of plant-nematode interaction. Pp. 61–87in B. M. Zuckerman and R. A. Rohde (eds.). Plant parasitic nematodes, Vol. 3. Academic Press, New York, London.
S’Jacob, J. J. 1962. Beobachtungen anDitylenchus radicicola (Greeff). Nematologica7: 231–234.
Slootmaker, L. A. J., W. Lange, G. Jochemsen andJ. Schepers. 1974. Monosomic analysis in bread wheat of resistance to cereal root eelworm. Euphytica23: 497–503.
Smart, G. C. Jr. andH. M. Darling. 1963. Pathogenic variation and nutritional requirement ofDitylenchus destructor. Phytopathology53: 374–381.
Smith, A. L. 1941. The reaction of cotton varieties toFusarium wilt and root-knot nematode. Phytopathology31: 1099–1107.
—. 1954. Problems on breeding cotton for resistance to nematodes. Plant Dis. Rep. (Suppl.)227: 90–91.
Stakman, E. C. 1914. A study in serial rusts: physiologic races. Minn. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 138.
Steiner, G. 1925. The problem of host selection and host specialization of certain plant infesting nemas and its application in the study of nemic pests. Phytopathology15: 499–534.
—. 1956. The problem of the taxon in the nematode genusDitylenchus and its agricultural implications. Pages 377–379in Proc. XIV Intl. Congr. Zoology, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Stone, A. R. 1972.Heterodera pallida. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a second species of potato cyst nematode. Nematologica18: 591–606.
Sturhan, D. 1971. Biological races. Pages 51–71in B. M. Zucherman, W. F. Mai and R. A. Rohde (eds.). Plant parasitic nematodes, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York, London.
Thomas, J. G., C. E. Cavines, R. D. Riggs andE. E. Hartwig. 1975. Inheritance of reaction to race 4 of soybean-cyst nematode. Crop Sci.15: 208–210.
Thomason, J. J. andP. G. Smith. 1957. Resistance in tomato toMeloidogyne javanica andM. incognita acrita. Plant Dis. Rep.41: 180–181.
Toxopeus, H. J. 1956. Some remarks on the development of new biotypes inHeterodera rostochiensis that might attack resistant clones. Nematologica1: 100–101.
— andC. A. Huijsman. 1952. Genotypical background of resistance toHeterodera rostochiensis inSolanum tuberosum var.andigenum. Nature170: 1016.
——. 1953. Breeding for resistance to potato-root eelworm. I. Preliminary data concerning the inheritance and nature of resistance. Euphytica2: 180–186.
Triantaphyllou, A. C. 1975. Genetic structure of races ofHeterodera glycines and inheritance of ability to reproduce on resistant soybeans. J. Nematol.7: 356–364.
— andJ. N. Sasser. 1960. Variation in perineal patterns and host specificity ofMeloidogyne incognita. Phytopathology50: 724–735.
Turcotte, E. L., H. W. Reynolds, J. H. O’Bannon andC. V. Feaster. 1963. Evaluation of cotton root-knot nematode resistance of a strain ofG. barbadense var.darwinii. Annu. Cotton Imp. Conf.15:36–44.
Wallace, H. R. 1963. The biology of plant parasitic nematodes. E. Arnold Ltd., London.
Watts, V. M. 1947. The use ofLycopersicon peruvianum as a source of nematode resistance in tomatoes. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.49: 233–234.
Webber, H. J. and W. A. Orton. 1902. A cowpea resistant to root-knot (Heterodera radicicola). U.S. Dep. Agric. Bur. Plant Ind. Bull. No. 17.
Webster, J. M. 1969. The host-parasite relationships of plant parasitic nematodes. Pages 1–33in Ben Dawes (ed.). Advances in parasitology, Vol. 7. Academic Press, London.
Weinberger, J. H., P. C. Marth andD. H. Scott. 1943. Inheritance study of root-knot nematode resistance in certain peach varieties. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.42: 321–325.
Wiles, A. B. 1957. Resistance to root-knot nematode in cotton. Phytopathology (Abstr.)47: 37.
Winstead, N. N. andW. S. Barham. 1957. Inheritance of resistance in tomato to root-knot nematodes. Phytopathology (Abstr.)47: 37–38.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Reprints of this issue [47(3)] may be obtained from: Publications Office, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USA. Price (includes postage and handling fee):U.S. ORDERS: $8.75;NON-U.S. ORDERS: $9.50. (Payment in U.S. currency drawn on a U.S. bank. Thank you.)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sidhu, G.S., Webster, J.M. The genetics of plant-nematode parasitic systems. Bot. Rev 47, 387–419 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860579
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860579